PROFORMA ONE- QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CONDUCTING ETHNOBOTANICAL

SURVEY

 INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESPONDENT

 Name
 Age
 Main Occupation
 Place of Origin
 Caste
 Tribe
 Religion
 Present place of living
 Educational background
 Number of family members
 THE ETHNO-MEDICO-BOTANICAL SURVEY
Question: How did you get the knowledge about the medicinal plants and its curative properties?
A. From ancestors.
B. By experience.
C. Through experimentations.
D. Training institutions.
E. Reading books on medicinal and traditional medicines.
F. Any other source.
Question: Do you know the following facts about the medicinal plants?
A. Common name.
B. Place of growth i.e Habit.
C. Time and season of best growth.
D. Stage of growth at which they are collected.
E. Medicinal uses.
F. Nature of the parts used.
G. People who are engaged in its collection.
H. Are the plant used wild or are also under cultivation.
Question: Can you name all those crude medicinal plant parts that you use in the treatment of diseases?
Question: What is the nature of the herbal treatment that you administer? Do you also have the knowledge of
Ayurveda?
Question: Do you believe that the herbal medicines-
A. Can cure all human ailments and diseases.
B. Can cure the disease from the very root.
C. Are always safe for human use and do not have any serious side effects?
Question: What is your opinion regarding the cause of human diseases?
Question: What is/are your?
A. Tools of diagnosis of disease.
B. Methods of preparation of drugs.
C. Methods of treatment.
D. Duration of treatment.
E. Dosage of treatment.
Question: In what forms are the herbal drugs available?
Question: Which human ailments and diseases can you cure successfully with your herbal drugs that you
use/sell?
Question: Do you know the cause, symptoms and treatment of following common human diseases
A. Jaundice.
B. Diabetes.
C. Syphilis.
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 D. Gonorrhoea.
E. Tuberclosis.
F. Typhoid.
G. Malaria.
H. Cholera.
I. Leprosy.
J. Gastro-enteritis.
K. Skin diseases.
L. Rheumatism.
Question: Do you also know anything about the following diseases ailing humanity?
A. Heart diseases.
B. Cancer.
C. High/Low blood pressures.
D. Hepatitis.
E. Degenerative diseases.
F. Mental disorders.
Question: Do you also have any knowledge about the functioning of the human body organs?
A. Pancreas.
B. Liver.
C. Kidney.
D. Heart and Blood.
E. Stomach and intestine.
F. Brain and Nerves.
Question: Can you give this information?
A. Number of patients treated.
B. Their names and addresses.
C. Type of people who are your patients and come to seek your advice.
Question: Have you also received any kind of certificate or reward from your patients whom you have
treated successfully?
Question: Do you also possess any certificate from health authorities or government to practise into herbal
medicine?
Question: Do you only move in the towns or also go to the villages to sell your herbal drugs or treat
patients?
Question: Are you prepared to remain in the remote areas and serve the suffering masses if government
gives you adequate facilities?
Question: Do you think you need some modern training or human health and hygiene for giving better
treatment to the people?
Question: Would you give some prescriptions for those diseases that you can and have successfully treated?
Question: From where do you mostly obtain the crude herbal drugs/plant parts that you use/sell?
Question: Can you identify some of those medicinal plants in natural habitat whose dried parts you sell/use?
Question: In case of short supply of some essential crude herbal drugs what alternative you have?
Question: Do you know about those medicinal plants that have become very popular these days?
A. Rauwolfia (Sarpagandha)
B. Digitalis (Tilpushpi)
C. Catharanthus (Sadabahar)
D. Belladona (Sagangur)
E. Boerrhavia (Punarnava)
F. Commiphora (Gugal)
G. Chlorophytum (Safed-Musli)
H. Asparagus (Shatavari)
I. Stevia
J. Withania (Ashwagandha)
K. Aloe (Kunvarpathu)

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 L. Bacopa / Centella (Brahmi)
M. Evolvulus / Convolvulus (Shankhpushpi)

 NON MEDICINAL USES OF THE PLANTS

Question: Which plants are used for house building?
Question: What are the plants used in–
A. Agriculture implements.
B. Painting.
C. For collecting wild foods.
D. Utensils for cooking and eating.
E. Cart building.
F. Boat building
G. Toys and carving
H. Furniture and household items.
I. Deities used in worship.
J. Musical instruments.
K. Miscellaneous like Boot lasts, Brushes, Tobacco pipes and combs.
L. Dyes and Tans
M. Waxes, detergents
N. Perfumes and oils
O. Resins, gums and mucilage
P. Insecticides
Q. Paper and Pulp
R. Beverages
S. Fibres used
T. Plants used as ornaments
Question: Which plants are considered as sacred in the area?
Question: How many sacred groves are there in the area? What is its importance?

 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY

Question: How do you identify yourself in the society?
Question: What was the occupation of your ancestors and where did they live?
Question: Did your ancestors had any link with
A. Herbalists of the ancient age who had knowledge about medicinal plants and their healing properties.
B. Warrior tribes who roamed in the forest depending upon plants for their very survival.
Question: What is the occupation of most people of your community and where do they mostly live?
Question: What is your estimated population?
Question: Do you have any permanent address?
Question: How long do you stay at a place before moving to other site?
Question: Would you like to-
A. Change your occupation.
B. Change the nomadic life style and settle permanently at one place.
Question: Are people in your community-
A. Educated.
B. In government service.
C. In politics.
D. Ayurvedic practioners.
E. In any other occupation.
Question: In your community-
A. Is there any social organization?
B. Is there any head of the community members?
Question: Are important decisions on social and religious matters taken collectively or individually?
Question: Are there any social norms or rules that every member must obey?

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Question: Does the women in your community-
A. Enjoys the same rights and privileges as the men do?
B. Go out to work with men?
Question: Does your children-
A. Go to school?
B. Go to work with you?
Question: Which type of house you live in?
A. Hut.
B. Pakka building.
Question: What type of fuel you use?
A. Kerosene.
B. Petrol.
C. Fire wood.
D. Diesel.
E. Crop residues.
F. Dung cakes.
G. Bio-gas.
Question: What is your food habit?
A. Pulses.
B. Maize.
C. Jowar.
D. Bajara.
E. Wheat.
F. Fishes.
G. Chicken.
H. Eggs
Question: How many cattle do you have and of which type?
A. Cow.
B. Bullock.
C. Buffalo.
D. Goat.
E. Sheep.
F. Others.
Question: When and from where do you buy cattle?
Question: When and where you sell cattle?
Question: Which type of ornaments you use?
A. Gold.
B. Silver.
C. Other metals.
D. Stones.
Question: What type of utensils you use?
Question: What sorts of artisans are there in the area?
A. Blacksmith.
B. Cobbler.
C. Goldsmith.
D. Pot-maker.
Question: Do you have any of the below mentioned facilities?
A. Post office.
B. Sub Post office.
C. Police station.
D. Primary health center.
E. Seeds and fertilizers stores.
F. Well or hand pumps for water.

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 G. Milk cooperative society.
H. Flour mill.
I. Rice Mill.
J. Any other.
Question: How much do you earn from your occupation?
Question: Do you face any difficulty in getting money?
Question: How much land do the farmers own (area)?
Question: Does it come under Zamindari/ Khatewadi/Forest?
Question: What is your farm input (quantity bought)?
A. Seeds.
B. Fertilizer.
C. Irrigation facility (Water availability).
Question: What is your farm output (quantity produced)?
A. Grains.
B. Cotton.
C. Others.
Question: Do you use bye products of plants / crops? If yes, for what purpose?
A. As fuel.
B. As fodder.
Question: Which all equipments do you use for farming? How many?
A. Tractors.
B. Bullocks.
C. Threshers.
D. Ploughs.
Question: Whose influence is there in your village and community?
Question: How is the marriage negotiated in your community and does the following social practices
prevail?
A. Dowry system.
B. Bride price.
C. Bigamy.
D. Inter caste marriage.
E. Widow or Widower remarriage.
F. Divorce and remarriage.
Question: Have you-
A. Participated in elections.
B. Approached the government to highlight your social and other problems.
C. Any time sought the help of police for any kind of social problems.
D. Ever went to the court of law to seek justice.
Question: How do you –
A. Settle your internal disputes.
B. Treat the people of your community who keeps illegal relation with other women or who has been
jailed for any kind of crime or who creates nuisance in your communal society.
Question: Does these social evils occur frequently in your community?
A. Drug addictions.
B. Prostitutions.
C. Homogamy.
D. Alcoholism.
Question: Who has cut the forests? How forests were destroyed?
A. Fire.
B. Cutting.
C. Agriculture.
D. Other reasons.
Question: What is the influence of forest on your socio-economic conditions?

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Question: Do you sellout any timber? or Do you cut trees for anybody ?
Question: Do you think that forests should be grown again?
Question: If re-forestation is done will you all help?
Question: For re-forestation which things are needed mainly?
Question: What do you want in return from forests?
Question: How effective is the reforestation programme of forest department?
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHNO BOTANICAL STUDIES
The term ethno botany was first coined by Harshberger (1896). Different authors have since
defined it variously.
1. Schultes (1962) defined ethno botany as the study of relationship that exists between people of
primitive societies and their surrounding plant environment.
2. According to Powers (1873:, In : Castteter (1944) cited by Cotton, (1997), the term ethno botany is
derived from the word “Aboriginal Botany”, means the study of all forms of vegetation which
aborigines used for commodities such as medicine, food, textiles and ornaments.
3. According to Krauss (1974), the term ethno botany is derived from ethnology which means the study
of man and botany i.e., the study of the importance of plants to primitive people.
4. Jain (1981) defined it to be the relationship between human society and plants.
5. Many other workers viz., Robbins et al., (1916) cited by Cotton (1997); Gilmour (1932); Jones
(1941); Ford (1978); Wickens (1990) and Martin (1995) have expressed their views on the concepts
of Ethno botany.
VARIOUS DEFINATIONS OF ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES AS GIVEN BY SCIENTISTS
NO. SCIENTIST INTERPRETATION OF ETHNOBOTANY
1. Powers (1873) Aboriginal Botany – the study of all forms of vegetation that aborigines used
for commodities such as medicine, food, textiles and ornaments.
2. Harshberger (1896) Use of the plants by the aboriginal people.
3. Robbins (1916) Not just the record of the plant use, but the traditional knowledge of the total
environment through customs and rituals.
4. Gilmour (1932) Not only tribal economic botany, but the whole range of traditional knowledge
of plants and plant life.
5. Jones (1941) The study of the interrelations between primitive humans and plants.
6. Schultes (1941) The study of the relations which exist between humans and their surrounding
vegetation.
7. Ford (1978) The study of the direct relationships between humans and plants.
8. Jain (1981) Relationship between human society and plants.
9. Wickens (1990) The study of the useful plants before its commercialisation and domestication.
10. FEB (1993) The recording and evaluation of environmental knowledge that different human
cultures have gathered or accumulated through many years.
11. Martin (1995) All studies pertaining to plants which describes local people‟s interaction with
the natural environment.
NOTE: From the Book Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications by C. M. Cotton and Ethnobotany for
Beginners by Marcelo Alves Ramos.

The importance of the ethno botanical studies as mentioned by Harshberger (1896) is as follows.
 Ethno botanical studies help in elucidating the cultural position of the tribes, who uses the plants for
food, shelter and clothing.
 It throws light upon the past distribution of plants.
 It helps us to understand as to what were the then existing ancient trade routes.
 Certain tribals regard plants and animals as the ancestors of the human race. This is known as
“totemism”. There are tribes who claim to have been descended from plants. Such tribal could not
use plants that were „totem‟ to them. Among the red maize clan of Omahas (North American
Indians), the red maize was considered to be their totem or ancestor, and members of the tribe may
not eat red maize.
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  Many plants used in the traditional medicines of tribals and other such communities are important
sources of pharmacological active compounds. Primitive cultivars or wild plants used by tribals may
hold the genetic key to many important agricultural breakthroughs. For example in 1973, American
scientists trying to develop high protein Sorghum examined over 9000 varieties from all over the
world before they discovered in the fields of Ethiopian tribals, two obscure strains with qualities they
sought.
 Ethno botany, a multidisciplinary science comprises of many interesting and useful aspects of plant
science, history, anthropology, culture and literature. It has the potential to unearth the numerous
uses of plants and various aspects of tribal life.
 Many tribal communities still continue to grow or know innumerable plant and animal species of
great economic utility that presently is being threatened by changes in the lifestyle of these
communities. All these valuable information can be gathered, documented and rather put to a
database through ethno botanical explorations.
PROFORMA (TWO) FOR SURVEY OF MARKET PLACES
1. Location of the market place:
 Collector: Collection No. Date:
2. Information of the Herbal Vendor
 Name:
 Type of Vendor: Permanent / Temporary stall: Ambulatory:
 Village/Town of Vendor:
 Gender:
 Estimated age:
 Whether selling is done at one market or multiple markets:
3. Information on the Collection:
 Local name of the plant:
 Botanical name of the plant.
 Family:
 Life form / Habit:
 Plant part / parts used or sold
 Village/Taluka/District:
 Type of area – Forests, agricultural land or any other vegetation type.
 Cultivation status: Cultivated / Managed / Wild
 Marketing status: Gathered by the Vendor himself / resold
 No. of species in collection: Single / Mixture of plants
 Other ingredients, if added:
 Condition of the plant: Fresh / Dried / Preserved
 Price / Unit
 Brought to the market: Daily / Weekly / Monthly / Occasionally
 Estimated quantity brought and sold
 Availability: Whole year / Summer / Winter / Monsoon
 How much sold in comparison to past: More / Same / Less
 If less / more sold, what is the reason?
 Uses and Mode of preparation:

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 METHODS FOR ETHNOBOTANICAL DATA COLLECTION
According to the purpose or objectives for which ethnobotanical data is to be collected there are various
methods or procedures involved. Few of them are as listed below:
1. Analysis of various tribal folk songs (Ethno linguistics).
2. Collection from ancient sculptures, temples, forts and paintings (Archeological Survey).
3. Data collection from Herbarium specimens.
4. Data collection from old texts, ancient literatures or notes of ancient historical field works.
5. Field work in tribal areas (including taxonomy, ecology and forests survey)
6. Study of fossilized plants.
When designing an ethnobotanical study, it is important to decide what one wants to achieve.
Ethnobotanical data collection is no way easy due to diverse complexity of culture within and
amongst the different ethnic societies. One should be aware regarding the diversity of flora and
fauna with areas selected where one gets ethnic diversity.
Few important things to be kept in mind before ethnobotanical data collection is initiated are:
1. Be selective in techniques / methods to be employed for data collection.
2. Do everything systematically.
3. Ensure ethnic community participation.
4. Form a multidisciplinary team.
5. Prepare yourself before fieldwork.
SUGGESTED CATEGORIES FOR DESCRIBING AREA AND LOCAL PEOPLE
A LAND OR AREA TO BE SURVEYED:
1. Climatic zones and seasons.
2. Elevation range.
3. Geographical location and Map.
4. Geological formation.
5. Longitude and latitude.
6. Major geographical landmarks.
7. Soil types.
8. Surface area in km2
9. Vegetational types and successional changes.
B ABOUT LOCAL / TRIBAL / ETHNIC PEOPLE:
1. Crop management and crop rotation.
2. Economical and commercial crops.
3. Ethnic affiliation.
4. History of settlement.
5. Languages spoken.
6. Major social groups and classes.
7. Population size and distribution.
8. Productive activities.
9. Rates of migration (inflow from other communities or outflow from one community).
10. System of land use.
WHAT WE ACTUALLY MEAN BY ETHNOBOTANICAL DATA?
When ethno botanists speak of data, they are referring to the broad range of information collected. Data can
be collected by following means:
1. Ethno botanical aspects of single tribe or multiple ethnic local uses of same plant or different
plants used in similar manner among different tribes.
2. Ethno taxonomical surveys – rapid ethnobotanical data or detailed ethnobotanical data.
3. Laboratory analysis of ethno medicinal plants. As for e.g. nutritional value of edible food plants
among tribes.
4. Market surveys – collection of plant samples sold in local tribal market – can be form of medicines,
vegetables, spices, condiments, seeds, fruits etc. Local plant collections and transportation in market or
plants from distant places are collected and sold in market. As for e.g. bark of tree species sold at one
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 place. This also includes authentication of plant parts based on morphological or anatomical
characters. (Field and Laboratory work in coordination).
5. Photographs
6. Recorded interviews – audio visual aids – mainly in the form of questionnaire.
COMIPLING AND ORGANIZING AN ETHNOBOTANICAL DATA
1. Data on oldest tribal communities residing in the area.
2. Newly formed settlements of ethnic people in the area.
3. Educational ratio as per sex and age.
4. Occupational activities.
5. Stationary tribal doctors or herbal vendors. Herbal vendors are persons among tribal group, who
has knowledge of local as well as surrounding plants. Means such person cures diseases at
various places on different days of a week.
6. Obtaining data on medicinal and non medicinal uses of plants either by observation or through
personal interviews.
7. Translating data into readable form. Means translating information from local languages to English.
8. Conducting field trips in areas as per disease incidence or even it can be variation in plant / vegetation
based on seasonal patterns.
9. Collection of plant specimens as per systematic methods prescribed.
10. This includes all routing techniques involved in collection, drying, poisoning, pressing, mounting and
documenting plants – herbarium methods.
11. Preservation of Voucher specimens collected for further ethno botanical studies.
12. Arranging ethnobotanical data of plants as per following subtitles.
12.1 Local names of plants and English Common names of plants.
12.2 Botanical / Scientific names of plants.
12.3 Families to which plant belongs.
12.4 Ethno taxonomical classification – including Bentham & Hooker‟s system.
12.5 Arranging plants as per the habit – herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, woody climbers (Lianas),
creepers, trailers, parasites, epiphytes, grasses, ferns etc.
12.6 Arranging plants as per the land terrain – ethno botanical plants from forests, agricultural
lands, riverbanks, kitchen gardens, roadsides, wastelands etc.
12.7 Arranging plants as per the plant part used – roots, stem, rhizomes, leaves, tubers, corms,
bulbils, flowers, seeds, fruits and bark or whole plants.
12.8 Arranging plants as per the form of parts used – fresh or dried. Single plant part or
combination of plant parts of same plant or different parts of various plants. As for e.g. root +
stem; root + leaves; leaves + stem; root + stem + leaves; bark + leaves; rhizomes + leaves etc.
12.9 Ethno botanical information of single genus or single family.
12.10 Ethno botanical information of plants used by single tribe or multiple tribes. As for e.g. only
Kani tribe of Western Ghats uses Tricholepis zeylanicus as tonic.
12.11 Ethno botanical information on only rare, endangered or endemic species.
12.12 Arranging plants as per diseases – plants used in fever, in cold, in malaria, in bone diseases
etc.
12.13 Arranging plants as per products –gums, resins, latex, dyes etc.
12.14 Methods used to collect gums, dyes, resins and latex.
12.15 Arranging plants as per the applications – applied externally (fresh or dried), given orally etc.
12.16 Arranging plants for non botanical uses like fibres, ropes, cordages, agricultural implements,
house constructions, fishing nets, fencing, fuel woods etc.
12.17 Arrangement of plants used in religious ceremonies.
12.18 Arrangement of plants worshipped – sacred forests, sacred plants, sacred groves, divine
forests, pristine forests, untouched or virgin forests.
12.19 Arranging non poisonous and poisonous plants, toxic or non toxic plants.
12.20 Ethno botanical information on traditional technical or traditional scientific knowledge – lac
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 culture, sericulture, apiculture, minimizing pest infections in crops, efficient weed
management, traditional textile dyes extraction, traditional irrigation methods like using
bamboo pipes for water requirements in crops (Still followed in states of Assam and
Kerala), way of collection and storage of seeds, removal of toxicity / detoxification of plants
or depoisoining plants. As for e.g. fruits of Canavalia gladiata (Climber of family
Papilionaceae) is eaten unripe, since tribal have knowledge that riped fruits are
poisonous due to cyanogenic glycosides present in matured fruits.
12.21 Modern concepts of ethno agricultural data – mushroom cultivation, bio fertilizers from
agricultural wastes or other natural products (vermicomposting), shift from routine wild crops
to new cultivation – cultivation of Cashew nuts in many tribal belts of Southern Gujarat.
12.22 Arranging common plants used in both ethno veterinary as well as ethno human medicines.
12.23 Arrangement of plants based on use in treatment of diseases – means single plant used only for
one disease, single plant used for curing many diseases, multiple plants used to cure one
disease or combination of Animal + Mineral + Plant sources to cure diseases. As for e.g.
applying salt + turmeric (Curcuma longa) on swellings; Honey + Lemon etc.
As for e.g. Calotropis procera is used to cure malarial fever; Ocimum sanctum is used for
worship, cough, cold, asthma, bronchitis etc and combination of Vitex negundo (Leaves)
and Cissus quandrangularis (Stem) used together to cure rheumatoid arthritis and bone
related disorders (TWO PLANTS USED FOR SAME DISEASE, BUT PLANT PARTS
ARE DIFFERENT), similarly Leaves of Vitex negundo and Moringa oleifera is used in
bone related disorders. (TWO PLANTS WITH SAME PLANT PART AND SAME
DISEASE).
STRUCTURE OF DATA COLLECTED, ANALYZING THE DATA & PRESENTING THE DATA
1. Structure of the data in broad sense means applying computer knowledge of creating a datasets.
2. Data should not be random or heterogeneous.
3. Data should not be collected only in text form; most useful is alpha numerical data.
4. Presenting the data in form of pie diagrams, histograms, bar diagrams, two way graphs etc. means
categorization of data is important for further statistical analysis like chi square test, probability,
regression and ANOVA testing. Since tabular data is only rows and columns it will give only
contrasting values but not inter-related or co-related data.
5. Verifying plant uses as per latest set of online databases available so that there cannot be replication of
data.
6. Authentication of herbarium specimens is the most important and crucial step for any ethno botanical
studies for misidentification or plants.
7. Analysis of newly reported ethno botanical uses of plants.
8. Broad sense or half set of data should not be collected or concluded. As for e.g.
8.1 9 out of 12 informants use Ajwain to cure stomach pains.
Question here is – nature of sample size (small size of sample), age and sex of informants, in which form
Ajwain is used etc.
8.2 93 % of the villagers use Acacia as firewood.
Again here – what is the total population of villagers? Second which species of Acacia is used as fuel wood?
Whether the species used is common or rare? Who collects the fuel wood more frequently – male or female?

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What is the girth size of Acacia tree during fuel wood collection?
9. Snapshots of vegetation composition, forests types etc should be included to see the changes in the
land scape patterns. Photographs of all seasons will give more clear indication of local flora.
10. Photograph of whole plant is good, but not preferred as it does not give in depth understanding of
morphological characters.
11. Individual photograph of flower, fallen leaves, new leaves, immature seeds, mature seeds, ripe fruits,
unripe fruits is more advisable. (A THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF PHENOLOGICAL ASPECTS
IS MUST FOR SUCH PHOTOGRAPHY).
VARIOUS TYPES OF QUESTION CATEGORY USED FOR INFORMATION:
No. Type of question Features / characteristics of questions
1. Dichotomous questions Generally forms Yes / No types of answers, which will give data but not
inference.
2. Multiple Choice Four or more than four options to single question. Allows more easy form
questions of analysis.
3. Open ended questions Allows respondent to answer in own language. Not preferable as many
times there is lot of irrelevant information generated.
4. Rank order or ordinal Very good for analysis as it has ascending or descending aspects of
questions answers. Means you can ask enlist some important ethno botanical plants
based on least important to most important.
5. Rating scale questions Question with equal chances of positive and negative choices. As for e.g.
The subject of Ethnobotany is interesting.
Agree, Disagree, Strongly agree and Strongly disagree. So if we give scale
to above answers it is
First scale: Rank order one – strongly agree
Second scale: Rank order Two – agree
Third Scale: Rank order Three – strongly disagree
Fourth Scale: Rank order Four – disagree.
6. Irrelevant or sensitive Where the most probable answer is I don‟t know or No comments or Not
questions applicable to me.
NOTE: Data compiled from Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications by C. M. Cotton; Methods and
Approaches in Ethnobotany by S. K. Jain; Methods and Techniques in Ethnobotanical Study and Research
by R. R. Rao and Ethnobotany: Methods Manual by Gary Martin.

GLOSSARY OF ETHNOBOTANICAL TERMS

1. Aboriginal Botany: The study of plants used by aboriginal people. A term not in much use now.
2. Botanical Ethnography: The scientific description of the role of plants in the life of any ethnic
group.
3. Comparative Ethnobotany: comparative studies on ethnobotanical knowledge of two or more
ethnic groups or regions.
4. Dye: Coloring substance, mainly natural dyes obtained from plants including lichens.
5. Economic Botany: Deals with those plants and plant products which are useful to man and are in
trade & commerce.
6. Ethnic: group of human beings which are primitive in context to common national or cultural
traditions.
7. Ethnoagriculture: Deals with all aspects of ancient or early agriculture, of the origin of agriculture
in a society or region of world, and of the history of domestication or introduction of agricultural
crops, wild relatives and land races.
8. Ethnoagronomy: Unique agronomic practices with an ethnic group, folk people or race.
9. Ethnoalgology: Ethnobotanical study of algae.
10. Ethnoarchaeobotany: Ethnobotanical aspects of archaeological sites / monuments and other
contexts.
11. Ethnoastronomy: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
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 folk or people about astronomical phenomenon.
12. Ethnobiology: Deals with all aspects of the direct relationship between man and biological
resources on the planet earth.
13. Ethnobotany: Deals with all aspects of direct relationship between man and plants. More
comprehensive term than Economic Botany, the later deals with only those plants that are in trade
and commerce. Includes Botanical Ethnography.
14. Ethnobryology: Ethnobotanical studies of Bryophytes.
15. Ethnocosmetics: Materials used by the ethnic group, folk, race or tribe for care, beautification or
ornamentation of body, particularly skin and hair.
16. Ethno dietetics: the aspect of Ethnogastrology which refers to choice, content, frequency,
consumption and nutritive value of food.
17. Ethnoecology: Deals with all indigenous beliefs, concepts, knowledge and practices relating to
interaction between man and his environment, including notions and practices for conservation of
species, communities and nature in general.
18. Ethnogastrology: Deals with all aspects of eating and drinking like kind, frequency, quantity and
processing of the materials used among any ethnic group or folk or race or tribe for satisfying
hunger and thirst, including emergency, famine or subsistence food.
19. Ethnography: Deals with description of any ethnic group or race of this earth.
20. Ethnogynaecology: Deals with indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices for treating
problems of female fertility, contraception, pregnancy, child birth and related problems.
21. Ethno herbal recipe: particulars of a contents / constituents of a medicinal herb used based on folk
medicine.
22. Ethnohorticulture: Indigenous beliefs, concepts, knowledge and beliefs about raising horticultural
crops like fruits, vegetables, spices, medicinal plants etc.
23. Ethnolichenology: Ethnobotanical studies of lichens.
24. Ethnology: scientific study of human races and their characteristics.
25. Ethnolinguistics: General or comparative study of languages (their origin, formation, evolution)
among ethnic groups.
26. Ethnomedicine: Indigenous beliefs, concepts, knowledge and beliefs for preventing, lessening or
curing diseases and pain, also called as Folk Medicine.
27. Ethnomedicobotany: Ethnobotanical aspects of any form of drugs. (Medicines)
28. Ethnometeorology: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk, race or tribe about weather prediction and forecasting.
29. Ethnomusicology: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk or tribe regarding all aspects of their vocal and instrumental music. The origin, themes and
materials related to their music – folk songs.
30. Ethnomycology: Ethnobotanical studies of Fungi.
31. Ethnonarcotics: Study of the narcotics among different tribes, folks or ethnic people.
32. Ethno-ophthalmology: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic
group, folk, race or tribe for treating ailments of injuries to eyes and impairment of vision.
33. Ethno –orthopaedics: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic
group, folk, race or tribe for healing bones related diseases.
34. Ethnopaediatrics: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk, race or tribe about care of children in sickness and pain.
35. Ethnopaleobotany: Ethnobotanical studies of fossilized plant materials.
36. Ethnopharmacy: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk, race or tribe about collecting, preparing, preserving and dispensing of medicines.
37. Ethnopharmacology: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic
group, folk, race or tribe regarding pharmacological materials, methods of observation and
experimentation of drugs.
38. Ethnophytochemistry: Deals with the knowledge of the chemistry of plants, various methods of
extracting and detoxifying poisonous plants among tribes, race or ethnic people.

12
39. Ethnopteridology: Ethnobotanical studies of pteridophytes.
40. Ethnosilviculture: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk, race or tribe regarding silvicultural operations in forests, maintenance and management of
forests.
41. Ethno systematics: Identification, classification and nomenclature of objects by tribes or ethnic
people.
42. Ethnotoxicology: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk, race or tribe of substances considered or employed as toxic, antitoxic and intoxicant and / or
related properties.
43. Ethno taxonomy: Part of folk classification and folk systematics dealing with classification, local
names and grouping of plants and animals.
44. Ethnoveterinary: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk, race or tribe regarding diseases in cattle and its treatments.
45. Ethnozoology: Indirect relationship between man and animals.
46. Fibre: Plants used for cordage, basketry, brooms, fish nets, also stuffing and paper.
47. Fish poison: Plants used by tribal people for stupefying fish and fish baits.
48. Folk: A race of people used to refer to indigenous tribes, their culture, language, folk lore, folk
songs and folk tales.
49. Folk Botany: Synonymous to Ethnobotany.
50. Folk classification: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic group,
folk, race or tribe about the origin, shape, size and function about distinguishing, grouping or
naming the various living and non living objects about them.
51. Folklores: a broad term used for including traditional knowledge on any subject as also folk
language.
52. Folk Medicines: remedies suggested for any disease or injuries based on traditional knowledge or
invented by observation or experience of the local people.
53. Folk systematics: Identification, classification and nomenclature of objects by tribes or ethnic
people.
54. Folk taxonomy: Part of folk classification and folk systematics dealing with classification, local
names and grouping of plants and animals.
55. Gum: Plant exudates which hardens on surface, includes latex and mucilage.
56. Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge: all forms of indigenous or tribal or ethnic knowledge
pertaining to agriculture, including methods of crop improvement, crop management, ethno
veterinary practices, production and methods of crop rotation.
57. Indigenous system of Medicines: That part of traditional or indigenous medicines which has got
systematized as evidenced by presence of treatises, text books, teaching institutions, recognized
levels of degrees or learning and organization for registration of practitioners of that system.
Different from folk medicine or Ethnomedicine, which continues largely as folklore and is often
unique or endemic in small societies or regions and lacks above noted elements of systematization.
58. Indigenous Technical Knowledge: refers largely to the technical knowledge held by traditional
farmers such as traditional agro forestry systems, crop combinations, use of plant toxins in pest
control, preservation of food, alcohol fermentation etc.
59. Magico-religious beliefs: Religious or mythological beliefs of people about supernatural or magical
properties and powers about certain events and objects.
60. Magico-medicines: healing or curing by touch, oracles (mantras), not involving any form of
medicines.
61. Medico-botany: Study of medicinal aspects of plants.
62. Paleoethnobotany: Study of the remains of plants, cultivated or utilized by man in ancient times,
which have survived in archaeological contexts (different from paleobotany, which deals with any
fossilized plant material, whether directly related or not with man in geological past)
63. Rural People’s Knowledge: knowledge based on economical and social culture of the people. As
for e.g. small marginal farmers and marginal farmers.

13
 64. Symbolic: Plants used by tribes, ethnic groups in ceremonies, charms, culture, faith, myth, taboos,
worship. Also plants mentioned in epics and folk songs, folk lore, folk tales and legends.
65. Taboo: act or system practiced by ethnic people of setting apart person or thing as sacred / holy e.g.
sacred plant, sacred forests etc.
66. Tan: The main substance used in processing of skin to make leather.
67. Traditional Botanical Knowledge: total plant or botanical knowledge held by any non – industrial
community and incorporates basic as well as applied botanical knowledge.
68. Traditional Ecological Knowledge: ancient and ethnic ecological knowledge like weather
forecasting based on flowering and fruiting patterns, sustainable collection of plants, worship of
plants i.e. sacred forests and sacred groves as a part of ecological conservation.
69. Traditional medicine: Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices among an ethnic
group, folk, race or tribe including folk medicines, ethno medicines and indigenous systems of
medicines (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Amchi and other amongst the different isolated parts of India.
70. Traditional Scientific Knowledge: integrated knowledge system such as organic farming, fish
poisoning, detoxification of poisonous plants, preservation of seeds, collection of forest produce etc.
71. Veterinary: Related to animals, cattle – diagnosis of diseases and their possible treatments through
ethnic knowledge.
NOTE: Definitions compiled from Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany by S. K. Jain; Ethnobotany: Principles
and Applications by C. M. Cotton; A Manual of Ethnobotany by S. K. Jain; Ethnobotany: Methods Manual
by Gary Martin.

SOME IMPORTANT TRIBES OF INDIA – ETHNOBOTANY

NO. TRIBE POPULATION REGION WHERE LIVING
1. ABOR ---- North Eastern India; mainly in Arunachal
Pradesh of Tibeto – Chinese family.
2. ADI 0.15 million Arunachal Pradesh
3. ANDAMANESE ---- Small tribe of Negrito race of a few villages
inhabiting Strait Island, off the East coast of
Middle Andaman Islands in Bay of Bengal.
4. ANDH 0.23 million Peninsular India, mainly in Maharashtra &
Andhra Pradesh.
5. AO 0.1 million Section of Naga tribes of Tibeto Chinese origin.
6. BAGATA (BAGATHA) 0.1 million Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
7. BAIGA 0.25 million Tribe of Gond mainly in M.P and Bihar.
8. BHARIAS (BHUMIA) 0.2 million Madhya Pradesh.
9. BHATRA 0.12 million Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.
10. BHIL 7.4 million Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh &
Maharashtra. Linguistically of Indo –
European Family.
11. BHUMIJ 0.5 million Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa.
12. BINJHWAR 0.1 million Bihar, Madhya Pradesh & Orissa.
13. BODO ---- Mainly in Brahmaputra and Barak valleys in
Assam. Separated from Garo Tribe of Assam
Burmese branch.
14. BORO KACHARI 0.6 million Mainly in Assam and North East India.
15. CHAUDHRI 0.23 million Mainly in Western India; confined more to the
(CHOUDHARA, RAVALIA) state of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
16. DAMOR (DAMORIA) 30,000 to 50,000 Rajasthan and Gujarat.
17. DHANKA 0.25 million Gujarat and Maharashtra.
18. DHANWAR 0.1 million Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
19. DHODIA 0.46 million Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Havelli
20. DIMASA (HILL KACHARI) ---- Branch of Bodo race – Assam, Mizoram,
14
 Nagaland and Meghalaya.
21. DUBLA 0.5 million Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Havelli.
22. GAMIT 0.36 million Gujarat and Maharashtra.
23. GARASIA 0.12 million Rajasthan
24. GARO 0.45 million Tribe of Bodo race, Meghalaya, Assam and
Tripura. Of Assam – Burmese branch.
25. GOND 7.4 million Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat.
Sub tribes include Raj-Gond, Durve Gond,
Muria Gond, Koda Muria and Muria.
Linguistically of Munda Branch of Austro –
Asiatic Family.
26. IRULA (IRULIGA) 0.1 million Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
27. JATAPAU 0.1 million Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
28. KACHARI (CACHARI) 0.9 million Branch of Bodo race mainly in Assam. Sub
groups are Bodo, Boro, Dimasa, Mech &
Sonowal. Of Assam – Burmese Branch.
29. KATHODIA 0.18 million Called as Katkari in Maharashtra, Kathodia in
Rajasthan and Gujarat.
30. KATKARI 0.18 million Mainly in Rajasthan and Borders adjoining
Gujarat and Rajasthan.
31. KANWAR 0.58 million Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa.
32. KHAMPTI (KHAMTI) ---- Borders of Arunachal Pradesh and Burma. Of
Tai group in Tibeto Chinese family.
33. KHARIA 0.3 million Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. Sub tribe is
Hill Kharia of Austro Asiatic family.
34. KHARWAR 0.24 million Bihar, South Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and
West Bengal.
35. KHASI 0.63 million Meghalaya, of Mon-Khmer Branch of Indo
Chinese or Austro-Asiatic family.
36. KHOND (KONDH) 1 million Orissa, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
37. KHISAN 0.25 million Orissa and Bihar. Locally called as Kuda,
Kuntam and Nagesia.
38. KOKNA (KOKNI, KUKNA) 0.6 million Maharashtra and Gujarat.
39. KOL 0.13 million Plateau region of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Bihar and Orissa. Also found in Chhota-Nagpur
and Deccan regions.
40. KOLAM (KOLAVARU) 0.14 million Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
41. KOLI 0.18 million Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka. Called as
Dhor Koli in Maharashtra and Karnataka.
42. KOLI MAHADEV 0.8 million Mainly in Maharashtra, also called as Dongar or
Raj Koli.
43. KOLI MALHAR 0.18 million Maharashtra
44. KONDA DHORA 0.14 million Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
45. KORA 0.12 million West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
46. KORKU 0.2 million Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
47. KOYA 0.4 million Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Karnataka.
48. KUKI 1,30,000 Mainly in Lushai Hills, Mizoram. Also in
Tripura, Assam and Nagaland. It is very distinct
from Khasi, Garo and Mikir tribe.
49. LAKHERS (MIZO) ---- Also called as Maras or Mara Mizo. Mainly in

15
 Mizoram.
50. LALUNG 0.1 million Plains of Assam. Branch of Bodo race.
51. LAMBADIS 1 million Mainly in Andhra Pradesh. Also called as
Lambani or Sugalis.
52. LEPCHA 50,000 Divided into two main sections – Rong and
Khamba. They are found mainly in South of
Himalaya in Sikkim, North Bengal and Bihar.
Of Himalayan group of Tibeto-Chinese family.
53. LOHARA (LOHRA) 0.2 million Bihar and West Bengal.
54. LOTHA 50,000 Sub group of Naga tribe mainly in Nagaland.
55. MAHALI (MAHLI) 0.17 million Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
56. MAO 50,000 Subgroup of Naga tribe, mainly in Nagaland and
Manipur.
57. MIKIR (KARBI / ARLENG) 0.2 million Mainly in Karbi – Anglong district of Assam.
Also few parts of Meghalaya, Mizoram and
Nagaland.
58. MINA 2.1 million Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
59. MIRI (MISHING) 0.26 million Mainly in Arunachal Pradesh.
60. MISHMI 25,000 Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh.
61. MIZO 0.36 million One of the largest tribe in North East India.
Majority lives in Mizoram. Sub tribes are
Lakher Mizo, Lushai Mizo, Paite Mizo and
Pawi Mizo.
62. MUNDA (MOONDA) 1.4 million Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Tripura and
Madhya Pradesh.
63. NAGA 0.8 million Mainly confined to Nagaland. Sub tribes like
Angami, Ao, Rengma, Sema etc.
64. NAIKADA (NAYAK) 0.3 million Gujarat, Maharashtra and Dadra and Nagar
Havelli. Also found in few localities of Northern
Maharashtra.
65. NAYAKA 1.3 million Karnataka
66. ORAON 1.8 million Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh
and Maharashtra.
67. PARDHAN 0.12 million Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra
Pradesh.
68. PAROJA (PARJA, PORJA) 0.3 million Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
69. RABHA 0.14 million Branch of Bodo race in Assam and Bengal.
70. RATHAWA 0.3 million Gujarat and Maharashtra.
71. RIANG 0.25 million Tripura, Mizoram and Assam.
72. SAHARIAS 0.3 million Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
73. SANTAL (SANTHAL) 4.3 million Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa usually in the
regions South of river Ganga.
74. SAORA 0.5 million Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
75. THARU 0.1 million Terai region of Uttar Pradesh extending to
Nepal. Considered originally from Bihar.
76. TRIPURI (TIPPERA) 0.35 million Mainly in Tripura.
77. VARLI 0.57 million Maharashtra, Gujarat and Dadra and Nagar
Havelli.
78. VASAVAS ----- Mainly in Central Gujarat.
79. YENADIS (YANADIS) 0.33 million Andhra Pradesh
80. ZELIANG 22,000 – 25,000 Sub group of Naga tribe mainly in Kohima
district of Nagaland.
16
NOTE: Data compiled from Ethnobotany in India by P. Pushpangadan and Ethnobotany by P. C. Trivedi.

Major Indian Regions with Tribes and some Important Characteristics

REGION STATES / UNION MAJOR TRIBES
TERRITORIES
South Central Andhra Pradesh, Southern Khonda Doras, Valmikies Gonds, Oraon, Konda,
Madhya Pradesh., Southern Bhil, Saravas, Khonda, Reddis, Koyan, Kodagu
Orissa Pardhan.
North Central Bihar, West Bengal, North Santhal, Oraon, Munda, Kolho, Mal Pahariya, Bhag,
Orissa, Eastern Madhya Bhills, Dhodia, Garnit, Warli, Naika, Rathwa,
Pradesh. Kolidher.
Western Region Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Bhils, Dhodia, Gamit, Warli, Naika, Rathwa,
Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Kolidher, Kotwadia Bhils, Gurjar, Kokna, Tadvi,
Gujarat, Goa, Daman & Diu Vasavas.
North Eastern Meghalaya, Arunachal Miri, Tripuri, Adi, Aka, Apatan, Maripa, Nagal,
Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Khasi, Mizo, Mishmi, Garos, Tagin, Naga, Singhpho,
Mizoram, Tripura and Assam Sherdukpen.
North Western Western M.P., Himachal Jaunsaries, Laholies, Kinnoras, Tibetans, Battis,
Pradesh Bhotai.
Southern Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Malayali, Kani, Kurumba, Muthuvan, Soluga.
Nadu
Islands Andaman and Nicobar, Onges, Great Andamanese, Sentinelese, Jarwas
Lakshadweep Nicobarese, Shompen.
NOTE: Data compiled from the book Indian Ethnobotany: Emerging Trends by A. K. Jain (2015).

UTILITY PATTERN OF PLANTS USED BY TRIBES OF INDIA AS PER ALL INDIAN

COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON ETHNOBIOLOGY (AICRPE) – MoEF, DBT, BSI,
DST, UNESCO, MABP AND ZSI
 The project was prepared under the guidance of Dr T N Khoshoo and Dr. E. K. Janaki Ammal was
considered by the high level committee of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, which decided
for setting up an All India Coordinated Research Project on Ethno biology (AICRPE) under the
umbrella of 'Man and Biosphere' programme of UNESCO. Dr. P. Pushpangadan was its
principal investigator or main co-ordinator. AICRPE was essentially a multi-institutional, multi-
disciplinary action-oriented research programme. AICRPE had 27 centres all over India with 600
scientists from various disciplines involved in documenting the ethno botanical folk lore of
tribes in India.
 Total Ethnobotanical plants used: 10,000 species.
 Ethno medicinal Plants: 8000. 950 out of these are under scientific research.
 Plants used for Edible purposes: 3900.
 Material & Cultural requirements: 700 plants.
 Fibre and Cordage: 525 plants.
 Fodder: 400 plants.
 Pesticides, rodenticides, piscicides (used for controlling / killing pests, rodents & fish poisons):
300 Plants. 175 species more than 30 % are now under Phyto chemical studies.
 Gums, Resins and Dyes: 300 plants.
 Incense and Perfumes: 100 plants.
 Total of 76 species of animals are used by tribes to cure diseases. Out of these 16 species are
invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, molluscs). 60 species of Vertebrates are used by
tribes for ethno medicinal purposes. (PLEASE REFER THIS POINT AS ETHNOZOOLOGY)

17
NOTE: Overlapping of species is always there for different purposes. E.g. one species of plant can be ethno
medicinal as well as used in fodder or some other purpose also.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS AND FIGURES RELATED TO ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES

NO. FACTS / FIGURES
1. 155 plant species are considered as sacred or holy by tribes of India.
2. 186 species of plants are used to heal / cure wounds in cattle.
3. 26 species of genus Polygonum (Climbers) belonging to family Polygonaceae is used in both
Ethnoveterinary as well as Human Ethno medicinal uses.
4. 269 species of plants are used by tribes to cure skin diseases in humans, whereas 288 species of
plants are used to cure boils and inflammations in Human Ethno medicines.
5. 274 species of plants are used to cure various types of fevers in Humans.
6. 309 plant species are used to cure intestinal problems or diseases pertaining to stomach and
intestines (Human Ethno medicines) by different tribes of India.
7. 40 plant species are used by tribal / ethnic communities as emergency foods – wild plants used
during famines and scarcity.
8. 74 species of plants are used as Galactagogue i.e. to increase milk production in cattle.
9. Around 80 wild plants are used for its underground parts (tuber, root, rhizomes and bulbs) by tribal
in India, either eaten fresh or added in food recipes.
10. Dominant plant families whose plants are used by tribes for Ethnoveterinary purposes are –
Fabaceae (97 spp), Asteraceae (37 spp), Euphorbiaceae (36 spp), Poaceae (36 spp), Rubiaceae
(25 spp) and Lamiaceae (24 spp).
11. Dominant plant families whose plants are used by tribes for Human Ethno medicinal purposes are
– Fabaceae (217 spp), Asteraceae (141 spp), Euphorbiaceae (90 spp), Poaceae (84 spp),
Rubiaceae (69 spp) and Lamiaceae (62 spp).
12. Fruits of over 300 wild plants are eaten due to their sweet pulp or succulent aril by the ethnic tribes
in India.
13. In all 520 plant species are used for edible purposes by tribes in India.
14. In all, 478 plant species of 21 families are used by Indian tribes for Ethnoveterinary uses.
15. In all, 518 species of plants are used for non medicinal uses by tribes of India.
16. In India, there are 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups.
17. Leaves and shoots of over 250 plants are consumed by tribal in India.
18. Maximum studies in form of research papers are published on Sahariya / Saharia tribe – 13.
19. Nearly 3500 wild plants are used by tribal communities for curing major human diseases.
20. Seeds of more than 150 wild plants are eaten roasted or boiled by tribes in India.
21. Seeds of Panicum atrosanguineum, Panicum hippothrix, Panicum paludosum, Panicum trypheron,
Echinochloa stagnina, Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa colonum, Pennisetum alopecuroides and
Paspallidium flavidum are used for fodder purposes by tribal people in India.
22. State of Uttar Pradesh is having maximum research on ethnobotanical plants with more than 180
publications.
23. The unripe or semi ripe fruits of nearly 60 wild plants / species are used as vegetables and in some
cases also pickled by the tribal in India.
24. There are 31 tribes in India, with population of more than 5 lakhs. Maximum population is of Bhil
tribe – 1, 26, 88, 952 and least for Saharia tribe – 527015.
25. There are over 55 wild plants of which flowers are either eaten raw or cooked by tribal communities
in India.
26. Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) (Climber) and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) (Tree) are
used to cure 22 types of cattle diseases. (22 each)
27. Total of 1254 plant species of 21 families are used by Indian tribes for Human Ethno medicinal
purposes.
28. Two genus / genera i.e. Euphorbia and Ficus (Trees) are used maximum by tribal people to cure
cattle diseases. 12 species of Euphorbia and 11 species of Ficus (Trees) are used for

18
 Ethnoveterinary purposes.
29. Two genus / genera i.e. Euphorbia and Ficus are used maximum by tribal people to cure human
diseases. 22 species of Euphorbia and 24 species of Ficus are used for human ethno medicinal
purposes.
30. Vitex negundo (Verbenaceae) (Tree) is used to cure 42 types of human diseases, whereas
Calotropis procera (Asclepidiaceae) (Shrub) is used to cure 41 types of human diseases.
NOTE: The above data is compiled from Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants by S. K. Jain (1999),
Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicines and Ethnobotany (1991) & Compendium of Indian Folk Medicine &
Ethnobotany by Vartika Jain and S. K. Jain (2017).

SOME USES OF WILD PLANTS COMMON TO DIFFERENT COUNTRIES – FEW EXAMPLES

OF CROSS CULTURAL ETHNOBOTANICAL RESEARCH IN INDIA
1 Digitaria cruciata var. esculenta is grown in both India and China, especially in India by Khasi
tribes of Meghalaya for its grains. Wild forms of D. cruciata occur in mountainous regions of North
West India and China, but the variety esculenta only occurs in Khasi hills of Assam, thus endemic to
Khasia Jaintia hills of Assam and uses by only Khasi tribes in India.
2 Digitaria exilis and Digitaria eburnea are cultivated and consumed in Africa and India.
3 Echinochloa colonum (Jungle rice) in India and Mariana Islands.
4 Leaves of Acacia sinuata is used in Burma and India. (Edible)
5 Leaves of Capsella bursa-pastoris in Punjab and China. (Edible)
6 Panicum turgidumi is used as fodder in India and South Africa.
7 Rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera is eaten in China and India.
8 Seeds of Citrullus colocynthis are important article of diet in India and Africa (Cape of Good
Hope).
9 Seeds of Prinsepia utilis are gathered for oil, used for cooking in both Punjab and China.
10 Seeds of Sorghum halepense and Dinochloa scandens are used in India and Philippines.
11 Shoots of Dendrocalamus strictus are used in China and India. (Edible)
12 Young leaves of Ficus palmata are eaten in Punjab, Mexico, Cuba and Sumatra.
NOTE: Data compiled from various research papers published in International Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge & Ethnobotanical Research & Applications.

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 FPU 5.5 – ETHNOBOTANY
RESEARCH JOURNALS / NEWSLETTERS IN THE FIELD OF ETHNOBOTANY
NO. NAME OF THE JOURNAL WEBSITE / LINK
1 Acta Botanica Indica -----
2 Adivasi http://www.stscodisha.gov.in.
3 Advances in Economic Botany http://www.nhbs.com/advances_in_economic_botany.
4 African Folk lore -----
5 African Journal of Traditional http://www.africanethnomedicines.net.
Medicine, Complementary &
Alternative Medicine (AJTCAM)
6 American Anthropology -----
7 American Journal of Biomedicines -----
8 American Journal of Botany -----
9 Amruth Heritage http://www.envis.frlht.org/magazines.
10 Ancient Science of Life http://www.ayurvedajournals.org/scienceoflife/.
11 Annals of Forestry -----
12 Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden -----
13 Annals of Pharmaceutical Sciences -----
14 Anthropos http://www.anthropos-journal.de.
15 Aryavaidyan http://www.aryavaidyasala.com.
16 Asian Folk lore Studies -----
17 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical -----
Biomedicine
18 Ayurpharma http://www.ayurpharma.com.
19 Biovigyanum -----
20 Bulletin of Anthropological Survey of -----
India
21 Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India http://www.vedamsbooks.com/bsicat.htm.
(BOBSI)
22 Bulletin of Indian Nature Science -----
Academy
23 Bulletin of Medico Ethnobotanical http://www.mediindia.net/doctors/journals/indianjournal
Research
24 Bulletin of Microvita Research & -----
Integrated Medicine (BOMRIN)
25 Bulletin of Pacific Tropical Botanical -----
Garden
26 Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences http://www.bpas.in.
27 Bulletin of Tribal Research Institute http://www.tribal.mp.gov.in/tri.htm.
28 Current Science -----
29 Economic Botany http://www.econbot.org.
30 Ethno graphia -----
31 Ethno history -----
32 Ethno medicines -----
33 Ethnobotanical Leaflets http://www.ethnoleaflets.com.
34 Ethnobotanical Research & Applications http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org.
35 Ethnobotany -----
36 Ethnology -----
37 Ethnomusicology -----
38 Ethnos -----
39 Fitoterapia http://www.elsevier.com.
40 Folklore http://www.folklore-society.com.
20
41 Forests, Trees & People Newsletter -----
42 Harvard University Botanical Museum -----
Leaflets
43 Indian Drugs -----
44 Indian Folklore http://www.indianfolklore.org/.
45 Indian Forester http://www.indianforester.org.
46 Indian Forests Records -----
47 Indian Journal of Animal Sciences -----
48 Indian Journal of Applied & Pure Biology http://www.biology-journal.com.
49 Indian Journal of Experimental Biology -----
50 Indian Journal of Forestry http://www.indianjournals.com.
51 Indian Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies -----
52 Indian Journal of Natural Products & http://www.niscair.res.in.
Resources (IJNPR)
53 Indian Journal of Pharmacology -----
54 Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge http://www.niscair.res.in
(IJTK)
55 Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicines -----
56 Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and -----
Animal Husbandry
57 Indian Medicines -----
58 Indigenous Knowledge Development -----
Monitor (IKDM)
59 International Journal of Applied -----
Biology
60 International Journal of Biology -----
61 International Journal of Botany -----
62 International Journal of Crude Drug -----
Research
63 International Journal of Drug Research http://www.ijddhrjournal.com.
& Herbal Research (IJDDHR)
64 International Journal of Food, -----
Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences
65 International Journal of Forests -----
Product Management
66 International Journal of Medicinal and -----
Aromatic Plants
67 International Journal of Medicinal http://www.academicjournals.org/jmpr.
Plant Research (IJMPR)
68 International Journal of Medicine & http://www.internationalscholarsjournals.org.
Medical Sciences (IJMMS)
69 International Journal of Natural http://www.urpjournals.com.
Products Research
70 International Journal of -----
Pharmaceutical Science & Review
Research
71 International Journal of Pharmacology http://www.scimagojr.com.
72 International Journal of Pharmacology -----
73 International Journal of Pharmacy & -----
Pharmaceutical Sciences
74 International Journal of Phyto -----
medicine
21
75 International Journal of Plant, Animal -----
and Environmental Science
76 International Journal of Tropical -----
Agriculture
77 Journal of American Folk lore -----
78 Journal of American Veterinary -----
Medical Association
79 Journal of Anthropological Society of http://www.isca.ox.ac.uk.
Oxford (JASO)
80 Journal of Bamboo and Rattan -----
81 Journal of Bombay Natural History Refer to Home Page of BNHS, Mumbai.
Society (JBNHS)
82 Journal of Economic & Taxonomic http://www.indianperiodical.in
Botany (JETB)
83 Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine http://www.ethnobiomed.com
(JEE)
84 Journal of Ethnobiology (JEB) http://www.ethnobiology.org.
85 Journal of Ethnobotany -----
86 Journal of Ethnopharmacology http://www.ethnopharmacology.org.
87 Journal of Indian Botanical Society http://www.indianbotsoc.org.
88 Journal of Intercultural -----
Ethnopharmacology
89 Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Refer to Home page of CSIR – CIMAP, Lucknow.
Sciences (JMAPS)
90 Journal of Medicinal & Spice Plants -----
91 Journal of Medicinal Plants Research http://www.academicjournals.org/jmpr.
92 Journal of Natural Products http://www.pharmacognosy.us.
93 Journal of Natural Remedies http://www.jnronline.com/.
94 Journal of New York Botanical Garden Refer to the website of New York Botanical Garden
95 Journal of Non Timber Forest Products http://www.connectjournals.com/.
96 Journal of Plant Science http://www.scialert.net/.
97 Journal of Research and Education in -----
Indian Medicines
98 Journal of Royal Asiatic Society -----
99 Journal of Scientific & Industrial -----
Research
100 Journal of Scientific Research in Plants -----
and Medicines
101 Journal of Traditional & Folk Practices http://www.jtfp.kscste.org.
(JFTP)
102 Journal of Tropical Forestry -----
103 Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants http://www.tropmedplants.com.
104 Kew Bulletin Refer to the website of Royal Botanical Garden,
London.
105 Medicinal Plant Conservation -----
106 Nagarjun http://www.nagarjunpharma.com/.
107 National Journal of Life Sciences http://www.njlsindia.org/.
108 Natural Products Radiance http://www.niscair.res.in
109 Nelumbo -----
110 Pharmaceutical Biology -----
111 Pharmacotherapy -----
112 Phyto chemistry http://www.journals.elsevier.com.
22
113 Phyto Medicine http://www.phytomedicinejournal.com.
114 Phyto taxonomy -----
115 Phyto therapy Research http://www.researchget.net.
116 Planta Medica http://www.researchget.net.
117 Preventive Veterinary Medicines -----
118 Proceedings of Linnaean Society -----
119 Recent Advances in Medicinal, Aromatic -----
and Spice Crops
120 Recent Advances in Plant Sciences -----
121 Rheedea -----
122 Rhodora -----
123 Science & Culture -----
124 Science and Culture http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/journal.htm.
125 Scientific American -----
126 Society of Ethno botanists Newsletters -----
127 South African Journal of Botany -----
128 Stand ford Journal of Pharmaceutical -----
Sciences
129 Studies in Tribal Development -----
130 The Indian Veterinary Journal -----
131 The Journal of Ethnobiology and http://www.sites.google.com/
Traditional Medicine (JEBTN)
132 The Journal of Folklore Research http://www.indiana.edu.
133 The Latin American & Caribbean -----
Bulletin of Medicinal & Aromatic
Plants
134 Traditional Medicinal System -----
135 Vagbhata -----
136 Vanyajati http://www.isec.ac.in.
137 Vasundhara -----
138 Vegetos http://www.indianjournals.com.
139 Veterinary Parasitology -----
140 W.H.O Bulletins Refer to website of World Health Organization (WHO)
NOTE:
 Those which are in bold are the International Journals.
 No. 55, 56, 75, 78, 117, 130 and 139 are exclusively for tribal knowledge regarding animal products,
animal health care – ethno zoology and ethno veterinary aspects.
INSTITUTES / ORGANIZATIONS / SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES / OTHER TERMS IN
ETHNOBOTANY
NO. SHORT FULL NAME LOCATION / OTHER
FORM REMARKS
1 AFRI Arid Forests Research Institute Jodhpur
2 AICRPE All India Co-ordinated Research Project on New Delhi and Pallode
Ethnobiology
3 APT Association for Plant Taxonomy Calicut
4 ARI Agharkar Research Institute Pune, under Department of
Science & Technology (DST),
New Delhi.
5 ASI Anthropological Survey of India Kolkatta, West Bengal
6 ASP American Society of Pharmacognosy U.S.A.
7 AYUSH Department of Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, New Delhi
Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
23
8 BIE Baca Institute of Ethnobotany South Western United States &
Northern Mexico, U.S.A
9 BSI Botanical Survey of India Kolkatta, West Bengal.
10 BSIP Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany Lucknow, U.P.
CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur, Rajasthan
11 CBD Convention on Biodiversity Rio-De-Jenario, Brazil
12 CBL The Central Botanical Laboratory Howrah, Kolkatta, West Bengal
13 CCRAS Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and New Delhi
Siddha
14 CCRUM Central Council for Research in Unani New Delhi
Medicines
15 CDRI Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U. P.
16 CEE Centre for Environment Education Ahmedabad, Gujarat
17 CGIAR Consultative Groups on International Rome
Agricultural Research
18 CIEER Centre for International Ethno medical U.S.A
Education and Research
19 CIKARD Centre for Indigenous Knowledge and Rural The Netherlands
Development
20 CIKIB Centre for Indigenous Knowledge on Indian Bio Madhya Pradesh
resources
21 CIKIHR Centre for Indigenous Knowledge of Indian New Delhi
Herbal Resources
22 CIMAP Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Lucknow, U. P.
Plants
23 CIRAN Centre for International Research and Advisory New Delhi
Network
24 CITES Convention of International Trade in Geneva
Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna
25 CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi
26 CWIS Centre for World Indigenous Studies U.S.A
27 DBT Department of Biotechnology New Delhi
28 DRDO Defence Research and Development Ministry of Defence, New Delhi.
Organization
29 DST Department of Science and Technology New Delhi
30 ECOSEA Ethnobotanical Conservation Organization Asian and South East Asian
for South East Asia Countries.
31 EFI Earth Foundation International -----
32 ESN Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal Nepal
33 FAO Food and Agricultural Organization Rome
34 FEB Foundation for Ethnobiology U.K.
35 FRI Forests Research Institute Dehradun
36 FRLHT Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Bangalore
Traditions
37 FSPD Forum of Scientist for Peace and Paris, France
Development
38 GAU Gujarat Ayurved University Jamnagar
39 GBPNIHES G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Uttarakhand
D Environment and Sustainable Development
40 GEC Gujarat Ecology Commission Gandhinagar, Gujarat
41 GEER Gujarat Ecological Education and Research Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Foundation
24
42 GELA Grupo Ethnobotanico Latino Americano Latin America
43 GES Gujarat Ecology Society Vadodara, Gujarat
44 IAAT Indian Association of Angiosperm Taxonomy Calicut and New Delhi
45 IAK Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge -----
46 IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi
47 IASTAM International Association for the Study of Mumbai
Traditional Asian Medicine
48 IBS Indian Botanical Society New Delhi and Kolkatta
49 ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi
50 ICE International Congress of Ethnobiology Brazil, Bhutan, Nairobi and
Lucknow (India)
51 ICEB International Commission of Ethnobotany India
52 ICFRE Indian Council of Forestry Research & Dehradun
Education
53 ICMAP International Council for Medicinal & Aromatic Major countries involved in
Plants Medicinal Plants Research
54 ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research New Delhi
55 IFE Institute for Ethno medicines U.S.A
56 IGFRI Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute Jhansi, M.P.
57 IGNFA Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy Dehradun, Uttaranchal
58 IHMMR Indian Institute of History of Medicine and New Delhi
Medical Research
59 IICT Indian Institute of Toxicological Research Lucknow, U.P.
60 IIFM Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal, M. P.
61 IIIM Indian Institute of Integrative Medicines Jammu Tawi, J & K.
62 IISc Indian Institute of Sciences Bangalore
63 IKS Integrated Knowledge System -----
64 IKWW Indigenous Knowledge World Wide -----
65 IMPLANT Inter-university Medicinal Plant Laboratory for Rajkot, Gujarat
Analysis, Nurture and Therapeutics
66 INSA Indian National Science Academy New Delhi
67 IOE Institute of Ethnobiology Gwalior, M.P.
68 IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Rome
Institute
69 IPR Intellectual Property Rights -----
70 ISCNR International Society for Conservation of The Netherlands
Natural Resources
71 ISEB International Society of Ethnobiology Bristol, U.S.A.
72 ISENB International Society of Environmental Botanists Lucknow, U.P
73 ISEP International Society of Ethnopharmacology U.S.A
74 ISM Indigenous System of Medicines -----
75 ISP Indian Society of Pharmacognosy New Delhi
76 ITK Indigenous Technical Knowledge -----
77 IUBS International Union of Biological Sciences Paris, France
78 IUCN International Union for Conservation of Gland, Switzerland
Nature and Natural Resources
79 IVRI Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, U. P.
80 JNTBGRI Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Thiruvananthapuram, Pallode,
Research Institute Kerala
81 KFRI Kerala Forests Research Institute Kerala
82 LASE Latin American Society of Ethnobiology Peru
83 MAB Man and Biosphere Programme (UNESCO) New York, U.S.A.
25
84 MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development New Delhi
85 MoEF Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate New Delhi
Change
86 MSSRF M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Chennai
87 NAAS National Academy of Agricultural Sciences New Delhi
88 NAAsc National Academy of Agricultural Sciences New Delhi
89 NAPRALER Natural Products Alert Online Software for Medicinal
T Plants
90 NASc National Academy of Sciences New Delhi
91 NBA National Biodiversity Authority Chennai
92 NBB National Biodiversity Board New Delhi
93 NBPGR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi
94 NBRI National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, U.P.
95 NCBS National Centre for Biological Sciences Bangalore
96 NCL National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Maharashtra
NESA National Environmental Science Academy New Delhi & Lucknow
97 NIA National Institute of Ayurveda Jaipur
98 NIF National Innovative Foundation Ahmedabad, Gujarat
99 NIOH National Institute of Occupational Health Ahmedabad, Gujarat
100 NIS National Institute of Siddha System of Medicine New Delhi
101 NISCAIR National Institute of Science, Communication New Delhi
and Information Resources
102 NISCOM National Institute of Science Communication New Delhi
103 NMPB National Medicinal Plant Board New Delhi
104 NSEP National Society of Ethnopharmacology Pallode, Kerala
105 NPRC Nicholas Piramal Research Centre Mumbai
106 NTFP Non Timber Forest Products -----
107 NWFP Non Wood Forest Produce -----
108 PERD Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad
Development Centre
109 PSA Phyto chemical Society of America U.S.A.
110 PSE Phyto chemical Society of Europe U.K.
111 RBG Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, London, U.K.
112 RFRI Rain Forests Research Institute Jorhat, Assam
113 RPK Rural People‟s Knowledge -----
114 RRI Regional Research Institute, Ayurveda Junagadh, Gujarat
115 RRL Regional Research Laboratory Jammu Tawi, J & K.
116 RRL Regional Research Laboratory Jorhat, Assam
117 SEB Society of Ethno botanists Lucknow, U.P.
118 SKJIE S. K. Jain Institute of Ethnobiology Gwalior, M. P.
119 SMRIM Society for Microvita Research & Integrated Rajasthan
Medicines
120 SSC Species Survival Commission U.S.A.
121 TBK Traditional Botanical Knowledge -----
122 TEK Traditional Ecological Knowledge -----
123 TERI The Energy Research Institute New Delhi
124 TFRI Tropical Forests Research Institute Jabalpur & Jhansi
125 TRI Tribal Research Institute Bhopal, M.P.
126 TSK Traditional Scientific Knowledge -----
127 UGANEB Uganda Group of the African Network of Uganda
Ethnobotany
128 UNDP United Nations Development Programme U.S.A.
26
129 UNEP United Nations Environment Programme U.S.A.
130 UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and U.S.A.
Cultural Organization
131 WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre U.S.A.
132 WHO World Health Organization Geneva
133 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization -----
134 WTO World Trade Organization
135 WWF World Wide Fund for Nature Gland, Switzerland
136 ZSI Zoological Survey of India Kolkatta, West Bengal

NOTE: Those which are bold are International Organizations / Societies / Institutes.

27
 FPU 5.5 – ETHNOBOTANY
SCIENTISTS / RESEARCHERS IN THE FIELD OF ETHNOBOTANY
NO. NAME WORKING PLACE & AREA OF RESEARCH &
DESIGNATION ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Dr. Abdul Kareem Assistant Director, FRLHT, Medicinal Plants, Conservation
Bangalore
2. Prof. S. K. Agarwal Dept. of Botany, DBS PG College, Ethno taxonomy & Biodiversity
Dehradun Conservation. Recipient of B A Razi
Medal (2010) by Association of Plant
Taxonomy.
3. Dr. Anand Prakash Scientist, Biodiversity & Ethnobotany of Tharus tribe of Uttar
Conservation Division, CSIR – Pradesh
NBRI Lucknow, U.P.
4. Dr. R. K. Arora Director, NBPGR, New Delhi Wild relatives of crop plants used by
tribes. Recipient of J. W. Harshberger
Medal (1996).
5. Prof. D. F. Austin Dept. of plant sciences, Univ. of Ethnopharmacology. Over 232 patents.
Arizona, USA. Recipient of E. K. Janakki Ammal
Medal (2007) by SEB.
6. Dr. M. J. Balick Director & Curator, Institute of Ethnobotany of Poisonous plants.
Economic Botany. New York Recipient of E. K. Janakki Ammal
Botanical Garden. USA Medal (1998) by SEB.
7. Prof. M. M. Bhandari Prof. (Retd). Dept. of Botany. Flora of Indian Desert & Ethnobotany
Jodhpur University, Jodhpur. of Rajasthan. Recipient of Birbal Sahni
Rajasthan Gold Medal, Prof. Panchanan
Maheshwari Gold Medal (1988) by
Indian Botanical Society, Prof. Y. D.
Tiagi Gold Medal by IAAT, also on
IUCN panel of Indian Sub continent
Plant Specialist Group.
8. Dr. K. C. Bhatt Senior Scientist. NBPGR, New Ethnobotanical studies of Uttarakhand,
Delhi Bastar, Odisha, Sunderbans, Ladakh
region of J & K, Lahual – Spiti regions
of H.P, Bundelkhand region of UP &
MP, Melghat & Konkan region of
Maharashtra, NE Hilly regions of
Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram &
Nagaland.
9. Prof. P. Y. Ex Director, Govt. Vidarbha Fellow of Indian Society of Ethno
Bhogaonkar Institute of Science, Amravati. botanists and Indian Association for
Maharashtra. Angiosperm Taxonomy.
Ethnobotanical studies of Korkus tribe
of Melghat, ethno pharmacognosy,
anti-diabetic ethno medicines.
Recipient of E. K. Janakki Ammal
Medal (2012) by SEB.
10. Dr. S. K. Borthakur Prof. Dept. of Botany, Guwahati Ethnobotany of tribes of Assam.
University, Assam. Recipient of B. N. Mehrotra Medal
(2007) by SEB.
11. Dr. Brij Lal Scientist, Biodiversity Division, Ethnobotany of Baiga, Gond, Bhil,
CSIR – IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Koewa & Kamar tribe of Central India.
Pradesh Gaddi, Bhotia, Tharu & Gujjar tribe of
28
 Western Himalayas. Recipient of S. K.
Jain Gold Medal (2001) by SEB.
12. Dr. S. V. S. Chauhan Director, Academy of Life Ethnobotany and ethno medicines.
Sciences, Secretary, International Recipient of Prof. Bhuvneshwar
Society of Plant Reproductive Prasad Memorial Award by Mendelian
Biologists. Retd. Prof. Dept. of Life Society of India (1999), Birbal Sahni
Sciences, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centenary Medal (2001), Senior
University, Agra. scientist Gold medal (2005) by
International Society for Conservation
of Natural Resources & Birbal Sahni
Gold Medal by Indian Botanical
Society (2005).
13. Dr. O. P. Chaurasia Scientist F- DRDO, Leh Ladakh, J Ethno medicinal plants of Ladakh
& K. Himalayas. Recipient of S. K. Jain
Medal (2010) by SEB.
14. Dr. Chunlin Long Prof. Dept. of Biodiversity & Plant Ethno botany of Yunnan Province.
Resources. Kunming Institute of Recipient of UNESCO – MAB young
Botany. China. scientist award, J. W. Harshberger
Medal (2005) by SEB.
15. Dr. P. A. Cox Prof. of Ethnobotany at BYU – Ethnobotany of Island people.
Hawaii & Director, Institute of Recipient of E. K. Janakki Ammal
Ethno medicine, National Tropical Medal (2000) by SEB.
Botanical Garden. USA.
16. Dr. A. B. Regional coordinator – People & Conducted ethnobotanical projects in
Cunningham Plants Initiative Namibia, Thailand, Nepal, Turkey,
(PPI/WWF/UNESCO at Kew), Singapore, Australia and Indonesia).
Former president International Also worked as member of IUCN &
Society of Ethnobiology. CITES. Recipient of E. K. Janakki
Ammal Medal (2002) by SEB, Sir
Peter Scott Conservation Award
(1999) by IUCN.
17. Dr. De Aparajita Assistant Prof. Dept. of Ecology & Recipient of V. N. Mudgal Medal
Env. Sciences, Assam Central (2010) by Association of Plant
University, Assam. Taxonomists.
18. Dr. J. A. Duke Prof. & Curator. Missouri Botanical Ethnobotany of Amazonian rain
Garden. USA. forests. Recipient of E. K. Janakki
Ammal Medal (2004) by SEB.
19. Dr. Elizabeth A. W. Senior Principal Scientist. Taxonomy and ethno botany of
Herbarium Division, Botany. Indonesian and Malaysian Bamboo.
Biological Research Centre. Recipient of J. W. Harshberger Medal
Indonesian Institute of Sciences, (2001) by SEB.
Indonesia.
20. Dr. N. R. Farnsworth Ex Director & Prof. University of Ethno pharmacognosy, Founder of
Illinois, Chicago, USA. NAPRALERT Database. Recipient of
E. K. Janaki Ammal Medal (2001) by
SEB.
21. Dr. M.I.H Farooqi Retd. Deputy Director. Phyto Ethno pharmacognosy & ethno Phyto
Chemistry Division. NBRI, chemistry. Recipient of Kheti Award
Lucknow. by Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.
22. Dr. R. I. Ford Prof. Ethno botany Laboratory. Anthropology & Ethno agriculture.
Arnold Arboretum. Associated to Recipient of E. K. Janakki Ammal
Michigan State University. USA Medal (1994) by SEB.
23. Dr. Madhav Gadgil Retd. Prof. Centre for Ecological Ethno ecology & Evolutionary
29
 Sciences. IISc. Bangalore. Biology, Conservation Biology.
Recipient of Shantiswarup Bhatnagar
& Vikram Sarabhai Awards, World
Volvo Environment Prize, Padmashri
& Padma Bhusan by the President of
India.
24. Dr. A. K. Goel Senior Principal Scientist. NBRI, Ethno botany of Western & Eastern
Lucknow. Himalayas. Ethno medicines of
Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
Recipient of S. K. Jain Medal (1998)
& J. W. Harshberger Award (2008) by
SEB. V. V. Sivarajan Gold Medal
(2008) by IAAT.
25. Dr. P. K. Hajra Ex Director, BSI, Kolkatta. Taxonomy & Ethno botany of Assam.
President of APT& SEB. Member of
CITES. Recipient of Father H.
Santapau Medal (2004) & J. W.
Harshberger Award (2006) by SEB.
26. Dr. J. W. Harshberger American Taxonomist Coined the term ethno botany in 1895.
27. P. P. Hembrom Forest officer in Jharkhand Ethno medicinal plants of Bihar –
Munda, Paharia & Santhal tribes.
Recipient of J. W. Harshberger Medal
(2004) by SEB.
28. Dr. Idu MacDonald Prof. Dept. of Plant Science & Ethno botany of Nigeria. Recipient of
Biotechnology. Univ. of Benin. S. K. Jain Medal (2012) by SEB.
Nigeria.
29. Dr. Anita Jain Asst. Prof. Dept. of Botany. Ethno medicines of Rajasthan.
College of Science. M. L. Sukhadia Recipient of D. C. Pal Medal (2012)
University, Udaipur. by SEB & Dr. V. Mudgal Award
(2010) by APT.
30. Dr. Ashok Jain Director, Institute of Ethnobiology. Nutritional value of emergency food
Prof. Dept. of Botany, Jiwaji Uni. used by tribal. Recipient of V. Puri
Gwalior. Medal by (2010) by Indian Botanical
Society. J. W. Harshberger Award
(2012) by SEB.
31. Dr. P. Joshi Dept. of Botany. Univ. of Ethno botany of Kathodia Bhils &
Rajasthan. Jaipur. Garasia tribes. Recipient of S. K. Jain
Medal (1999) by SEB.
32. Dr. S. K. Christine Makerere Univ. Dept. of Biological President of International Society of
Sciences. Kampala, Uganda. Ethno biology. (1992 – 1997).
Recipient of J. W. Harshberger Medal
(1997) by SEB.
33. Dr. S. S. Katewa Retd. Prof. Dept. of Botany. M. L. Ethno botany & Agrostology of
Sukhadia Univ. Rajasthan. Rajasthan. Recipient of Brandis Prize
(1999) by Indian Forester.
34. Dr. Khatoon Sayyada Scientist, Pharmacognosy & Ethno Ethno pharmacology of tribal
Pharmacology Division. NBRI, medicines. Awarded 18 patents.
Lucknow. Recipient of Dr. P. D. Sethi best
research paper award (2005).
35. Dr. W. H. Lewis Emeritus Prof. Dept. of Biology. Ethno botanical expeditions in
Washington Univ. USA. Director Tropical Africa & Medico Ethno
of Herbarium at Missouri Botanical botany of Jivaro tribe of Upper
Garden. Amazonian Basin. Recipient of E. K.
30
 Janaki Ammal Medal (2003) by SEB.
36. Dr. A. A. Mao Scientist – E, BSI, Regional Circle, Ethno medicines of Manipur.
Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Recipient of Schlich Prize (2009) by
Indian Forester & S. K. Jain Medal
(2011) by SEB.
37. Dr. M. D. Merlin Prof. Botany. Univ. of Hawaii, Ethno botany of tropical pacific
USA. islands. Recipient of E. K. Janaki
Ammal Medal (1996) by SEB.
38. Dr. P. E. Minnis Prof. Dept. of Anthropology. Univ. Published first Directory of Ethno
of Oklahoma. USA. botanists of World. Recipient of E. K.
Janaki Ammal Medal (2005) by SEB.
39. Dr. V. Mudgal BSI, CNH, Howrah. Ethno botany of Bihar, Odisha,
Santhal, Paharia and Mishmee tribe of
Arunachal Pradesh.
40. Dr. M. R. Naser Prof. Dept. of Botany. Maulana Ethno veterinary medicines of Banjara
Azad College. Aurangabad. and Bhil tribes. Recipient of National
Maharashtra. Teacher Award (2011).
41. Dr. K. S. Negi Principal Scientist & Officer – in – Native traditional foods of tribes of
charge. NBPGR Regional Station. Uttarakhand Himalayas. Recipient of
Nainital, Uttarakhand. S. K. Jain Medal (2005) by SEB.
42. Dr. D. C. Pal Senior Scientist (Retd). CNH, Ethno medicines of West Bengal,
Indian Botanic Garden. Howrah. Bihar, Orissa & Andaman Nicobar
Islands. Recipient of J. W. Harshberger
Medal (2003) by SEB.
43. Dr. P. C. Pande Prof. Dept. of Botany. Kumaon Ethno botany of Kumaon region.
Univ. Nainital. Uttarakhand. Recipient of Krishi Anushandhan Farm
Award (2010) & J. W. Harshberger
Medal (2012) by SEB.
44. Dr. A. K. Pandey Prof. Dept. of Botany. Univ. of Ethno botany of Asteraceae,
Delhi. Cucurbitaceae and Fabaceae family.
Recipient of Y. S. Murti Medal of
Indian Botanical Society & V. V.
Sivarajan Medal of IAAT.
45. Dr. Paramjit Singh Director, BSI, Kolkatta Ethno medicines of Ericaceae,
Vitaceae & Zingiberaceae families.
46. Dr. G. T. Prance Retd. Director, Royal Botanic Ethno botany of South America.
Garden, Kew, UK Recipient of E. K. Janaki Ammal
Medal (1995) by SEB.
47. Dr. T. Pullaiah Retd. Prof. Dept. of Botany. S. K. Ethno botany of Andhra Pradesh.
University, Anantpur, Andhra Worked as member of Species
Pradesh. Survival Commission of IUCN, P.
Maheshwari Gold Medal by Indian
Botanical Society & Prof. Y. D. Tyagi
Award by IAAT.
48. Dr. K. Radhakrishnan Scientist, Div. of Ethnomedicine Ethno botany of Western Ghats of
and Ethnopharmacology, Jawahar Kerala & Lakshadweep Islands.
Lal Nehru TBGRI, Pallode, Kerala.
49. Dr. S. M. Rajendran Scientist, Botany Division, CDRI, Recipient of S. K. Jain Medal (2008)
Lucknow. Uttar Pradesh by the SEB.
50. Dr. C. V. Rao Principal Scientist. Pharmacognosy Holding 35 patents. Recipient of young
& Ethnopharmacology Div. NBRI. scientist award (2005) by Department
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh of Science and Technology (DST)
51. Dr. M. Sanjappa Retd. Director, BSI, Kolkatta Cyto taxonomy and ethno botany of
31
 Indian Legumes and Papilionaceae.
52. Dr. P. Shengii Retd. Prof. Institute of Nutritional foods among tribes of
Ethnobotany, Kunming, Yunnan, China. Recipient of J. W. Harshberger
China Award (1993) by SEB.
53. Dr. R. L. S. Sikarwar Senior Research Officer. Ethno botany of Sahariya, Gonds,
Arogyadham, Deendayal Research Korba & Baiga tribes. Recipient of S.
Institute, Chitrakoot, M. P. K. Jain Medal (2004) by SEB.
54. Dr. D. D. Soejarto Prof. Dept. of Pharmacognosy & Bioactive compounds from ethno
Medicinal Chemistry. Illinois botanical plants of tropical forests.
University, Chicago, USA. Recipient of E. K. Janaki Ammal
medal (1999) by SEB.
55. Dr. S. K. Srivastava Scientist – D, BSI, Northern Ethnic groups of North West
Regional Centre. Dehradun. Himalayas, NE India, Onges &
Shompen tribes of A & N islands.
Recipient of B. A. Razi medal (2008)
from APT & V. V. Sivrajan Medal
(2011) by IAAT.
56. Dr. Nancy Turner Prof. School of Env. Studies. Univ. Recipient of E. K. Janaki Ammal
of Victoria, Canada. Medal (2006) by SEB.
57. Dr. V. D. Vartak Retd. Prof. ARI, Pune. Ethno botany of Sacred groves. Ethno
botany of Katkaris, Mahadeokoli &
Dhanger tribe. Recipient of J.W.
Harshberger Award (1999) by SEB.
58. Dr. Ved Prakash Scientist CDRI, Lucknow, U.P. Recipient of S. K. Jain medal (2000)
by SEB.
59. Dr. Vivek Kumar Senior Innovation Officer, Ethno botany of Madhya Pradesh.
Documentation Division, NIF – Recipient of S. K. Jain Medal (2006)
India, Ahmedabad, Gujarat by SEB. Best paper presentation
awards by BSI (Northern Circle) &
CSIR – NBRI, Lucknow.
60. Dr. Sneh Lata Assistant Prof. Dept. of Botany, R. Ethno botany of Uttarakhand.
H. Govt. P. G College, Kashipur, Recipient of Vavilov – Frankel
Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. Fellowship by International Plant
Genetic Resources, Rome & S. K. Jain
Medal (2010) by SEB.
MOST EMINENT SCIENTIST AND RESEARCHERS IN THE FIELD OF ETHNOBOTANY
1. Dr. Arvind Saklani Currently Assistant Director, Natural Product Dept. Piramal Life Sciences,
Mumbai. Worked on validation of ethnobotanical claims, Ethnobotany of
Amazonian Forests, Brazil, Cross cultural Ethnobotany of North East
India, Ethnobotany of some gymnosperms of Garhwal Himalayas,
ethnobotanical uses of lichens in Sikkim. Recipient of Academic
Excellence Award by Indian Botanical Society (2011), B. N. Mehrotra
Medal by SEB (2009) and S. K. Jain Medal by SEB (2003).
2. Dr. C. S. Nautiyal Director, CSIR – NBRI, Lucknow. Fellow of National Academy of
Sciences & National Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Post Doctoral
Fellowship (after Ph.D) at United States Dept. of Agriculture, Maryland,
U.S.A. President of International Society of Environmental Botanists,
Lucknow. Have 20 patents to his name. Recipient of Life Time
Achievement Award (2011) by Biotech Research Society of India, worked
on ethno agricultural aspects of farmers of U.P. CSIR Award for Science
& Technology Innovations (2011), TATA Innovation Fellowship (2009)
by Dept. of Biotechnology, GOI, Vigyan Bharati Rashtriya Puraskar
(2001) by All India Biotech Association, Dept. of Biotechnology, GOI.
32
3. Dr. D. K. Upreti Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR – NBRI, Lucknow. Worked on
Ethnolichenology & Taxonomy of Lichens. Recipient of Prof. B. A. Razi
Medal by APT, J. B. S. Haldane Memorial Scroll (1997) by Forum of
Scientist for Peace and Development (FSPD) – Paris.
4. Late Dr. E. K. Janaki Specialization in cyto genetics of ethnobotanical plants & Plant
Ammal. Geography. First woman to be elected as Fellow of INSA. Worked on
ethno medicinal aspects of Cymbopogon, Terminalia, Datura &
Dioscorea. “Jammu Mint” variety was developed by her. She was
emeritus scientist, Sugarcane Research Institute, Coimbatore, also worked
with Royal Horticultural Society, London, Officer on Special duty –
Botanical Survey of India, principal scientist – Regional Research
Laboratory, Jammu Tawi. Also emeritus scientist – Bhabha Atomic
Research Station (BARC), Mumbai. She is well known for her work on
Chromosome Atlas of Medicinal & Ethnobotanical Plants with Dr. C. D.
Darlington.
5. Dr. J. K. Maheshwari Deputy Director (Retd.) CSIR – NBRI, Lucknow. Ethnobotany of U.P,
M.P., Sahariya, Tharu & Gond tribes. Author of the Book Flora of Delhi.
Recipient of J. W. Harshberger Medal (2002) by Society of Ethno
botanists (SEB).
6. Dr. N. C. Shah Senior Scientist (Retd). CSIR – CIMAP, Lucknow. Ethnobotany of
Himalayan regions. Worked with Govt. Hill Fruit Research Station,
Uttarakhand. AYUSH dept. Ministry of Health, GOI, CCRAS, New Delhi,
member of IUCN – SSC – Medicinal Plants Specialist Group. Recipient of
J. W. Harshberger Medal (1998) by SEB.
7. Dr. P. Pushpangadan Former Director – CSIR – NBRI & CIMAP, Lucknow; Former Director
JNTBGRI – Pallode, Kerala. Consultant advisor WHO, UNEP, UNDP,
UNESCO, WIPO & WTO. Fellow of National Academy of Sciences
(FNASc) & National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (FNAASc);
President of National Society of Ethnopharmacology; President of the
International Society of Ethnopharmacology; President of International
Society of Environmental Botanists. He has about 232 patents. Principal
Co-coordinator of AICRPE – All India Coordinated Research Project on
Ethnobiology. Recipient of UNEP Norman Borlaug Award (1998), UN
Equator Initiative Award (2002) & Padmashri Award by the President of
India (2010).
8. Dr. R. R. Rao Emeritus Scientist, CSIR – CIMAP, Lucknow. Fellow of National
Academy of Sciences, SEB, Indian Botanical Society, Indian Association
of Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT) & International Society for
Conservation of Natural Resources (ISCNR). He was awarded prestigious
Pitambar Pant National Environment Fellowship by MoEF (1999), J. W.
Harshberger Medal by SEB (1994), Prof. B. A. Razi Medal by APT
(1999), Scientist of the Year Award by National Environmental Science
Academy (2000) and Y. D. Tyagi Medal by IAAT (2008).
9. Dr. S. K. Jain Popularly called as Father of Indian Ethnobotany. Fellow of INSA, Ex
Director – BSI, Kolkatta, Founder Director – National Institute of
Ethnobiology. Also Fellow of National Academy of Sciences & Indian
Botanical Society. Worked with NBRI, Lucknow, National Environment
Fellow and Emeritus Scientist of CSIR & DST. Worked on Ethnobotany,
ethno taxonomy, rare and endangered plants with special emphasis on
endemic species. Discovered 25 new plant species to Indian Flora.
Documented ethno medicinal uses of 2000 plant species. First to work on
intercultural ethnobotanical aspects – uses by tribes of India & Brazil,
India & Amazon and India & Latin America. Founder member of Society
33

10. Dr. S. L. Kapoor
11. Prof. B. N. Mehrotra
12. Prof. Gary Martin
13. Prof. K. S. Manilal
14. Prof. R. E. Schultes
15. Prof. T. R. Sahu
NOTE: Data compiled from the Book A to Z in Ethnobotany by S. K. Jain and A. K. Jain and World
Directory of Ethno botanists by S. K. Jain and N. C. Shah
SOME IMPORTANT MEDALS / AWARDS AND HONORS GIVEN FOR RESEARCH WORK IN
ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOTAXONOMY
NO NAME OF THE MEDAL / AWARD
1 Dr. B. N. Mehrotra Award
2 Dr. D. C. Pal Medal
3 Dr. S. K. Jain Medal
4 E. K. Janaki Ammal Medal
5 J. W. Harshberger Medal
6 Life Time Achievement Award
of Ethno botanists (1980) & Association for Plant Taxonomy (APPT)
(1998). His book on Indian Ethnobotany was presented in US Court to win
Turmeric patent for India. He acted as President of International Society
for Tropical Ecology, International Association for Study of Traditional
Asian Medicine. Also Chairman, International Commission of
Ethnobotany. 25 plant species has been named in his honor e.g. Ceropegia
jainii. Recipient of U.P Education Minister‟s Medal (1965), P.
Maheshwari Medal (1982) – Panchanan Maheshwari is known as Father
of Plant Embryology; J. W. Harshberger Medal (1992). He is the first
Asian to get the Distinguished Economic Botanist Award by New York
Botanical Garden, USA (1999). Also received Father H. Santapau Medal
(2002) & Life Time Achievement Award in Ethnobotany (2013).
Deputy Director (Retd.) CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow. Worked on botanical
constituents of ethno medicinal formulations used by tribes of U.P.
Retd. Scientist CSIR – CDRI, Lucknow. Ethno pharmacognosy of
medicinal plants. Worked as WHO consultant to Govt. of India and Govt.
of Bhutan. Developed Herbarium at CDRI, Lucknow.
Director, People and Plants Initiative Division of Ecological Sciences,
Man and Biosphere Programme, UNESCO, Paris, France. Worked in
detail on Methodology for Ethnobotanical Research, Socio cultural
Anthropology & Ethno medicines. Recipient of E. K. Janaki Ammal
Medal (1997) by SEB.
Chairman – Centre for Research in Indigenous Knowledge, Science &
Culture. Retd. Prof. Botany Dept. Calicut University. Worked for nearly
40 years on taxonomy and Ethnobotany. Recipient of V. Puri Medal by
Indian Botanical Society (1990), Y. D. Tyagi Gold Medal by IAAT
(1991), E. K. Janaki Ammal National Award for Taxonomy by MoEF
(2003), special award by The Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (2012).
Worked as Prof. Harvard Univ. USA. Popularly called as Father of
Modern Ethnobotany. Worked for nearly 40 years with Amazonian
Indians. Worked extensively on narcotics and poisonous plants of
Amazonian & Brazil forests. He is considered as expert on tapping of
rubber from Hevea spp. Identified 15 natural muscle relaxants that can be
used in hospitals as medicines.
Retd. Prof. Sagar University, M.P. Worked on Ethnobotany of Madhya
Pradesh, Medicinal Plants & Biodiversity. Secretary of CIKIB, affiliated
to CIRAN and CIKARD (Netherland). Recipient of State Award by
Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Y. D. Tiagi Award
(1999) by IAAT, Life Time Education Achievement Award (2007) &
Odum International Award by Society of Ecologists.
GIVEN BY
Society of Ethno botanist (SEB)
34
7 Dr. V. N. Mudgal Award Association of Plant Taxonomy (APT)
8 Prof. B. A. Razi Medal Association of Plant Taxonomy (APT)
9 Academic Excellence Award Indian Botanical Society (IBS)
10 Birbal Sahni Gold Medal Indian Botanical Society (IBS)
11 Life Time Achievement Award Indian Botanical Society (IBS)
12 Prof. Panchanan Maheshwari Medal Indian Botanical Society (IBS)
13 Prof. V. Puri Medal Indian Botanical Society (IBS)
14 Prof. Y. S. Murti Award Indian Botanical Society (IBS)
15 Prof. Y. D. Tyagi Gold Medal Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT)
16 Dr. V. V. Sivarajan Gold Medal Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT)
17 Father H. Santapau Medal Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT)
18 Life Time Achievement Award Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT)
19 Prof. Bhuvneshwar Prasad Medal Mendelian Society of India
20 Senior Scientist Gold Medal International Society for Conservation of Natural
Resources.
21 Sir Peter Scott Conservation Medal IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature
& Natural Resources.
22 Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Award Department of Science & Technology (DST)
23 Shantiswarup Bhatnagar Award Department of Science & Technology (DST)
24 Young Scientist Award Department of Science & Technology (DST)
25 Brandis Prize Indian Forester (ICFRE – Dehradun)
26 Schlich Prize Indian Forester (ICFRE – Dehradun)
27 Normal Borlaug Award United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
28 Odum International Award- named by International Society of Ecologists.
Odum – Father of Ecology.
29 Pitambar Pant National Environment MoEF, New Delhi
Fellowship
30 TATA Innovation Fellowship Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
31 Vavilov – Frankel Fellowship International Plant Genetic Resources – Rome

SOME NEW CONCEPTS / MODERN ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES

NO. FIELD / NEW CONCEPTS
1. Cognitive Ethnobotany
2. Ethnoecology
3. Material culture
4. Palaeo Ethnobotany
5. Traditional Agriculture
6. Traditional Phyto chemistry
NOTE: From the Book Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications by C. M. Cotton
MAIN AREAS OF ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES
Traditional knowledge of the natural world (through the analysis of
symbolism in ritual & myth) and their ecological relationships. As
for e.g. analysis of sacred forests, sacred plants, sacred groves.
Organization of knowledge system through ethno taxonomical
studies.
Traditional knowledge of plant Phenology, adaptations, collection of
plants including traditional agro forestry & traditional vegetation
management.
Traditional knowledge & use of plants in art and technology. E.g.
Bamboo handicrafts, natural dyes etc.
Past interactions of human populations & ancient human
civilizations based on evidences available from plant fossils.
Traditional knowledge of crop varieties & agricultural resources.
Methods of crop selection & crop management. E.g. wild varieties of
Eleusine corocana (Nagli) grown by tribes of Dangs forests.
Traditional knowledge of use of plants for plant chemicals. As for
e.g. plant chemicals uses in pest control.

35
 APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES
APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES
(1). ECONOMIC BOTANY
 Agriculture Identification of new species for foods, fibres etc. Plants that can be used during
scarcity, conservation of good plant varieties with qualities like drought resistance
and pest resistance.
 Arts and Crafts Development of alternative source of income for sustainable development of
tribes.
 Pharmaceuticals Identification of new drugs / medicines based on traditional medicinal plants.
(2). ECOLOGY
 Biodiversity Conservation of biodiversity as well as genetic diversity.
 Human Ecology Assessment of past & present anthropogenic (human) impacts on the
environment.
 Forest Management Identification of traditional practices to manage forests – worship of plants &
animals. Worship of forests, pristine or virgin or untouched forests.
NOTE: From the Book Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications by C. M. Cotton and Indian Ethnobotany
by S. K. Jain.

RANGE OF WILD EDIBLE FOOD PLANTS USED BY TRIBES IN WORLD

NO AREA HABITAT REMARKS

1. Ayoreo (Paraguay) Xerophytic forests
Cultivation of plants mainly Zea mays &
Manihot esculenta (Tapioca) plant. 33
plant species of 19 families is used for
edible purpose.
2. Bardi (Northern Australia) Tropical forests & Cultivation of wild tubers yams
Coastal regions (Dioscorea spp). 63 plant species of 35
families is used for edible purpose.
3. Chippewa (Minnesota, USA) Mixed woodlands Depended largely on plants & fish; staple
food is wild rice (Zizania palustris)
including maize. 39 plant species is used
for edible purpose.
4. Khasi/Garo Hills (North East India) Sub Tropical wet Home gardens, cultivation of cereals &
evergreen forests tuber crops including domesticated
animals & fish. Largest dooryard of
Citrus varieties. 45 plant species of 30
families is used for edible purpose.
5. Seri (Baja California) Desert & Coastal Highest species diversity of family
Cactaceae. 84 plant species of 35
families is used for edible purpose.
6. Waimiri Atroari (Amazonia) Tropical Rainforest Horticulture & cultivation of Manihot
esculenta (Tapioca) & rubber plantations.
90 plant species of 30 families is used
for edible purpose.
7. Western Desert Aborigines Desert Collection of wild seeds & fruits. 54
(Australia) plant species is used for edible purpose.
NOTE: From the book by C. M. Cotton – Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications, Amazonian
Ethnobotanical Dictionary by J. A. Duke and Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline by Richard Evans
Schultes.

36
 PRACTICAL 12: ETHNOMEDICINAL / ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF PLANTS
NO. BOTANICAL NAME OF HABIT FAMILY USED BY – PARTS BOTANICAL / MEDICINAL USES / NON
THE PLANT NAME OF THE USED MEDICINAL USES WHICHEVER IS APPLICABLE
TRIBE/REGION AS PER THE PLANT SPECIES
1. Abelmoschus moschatus Herb Malvaceae, LN: Bhil, Rathawa Fruits Cultivated and mainly consumed as vegetables.
(Linn.) Medik. Bhindi Gujarat
2. Abrus precatorius Linn. Climber Fabaceae ; LN: Bhil, Rathawa Seeds, Seeds are purgative, tonic and aphrodisiac. The leaf juice
Chanothi Gujarat Leaves is used to cure stomach-ache, sore throat and dry cough.
Leaves are chewed to cure inflammation or boils in mouth
3. Abutilon indicum Sweet. Shrub Malvaceae: LN: Dharampur Stem Used as fibre crop. Stem fibres are used for making ropes
Bala, Kanski forests, Gujarat and cordages.
4. Acacia chundra Willd. / Tree Mimosaceae – Saurashtra region Bark The bark yields tannin which is astringent and applied to
Acacia catechu Linn. LN: Khair Maldhari boils and ulcers as antiseptic by the Maldhari community
community GUJ. of Saurashtra
5. Acacia luecophloea Tree Mimosaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Bark Bark is astringent and its decoction is used to cure
(Roxb.) Willd. Hermo Baval Chhota-udepur diabetes.
forests. Gujarat
6. Acalypha indica Linn. Herb Euphorbiaceae Rathawa tribe – Leaves The leaf paste mixed with the powder of Curcuma is
LN: Dadari Chhota-udepur effective in various skin diseases
forests. Gujarat
7. Acanthospermum hispidum Herb Asteraceae Rathawa tribe – Whole plant Plant paste is applied externally on skin diseases. Plant
DC. Chhota-udepur decoction mixed with Pongamia pinnata is applied on
forests. Gujarat skin diseases.
8. Achyranthes aspera Linn. Herb Amaranthaceae; Rajpipla forests, Roots Root decoction is used to relieve body pain. Fresh root is
LN: Aghedo Vasava tribe, boiled in water and the patient is advised to take bath with
Gujarat the boiled water. It gives immediate relief.
9. Adhatoda vasica Nees. Shrub Acanthaceae LN: Saurashtra, Leaves The leaf decoction is given in common fever, cough and
Ardusi Gujarat cold and in asthmatic treatment.
10. Aegle marmelos Linn. Tree Rutaceae LN: Dangs, Gujarat Fruit The fruit pulp is anti dysenteric and is used by the tribals
Bael, Bilipatra of Dangs forests to improve appetite.
11. Aloe vera Linn. Herb Liliaceae LN: Saurashtra, Leaves The fresh juice from leaf is used by tribal ladies for hair
Kunvarpathu, Gujarat wash. The mucilaginous leaf pulp is applied to the parts
Aloe affected by rheumatic pains.
37
12. Alstonia scholaris (L.) Br. Tree Apocynaceae LN: South Gujarat Leaves and Used to cure malarial fever. Bark is anti cancerous.
Saptaparni Bark
13. Alternanthera sessilis Herb Amaranthaceae Rathawa tribe – Stem, leaf Stem and leaf decoction is used in insect bite. Plant is
(Linn.) R. Br. Chhota-udepur and root Galactagogue (increases milk secretion) and febrifuge.
forests. Gujarat Root decoction is given to cure gastro-intestinal pains.
14. Alysicarpus bupleurifolius Herb Fabaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Roots Root decoction is given as a remedy for cough and also for
(Linn.) DC. Motosamervo Chhota-udepur throat infection.
forests. Gujarat
15. Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Herb Amaranthaceae Dangs, Gujarat Leaves & Leaves are consumed as vegetable. The grains are of
LN: Rajgaro Seeds inferior quality but they are sometimes consumed by the
tribals.
16. Ammania baccifera Linn. Herb Lythraceae LN: Saurashtra, Leaves The leaf juice is used to raise blisters which then help to
Jal Agio Gujarat relieve rheumatic and gout pains.
17. Amorphophallus Herb Araceae LN: Dharampur Bulbils, Bulbils and corms are used as vegetable by the natives of
campanulatus Suran forests, Gujarat Corms Dharampur forest division. Also used to cure piles.
18. Andrographis paniculata Herb Acanthaceae LN: South and Central Leaves Used to cure malarial fevers. Leaf juice is taken to cure
(Burm. f.) Wall. Kariyatu Gujarat. fevers of typhoid and malaria.
19. Anisomeles indica (Linn.) Herb Lamiaceae Rathawa tribe – Whole plant Plant is carminative, astringent and tonic. Leaf decoction
O. Kuntze. Chhota-udepur & leaves. is used in urinary tract infections.
forests. Gujarat
20. Argemone mexicana Linn. Herb Papaveraceae LN: North Gujarat, Seeds The tribals of North Gujarat (Khedbrahma region, district
Darudi Sabarkantha Sabarkantha) uses yellow sap and seed powder in eczema
forests, Koli Bhils and other skin diseases. Oil obtained by boiling powdered
seeds is applied on luecoderma.
21. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Herb ScrophulariaceaeBhils – Leaves Leaf juice is given to cure rheumatism and joint pains.
Pennell. LN: Jalnaveri,
Ratanmahal WLS.
Brahmi Gujarat
22. Barleria prionitis Linn. Shrub Acanthaceae LN: Bhils – Leaves Bhils apply the leaf infusion to the soles of their feet to
Pilo kanta seriyo
Ratanmahal WLS. harden them to tolerate extreme heat, cold and rough soil.
Gujarat
23. Biophytum sensitivum Herb Oxalidaceae LN: North Gujarat – Leaves & The leaf paste is applied to wounds and cuts to stop
(Linn.) DC. Risamnu/Zarero Garasia Bhils roots bleeding. It is also a tonic. The root decoction is given to
cure ordinary fevers.

38
24. Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Herb Nyctaginaceae North Gujarat – Root Root paste is applied to cure cuts and wounds.
LN: Satodi Garasia Bhils,
Nayaka tribes
25. Caesalpinia crista Linn. Shrub Caesalpiniaceae Saurashtra, Seeds The seeds are medicinally used as one of the ingredients
LN: Kanchka Gujarat of a mild laxative for children.
26. Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) Climber Fabaceae LN: Dangs and Unripe pods Tender pods are eaten as vegetables in both Dangs and
DC. Jangli papdi Dharampur Dharampur forests division. Also used in pickles.
27. Cardiospermum Climber Sapindaceae LN: Saurashtra, Leaves, The leaves, roots and seeds are medicinally used in lung
halicacabum Linn. Kakmardi Gujarat roots & diseases, rheumatism and stiffened limbs, in ear pains and
seeds. eye sores.
28. Cassia occidentalis Linn. Herb Caesalpiniaceae Rathawa tribe – Roots and Roots are purgative, diuretic and tonic. Seeds are used as
LN: Kasundro Chhota-udepur seeds remedy for asthma and applied externally on skin diseases.
forests. Gujarat
29. Cassia tora Linn. Herb Caesalpiniaceae Saurashtra & Leaves, Both leaves and seeds are used in skin diseases. Tender
LN: Kuvadio Dangs seeds, shoots and leaves are used as vegetables. The seed is
shoots sometimes used as an adulterant to coffee powder after
roasting. The tender shoots are used as a fodder for cattle.
30. Catharanthus pusillis Herb Apocynaceae Dangs Leaves Leaves are used to cure hypertension and also applied
(Murr.) G. Don./ LN: Barmasi, externally to cure skin diseases.
Catharanthus roseus Sadabahar
31. Catunaregam spinosa Tree Rubiaceae LN: North Gujarat – Fruits & The fruits and leaves are useful in the treatment of boils,
(Thunb.) Tiruv. Mindhal Garasia Bhils, Leaves diarrhoea and dysentery.
Nayaka tribes
32. Celastrus paniculatus Climber Celastraceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS, Flowers, Young flowers are used as vegetables. Oil from the seeds
Willd. Malkangni North Gujarat, seeds, fruits. is used to cure certain body pains. The oil extracted from
Dangs & the seeds is variously used commercially. The seeds are
Saurashtra administered internally in small doses as a stimulant and
in rheumatic pains. The fruit juice is used as a cooling
agent and as brain tonic by the tribals of Dangs forests in
South Gujarat. Oil from the seeds is used for massage to
treat rheumatism and paralysis.
33. Celosia argentea Linn. Herb Amaranthaceae Dangs forests Flowers & The flowers and seeds are used in diarrhoea, urinary
LN: Lampadi, seeds troubles and excessive bleeding discharge.
Lampdi

39
34. Centella asiatica (Linn.) Herb Apiaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Leaves Plant especially roots are useful in leprosy, skin eruptions
Urban. Brahmi Chhota-udepur and ulcers. Leaves are taken as tonic.
forests. Gujarat
35. Cissus quadrangularis Climber Vitaceae LN: Had Saurashtra Fruits, stem The fruits are refreshingly tasty and the root decoction is
Linn. Sankand, Hath said to be used in curing dysentery and given internally in
Jod curing stomach disorders. The fresh stems are pickled
36. Cleome viscosa Linn. Herb Cleomaceae / Ratanmahal WLS Leaves The juice of the leaves is used to cure cattle wounds. The
Capparidaceae bhil community uses the leaf juice to remove pus from
LN: Pili Tilparni wounds, especially from the ears.
37. Clitorea ternatea Linn. Climber Fabaceae LN: North Gujarat, Flowers Fresh flowers are used as dyes. Roots are bitter, purgative,
Kaligai, Garni Dharampur – diuretic and a mild laxative; used in luecoderma,
South Gujarat elephantiasis, swellings and in pregnancy. Seeds are
purgative.
38. Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Shrub Burseraceae LN: Saurashtra, Resins from Resins extracted from stem is used to cure rheumatism,
Bhandari. Guggal Kachchh stem, shoots joint pains and also used in incense and perfumery.
39. Convolvulus arvensis Linn. Climbing Convolvulaceae Central Gujarat Whole plant Whole plant is used as tonic.
herb
40. Corchorus depresus Herb Tiliaceae LN: Pilo Central Gujarat & Leaves, Leaves are tonic and diuretic; useful in chronic
Shan Dharampur seeds, stem gonorrhoea. Seeds are purgative. Leaf infusion is common
remedy for fever, bilious troubles, dysentery, liver
disorders and skin diseases. Fibres are obtained from the
stem.
41. Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. Tree Cordiaceae LN: North Gujarat Bark and Mucilaginous fruit juice used to treat cough; bark
Gundo, Gunda (Bhils & Dungra Fruits decoction is astringent and used for gargling sore mouth.
bhils) Unripe fruits are pickled. Ripe fruits are edible.
42. Cordia gharaf (Forsk.) Tree Cordiaceae LN: North Gujarat Fruits Paste of the fruit is externally applied on headache by Bhil
Ehrenb. & Asch. Nani gundi (Bhils & Dungra tribe.
bhils)
43. Cordia myxa Tree Cordiaceae LN: Dharampur Fruits Unripe fruits are pickled. Ripe fruits are edible.
Laher gundi forests - Bhils
44. Crotalaria juncea Linn. Shrub Fabaceae LN: Central Gujarat, Stem, whole The fibres from the cortex are used as cordage and threads
San, Shan Dangs, plant knitted into mattresses for the cots Plant are used as a
Dharampur fodder whereas cordage fibres are obtained from the stem.

40
45. Cryptolepis buchanani Climber Periplocaceae Rathawa tribe – Leaves, Leaves are tonic and are taken along with water twice a
Roem. & Schult. LN: Saledi vel Chhota-udepur Whole plant day during general weakness. The plant decoction is given
forests. Gujarat to infants in case of fever.
46. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Climber Apocynaceae / Rathawa tribe – Whole plant The plant paste is externally used against itch and as a
Cuscutaceae LN: Chhota-udepur and seeds wash for ulcerative perforations. Seed decoction is used in
Amarvel forests. Gujarat bilious disorders.
47. Cymbopogon citratus Herb Poaceae LN: Java Dangs Leaves Oil is applied externally in small doses as a remedy for
Stapf. grass skin inflammations.
48. Cymbopogon flexuosus Herb Poaceae Rajpipla Leaves Palmarosa oil is used as a remedy for lumbago and stiff
(Steud.) Wats. joints and also for skin diseases
49. Cymbopogon martinii Herb Poaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Leaves The plant yields the commercially important palmarosa
(Roxb.) Wats. Rosha grass Chhota-udepur oil. It is one of the NTFP for tribals of the area.
forests. Gujarat
50. Cyperus rotundus Linn. Herb Poaceae LN: Dharampur and Roots, Roots are astringent. The aromatic rhizome is used in
Chinchdo North Gujarat rhizomes perfumery; stem is used in making mats. Roots are
(Bhil and Dungra and stem diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, anthelmintic,
bhil tribe). astringent and stimulant; used in diseases of stomach,
corneal ulcers and bowel complaints.
51. Datura innoxia Mill. Shrub Solanaceae LN: Dangs (Kukni & Seeds The seed paste made in the latex of Calotropis procera is
Jangli Dhanturo Warli tribes) applied as arrow head poisons by the tribals of Dangs
forest division.
52. Datura metel Linn. Shrub Solanaceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS, Leaves Leaf paste mixed with lime applied to local swellings –
Safed Dhanturo Rajpipla joint pains and rheumatism.
53. Datura stramonium Linn. Shrub Solanaceae LN: Central Gujarat – Leaves and Leaves are applied on boils, sores and insect bites.
Kalo Dhanturo Rajpipla, Chhota- seeds Poultice of the leaves increases milk flow in mother.
udepur. Seeds and fruits are narcotic, sedative and intoxicating.
54. Desmodium gangeticum Herb Fabaceae LN: Dangs forests Leaves, The paste of the leaves is given to stop vomiting. The root
(Linn.) DC. Shalparni division young stem, paste is externally applied on wounds and cuts. The juice
root & fruits of the young stem is given in fever. Juice of the leaves and
fruits is given in stomach ailments.
55. Digera muricata (Linn.) Herb Amaranthaceae Chhota-udepur, Seeds, Seed decoction is useful in urinary discharges. Decoction
Mart. LN: Kanjaro North Gujarat, flowers, of flowers and seeds given for bronchitis. Tender shoots
Dangs & shoots are used as vegetable by the natives of Dharampur forest
Dharampur. division.
41
56. Dioscorea alata Linn. Climber Dioscoreaceae Dangs and Tubers and Bulbils and tubers are eaten by the tribals of Dangs forest
LN: Rato Kand Dharampur Bulbils division and natives of Dharampur forest division. Also
used to cure piles.
57. Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. Climber Dioscoreaceae Ratanmahal WLS, Tubers and Tubers are used in piles, dysentery and applied on ulcers.
LN: Bhoy Kand Rajpipla and Bulbils Decoction of bulbils is warmed initially and then applied
Chhota-udepur, on abdominal pains. The paste of the tubers is applied on
Dangs external injury to bones. The bulbils and tubers are eaten
by natives during scarcity of food.
58. Dioscorea pentaphylla Climber Dioscoreaceae Ratanmahal WLS, Tubers and Tubers and bulbils are kept in running water for a day and
Linn. LN: Kul vel Rajpipla and Bulbils then after repeated boiling and washing are eaten by the
Chhota-udepur, tribals. Tubers are considered tonic and its decoction is
Dangs used for depressing the swellings and boils.
59. Euphorbia hirta Linn. Herb Euphorbiaceae Central Gujarat, Whole Plant is used in worms, bowel complaints and cough. Plant
LN: Dudheli Saurashtra & plant, leaves decoction is used in dysentery. Plant decoction is given in
Dharampur & latex bronchitis. Milky latex is used in skin inflammations. The
leaf paste and juice are applied on ring worms and scabies
Fresh leaves are used as vegetable by the tribals of
Dharampur forest division.
60. Flacourtia indica (Burm. Tree Flacourtiaceae Saurashtra - Bark The bark decoction in relieving body pains and it is widely
f.) Merrill. LN: Garguggal Gujarat practiced by the tribals after fevers. The bark boiled in
sesamum oil is a useful in gout and rheumatism.
61. Gloriosa superba Linn. Climber Liliaceae LN: Central Gujarat, Roots, Roots or rather tubers are purgative, tonic, relieves
Vadhvadiyo, North Gujarat. tuber, stomachic, anthelmintic; used in leprosy, piles, colic,
Kankasini, underground ulcers, insect-bite and skin affections. The decoction of
Vachhnag rhizomes tubers is given in gonorrhoea. Roots are also used as
abortifacient and agent for promoting labour pains. Root
paste (tuber) is externally applied on boils and
inflammations. Powder of tuber (20 %) along with
Lantana camara leaves is applied as ointment on wounds.
Root decoction for gout, seed paste gently rubbed on
abdomen of pregnant women for quick delivery.
62. Helicteres isora Linn. Shrub Sterculiaceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS, Leaves, The leaves, fruits and bark are used by the tribals. Leaf
Mardasing Rajpipla, Dangs, fruits, bark, juice is applied externally on itching parts. The powder of
Saurashtra seeds the ripe fruits in small quantity is mixed with water and is
given to infants in abdominal pains. The bark is used as a

42
 fibre. Seed decoction is given to cure dysentery. The seeds
are said to be mild purgative and given to children in
flatulence and griping stomach pains. The fruit is anti-
dysenteric. The pods are dried and powdered; powder is
then mixed with milk or honey and given two times a day
in curing acute dysentery. Seeds are used for preparing
strong fibres.
63. Heliotropium ovalifolium Herb Boraginaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Whole plant The plant extract serves as a local application for boils,
Forsk. Hathi sundh Chhota-udepur ulcers, sores and insect bites. It is also given in soared
forests. Gujarat throat and tonsil infection.
64. Hemidesmus indicus Herb Periplocaceae Saurashtra, Roots, Latex Roots are demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic and tonic;
(Linn.) R. Br. LN: Anantmool Dangs, North decoction of roots is used in loss of appetite, fever, skin
Gujarat, Central diseases, leucorrhoea, rheumatism and insect bite. The
Gujarat. latex is used in eye complaints. The root decoction is
administered in ordinary fever. The fruit decoction mixed
with the decoction of fruits of Terminalia bellirica,
Emblica officinalis and roots of Oldenlandia corymbosa is
given in acute fever, cold and cough. The root is blood
purifier and it reduces blood pressure. The root juice is a
blood purifier and it is also given in blood pressure.
65. Holarrhena pubescens Tree Apocynaceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS, Bark, latex, Plant latex is used by the tribals for quick preparation of
(Buch.-Ham.) Wallich ex Indrajav, Kuda, Dangs, North leaves, roots curd from milk. The bark decoction and powdered seeds
G. Don / Holarrhena Dudh Kuda, Dudh Gujarat, are given in fevers. Bark and root are grounded into paste
antidysentrica Kudi Saurashtra, which is given in fever and gout. Root decoction is
Rajpipla administered orally 5 times a day in case of intermittent
fever. The leaves paste is orally given in stomach-ache.
66. Hygrophila auriculata Herb Acanthaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Roots, Roots and seeds with sugar is given to increase sexual
(Schum.) Heine Kantafodio Chhota-udepur seeds, whole potential. Plant decoction is applied on swellings, leprosy
forests. Gujarat plant, leaves and urino genital infections. Leaf decoction is useful in
gonorrhoea.
67. Impatiens balsamina Linn. Herb Balsaminaceae Rathawa tribe – Flowers & Paste of the flowers is used in burns. Plant paste is used to
LN: Gur Mehndi, Chhota-udepur Whole plant relieve joint pains.
Tanmania forests. Gujarat
68. Indigofera cordifolia Herb Fabaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Roots The tribals of Chhota-udepur forest division use the root,
Heyne ex. Roth. Bhakho Chhota-udepur boiled in milk as purgative.

43
 forests. Gujarat

69. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Herb Convolvulaceae Ratanmahal WLS Whole plant Plant juice is used as a purgative and as a tonic.
LN: Panivel
70. Ipomoea cairica (Linn.) Shrub Convolvulaceae Rajpipla & Leaves & Decoction of the leaves is used in insect bite. Root paste is
Sw. LN: Gogvel Ratanmahal WLS roots applied on boils, sores and ulcers.
71. Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Shrub Convolvulaceae Almost Whole plant Used as a hedge or fencing plant for agricultural fields.
Choisy LN: Besharam, throughout Leaves are highly poisonous.
Nafatya Gujarat
72. Ipomoea pes caprae (Linn.) Climber Convolvulaceae Rathawa tribe – Seeds Seed decoction is used as remedy for acute dysentery.
Sw. LN: Bhamardi Chhota-udepur
forests. Gujarat
73. Jatropha curcas Linn. Shrub Euphorbiaceae Ratanmahal WLS, Seeds Used for fencing cultivated fields. Oil from the seeds is
LN: Ratanjyot Dharampur used for burning in lamps.
74. Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Shrub Euphorbiaceae Saurashtra, Seeds and Leaf Juice: fish poison. Seed oil: for burning.
LN: Deshi
Central Gujarat, leaves
Ratanjot Rajpipla
75. Lawsonia inermis Linn. Shrub Lythraceae LN: Central Gujarat & Leaves Leaves are used for tattoos. The leaf powder is used to dye
Deshi Mehndi Saurashtra hair, nails, palms and feet by the local Maldhari
community of Saurashtra.
76. Leptadenia reticulata Climber Asclepiadaceae Rathawa tribe – Whole Plant is stimulant and tonic. Leaves are useful in
(Retz.) W. & A. LN: Dodi Chhota-udepur plant, leaves diarrhoea. Leaves and roots are used in skin infections and
forests. Gujarat & roots boils.
77. Leucas aspera Willd. Herb Lamaiceae LN: Saurashtra Shoots The tender shoots are consumed as vegetable by the tribals
Kubi of Saurashtra.
78. Limonia acidissima Linn. Tree Rutaceae Central Gujarat, Fruits Unripe fruits used as medicines, riped fruits eaten raw or
Saurashtra, made into squash.
Rajpipla
79. Martynia annua Linn. Herb Martyniaceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS Leaves and Leaf juice is used to cure sore throat. Two table spoonful
Vinchudo & North Gujarat roots doses of root decoction twice a day given to treat skin
diseases (North Gujarat, Bhil and Dungra bhil tribe)
80. Mentha arvensis Linn. Herb Lamiaceae LN: North Gujarat Leaves Leaves given to cure stomach ache.
Japanese Mint

44
81. Mentha piperita Linn. Herb Lamiaceae LN: North Gujarat Leaves Leaf juice given in diarrhea, dysentery and stomach
Peppermint, complaints.
Fudino
82. Mentha spicata Linn. Herb Lamiaceae LN: North Gujarat Leaves Leaves edible. Leaf juice used for stomach and intestinal
Spear mint, problems especially for removing worms.
Phudino
83. Mimosa pudica Linn. Herb Mimosaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Leaves The leaf paste is externally applied on cuts and wounds.
Lajamani Chhota-udepur
forests. Gujarat
84. Mucuna prurita Hook. f. Climber Fabaceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS, Seeds, The seed paste is applied on skin diseases. The decoction
Kavanch Chhota-udepur & Leaves of leaves is given to cure gastro-intestinal troubles. Seeds
Saurashtra after roasting are eaten by the tribals of Ratanmahal
forests. Seeds are roasted and eaten by the Maldhari
community of Saurashtra for improving digestion.
85. Ocimum basilicum Linn. Herb Lamiaceae LN: Central Gujarat & Leaves Leaf juice is administered to remove alcoholic
Damro Dharampur intoxication. Leaves are used in curries and pickles and
also as smelling agent in cooking.
86. Ocimum sanctum Linn. Herb Lamiaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Leaves Juice of the leaves is given in cold and bronchitis and its
Jangli Tulsi Chhota-udepur decoction is given in dysentery and diarrhoea. Leaves are
forests. Gujarat made into paste and mixed with Cassia tora seeds to
remove itching caused due to skin diseases.
87. Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. Herb Lamiaceae LN: Central Gujarat, Leaves Kept as a sacred plant near temples and houses. The leaf
Van Tulsi Saurashtra & decoction is used in cough, cold, fever, bronchitis, gastric
Dharampur disorders and vomiting. The leaves are used for flavouring
tea. A strong decoction of leaves in tea brings down the
fever by producing excessive perspiration in the patient. It
is also effective in bronchitis and gastric disorders in
children (Saurashtra). Plant is used as mosquito repellent.
88. Oxalis corniculata Linn. Herb Oxalidaceae LN: Saurashtra & Leaves The leaves are chewed, as they are mildly acidic and
Changali North Gujarat refreshingly tasty. Fresh leaves in curries improve the
appetite and digestion. The Garasia bhils of North Gujarat
mix the leaf juice with sugar and give it to small children
in diarrhoea.
89. Pandanus odoratissima / Shrub Pandanaceae LN: Dharampur Bracts, Oil extracted from bracts is used in perfumes and hair oils;
fascicularis Lam. Kevdo forests flowers also used in religious ceremonies.
45
90. Parkinsonia aculeata Linn. Tree Caesalpiniaceae Central Gujarat, Whole plant Planted as a hedge plant along agricultural fields.
LN: Rambaval Rajpipla
91. Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Climber Asclepiadaceae Rathawa tribe – Whole plant Plant is expectorant and emetic. Plant extract is used in
Chiov. LN: Chamar Chhota-udepur and leaves gynaecological troubles. Juice of the leaves is used in
Dudheli forests. Gujarat catarrhal affections, diarrhoea and asthma. Decoction of
leaves is applied on rheumatic pains and swellings.
92. Phyllanthus amarus Herb Euphorbiaceae Rathawa tribe – Leaves, Roots are used as a remedy for jaundice and other hepatic
Schum. & Thonn. Chhota-udepur roots complaints. Decoction of leaves is used in gonorrhoea,
forests. Gujarat diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf juice is used in ulcers.
93. Piper longum Linn. Climber Piperaceae LN: South Gujarat – Fruits Used as spices. Also used to cure intestinal problems.
Long pepper Dangs,
Dharampur
94. Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Herb Plumbaginaceae Central Gujarat, Roots and Roots are diuretic, stimulant and abortifacient. It is useful
LN: Safed chitrak Saurashtra, North leaves in rheumatism and paralytic attacks. Root decoction is
Gujarat used to cure boils and wounds. The juice or fine paste of
roots as well as leaves is given in Stomach-ache. Root
decoction is given in fever, diarrhoea, and dysentery and
body pains. Root paste is used to cure skin diseases
Bruised leaves mixed with oil, obtained from seeds of
Pedalium murex L., and made into paste is anti rheumatic.
95. Portulaca oleracea Linn. Herb Portulacaceae Saurashtra, Dangs Leaves, The sub fleshy leaves are consumed raw or cooked as
LN: Nani Limbdi & Dharampur tender vegetables. Medicinally they are used in bilious conditions
shoots and low fever, to ally thirst and headache. The fleshy
leaves are used as vegetable in Dangs region of South
Gujarat. Tender parts are used as vegetables by tribals of
Dharampur forests in South Gujarat.
96. Rauvolfia tetraphylla / R. Shrub Apocynaceae LN: South Gujarat Leaves, Leaves kept overnight are used for reducing hypertension.
serpentina Sarpagandha roots Roots are used to cure body pains, muscular pains and
joint related problems.
97. Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. Tree Sapindaceae LN: Saurashtra - Roots & It is a good shade tree. The dried fruits are substitute for
Aritha, Arithu Gujarat fruits soap, especially for hair conditioning. Both the root and
fruit are given as anthelmintic.
98. Sida acuta Burm. f. Herb Malvaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Roots Roots are bitter, astringent, tonic; useful in nervous
Bala Chhota-udepur disorders and in purification of blood and bile. The root
forests. Gujarat bark is used in leucorrhoea. The plant is used as a
46
 substitute for „Bala” (Sida cordifolia Linn.) in many
ayurvedic preparations.
99. Sida cordifolia Herb Malvaceae LN: Rathawa tribe – Roots & The decoction of roots is used as a demulcent and in
Bhoy bala Chhota-udepur leaves gonorrhoea. It is also used as tonic in debility and fevers.
forests. Gujarat Leaves are also useful in gonorrhoea.
100. Solanum nigrum Linn. Herb Solanaceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS Fruits, Fruit i.e. berries are used in fever, dysentery, diarrhoea
Piludo, Piludi whole plant and eye complaints. Plant decoction is diuretic and given
in liver and gastric complaints. Plant decoction is
considered as antispasmodic and narcotic.
101. Solanum surattense Burm. Herb Solanaceae LN: Saurashtra, Dangs Fruits, roots. Fruits are used in sore throat. Plant is used in dropsy,
f./ S. xanthocarpum Bhoy ringni & Central Gujarat gonorrhoea, rheumatism and kidney stones. Root
decoction is applied on insect bite. Often this plant is used
as a substitute for Solanum indicum. Root decoction is
used to cure fever and is anti-asthmatic The fruit juice is
given in ordinary fevers.
102. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Herb Asteraceae LN: Dangs, Saurashtra Fruits, Used to cure fevers in children. Also fruits are used as
Gorakhmundi leaves nervine tonic.
103. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Herb Fabaceae LN: Dangs and Central Leaves The paste of the leaves is used externally on insect bites.
Pers. Sarpankho Gujarat
104. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Tree Combretaceae Central Gujarat – Bark Bark is astringent and tonic. Bark decoction is useful in
ex DC) Wt. & Arn. LN: Arjun sadad, Ratanmahal & cleaning sores. The bark powder along with water is given
Safed sadad Chhota-udepur in diarrhoea and dysentery. The bark cut into fine strips is
applied on boils and wounds. The bark locally called as
„Arjun-chhal‟ yields very good market price.
105. Terminalia bellirica Tree Combretaceae Dangs – Rajpipla, Fruits Fruits are bitter, astringent, tonic, laxative and antipyretic;
(Gaertn.) Roxb. LN: Baheda Central Gujarat used in piles, dropsy, diarrhoea, biliousness, dyspepsia and
headache. Its bark along with the bark of Oroxylum
indicum and Careya arborea is used in gastric pains. The
bark decoction is also used in abdominal pains.
106. Terminalia chebula Tree Combretaceae Dangs – Rajpipla, Bark and Fruits are laxative, astringent, tonic and are used to treat
(Gaertn.) Retz. LN: Harde Central Gujarat fruits chronic ulcers and bleeding. The fruit pulp is used in piles,
acidity, diarrhoea, dysentery, asthma and hepatic
disorders. Bark decoction is administered to relieve
cardiac pains.

47
107. Thespesia populnea (L.) Tree Malvaceae LN: Ratanmahal WLS Stem, Leaf decoction is used as remedy for inflammations. Stem
Sol. ex Correa. Paras pipdo & Dangs Leaves & is used for cordage fibres. Paste of the seeds is applied
Seeds externally by Gamit tribe as a remedy for rheumatic pains.
108. Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Climber Menispermaceae Ratanmahal WLS, Stem The stem decoction as a tonic and also to cure fever. The
LN: Damvel Dangs, whole plant decoction is used by the Maldhari community
Saurashtra, North as tonic. Stem decoction is taken 2 times a day before
Gujarat meal as tonic by Garasia community.
109. Trianthema portulacastrum Herb Aizoaceae LN: Rathawa tribe, Whole plant Plant is diuretic; used in oedema, dropsy, hepatic and
Linn. Satodo Central Gujarat. kidney disorders.
110. Tribulus terrestris Linn. Herb Zygophyllaceae Central Gujarat & Fruits Fruits are made into powder form and are given as a
LN: Gokhru Saurashtra remedy for urinary problems and kidney stones. The fresh
leaves are eaten as vegetable. The dried spines of the fruit
are said to be administered in urinary disorders.
111. Tridax procumbens Linn. Herb Asteraceae LN: Rathawa tribe, Leaves & Leaf juice is applied on cuts and wounds. Paste of the
Ekdandi, Pardeshi Central Gujarat. Whole plant entire plant is used in insect bite.
Bhangro
112. Triumfetta rhomboidea Herb Tiliaceae LN:Rathawa tribe, Leaves, Leaves, flowers and fruits are demulcent, astringent and
Jacq. Nano ziplo Central Gujarat. flowers & given in gonorrhoea. Roots are diuretic. Bark and dried
fruits. leaves are used in diarrhoea and dysentery.
113. Vitex negundo Linn. Tree Verbenaceae LN: Dangs forests Leaves The leaf juice is orally taken in headache and applied
Nagod division externally on body pains. Leaf oil is used to cure joint
pains.
114. Withania somnifera (L.) Shrub Solanaceae LN: North Gujarat – Leaves and Roots are aphrodisiac, tonic, diuretic, narcotic and
Dunal. Ashwagandha Kathodia bhils roots abortifacient; used in rheumatism and general debility.
Decoction of leaves is used in fever, swellings and ulcers.
Paste of both leaves and roots is used as an antibacterial
agent.
115. Woodfordia fruticosa Shrub Lythraceae LN: Dangs and Flowers The crushed flowers are applied on bruises and leaf paste
(Linn.) Retz. Dhayati Dharmpur – on head because of its cooling effect. Flowers yield red
Kunbi & Warli dyes used in clothing.
tribes
116. Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) Tree Apocynaceae LN: North Gujarat – Bark & Bark made into paste and applied to wounds. Latex from
R. Br. Kudi Bhils and Dungra Fruits fruits is applied for skin diseases.
Bhils

48
117. Xanthium strumarium Linn. Herb Asteraceae LN: Rathawa tribe, Whole Plant paste or decoction is taken in fever, especially
Gadariyu Central Gujarat. plant, seeds. malarial fever. Seed powder is given to cure toothache.
DATA COMPILED FROM:
1. Bedi, S. J. (1979). Ethnobotany of Ratan mahal hills, Gujarat, India. Econ. Bot. 32: 278-284.
2. Dabas, K. et al. (1990). Cultivation and food habits of tribals of Dangs district in Gujarat: A case study. Ethnobotany. 2: 61-66.
3. Gopal, G. V. (1983). Ethnobotanical studies in the forest areas of some parts of Gujarat. Thesis submitted to S. P. Univ., Vallabh Vidyanagar.
4. Jadeja, B. A. (1999). Plants used by the tribe Rabari in Barda hills of Gujarat. Ethnobotany. 11 (1 and 2): 42-47.
5. Joshi, M. C., Patel, M. B. and P. J. Mehta (1980). Some folk medicines of Dangs, Gujarat state. Bull. Medico. Ethno. Bot. Res. 1: 8-24.
6. Joshi, M. C and K. C. Audichya (1981). Medicinal plants of Rajpipla forests of Gujarat state. Bull. Medico. Ethno. Bot. Res. 2: 150-192.
7. Joshi, M. C. (1983). A Floristic and Phyto chemical survey of some important South Gujarat Forests with special reference to plants of Medicinal and
Ethnobotanical interest. Thesis submitted to The M. S. Univ. of Baroda. Vadodara.
8. Joshi, M. C. (1992). Some folk medicines of the tribals of Gujarat. Bull. Medico. Ethno. Bot. Res. 13 (3-4): 115-124.
9. J. K. Maheshwari, Sikarwar, R. L. S. and R. M. Painauli (1994). Plants used in tribal medicine in the Dangs district of Gujarat. Aryavaidyan. 7 (4): 201-205.
10. Punjani, B. L. (1997). An Ethnobotanical study of tribal areas of district Sabarkantha (North Gujarat). Thesis submitted to North Gujarat Univ., Patan.
11. Reddy, A. S. (1989). An ethnobotanical survey of some wild plants from Dharampur forests in Gujarat state. In: Proceedings of All India Symposiums on the
Biology and Utility of Wild Plants. Dept. of Biosciences, S. G. Univ., Surat. Pp 218-235.
12. Shah, G. L. and G. V. Gopal (1982). An ethnobotanical profile of Dangies. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 3: 355-369.
13. Shah, G. L. and G. V. Gopal (1985). Ethnobotanical notes from the tribal inhabitants of the North Gujarat (India). J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 6 : 193-201.
14. Shah, G. L., Menon, A. R. and G. V. Gopal (1981). An account of the ethnobotany of Saurashtra in Gujarat state. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 2: 178-182.
15. Shah, G. L. and G. V. Gopal (1986). Folklore medicines of Vasava tribe of Rajpipla, Gujarat. Acta. Bot. Indica. 15: 48-53.

NOTE:
 FOR THE HABIT OF THE PLANT USE ABBREVIATIONS – (H) for Herb; (S) for Shrub; (C): for Climbers and (T) for Trees
 FOR WRITING PLANT PARTS USED USE – (Rt) for root; (Rz) for Rhizomes; (St) for Stem; (Lvs) for leaves; (Fls) for Flowers; (Frs) for Fruits;
(Sd) for Seeds; (Bk) for Bark; (Tbr) for Tubers and (Wp) for Whole plant.

49
 PRACTICAL 13 (A): ETHNOMEDICINAL / ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF TREES
NO. TREE SPECIES FAMILY REGIONS PARTS ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
USED
1. Acacia nilotica Linn. Mimosaceae LN: Gujarat & Leaves, Tender leaves are useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. Bark is
Deshi Baval Rajasthan, M.P. & shoots, bark, astringent and demulcent. The decoction of the bark is useful in
Maharashtra. wood diarrhoea and dysentery. The gum from the bark is also used as a
remedy against diarrhoea and dysentery. The leaves and tender
shoots are used as cattle fodder. It is also used as fuel. The fibers
from the bark are locally used to tie grass load. The tender
branches are used as toothbrushes. The plant yields gum, which is
medicinally useful. Wood is used for fuel wood and making
agricultural implements. Bark is used for tanning. Tender shoots is
used as fodder.
2. Adansonia digitata Linn. Bombacaceae LN: Gujarat, Whole The tree is worshiped as a sacred by the tribals. The pulp of the
Chor amli, Chor Rajasthan, plant, fruit is used in bilious conditions. The fresh leaf juice is applied to
amlo, Gorakh amli Maharashtra, M.P. leaves, bark treat skin irritation. The leaf decoction is used for fomentation in
rheumatic pains. The bark of the tree is used as fibres by the
tribals.
3. Anthocephalus cadamba / Rubiaceae LN: Punjab, Haryana, Bark and Bark – cholera & dysentery, fever, veterinary (bark) – for cattles
Anthocephalus chinensis Kadamb Rajasthan, wood used in foot & mouth diseases. Timber – wood is used for making
Gujarat, Sikkim, boxes & planks.
Bengal, Bihar &
Orissa
4. Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Caesalpiniaceae U.P, Maharashtra, Bark, Decoction of the bark is used in hepatic disorders whereas the
LN: Kanchnar Assam, Sikkim, leaves, decoction of the leaves is used in diarrhoea and dysentery. Bark
Bengal, Bihar, tender powder is given to cure diabetes. Leaves are used for making
Orissa, Kerala, shoots „bidis‟. The plant is an important NTFP / MFP. The tender shoots
Karnataka, are used as vegetables.
Tamilnadu, M.P.
5. Bixa orellana Linn. Bixaceae LN: Madhya Pradesh Leaves, Flowers, fruits and seeds yield commercial dyes. Leaves used to
Sindurio flowers, cure insect bites.
fruits, seeds
6. Bombax ceiba Linn. Bombacaceae LN: Gujarat, U.P, Roots, gum, The root powder is used as to increase sexual potency. Roots are
Simdo, Shimdo Sikkim, Bihar, petals, stimulant, tonic and aphrodisiac. Gum from the bark is
Orissa, Assam, flowers, aphrodisiac, demulcent, astringent and tonic, used in diarrhoea,
50
 Maharashtra, M.P. seeds dysentery and menorrhagia. The dried petals are pounded and
& Andhra Pradesh soaked in milk and are given as a laxative to children. Flowers are
diuretic. Seed hairs are used in stuffing pillows and cushions.
7. Buchanania lanzan Spr. Anacardiaceae Gujarat, Fruits, Oil extracted from the fruits is used as an ointment in skin
LN: Charoli Maharashtra, seeds, bark diseases. The fruit is also used to cure luecoderma. Seeds are
Sikkim, Bengal, eaten. Paste is prepared from the bark of the young trees that is
Orissa, Andhra thoroughly mixed with CaCO3 mud. It is then applied on the bite
Pradesh, M.P. and skin infections.
8. Butea monosperma Fabaceae LN: Gujarat, M.P., Bark, Bark decoction is given in cough and cold. Leaves are used to cure
(Lamk.) Taub. Palash, Kesudo Maharashtra, flowers, diabetes. Flowers are astringent, diuretic and aphrodisiac. Seeds
M.P., Rajasthan seeds, are anthelmintic. Gum is astringent; used in diarrhoea and
leaves dysentery. Gum is locally collected as NTFP / MFP. The bark is
made into paste and applied externally on swellings and bone
fractures. Bark decoction is given in dysentery. Flower decoction
is used as an antiseptic. Lotion prepared after distilling the flowers
is used for eye diseases. The dry leaves are stitched together to
form large dinner plates. The flowers yield a fast saffron yellow
dye. In India, this plant ranks next to Schleichera oleosa as a host
tree for the lac insect. The dried twigs are burnt and the ash is used
as manure in the fields. Red dye obtained from flowers is used in
tanning.
9. Careya arborea Roxb. Lecythidaceae Punjab, Haryana, Bark, fruits, Bark decoction is externally applied on wounds and boils. The
LN: Kumbhi Rajasthan, leaves, juice of mature fruits along with bark is given in cough and cold.
Gujarat, Sikkim, calyx The bark powder is given as remedy against dysentery. Bark
Orissa, (sepals) part decoction is used to remove muscle stiffness. Dry persistent calyx
Maharashtra, M.P of flower is used by the tribals to cure dysentery in children. The fruit
& Andhra Pradesh decoction promotes digestion. Leaves are used as drinking cups.
Bark paste is orally given as a remedy for curing dysentery in
cattle.
10. Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Pinaceae Uttar Pradesh, Resins Resins extracted from stem / bark is used to cure rheumatism and
Loud. Himachal ulcers. Also used to cure intestinal worms.
Pradesh, J & K.
11. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae LN: Taj U.P, Sikkim, Bark and Bark is used in kidney stones. Also bark is one of the most
Blatter. Bengal, Assam, leaves. important spices of India. Leaves are used to cure diarrhea and
Tamil Nadu, vomiting. Also used as carminative i.e. to cure gastric and

51
 Kerala, Andhra intestinal troubles.
Pradesh, Parts of
Karnataka.
12. Cochlospermum religiosum Cochlospermaceae Sikkim, Orissa, Bark, seeds, Bark is used to cure jaundice and urinary disorders. Veterinary –
(Linn.) Alston LN: Yellow silk Bihar, flowers Bark is used for bone fractures in cattles. Flowers and seeds
cotton tree Maharashtra, edible. Seed fibres are used for stuffing pillows.
M.P., Andhra
Pradesh
13. Crateava nurvula Buch- Capparidaceae Punjab, Haryana, Bark and Bark paste is used to cure rheumatism, also used in urinary
Ham. / Crateava magna LN: Varun, Vay Gujarat, wood disorders. The wood is used by the tribals for making drums,
(Lour.) DC. varno Rajasthan, combs etc.
Sikkim, Assam
14. Derris indica Linn. / Fabaceae LN: Gujarat, Roots, Root paste is applied externally in liver troubles and also in
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Karanj Maharashtra, seeds, bark, enlargement of spleen. The seed oil is one of the major NTFP /
Pierre. / Milletia pinnata M.P., Rajasthan flowers MFP of this region. Bark is applied on piles. The paste of the
flowers is externally applied in luecoderma. Seed oil is used in
itching and skin diseases like psoriasis. Oil from the seeds is
applied externally to cure skin diseases and is used for burning in
lamps. The seed extract is applied in eczema and scabies by the
tribals. Root is used as fish poison and tender shoots as
toothbrushes.
15. Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae LN: Gujarat, Leaves and Most important NTFP / MFP on which almost 40 % tribal
Roxb. Timru Maharashtra, bark economy is based in the area. „Timru bidi‟ are prepared from its
M.P., Rajasthan leaves. Bark is astringent and its decoction is given in diarrhoea
and dyspepsia. Leaves are diuretic, carminative and laxative. Dried
leaves are used in urinary disorders. Ripe fruits are edible.
16. Ficus hispida Linn. MoraceaeLN: Gujarat, Leaves, The decoction of seeds and bark are purgative. Leaf poultice is
Dhed umro Rajasthan, M.P., seeds, bark useful in boils and swellings.
Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh
17. Ficus racemosa Linn. / Moraceae LN: Gujarat, Leaves, Sap of the leaves is given in diabetes. Leaf paste is applied in
Ficus glomerata Umro, Audumbar Rajasthan, M.P., fruits, bilious affections. Fruit decoction along with milky latex is given
Maharashtra, receptacles, in diarrhoea and also popular local application for rheumatic joints
Andhra Pradesh, bark and pains. The latex is used in eye and ear complaints. Ripe
Kerala, Tamil receptacles are edible. Bark extract is orally administered in

52
 Nadu dysentery.
18. Garcinia indica Choisy. Clusiaceae LN: Maharashtra, Fruits and Fruits used in skin diseases. Fruits edible as vegetables. Seed oil is
Kokam M.P., Kerala, seed oil. used to cure worms in cattles. Gum is used to cure wounds.
Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka
19. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae LN: Gujarat, Leaves, Leaf decoction is demulcent and used in gonorrhoea, cough and
Sevan Rajasthan, M.P., fruits, roots, worms. Fruits are eaten by the local tribal. The pulp of the wood is
Maharashtra, wood used in paper industry. Root is a bitter tonic and laxative; fresh
Andhra Pradesh, juice used as demulcent, chiefly in gonorrhoea. Wood is used for
Kerala, Tamil making musical instruments and also house hold furniture. Whole
Nadu, Assam, tree is worshiped and considered as sacred.
Sikim
20. Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl. Tiliaceae LN: Gujarat, Bark, fruits,
Bark is used in dysentery and employed to treat irritation on skins.
Dhaman Rajasthan, M.P., wood Powder of the wood is emetic. Fruits are eaten by the native
Maharashtra, population. Wood is used for making agricultural implements.
Punjab, Haryana Ripe fruits are edible. The wood yields a good timber which is
used by the tribals for house construction.
21. Lagerstroemia parviflora Lythraceae LN: Gujarat, Leaves, The powder of the leaves is applied on skin diseases. Timber is
Roxb. Bondaro Rajasthan, M.P., wood, seeds used for building and tanning purposes. The seed paste is
Maharashtra externally applied on small pox.
22. Madhuca indica Muell.- Sapotaceae LN: Gujarat, Bark, One of the most important NTFP / MFP for the tribals. Bark
Arg. Mahudo Rajasthan, M.P., flowers, decoction is applied to cure itching and inflammations. Flowers
Maharashtra, seeds, are considered as cooling, tonic and nutritive; used in cough and
Kerala, Karnataka petals, wood cold. Seed oil is used in skin diseases. Flower decoctions made
into bandages are tied on bone fractures. The tribals of this region
prepare country liquor from its flowers. Bark paste is antidote in
snake bite. Thick fleshy petals are used as a vegetable and for
distillation of country liquor. Oil from the seeds is sold in weekly
market bazaars. Wood is a valuable timber. Flowers are fermented
to obtain country liquor. Seed oil is used in cooking and in making
soaps.
23. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Phyllanthaceae Gujarat, Fruits, Fruit is most probably the richest source of Vitamin C and is acrid,
/ Emblica officinalis LN: Amla, Aonla Rajasthan, M.P., leaves, bark cooling, refrigerant, diuretic and laxative. Its decoction is useful in
Maharashtra, diarrhoea, dysentery, anaemia, jaundice, cough and dyspepsia.
Kerala, Karnataka Leaf decoction is given in cough and bronchitis. Bark juice is

53
 applied on burns. Both the bark and leaf decoction mixed together
is used in abdominal pains. The fruits are eaten raw or variously
pickled into jams. They are one of the important components of
„Trifala churna‟. The seed decoction is given in urinary troubles.
24. Santalum album Linn. Santalaceae LN: Punjab, Haryana, Seed oil, Seed oil used in boils and skin infections. Wood highly valuable as
Safed chandan Gujarat, wood, fruits it yields Sandal wood oil of commerce. Wood oil used in head
Maharashtra, and leaves ache and migraine. Fruits and leaves used in religious ceremonies.
M.P., Sikkim, Whole tree is considered sacred.
Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka
25. Saraca indica (Roxb.) De Caesalpiniaceae Gujarat, M.P., Leaves and Leaves used in heart diseases. Bark is used for gynecological
Wilde. LN: Sita ashok Kerala, bark disorders. Whole tree associated with Lord Buddha, considered
Karnataka, sacred.
Maharashtra,
Assam, Sikkim
26. Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Gujarat, U. P., Seeds, Seeds and fruits used in asthma. Fruits also used in leprosy, piles,
L.f. LN: Bhilamo Maharashtra, fruits, bark psoriasis. Fruits and seeds are highly acidic. Seed oil is used in
M.P., Sikkim skin diseases. Bark extract along with seed oil is the best medicine
for rheumatism and joint related problems.
27. Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. Dipterocarpaceae U.P, Sikkim, Bark used in burning sensation, cancer, cholera and cramps.
LN: Sal M.P., Andhra Resins used in skin infections, especially in small pox. Wood is of
Pradesh, Bengal, commercial timber used in making musical instruments and
Orissa houses. Whole tree is sacred and worshiped.
28. Sterculia urens Roxb. Sterculiaceae LN: Gujarat, Bark, seeds The paste of the young branches is applied on bone fractures.
Kadaya, Kadayo Rajasthan, M.P., Important NTPF / MFP for the tribals of this region. Gum called as
Maharashtra. “Kadaya Gum” is collected from forest areas. The paste of the
gum is applied in case of pain in joints and given to pregnant
ladies as one of the ingredients in a tonic medicine. The plant
yields „katila‟ gum that is used in confectionary. The tribals eat the
seeds. The gum makes a jelly in water, which is given to ladies in
menorrhagia. Karaya gum obtained from the plant is used in
making jam, confectionary or in medicinal preparations. It emits a
powerful stink, if allowed to decompose. The gum of the plant for
piles as astringent. Roasted seeds are edible; the gum powder is
used orally in menstrual disorders.

54
29. Tamarindus indica Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Gujarat, Leaves, The leaves and the fruits are useful in jaundice, swellings, sprain
LN: Khati amli Rajasthan, fruits, seeds, and boils. The seeds with cumin and sugar are given in dysentery
Punjab, Haryana, wood and diarrhoea. The pulp of ripe fruits is used in culinary. The
M.P., Maharashtra leaves are also acidic in taste. Leaf decoction is gargled as a
remedy for toothache. Wood is used as fuel wood and for making
furniture, cart wheels etc. Tender leaves and ripe fruit pulp is used
as souring agent in culinary purposes.
30. Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Bignoniaceae LN: Gujarat, Bark and Bark is used to relieve muscular pain. Roots are used in
Seem. Ragat rohido Rajasthan, M.P, root rheumatism. Bark also used in skin diseases.
Punjab
DATA COMPILED FROM
1. J. K. Maheshwari (2000). Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants of Indian Sub continent. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
2. Jain, S. K and Vartika Jain (2017). Compendium of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. Deep Publications, New Delhi.
3. Jain, S. K. (1991). Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. Deep Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Jain, S. K. (1999). Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary plants of India. Pp 1-199. Deep Publishers. New Delhi.
5. P. Joshi (1995). Ethnobotany of Primitive tribes of Rajasthan. Print well Publishers, Jaipur.

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 PRACTICAL 13 (B): NON ETHNOMEDICINAL / ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF PLANTS

FOOD – UNDERGROUND PARTS, TUBERS, RHIZOMES ETC

PLANT NAME PARTS USED REMARKS
Dioscorea hispida Tubers Mainly consumed by the tribals of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
D. bulbifera
D. aculeata
D. pentaphylla
Cyperus bulbosus Bulb powder Tribes of Rajasthan.
Curcuma angustifolia Rhizomes Mainly consumed by the tribals in North Eastern regions of India.
Codonopsis ovata Roots Ladakh region.

Aponogeton natans Tubers Travancore region of Southern India.

Aponogeton appendiculatus
Nymphaea pubescens Rhizomes
Phaseolus odenanthus Tuberous roots
Borassus flabellifer Fusiform roots North Eastern regions.
Costus speciosus
Hyphaene thebaica Roots Nilgiri regions.
Balanites aegyptiaca Roots Nilgiri regions.
Plesmonium margaritiferum Tubers Kol tribe of Maharashtra, M.P, Bihar and Orissa.
Scirpus grossus & Scirpus triangulatus Roots Tribals of Gujarat.
Dioscorea versicolor Bulbs Edible, Western Himalayas.
Alpinia galanga Bulbs Added in food for flavor in Western Himalayas.
56
Alpinia speciosa
Angelica glauca
Decalepis hamiltonii Roots Peninsular India and A.P.
Gastrochilus pandurata Roots Konkan regions & Andamans.
Zingiber montanum Rhizomes Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Zingiber zerumbet
Asparagus racemosus and Asparagus Roots Candified in Andaman and Nicobar islands.
adscendens

PRACTICAL 13 (C): CULTIVATED PLANTS FOR UNDERGROUND PARTS BY TRIBALS OF INDIA

Name of the Plant Remarks

Alocasia macrorhiza Cultivated in hilly tracts of Eastern and North Eastern regions.

Amorphophallus campanulatus and Colocasia esculenta Cultivated in Sub Himalayan and Western Ghats.
Curcuma amada West Bengal, Kokan and Tamilnadu.
Curcuma zeodaria Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats.
Tacca leontopetaloides Eastern India.
Tulipa stellata Western Himalayas.
Zingiber zerumbet, Scirpus lacustris, Dioscorea esculenta & Dioscorea alata Eastern India – Hilly regions.

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 PRACTICAL 13 (D): EDIBLE FOOD – LEAVES AND SHOOTS

PLANT SPECIES REMARKS

Acacia sinuata In drier parts of India.
Oxyria digyna Western Himalaya.
Acronychia pedunculata , Allium sphaerocephalum Lahul and Ladakh regions.
Cinnamomum tamala, Clausena excavata, Clausena indica, Murraya koenigii Used as spices by tribals in Southern India.
and Oenanthe javanica
Bambusa tulda, caralluma adscendens, Cicer soongaricum Leaves and stems consumed in Ladakh and Lahul regions.
Salicornia brachiata Leaves pickled in Northern India.
Clausena heptaphylla Leaves chewed with Betel leaves in Southern India and North
Eastern hills.
Tamarindus indica Leaves collected and sold in market of Hyderabad.
Chenopodium album, Nasturtium officinale & Portulaca oleracea Cultivated.

PRACTICAL 13 (E): EDIBLE FOOD – UNRIPE FRUITS

PLANT SPECIES COMMON NAME REMARKS

Artocarpus heterophyllus Jack fruit South India and North Eastern Hilly regions
Atlantia monophylla Wild lime North East
Cucumis melo var. agrestis Wild cucumber North East and Madhya Pradesh
Dillenia indica Elephant apple South India and North East
Ensete superbum Wild banana South India, North East and Gujarat
Garcinia xanthochymus Egg tree South India

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 PRACTICAL 13 (F): FOOD – FLOWERS INCLUDING FLORAL BUDS AND INFLORESCENCES

PLANT SPECIES REMARKS

Alpinia galanga, Caryota urens, Madhuca longifolia & Periploca aphylla Flowers eaten raw or cooked.
Bambusa bambos and Calligonum polygonoides Flowers cooked & consumed as vegetables.
Madhuca longifolia and Ardisia griffithii Flowers cooked and taste like fish.
Capparis spinosa Flowers pickled.
Madhuca longifolia Flowers made into alcoholic beverage.
Rhododendron arboreum and Woodfordia fruticosa Flowers used in the preparation of cool drinks.

PRACTICAL 13 (G): FOOD – SEEDS AND GRAINS

PLANT NAME REMARKS

Artocarpus heterophyllus and Bauhinia vahlii Eaten raw.
Buchanania lanzan and Euryale ferox Eaten raw or made into sweets.
Caryota mitis Used as Masticatory along with betel leaves in Andaman & Nicobar islands.
Cicer soongaricum Seeds cooked or eaten raw in Ladakh.
Cassia tora and Mucuna prurita Seeds roasted as coffee.
Polygonum glabrum Seeds made into coarse flour.
Vigna vexillata and Vigna pilosa Cooked as pulse.
Ximenia americana Kernels eaten raw in Peninsular regions and Andaman – Nicobar islands.

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 PRACTICAL 13 (H): FOOD – MATURED / RIPENED FRUITS

NAME OF THE SPECIES REMARKS

Aglaia edulis, Aporusa oclandra & Baccaurea courtallensis Sweet pulp/Succulent aril – North Eastern regions.
Olax nana and Crataegus oxycantha Acidic fruits eaten – Eastern Himalayas.
Dillenia aurea, Limonia acidissima and Myrica esculenta Fruits used as seasoning materials or to prepare sweet drinks.
Docynia hookeriana Used in North Eastern regions.
Elaeagnus latifolia Made into jellies in North Eastern regions.
Emblica officinalis/Phyllanthus emblica Made into Jams.
Elaeagnus angustifolia Fruits are used in brewing local beer.
Euodia fraxinifolia & Limonia acidissima Pulp of the fruits made into Chutneys.
Hovenia dulcis Fleshy & succulent fruit axis with inflorescence tastes like pear.
Pinanga dicksonii Fruits used as substitute for betel nut in W. Ghats.

PRACTICAL 13 (I): PLANTS USED FOR HUNTING

PLANT SPECIES REMARKS
Grewia subinequalis Bows are made by tribals in Assam
Cephalostachyum capilatum Used for making arrows in Assam
Marsdenia tenacissima Bow strings made from fibre
Sansevieria roxburghiana Bow strings made from leaf fibre
Calotropis gigantea Bow strings made from fibre
Antiaris toxicaria Arrow tip poison made from stem juice
Ehretia acuminata var. serrata Sword handles made from wood
Colocasia montana and Alocasia montana Arrow tip poison made from roots
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 PRACTICAL 13 (J): PLANTS USED FOR FISHING
Abroma cugusta, Boehmeria nivea, Marsdenia tenacissima, Pandanus Fishing nets are made from Bark fibres.
tectorius & Calotropis gigantea
Adansonia digitata Floats for fishing nets made from fruits.
Aeschynemone aspera Floats for fishing nets made from pith of stem.
Barringtonia acutangula Root & bark used for intoxicating fish.
Randia dumetorum Fruits used for intoxicating fish.
Walsura trifoliata & Casearia elliptica Poison derived is used for intoxicating fish in Travancore region
of South India.
Madhuca butyracea Bark used as fish poison.
Excoecaria agallocha Latex used as fish poison, also on arrows.
Milettia pinnata, Catunaregum spinosa & Careya arborea Seeds used for fish catching.
Tephorsia purpurea Roots used as fish poison.
Dendrocalamus strictus & Cephalostachyum pergracile Fishing rod is made in Assam and Central India.
Ceriops tagal For preparing knees and props for boats.

PRACTICAL 13 (K): PLANTS USED FOR FIBRES

Abelmoschus moschatus & Abroma angusta Bark is used for making cordages.
Abutilon theoprastii, Acacia senegal, Agave americana, Agave sisalana Stem is used to make cordages and mats.
Acacia nilotica Slender twigs used to make mats and ropes.
Antiaris toxicaria For making garments.
Butea monosperma, Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia vahlii Bark used for making garments.
Calotropis gigantea Floss used in making shawls & towels.
Cannabis sativa, Careya arborea & Caryota urens Very strong in tethering elephants.

61
 Impereta cylindrica Stem used for tethering elephants.
Ceiba pentandra Silky floss on seeds used in life saving equipments & insulators
in fridges.
Cordia wallichii, Dillenia pentagyna, Erythrina suberosa, Erythrina Stem bark is used to make ropes especially to drag elephants.
variegata, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalenis, Hardwickia binata,
Girardinia palmata, Grewia subinequalis, Grewia elastica, Helicteris
isora, Hibiscus cannabinus, Hibiscus tilliaceus, Kydia calycina,
Mitragyna parvifolia, Marsdenia tenacissima, Morus alba
Musa spp, Themeda arundinacea, Trema orientalis, Ventilago Stem is used for making cordages and mats.
madraspatana and Urena lobata
Ougeinia oojeinensis, Soymida febrifuga, Sterculia foetida, Sterculia Bark is used for making cordages.
urens & Sterculia villosa
Pandanus tectorius & Saccharum spontaneum Leaves and aerial roots used for cordages.
Sansevieria roxburghiana Leaves used for making ropes and mats.

PLANTS USED FOR AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS - TOOL HANDLES, AXLES, SHAFTS, POUNDERS, MORTARS, WHEELS, CARTS,
PLOUGHS AND YOKES ARE MADE FROM WOOD - PRACTICAL 13 (L)

Acacia nilotica
Adina cordifolia
Aegle marmelos
Alangium salvifollium
Albizzia spp
Anogeissus latifolia
Capparis decidua
Chloroxylon swietinia
Artocarpus spp Lagerstroemia lanceolata Feronia limonia / Limonia acidissima
Azadirachta indica Lagerstroemia speciosa Gmelina arborea
Berrya cordifolia Carallia brachiata Grewia subinequalis
Bischofia javanica Careya arborea Hopea odorata
Holigarna arnottiana Caryota urens Mitragyna parvifolia
Holoptelea integrifolia Cassia fistula Madhuca indica
Mimusops elengi Phyllanthus emblica Melia azaderach
Tamarix troupii Dendrocalamus strictus Sapindus laurifolius

62
Hardwickia binata
Heritiera minor
Memecylon umbellatum
Morinda coreia
Morus alba
Ougeinia oojeinensis
Pterocarpus marsupium
Shorea robusta
Soymida febrifuga
Cinnamom glaucescens
Mesua ferrea
Strychnos potatorum
Santalum album
Tamarindus indica
Tamarix aphylla
Tamarix dioica
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia bellerica
Cordia wallichii Mangifera indica
Dysoxylon malabaricum Lannea coromandelica
Wrightia tinctoria Milettia pinnata/Pongamia pinnata
Trewia nudiflora Vitex altissima
Xyla xylocarpa Thespesia populnea
Zizyphus mauritiana Strychnos nux-vomica
Zizyphus xylopyrus Pterocarpus santalinus
Dillenia indica Terminalia alata
Melia composita Schleichera oleosa

PRACTICAL 13 (M): SOME IMPORTANT PLANTS USED AS NATURAL DYES

Memecylon umbellatum Yellow dye obtained from flowers Punica granatum Rind yields dye
Artocarpus heterophyllus Wood yields dye Symplocos sumuntia Bark and leaves used for dyeing
purposes
Butea monosperma, Carthamus Flowers yields dye Tectona grandis Leaves yield dyes
tinctorius, Toona ciliata,
Nyctanthes arbortristis, Rhus
continus
Morinda angustifolia Roots yield dyes Anogeissus pendula Bark-dark green dye
Ventilago madraspatana, Red dye obtained from roots Marsdenia tenacissima, Leaves used for Indigo blue dye
Adenanthera pavonia, Hedyotis Indigofera tinctoria, Wrightia
umbellata, Morinda coreia tinctoria
Peganum harmala, Rubia Seeds, roots and twigs for dyeing Aleurites molaccana, Roots and bark used for dyeing
cordifolia purposes Pterocarpus santalinus, purposes
Tagetes erecta

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Cassine glauca, Bark and pulp of follicles used for Curcuma zeodaria Abil or Gulal – finely powdered
Tabernaemontana divaricata red dyes rhizome mixed with Caesalpinia
sappan
Strychnos nux vomica Brown dye Hedychium umbellatum Powdered root stock used as red
dye
Mallotus philippensis Ripe fruits for red & purple dye Wendlandia tinctoria Root bark used as mordant

Jatropha curcas, Lawsonia Bark and leaves for black & green Bixa orellana and Cultivated in Northern and
inermis dyes Oldenlandia umbellata Southern India for dyeing
purposes.
Terminalia catappa Bark and leaves for India ink

PRACTICAL 13 (N): EMERGENCY FOODS – WILD PLANTS USED DURING FAMINES & SCARCITY
Setaria verticillata Dioscorea spp Tamarindus indica Pennisetum alopecuroides
Citrullus colocynthis Hedychium coronarium Brachiaria deflexa Panicum trypheron
Ephedra foliata Kaempferia scaposa Brachiaria reptans Oryza rufipogon
Hyphaena thebaica Solena heterophylla Chrysopogon fulvus Paspalidium flavidum
Balanites aegyptiaca Nymphaea alba Dactyloctenium aegyptium Typhonium divaricatum
Amorphophallus commutatus Nymphaea nouchali Echinochloa colonum Scirpus tuberosus
Arisaema concinnum Vigna adenantha Echinochloa crus-galli Crinum defixum
Asparagus sarmentosus Pouzolzia zeylanica Echinochloa stagnina Cyperus rotundus
Asphodelus tenuifolius Smilax zeylanica Echinochloa hirsutus Ischaemum rugosum
Borassus flabellifer Typha angustata Eragrostis tremula Typhonium bulbiferum

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 PRACTICAL 14: ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS FROM SINGLE FAMILY – MIMOSACEAE
NO. BOTANICAL NAME LOCAL NAME PARTS USED ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
1. Acacia chundra (L. f.) Willd. Khair Wood, bark One of the important NTFP / MFP for tribal areas. The „Katha‟ from the
and leaves wood is used in cough, ulcers, leprosy and other skin diseases. The
decoction of the leaves is given in bronchitis. Bark is used for tanning
and dyeing purposes.
2. Acacia ferruginea DC. Kanti khair Pods, gum and Pods are astringent. The gum from the bark is used as a tonic mix with
bark water and honey.
3. Acacia luecophloea (Roxb.) Herno baval, Bark Bark is astringent and its decoction is used to cure diabetes.
Willd. Hermo bavad
4. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Deshi bavad, Leaves, bark, Tender leaves are useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. Bark is astringent
Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Baval tender shoots and demulcent. The decoction of the bark is useful in diarrhoea and
Brenan and wood dysentery. The gum from the bark is also used as a remedy against
diarrhoea and dysentery. The leaves and tender shoots are used as cattle
fodder. It is also used as fuel. The tender branches are used as
toothbrushes. Wood is used for fuel wood and making agricultural
implements. Bark is used for tanning.
5. Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Chilmar Leaves, bark The decoction of the leaves is used in indigestion. Bark decoction is
used as remedy to cure intermittent fever.
6. Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Kalo siris, Kado Bark, seeds Bark and seeds are given in diarrhoea and dysentery. Pods are used on
siras and pods boils and swellings. Poultice made out of bark is used in bone fractures.
7. Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Safed siris, safed Bark and Bark is used in leprosy and ulcers. Leaves are used in cough. Bark is
Benth. siras, dholo siras leaves also used as fish poison.
8. Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Kilai Leaves Leaves are applied externally to ulcerative perforations.
9. Mimosa hamata Willd. Kanti – baval Leaves The leaf paste is externally applied on cuts and wounds.
10. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Goras amli Bark, fruits, The decoction of the bark and leaves are considered astringent,
Benth. wood and emollient and abortifacient. The juice of the fruits mixed with brinjal
seeds juice is applied externally on insect bite. The leaves are used as cattle
fodder. Wood is used as fuel wood. Seed aril is edible.
11. Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce. Gando bavad Bark and fruits Bark is used in rheumatism. Fruits pounded and mixed with sugar are
taken during pregnancy for avoiding miscarriage.

65
 PRACTICAL 15: ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS FROM SINGLE GENUS – CASSIA – FAMILY CAESALPINIACEAE
NO. BOTANICAL NAME
1. Cassia absus Linn.
2. Cassia alata Linn.
3. Cassia auriculata Linn.
4. Cassia fistula Linn.
5. Cassia grandis Linn. f.
6. Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. Mindhi aval
7. Cassia javanica Linn.
8. Cassia obtusifolia Linn.
LOCAL NAME PARTS USED ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
Chimed Leaves, seeds Leaves are bitter and astringent; used in cough. Seeds are made into
and bark. paste and are used in ringworms and other cutaneous infections. The dry
powdered leaves are used for dressing ulcers. Bark decoction is given as
a remedy for dysentery.
Candle cassia Leaves, young Anti-inflammatory, Leaves with limejuice - treating ringworm expect in
pods and roots chronic cases. Fresh leaf juice/decoction employed in other skin
diseases like herpes, blotch, eczema and mycosis, syphilis and
gonorrhea.
Avad, aval, Roots, leaves, Roots, leaves and fruits are anthelmintic. The decoction of the leaves is
tender very useful in diabetes. The plant is valuable in the reclamation of sandy
branches and waste land. The tender branches are used as toothbrushes. The seeds are
seeds. used in ophthalmic diseases (eye diseases). Plant is used for tanning
leather.
Garmalo, garmado Bark, seeds, Bark, leaves and seeds are laxative; fruits i.e. pods are purgative also
leaves, fruits used in rheumatism. Juice of the leaves is used in skin diseases. Extract
and wood. of root bark is used for fever. The pulp of the fruit is used as tonic and
in chest infections. The ripe fruit pulp is antidysentric. The tender pods
are made into a vegetable. Wood is used for making agricultural
implements and bark is used for tanning material.
Brazilian coral tree, Fruit and Bitter pulp of the fruit is used for curing diarrhea and dysentery. Wood
Pink shower, Horse wood. is used for making small agricultural implements.
cassia.
Roots, seeds Plant is reported to be poisonous for birds and bees. Roots are used in
and leaves. the treatment of skin diseases. Seeds are made into paste and applied
externally on eyes in conjunctivitis. Leaves serve good fodder for goat
and sheep.
Pink Cassia, Queen of Seeds, pods Boiled seeds and pulp of the pods are used in stomach pains. Hard wood
Java and wood. is durable and is used for making agricultural implements.
Panvadia, Puvadio Leaves, roots Leaves are useful in tuberculosis and ringworms. Roots with lime juice
and seeds. are applied on skin diseases. In Bombay and Goa, the seeds are used as
substitute of coffee. Young pods are cooked as vegetables. Pods are also
used in dysentery and ophthalmic diseases (eye diseases).
66
 9. Cassia occidentalis Linn.
10. Cassia pumila Lam.
11. Cassia senna Linn.
12. Cassia siamea Lam.
13. Cassia sophera Linn.
14. Cassia tora Linn.
DATA COMPILED FROM
1. V. Singh & R. K. Premnath. (2002). Some useful Cassias of India. In: Ethnobotany of India. Edited by J. K. Maheshwari, M. M. Bhandari and J.
A. Duke. Scientific Publishers. Jodhpur. India.
Nani chimed Roots and Roots are purgative, diuretic and tonic. Seeds are used as remedy for
seeds. asthma and applied externally on skin diseases. Leaf paste is used in
scabies and certain skin diseases.
Kasundro Seeds and Seeds are used in gastric and intestinal troubles. Plant is also cultivated
whole plant. for green manure.
Sonmukhi Plant is commercially cultivated in Kachchh and Rajasthan. Leaves are
used for heart diseases. Pods are also used in medicines. Stimulates liver
for proper secretion of enzymes. It helps in lowering bowels and
increasing the peristaltic movement of the intestines. Purifies blood and
restores the metabolic imbalance lost due to indigestion. Useful in
osteoarthritis, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. It is purgative,
anthelmintic, antipyretic, cathartic, laxative, vermifuge and diuretic used
as an expectorant, wound dresser, antidysentric.
Kasid Flowers and Flowers are cooked as vegetables. Wood is used for making walking
wood. sticks. Wood is resistant to termites and also used in construction of
houses and cattle sheds.
Kasundri Seeds, leaves Exhibited anti-cancerous activity. Decoction - is antidiuretic. Leaves -
and roots. purgative; juice made into paste with sandalwood is used for ringworms
and syphilitic sores; juice with honey for cough, cold, bronchitis, asthma
and hiccups. An infusion of fresh leaves with sugar in jaundice and in
sub-acute stage of gonorrhoea. Paste of leaves used in piles.
Kuvadio Leaves, seeds, Leaves and seeds are excellent remedy for wet eczematous swellings.
roots, tender Roots are used in insect bite. The fine powder of roots has oxytocic
shoots. activities. The young regenerating plants are made into paste by
crushing and are taken internally as a remedy for jaundice. Seeds are
used in form of paste and are applied on pimples, boils and swellings on
skin. Both leaves and seeds are used in skin diseases. Tender shoots and
leaves are used as vegetables. The seed is sometimes used as a
adulterant to coffee powder after roasting. The tender shoots are used as
a fodder for cattle.
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 PRACTICAL 16 (A): ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS AS PER PLANT PARTS – ROOTS
NO. BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
1. Alangium sal vif olium (L. f.) Alangiaceae , The past e and decoct ion of root is used on skin diseases. The root bark is
Wang. LN: Anko l TREE used in t reat ment of jaundice .
2. Amaranthus spi nosus Linn. Amaranthaceae, The past e and decoct ion of root s is used as a r emedy for g ynaeco logical
LN: Kant adi Bhaji HERB disorders.
3. Anogeissus latif olia Wall. Combretaceae, The past e and decoct ion of root s is used to cure flat ulence, abdo minal
LN: Dhavdo TREE pain and st o mach pain.
4. Argemone mexi cana Linn. Papaveraceae, The powder o f t he root is ant helmint ic. Root past e is used in acut e skin
LN: Darud i HERB diseases.
5. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae / The root powder is used t o cure dysent ery and a lso t aken as t onic. Root
LN: S hat avar i Asphodelaceae, powder is a lso used as a remedy in gast r ic t roubles. Root past e is given
CLIMBER in acidit y and int est inal wor ms in cat t les.
6. Barleria prionitis Linn. LN: Acanthaceae, Root past e is applied on bo ils and glandular swellings. Root s are used to
Kant a Sher iyo SHRUB cure cut s and wounds bet ween fingers and toot h -ache.
7. Caesalpinia crista Linn. LN: Caesalpiniaceae, Root is used in t he t reat ment of fever.
Kanchka SHRUB
8. Clitoria ternatea Linn. LN: Fabaceae, The root past e is used in swellings, luecoder ma and elephant iasis.
Vishnukant a, Aparajit a CLIMBER
9. Derri s indica (Lamk.) Fabaceae, Root past e is used in skin diseases, liver problems and also used as fish
Bennet . Syno nym: Pongamia TREE poison.
pinnata (L inn.) P ierre. LN:
Karanj
10. Eclipta prost rata Linn. LN: Asteraceae, The past e o f root is used t o cure ast hma. Root s are ant isept ic. Root s are
Bhangaro HERB used as liver t onic.

68
 PRACTICAL 16 (B): ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS AS PER PLANT PARTS – LEAVES
NO. BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
1. Abrus precat orius Linn. LN: Fabaceae, The past e of leaflet s is int er nally used to cure Sore -t hro at , ulcers in
Chanot hi CLIMBER mout h, jo int pains, swellings and r heuma t ism. T he past e of t he leaves is
used for t reat ing skin diseases like eczema, bo ils and psor iasis. The lea f
past e is also applied as a dis infect ant to cleanse cat t le wounds.
2. Achyranthes aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae, The decoct ion and past e of fresh leaves is used t o cure inflammat io n o f
LN: Adhedo, Aghedo HERB jo int s, cut s, wounds, insect bit es and scorpio n bit es.
3. Adansonia digit ata Linn. LN: Bombacaceae, The fresh ju ice o f t he leaves is applied t o t reat skin diseases.
Chor amli, Chor amlo TREE
4. Adhatoda vasi ca Nees. LN: Acanthaceae, The decoct ion o f leaf is used t o cure cough and ast hma, chest infect ions
Ardusi SHRUB and chronic bronchit is. T he poult ice o f t he leaves is applied ext ernally t o
heal cut s and wounds.
5. Aloe vera Linn. LN: Liliaceae, The pulp ( mucilage and gel) o f t he leaves is used t o cure swelling,
Kunvarpat hu HERB dislocat ion of jo int s, purgat ive, skin diseases and hepat ic problems ( liver
disorders).
6. Centel la asiat ica (Linn) Apiaceae, The juice of leaf is used in skin diseases, especially in psor iasis and
Urban. LN: Brahmi HERB eczema.
7. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. LN: Dilleniaceae, The leaf juice is also given in diarrhoea. Dried leaves are used in roof thatching
Karmal TREE
8. Lannea coromandeli ca Anacardiaceae, The past e o f leaf is used t o cure sprains and elephant iasis. Bo iled leaves
(Hout l.) Merr ill. LN: Mpdad TREE are applied on swellings and inflammat io ns.
9. Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae, The decoct ion o f leaves is ant helmint ic i.e. used t o cure int est ina l
(Lamk.) Muell. LN: Kapilo TREE worms.
10. Ocimum sanctum Linn. LN: Lamiaceae, The juice o f leaf is used to cure ma lar ial fever, cold, cough and used as
Tulsi HERB an expect orant . Leaves are also used t o cont r ol excess vo mit ing.

69
 PRACTICAL 16 (C): ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS AS PER PLANT PARTS – STEM
NO. BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
1. Abutilon indicum (Linn) Sw. Malvaceae, St em is useful as cordage fibres.
LN: Bala SHRUB
2. Celastrus panicul ata Willd. Celastraceae, Paste of the young stem is used to cure swellings and reduce pain.
LN: Malkangani CLIMBER
3. Cleome gynandra Linn. LN: Safed Capparidaceae, Decoction of stem is used to cure fever and cold.
Talvani HERB
4. Ficus rumphii Blume. LN: Moraceae, The lat ex fro m t he st em is used t o cure rheumat is m and as a cooling
Pat har vad, Khadakpayar TREE agent .
5. Garuga pinnata Roxb. LN: Kakad Burseraceae, St em juice is used t o cure conjunct ivit is – eye relat ed virus infect io ns.
TREE
6. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. LN: Malvaceae, Fibre is obtained from the stem used in making ropes and also for thatching purposes.
Khati Bhindi HERB
7. Limonia acidi ssima Linn. LN: Rutaceae, TREE Gums ext ract ed fro m st em are used in dysent er y.
Kot hu
8. Ocimum basilicum Linn. LN: Lamiaceae, St em powder is used in cough and also in digest ive problems.
Damro HERB
9. Tecomella undulata (S m.) Bignoniaceae, The powder of st em is used on skin -diseases, fract ures and swelling.
Seem. LN: Ragat rohido TREE
10. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Menispermaceae The stem decoction as a tonic and also to cure fever. Also used in diabetes and
ex Hook. and Thoms. LN: Gado CLIMBER rheumatism – joint pains.

70
 PRACTICAL 16 (D): ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS AS PER PLANT PARTS – BARK
NO. BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
1. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. LN: Simaroubaceae, The decoct ion of t he bark is used against dysent er y. Decoct ion o f t he
Arduso TREE bark is administ er ed orally in bronchit is.
2. Anogeissus latif olia Wall. Combretaceae, Bark past e is ext er nally applied on body pain and swellings.
LN: Dhavdo TREE
3. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae, TREE The decoct ion o f t he inner st em bark is given in cho lera. Bark is widely
LN: Limbdo, Neem used as insect repellent .
4. Bauhinia vari egata Linn. LN: Caesalpiniaceae, The past e of bark is t aken in bronchit is and also used for t he t reat ment of
Kanchnar TREE piles. Bark powder is given t o cure diabet es. Decoct ion o f t he bark is
used in hepat ic disorder s.
5. Careya a rborea Ro xb. LN: Lecythidaceae, Bark powder is given as remedy against dysent er y. Decoct ion o f bark is
Kumbhi TREE used t o remove muscle st iffness.
6. Cedrella toona Roxb./ Toona Meliaceae, TREE The powder of bark is used in diarr hoea and dysent er y.
ciliata M. Roemer LN: Toon
7. Erythrina variegata Linn. Fabaceae, TREE The decoct io n of bark is used t o cure dysent er y and fever. Bark juice is
LN: Pangaro applied ext er nally on eyes for opht halmic diseases.
8. Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae, The decoct ion o f bark is used as ant he lmint ic, diarr hoea and dysent er y.
Wall. LN: I ndrajav TREE Bark past e is given in fever and gout .
9. Lannea coromandeli ca Anacardiaceae, The past e o f t he bark is used t o heal bo ils , swelling s and wounds. Bark is
(Hout l.) Merr ill. LN: Modad TREE used in ulcers. Bark yie lds gum, which is applied on cut s and wounds.
10. Madhuca indi ca Gme l. LN: Sapotaceae, TREE The ext ract and past e of bark is used t o heal dislo cat io n of bones, bone -
Mahudo fract ure and blood-clot t ing relat ed t roubles. Bark decoct io n is applied to
cure it ching and infla mmat io ns.

71
 PRACTICAL 16 (E): ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS AS PER PLANT PARTS – FRUITS

NO. BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY ETHNOBOTANICAL USES

1. Adansonia digit ata Linn. LN: Bombacaceae, The pulp of t he fresh fruit is used int er nally t o cure flat ulence, dysent er y
Choramli, Choramlo TREE and indigest ion.
2. Aegle marmel os ( Linn.) Corr. Rutaceae, TREE The pulp of t he r ipe mat ured fruit is used as laxat ive and unr ipe fruit is
LN: Bael, Bilipat ra used t o cure diarr hoea and dysent er y.
3. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae, TREE Oil fro m t he fruit s is used as st imulant , ant isept ic and used on eczema
LN: Limbdo, Neem and psor iasis – skin diseases.
4. Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. Capparidaceae, Ripe fruits cooked are pickled and sometimes also consumed as vegetables.
LN: Kerdo HERB
5. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Flacourtiaceae, Fruits are used in the treatment of liver diseases. The ripe fruits are edible. Ripe fruits
LN: Garguggal TREE are eaten raw and cooked as vegetables.
6. Kydia calycina Roxb. LN; Waring, Malvaceae, TREE The fruit powder is given in dysentery.
Varing
7. Mallotus phi lippensi s (Lank.) Euphorbiaceae, Fruit powder is used as laxat ive and in t reat ment of r ingwor ms and
Muell. LN: Kapilo TREE scabies.
8. Momordi ca charant ia Linn. Cucurbitaceae, Unr ipe fruit s are eat en as veget able. T hey are also pot ent ial r emedy for
LN: Kare la CLIMBER t reat ment of r heumat ism.
9. Sapindus laurif olius Vahl. Sapindaceae, TREE The past e of fresh fruit is used to cure scorpion - bit e. Fruit s are used in
LN: Ar it ha epilepsy, ast hma, hyst er ia and hemicranias.
10. Terminalia belli rica Combretaceae, Fruit s are bit t er, ast r ingent , tonic, laxat ive and ant ip yr et ic; used in p iles,
(Gaert n.) Roxb. LN: Behda TREE bilio usness, dyspepsia and headache.
11. Xeromphi s spinosa (Thunb.) Rubiaceae, TREE Juice of fr uit s is used in d ysent er y, pimples and st omachic proble ms.
Keay. S yno nym: Fruit s are st rong fish po iso n. I t has emet ic propert ies. Fruit s are widel y
Catunaregam spinosa used in religious ceremo nies.
(Thunb.) T iruv. LN: Mindhal

72
 PRACTICAL 16 (F): ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF THE PLANTS AS PER PLANT PARTS – SEEDS
NO. BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
1. Achyranthes aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae, Seeds ar e used as an ant idot e in snake and scorpion bit e.
LN: Aghedo, Adhedo HERB
2. Argemone mexicana Linn. LN: Papaveraceae, Oil from the seeds is used to cure skin diseases; seed powder is applied in eczema and
Darudi HERB other skin diseases. Seeds are inhaled as narcotics – psychosomatic drugs.
3. Alangium salvif olium (Linn. Alangiaceae, TREE The seeds are used t o suppress bo ils. Past e of seeds is usefu l in
f.) Wang. LN: Anko l rheu mat ic pains.
4. Baliospermum montanum Euphorbiaceae, The powder of seed is used for stomach pains. Seed oil is used in
(Willd.) Muell. – Arg. LN: TREE rheu mat ism.
Dant i
5. Brassica nigra (Linn.) Koch. Brassicaceae, The fr esh seed powder is applied on jo int pains and swellings. Sparsely
LN: Kali rai, Jangli rai HERB cult ivat ed by t r ibals fo r house ho ld use.
6. Caesalpinia crista Linn. LN: Caesalpiniaceae, The powder o f seed is used in diarr hoea. The seed is also used in t he
Kanchka SHRUB t reat ment of fever, also used as a tonic and ver micide. Seeds are made
int o past e and used ext er nally in i nflammat or y swe llings.
7. Derri s indica (Lamk.) Fabaceae, TREE Past e of seed is used t o cure skin-diseases and in r heumat is m.
Bennet . Syno nym: Pongamia
pinnata (L inn.) P ierre. LN:
Karanj
8. Gloriosa superba Linn. LN: Liliaceae, The past e of t he seed and root is applied in skin diseases. Co lchicine is
Vachhnag CLIMBER obt ained fro m seeds, used in cancer st udies.
9. Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae, The past e of t he seed is used t o cure ast hma and co lic-pain.
Wall. LN: I ndrajav TREE
10. Moringa ol eif era Lamk. LN: Moringaceae, The o il o f t he seed is used t o cure rheumat ism an d gout .
Saragavo TREE

73
 FPU 5.5 – ETHNOBOTANY
IMPORTANT BOOKS IN THE FIELD OF ETHNOBOTANY – ETHNOMEDICINES
NO. AUTHOR YEAR TITLE OF THE BOOK PUBLISHERS
1 A. B. Cunningham 2001 Applied Ethnobotany: People, Wild Plant use and WWF & Earth Scan Publications. London.
Conservation.
2 A. J. Duke 1986 Isthmian Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
3 A. K. Bharati 2011 Folk Veterinary Medicinal Plants & Ethno Veterinary LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing House,
Knowledge of Sikkim Himalayas. Germany.
4 A. K. Jain 2016 Indian Ethnobotany: Emerging Trends. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
5 A. Saklani & S. K. Jain 1994 Cross Cultural Ethnobotany of North East India. Deep Publishers, New Delhi.
6 Amritpal Singh Saroya 2017 Ethnobotany ICAR, New Delhi
7 Anonymous 1994 Ethnobiology in India. A Status Report. All India Co- MoEF, GOI, New Delhi.
ordinated Research Project on Ethnobiology.
8 B. Berlin 1992 Ethno biological classification. Principles of Princeton University Press.
Categorization of Plants & Animals in Traditional
Societies.
9 C. M. Cotton 1997 Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
10 C. P. Khare 2007 Indian Medicinal Plants – An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer Publications. Germany.
11 C. P. Khare 2010 Encyclopedia of Indian Medicinal Plants & Indian Herbal Springer Publications. Germany.
Remedies.
12 Chopra, R. S. 1958 Chopra‟s Indigenous Drugs of India. School of Tropical Medicines, Calcutta.
13 D. C. Pal & S. K. Jain 1998 Tribal Medicines. Naya Prakash, Calcutta.
14 D. E. Allen & G. 2004 Medicinal Plants in Folk Tradition: An Ethnobotany of Timber Press. Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Hatfield. Britain and Ireland.
15 D. J. Chadwick & J. J. 1994 Ethnobotany & the search for New Drugs. Wiley Chichester. U. K.
Marsh
16 E. S. V. D. Varghese 1996 Applied Ethnobotany: A Case study among the Kharia tribe Deep Publications, New Delhi.
of Central India.
17 G. Singh 2018 Sacred Groves of Rajasthan. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

74
18 G. T. Prance 1984 Ethnobotany in the Neo tropics: Advances in Economic New York Botanical Garden. New York.
Botany. U.S.A.
19 Gary Martin 1995 Ethnobotany – A Methods Manual. Chapman & Hall, London. U.K.
20 H. D. Neuwinger 1996 African Ethno botany: Poisons & Drugs: Chemistry, Springer Publications. Germany.
Pharmacognosy & Toxicology.
21 H. Lalramnghinghlova 2003 Ethno medicinal Plants of Mizoram. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
22 H. N. Pandey 2013 Sacred Forests: Their Ecology and Diversity. Regency Publications, New Delhi.
23 J. A. Duke 1994 Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary. CRC Press, Florida.
24 J. Buragohain 2013 Traditional Phyto therapy Daya Publishing House. New Delhi.
25 J. C. Dagar & H. S. 1993 Ethnobotany of the Aborigines of Andaman & Nicobar Surya International Publications. Dehradun.
Dagar Islands.
26 J. F. Dastur 1977 Medicinal Plants of India & Pakistan – 4th Reprints. Bombay
27 J. K. Maheshwari 2000 Ethnobotany & Medicinal Plants of Indian Sub continent. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
28 J. K. Maheshwari 2002 Ethnobotany in South Asia. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
29 J. K. Maheshwari et. al. 1981 The Ethnobotany of Tharus of Kheri District. U.P. Economic Botany Information Service, NBRI,
Lucknow.
30 J. K. Maheshwari et. al. 1986 Ethnobotany of Tribals of Mirzapur District. U. P. Economic Botany Information Service, NBRI,
Lucknow.
31 J. K. Maheshwari, M. M. 1993 Ethnobotany in India Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
Bhandari & J. A. Duke
32 Jayvir Anjaria et al. 2002 Ethnoveterinary Heritage. Indian Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Pathik Enterprise, Ahmedabad.
An Overview.
33 K. J. Young & W. G. 2007 The Green World Ethnobotany. Chelsea House Info base Publishing. New
Hopkins York. U. S. A.
34 K. Nandita 2014 Sacred Plants of India. (Indian students edition) Penguin Books. U. K.
35 M. C. Joshi 2010 Handbook of Indian Medicinal Plants. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
36 M. Carey 2011 Psychoactive Substances: A Guide to Ethnobotanical Health Service Executive South, U. S. A.
Plants-Synthetic Chemicals, Compounds and Products.
37 M. N. Alexiades & J. 1996 Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual. New York Botanical Garden. New York.
W. Shelden. U.S.A.
75
38 M. P. Singh et al. 2013 Indigenous Medicinal Plants: Social Forestry & Tribal. Daya Publishing House. New Delhi.
39 Marcelo Alves Ramos 2017 Ethnobotany for Beginners. Springer Publications. Germany.
40 N. Srivastava 2015 Medico botany of Garhwal Himalayas. Deep Publications, New Delhi.
41 O. P. Chaurasia et. al. 2007 Ethnobotany & Plants of Trans Himalayan Regions. Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi.
42 P. Bignoniya 2008 Ethno pharmacological approach in Herbal Drug New Delhi
Development.
43 P. C. Trivedi 2002 Ethnobotany Aavishkar Publishers & Distributors. Jaipur.
44 P. C. Trivedi 2009 Indigenous Ethno medicinal Plants. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.
45 P. C. Trivedi 2010 Ethnic Tribes and Medicinal Plants. Pointer Publishers, New Delhi.
46 P. J. Faulks 1958 An Introduction to Ethnobotany. Moredale Publications. London.
47 P. Joshi 1995 Ethnobotany of Primitive Tribes in Rajasthan. Print well Publishers, Jaipur.
48 P. Pushpangadan et al. 1995 Glimpses of Indian Ethno pharmacology. JNTBGRI Publication, Pallode.
Thiruvananthapuram.
49 P. Pushpangadan et al. 2013 Ethnopharmacology: Recent Advances. Daya Publishing House. New Delhi.
50 P. Sensarma 1998 Ethnobotanical information in Kautiliya Arthasastra. Naya Prakash, Calcutta.
51 P. Sensarma 1989 Plants in Indian Puranas: An Ethno botanical Investigations. Naya Prakash, Calcutta.
52 R. E. Schultes 1990 The Healing Forest: Medicinal & Toxic Plants of the Dioscorides Press. Portland.
North West Amazonia.
53 R. E. Schultes 1980 A Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. Golden Press. New York. Western
Publishing Company, Wisconsin.
54 R. E. Schultes & S. V. 1995 Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline. Dioscorides Press. Portland.
Reis.
55 R. K. Sinha 1996 Ethnobotany: The Renaissance of Traditional Herbal INA Shree Publishers, Jaipur.
Medicines.
56 S. K. Dwivedi 1998 Techniques for Scientific Validation & Evaluation of Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
Ethnoveterinary Practices in India.
57 S. K. Jain 1981 Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford & IBH Publishing House. New Delhi.
58 S. K. Jain 1991 Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine & Ethnobotany. Deep Publishers, New Delhi.
59 S. K. Jain 1999 Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants of India. Deep Publishers, New Delhi.
76
60 S. K. Jain 1996 Ethnobiology in Human Welfare. Deep Publishers, New Delhi.
61 S. K. Jain 2009 Plants affecting Human Mind (Psychoactive Plants). Deep Publishers, New Delhi.
62 S. K. Jain 2002 Bibliography of Indian Ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
63 S. K. Jain 1989 Methods and Approaches in Ethnobotany. Society of Ethno botanists. Lucknow.
64 S. K. Jain 1991 Contribution to Indian Ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
65 S. K. Jain 1995 A Manual of Ethnobotany. 2nd Revised Edition. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
66 S. K. Jain & A. K. Jain 2013 An Introduction to Ethnobotany. Deep Publications, New Delhi.
67 S. K. Jain & N. C. Shah 1986 World Directory of Ethno botanists. Society of Ethno botanists. Lucknow.
68 S. K. Jain & V. Mudgal 1999 A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
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73 S. K. Sood 2015 Sacred & Magico Religious Plants of India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
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88 W. Balee 1994 Foot prints of the Forest: Ethnobotany – The Historical Columbia Press. New York. U. S. A.
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