Jordan University of Science and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

Fluid mechanics and hydraulics lab (CE354)

Student Name: abdallah alhassan ID: 120034

Experiment number : 1

Experiment Name : measurement of density , specific gravity ,and

viscosity of liquids

Instructor: DR.Fayez Abdullah TA Name:Tasneem Alkatib

Submission Date: 24/6/2019 SEC# 1

Evaluation Elements Grade

1 Cover page

2 Introduction

3 Objectives

4 Apparatus

5 Theory

6 Procedure

7 Calculations

8 Sample calculation

9 Discussion

10 Conclusions

Total
  Introduction

Every fluid has different properties than the other , we will run over some in this
experiment and see the difference in density , viscosity and specific gravity .

 Objectives
to determine density viscosity and specific gravity for 3 kind of different liquids
which is (glycerol , engine oil , Castor oil).

 Apparatus

1. Universal hydrometer.
2. Three hydrometers jars.
3. glycerol, engine oil, Castor oil.
4. Three Steel balls with different diameters (3.9mm ,3.1mm, 2.3mm).
5. Stop watch.
6. Scale.
 Theory
  Procedure
For Density & specific weight, first we Put the hydrometer slowly in the jar and
record the value of the distilled water as specific gravity then we Repeat the first
step in three liquid jars.

For Viscosity, first we record the diameters for three steel balls. then we must Let
each ball fall freely in each liquid & measure the time for each ball required to
reach to the end of the distance we want to accomplish using stop watch.
And finally, we record the time.

 Calculations

1) Density and specific gravity:

Density = 1000*SG where SG is the specific gravity .
Ex) the recorded SG for the engine oil was 0.86 THUS the density
=0.86*1000=860(Kg/m³)

2) falling velocity and viscosity:

A-falling velocity = L/T  where L is the distance travelled and T is the time
recorded.
Ex) the velocity of the time recorded for the 2.3 mm steel ball in the engine oil
was 3 seconds and the distance is 300mm (0.3m), THUS the velocity is
0.3/3=0.1(m/s)
B- the viscosity:
μ= (2/9)*r^2*g*[(ρs – ρ )/u] where:
ρs: the density for steel = 7800(Kg/m³)
r: the radius of ball.(m)
u: the velocity of ball in the liquid. (m/sec)
μ: the dynamic viscosity. (Pa.sec)
ρ: the density. (Kg/m³)
ex) take the ball with the 2.3 diameter in the engine oil
μ= (2/9)*(0.0023/2)^2*9.81*[(7800 – 860 )/0.1]=0.2 Pa.sec

 Test result
Liquid SG Density
Engine oil 0.86 860
glycerol 1.29 1290
Castor oil 0.96 960

Engine oil
ball Time(T) Distance(L) Falling Viscosity Kinematic
diameter (Sec) (mm) velocity (Pa.sec ) viscosity
(mm) (m/s) (*10^-4)
2.3 3 300 0.1 0.2 2.3
3.1 1.96 300 0.153 0.2375 2.76
3.9 1.24 300 0.242 0.2377 2.76
AVG 0.225 2.61
 Castor oil
ball Time(T) Distance(L) Falling Viscosity Kinematic
diameter (Sec) (mm) velocity (Pa.sec ) viscosity
(mm) (m/s)
2.3 12.04 300 0.025 0.788 8.2
3.1 7.04 300 0.042 0.853 8.88
3.9 4.84 300 0.0619 0.916 9.54
AVG 0.8523 8.87

glycerol
ball Time(T) Distance(L) Falling Viscosity Kinematic
diameter (Sec) (mm) velocity (Pa.sec ) viscosity
(mm) (m/s)
2.3 4.5 300 0.0667 0.28 2.17
3.1 2.57 300 0.116 0.294 2.279
3.9 1.87 300 0.16 0.337 2.61
AVG 0.3036 2.353

Pressure =720 mm hg
Temperature = 28.5 c
  Discussion

This experiment has two steps at first we found the SG of three different
liquids using the hydrometer shown above in fig 1.1 from the SG we can calculate
the density for the liquids which we will use in the second step to find the
viscosity.
The second step depend on a three different steel balls with known diameter and
density , we drop the balls one by one in three different liquids and record the
time they need to reach a known distance , we measured the velocity of the ball
by the equation (distance /time =velocity ), from the equation 1-11 we maintained
the viscosity using the values we got from the previous step.
There is for sure some slightly errors due to blunder error and/or imperfection of
the environmental factor of the lab .

 Conclusions
We figure that the density and the specific gravity is different for each liquid duo
to that the viscosity is different for each liquid.
The temperature and pressure both have a noticeable affect on the viscosity .