1

SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMACE OF

THIRD YEAR BUSINESS MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
CAVITE CITY CAMPUS

Kimberly U. Prudente

An undergraduate thesis manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of

Management Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus, Cavite City in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business
Management major in Marketing Management with Contribution No.______________.
Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Annabee G. Pedregosa.

INTRODUCTION

Sleep is a vital indicator of overall health and well-being. People spend up to one-

third of their lives asleep, and the overall state of sleep health remains an essential

question throughout their lifespan (National Sleep Foundation, 2015). Most sleep

specialists indicate that adult humans require approximately eight hours of sleep per day

(Carskadon, 2002). Researchers have investigated the relationship between sleep

deprivation and two variables: task performance and individual productivity (Koslowsky,

et al. 1992).

According to Lund, et al. (2010), college students often have restricted and

irregular sleep. They have poor sleep quality and sleep satisfaction, increasingly

worsened by academic year in school. Further, Eliasson, et al. (2010), said that

insufficient sleep time and the behavioral consequences are the contributing factors in
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poor academic performance in college students. Sleep quality can also be associated with

academic progress, illness, social activities, stress, and living conditions.

Sleep deprivation has been negatively related to academic performance. One

study showed that sleep-deprived students performed worse on attention, memory, and

problem-solving tasks and this adversely affected their academic performance (Curcio, et

al. Ferrara, and Gennaro, 2006). Adolescents suffer from increasing school, family and

social pressure and from an environmentally induced delay of sleep timing, together with

changes of intrinsic regulatory processes. Taken together, these altered sleep patterns lead

to a marked increase in sleepiness that usually facilitates cognitive, emotional,

behavioural and academic failure (Carskadon, et al. 2004). As recently pointed out by

Wolfson and Carskadon (2003), in some literature reviews learning abilities and

consequent academic performance are particularly dependent on sleep patterns and

sleepiness levels.

Getting enough quality sleep at the right time helps a person function well

throughout the day. People who are sleep deprived are less productive at work and

school. They take longer to finish tasks, have slower reaction time, and make more

mistakes. Children and teens that are sleep deprived may have problems getting along

with others. They may feel angry and impulsive, have mood swings, feel sad or

depressed, or lack motivation. They may also have problems paying attention, may get

lower grades and feel stressed (National Institute of Health, 2012).

The researcher of this study aimed to find out whether sleep deprivation affects

the academic performance of the third year business management students of Cavite State

University-Cavite City Campus.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to find out the effects of sleep deprivation on the academic

performance of third year business management students of Cavite State University-

Cavite City Campus during the academic year 2017-2018.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the third year business management students

of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus in terms of:

a. sex;

b. age; and,

c. civil status?

2. What is the academic profile of the third year business management students of

Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus in terms of:

a. academic status: and,

b. grade point average (GPA)?

3. How often do the students experience sleep deprivation?

4. How many hours do the students spend for academic activity and for sleep?

5. What are the causes of sleep deprivation?

6. What are the effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance?

7. What are the problems encountered by the students when they experienced sleep

deprivation?
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Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to determine the effects of sleep deprivation on the academic

performance of third year business management students of Cavite State University-

Cavite City Campus during the academic year 2017-2018.

Specifically, the study intended to:

1. determine the demographic profile of the third year business management

students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus in terms of:

a. sex;

b. age; and,

c. civil status.

2. determine the academic profile of the third year business management students of

Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus in terms of:

a. academic status; and,

b. grade point average (GPA).

3. determine how often the students experienced sleep deprivation;

4. determine how many hours the students spent for academic activity and for sleep;

5. identify the causes of sleep deprivation;

6. determine the effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance; and,

7. determine the problems encountered by the students when they experienced sleep

deprivation.
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Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following sectors:

The third year business management students of Cavite State University-Cavite

City Campus would gain awareness on the causes of sleep deprivation and the effects of

sleep deprivation on their academic performance. As such, they could take necessary

actions to minimize the bad effects of sleep deprivation when they are experiencing it. In

addition, the students can gain insights about sleeping habits and put prior importance to

sleep.

This study would increase the awareness of the parents or guardians on the effects

of sleep deprivation on their children’s academic performance and able to monitor their

sleeping habits.

The agenda of research is related to health and wellness and quality education.

Lack of adequate sleep has become a significant health problem for many people.

Academic performance is one thing that is negatively affected by poor sleep with college

students.

Lastly, future researchers would benefit from this study since they could get

relevant information that serves as their reference in understanding topics on academic

performance. They may use this study as guide in conducting a similar research or related

topics.

Time and Place of the Study

This study entitled, “Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of Third

Year Business Management Students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus”

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was conducted at Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus from April 2017 to March

2018.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study covers the different effects of sleep deprivation on the academic

performance of third year business management students of Cavite State University-

Cavite City Campus. The participants of this study were the third year business

management students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus who sleep less than

eight hours a day and those who experience sleep deprivation at least three times a week.

Grade Point Average was based on the answer given by the participants.

The indicators of academic performance were limited to attendance, class

participation, written examination, and communication skills and these were measured

through self-assessment of the participants.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined based on how they were used in the study:

Absent-mindedness means tending to forget things or having lack of attention.

Academic performance refers on how well the students perform inside the

premise of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus.

Adolescent refers to a young person who is developing into an adult.

Anxiety is a feeling of worry, fear, or nervousness.

Depression is a condition in which a person feels very sad, hopeless, and

unimportant.

Doze is described as to fall into a light sleep

Forgetfulnes means unable to often or easily retrieve information from memory.

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Sleep is a behavioral state characterized by suspended consciousness leading to

reduced perception, rest, and a lack of movement (Pollak, et al., 2010).

Sleep deprivation is the condition of not having enough sleep; it can be

either chronic or acute (Taheri, et al. 2004). In this research, sleep deprivation means

getting less than eight hours of sleep for at least three times a week.

Stress is a major side effect of sleep deprivation. The Pilcher and Walters (1997)

study indicates that stress indicators, fatigue and confusion are caused by sleep

deprivation.

Weekday sleep is a sleep that occurs from Monday to Friday nights.

Weekend sleep is a sleep that occurs from Saturday to Sunday nights.

Conceptual Framework

This figure illustrates the conceptual framework of the study on sleep deprivation

and its connection to the academic performance of third year business management

students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus. It includes the demographic and

academic profile of the participants and seeks to identify the causes of sleep deprivation

and its level of effects to their academic performance.

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Demographic Profile Academic Profile

c. sex a. civil status
d. age b. grade point average
e. civil status (GPA)

How often the students experienced sleep deprivation

Hours spent for academic activity and for sleep

Causes of Sleep Deprivation

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance

Problems encountered by the students when they experienced sleep

deprivation

Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of Third Year Business

Management Students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus.

Figure 1. Research paradigm showing the flow of the study on sleep deprivation and its
connection to the academic performance of third year business management
students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents supporting literature from writings of recognized experts

and related studies found relevant to this study.

Sleep Deprivation Defined

Sleep deprivation is the condition of not having enough sleep; it can be

either chronic or acute. A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime

sleepiness, clumsiness and weight loss or weight gain. Acute sleep deprivation refers to

no sleep or a reduction in the usual total sleep time, usually lasting one or two days

(Taheri, et al., 2004).

According to Alhola, Päivi, (2007) complete absence of sleep over long periods

has not been seen in humans; it appears that brief microsleeps cannot be avoided. Few

studies have compared the effects of acute total sleep deprivation and chronic partial

sleep restriction (Riemann, 2001).

This article gives additional knowledge to better understand what is sleep

deprivation and its effect in humans.

Healthy Amount of Sleep

Sleep is critical for maintaining a healthy life. Adults typically need seven to eight

hours of sleep per day (Morgenthaler, 2014). Even though most health organizations

recommend eight hours of sleep for the average adult, there is no standardized number.

The amount of sleep that a person needs varies per individual. The quality of sleep that

one receives depends on two factors, basal sleep and sleep debt. Basal sleep is the amount

of sleep a body needs on a regular basis for optimum sleep. Sleep debt is the accumulated
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sleep that is due lost to poor sleep behaviors, illness, environmental factors, or other

causes (National Sleep Foundation, 2014). Sleep debt results in lowered sleep quality. It

should be mentioned that sleep quality is just as important as sleep quantity, but the two

work concurrently (Morgenthaler, 2014).

Although some people may feel rested with a few hours of sleep per night, studies

show that reduced hours of sleep is associated with low performance on complex mental

tasks (Morgenthaler, 2014). For college students, performance on complex tasks is

important due to the critical thinking atmosphere encouraged by the academic

environment (Morgenthaler, 2014). Sleep deprived adults are not only affecting their

capacity for critical thinking, those who do not meet sleep requirements also have a

higher risk of mortality (Morgenthaler, 2014). Even though it is generalized knowledge

that sleep is essential to optimal performance, healthy sleeping habits are not always

promoted in certain settings. In college, students generally live in a culture that promotes

poor sleep hygiene.

According to this article, adults need 7 to 8 hours of sleep per day. Reduced hours

of sleep may result in low performance of task.

Health Consequences of Sleep Deprivation: Stress

Stress is a major side effect of sleep deprivation. The Pilcher and Walters (1997)

study indicates that stress indicators, fatigue and confusion are caused by sleep

deprivation. The study correlates the symptoms of fatigue and confusion to decreased

performance in students (Pilcher & Walters, 1997). Similar studies have been done to

assess stress as a consequence of sleep deprivation. A study conducted at James Madison

University worked with 124 college students, and results from the research revealed that
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over 50 percent of the students reported high levels of stress that was related to academic

workload and time management, which was linked to unhealthy behaviors such as

decreased quantity of sleep. A little more than half (57%) of students in the study

reported sleeping 6 to 7 hours of sleep per night. According to the study, the students who

obtained less than the recommended amount of sleep per night (7 hours) reported higher

levels of stress. The Britz and Pappas (2014) study also found that stress is connected to

reduce general relaxing time. Out of the 124 participants about in every 6 students

obtained fewer than 30 minutes of relaxing or personal time each day. If students took

more time to build leisure time into their schedules, levels of stress would decrease.

However, time management is a challenge for students that are sleep deprived; therefore,

these individuals are more prone to stress.

This article states that students who are sleep deprived may also experience stress

because of their academic workload and their time management. Students who have more

time to relax each day may decrease their levels of stress.

Sleep Requirements for College Students

As college students are older teenagers becoming young adults, nine hours of

sleep per night is the initial goal. For a student that has moved on into adulthood, eight

hours of sleep is recommended; this is the recommendation for adults as well (Liguori,

Schuna, & Mozumdar, 2011; Pilcher, Ginter, & Sadowsky, 1997; Sutton, 2005). Other

recommendations suggest a range of eight to nine hours per day for college students

(Lockley & Foster, 2012; Reinoso-Suarez, de Andrés, & Gsarzón, 2011).

This article discusses that eight to nine hours of sleep is recommended for a

college student in order to function well the next day.

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Effects of Reading Stories on Wattpad on the Academic Performance of Students of

Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus

The primary focus of the study was to identify the effects of reading stories on

Wattpad on the students’ academic performance. The participants of the study were all

the students of the four-year courses enrolled in Cavite Sstate University-Cavite City

Campus for the first semester of AY 2015-2016 who have read stories on Wattpad at

least once. Purposive sampling was used by the researcher in this study. Frequency and

percentage were used to describe the participants in terms of demographic profile,

Wattpad profile, and problems encountered in reading stories on Wattpad. Weighted

mean was used to determine the effects of reading stories on the student’s academic

performance in terms of attendance, class participation, written examination, and

communication. The perception of the participants on the effects of reading stories on

Wattpad on their academic performance was established by converting weighted means

into verbal interpretations (Razon and Buena, 2016).

Living Arrangements as a Barrier to Sleep

Living arrangements have a huge impact on the ability to sleep or lack thereof.

Having a roommate or several, sharing a bed with a spouse, living in a noisy dorm or

apartment, environmental noises, temperature, comfort of the bed and even the clock in

the room can all make sleep impossible (Barkoukis, et al. 2012; Cappuccio, et al, 2010;

Pollak, et al. 2010; Sutton, 2005). Roommates that snore sleepwalk, or sleeptalk can also

hurt the sleep of those around them by constantly waking them and depriving them of

deeper sleep as well as REM sleep. In the collegiate population, social surroundings are

often a large reason why students do not sleep at all; over half surveyed stayed awake
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simply to socialize (Liguori, Schuna, & Mozumdar, 2011), and over half surveyed in

another study stayed up late at night to study and do assignments (Eliasson, et al. 2010).

There are many barriers to sleep according to this article that causes human to

experience sleep deprivation. Whatever reason, we need to make sure that we get the

recommended hours of sleep according to our age.

Consequences of Sleep Deprivation

Sleep deprivation is detrimental to the body in many ways. When going without

sleep, “sleep debt” accumulates; this must be replenished at whatever cost, usually at the

expense of a person’s health (Lockley & Foster, 2012). Changes in mood and

attentiveness can begin after just 36 hours and are most noticeable during typical sleep

times, especially at four to six in the morning (Pollak, et al. 2010). Performance,

awareness, and attention to detail are severely diminished (Cappuccio, et al. 2010;

Sutton, 2005). Physical manifestations of sleep deprivation may be present as well,

including muscle weakness, tremors, and a lack of coordination (Pollak, et al. 2010).

According to this article, lack of sleep may affect human’s performance,

awareness, and attention to detail is severely diminished. Chronic sleep deprivation can

cause mortality.

Academic Performance in College Students

Insufficient sleep time and the sleepiness and inattentiveness that follow are the

major factors in poor academic performance in college students (Eliasson, et al. 2010;

Gaultney, 2010). In a study by Eliasson, et al. (2010), students had an average of 7 hours

and 23 minutes of sleep on weeknights and 8 hours and 43 minutes of sleep on weekend

nights, but it is the bed time and wake times that have the greatest effect on academic
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performance. Students with a higher grade point average (GPA) have earlier bedtimes

and earlier wake times, by 30 to 45 minutes. The consistency of the overall sleep

schedule also impacts academic performance (Gaultney, 2010). In addition, these high

performers were more likely to take naps, although naps are taken by students regardless

of academic performance to get sleep in during the day (Eliasson, et al. 2010; Vela-

Bueno, et al. 2008). Risk for sleep disorders predicts GPA and student persistence in

college; proper sleep hygiene is crucial to avoid this detrimental risk (Gaultney, 2010).

These findings support the current trends of schools to delay start times and offer

variability in course offerings to allow for a better nights’ sleep and to increase

productivity in college students (Eliasson, et al. 2010).

This article states that insufficient sleep time and the sleepiness and

inattentiveness that follow are the major factors in poor academic performance but bed

time and wake times have the greatest effect on the academic performance of college

students.

Problems Associated With Poor Sleep

There are numerous issues associated with poor sleep including academic and

health problems. A large number of studies have looked at these problems that arise from

poor sleep. Academic performance is one thing that is negatively affected by poor sleep.

This is a very significant problem in students of all ages and can be seen beginning with

adolescents. A self-reported shortening of total sleep time, an erratic sleep-wake

schedule, late bed and rise times and poor sleep quality all harm the academic

performance of adolescents (Wolfson & Carskadon, 2003).

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Poor academic performance as a result of poor sleep is seen not only in

adolescents. Poor sleep quality in both undergraduate and a graduate college student also

has been found to have significant effects on academic performance (Ahrberg, et al.

2012). Studies have been done on medical students, as they are frequently forced to go

without sleep for significant amounts of time. These studies have revealed that low sleep

quality is associated with poor academic performance prior to exams. However, these

same students did not have poor quality on the exams themselves. The students who

generally had poor sleep did not perform poorly on the exams, but those who had good

sleep quality and prior to the exam had a change in their sleep schedule and had poor

sleep did tend to perform poorly. The prevalence of poor sleep quality in these students

should, according to Ahrberg (2012), result in the use of interventions to try to get them

to have better sleep. Furthermore, poor sleep quantity, as well as quality as discussed

above, can have detrimental effects on ones’ academic performance. Sleep deprivation

clearly has a very negative effect on the academic performance of students as people who

are highly susceptible to poor sleep schedules based on the fact that when students had

low sleep quality prior to an exam, they also had poor quality on said exam (Aherberg, et

al. 2012).

According to this article, poor sleep may result to poor academic performance.

Academic performance is one thing that is negatively affected by poor sleep.

Predictors of Poor Sleep in Undergraduate College Students

In 2010, Gaultney looked at sleep disorders in college students and how they may

affect grade point average (GPA). She found that 27 percent of students are at risk for at

least one sleep disorder and that these students were very highly represented among
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students with GPA problems who were at risk for academic failure (Gaultney, 2010). The

above studies talk about how too little sleep harms academic performance, but does

extending the amount of time asleep improve a student’s academic performance? Hasler

(2008) found that participants who were able to extend their sleep showed decreased

difficulty in waking up in the morning, improved sleep efficiency, and increased

cognitive performance. Based on the aforementioned studies, it is clear that poor sleep

quality does have a significant negative effect on academic performance. Sleep problems

have also been frequently associated with health problems.

This article states that alcohol consumption and the general college environment

are some of the causes of poor sleep to occur in college student as this has been shown to

have a negative effect on the sleep schedules of students.

The Impact of Social Media on Health, Sleep

College-age adults who check social media sites during typical sleeping hours are

more likely to suffer daytime tiredness and cognitive impairment, according to research.

They are also more likely to use sleep medications. (Other research shows that young

adults are extremely likely to keep their phones or mobile devices near their beds, and are

very likely to use these devices while in bed.)

A 2015 study of teenager’s ages 11 to 17 found that social media use was linked

to diminished sleep quality. Researchers also found social media use linked to lower self-

esteem among teens, as well as to elevated levels of anxiety and depression. This study

examined time of day as a factor in social media’s effect on sleep, and found that using

social media at night was especially detrimental to teens’ sleep (The Huffington Post,

2016).
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This article states that checking social media sites during sleeping hours may lead

to sleep deprivation and may cause anxiety and depression as well as lower self-esteem.

Sleep Deprivation and Society

The culture of sleep in the college environment is not conducive to adequate

amounts of sleep. Students have hectic schedules and many expectations that require a lot

of time and energy. All-nighters and taking caffeine are part of survival and are

commonly used by students to simply get by without falling behind. Students need

discipline and good time management skills to keep themselves from falling into negative

sleep habits cycle (Forquer, et al., 2008).

According to this article, adolescents and young adults, including college

students, are some of the most sleep deprived groups in the United States. Students need

discipline and good time management skills to keep themselves from falling into negative

sleep habits cycle.

Lack of Sleep and Sport

This article discusses how lack of sleep affects sports performance, further

emphasizes the potential impact of sleep deprivation. In particular, impairments to

glucose metabolism may prove problems for athletes who rely on their energy supplies to

perform to the best of their ability. In fact, athletes may benefit from even more sleep

than the average person; a recent study found that collegiate basketball players saw their

performance improve significantly after sleeping for at least 10 hours (Mah, et al. 2011).

Women Are Significantly More Sleep Deprived Than Men

Women are significantly more sleep deprived than men. They have so many

commitments, and sleep starts to get low. Women's circadian clocks are set to an earlier
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hour than men's, making them more inclined to fall asleep earlier and also to wake

earlier. Women showed a stronger inclination for activity earlier in the day than men.

Circadian cycles were actually shorter for women than for men, by six minutes. Even a

slight difference can have significant impact on nightly sleep and on energy levels during

the day. Think about a clock that runs a handful of minutes behind every day. Women

may reap real benefits from deeper sleep, but there is also evidence that they are in other

ways more vulnerable than men to sleep disorders, and to the health risks associated with

lack of sleep (Michael Breus Ph.D., 2012).

According to this article, women are more sleep deprived than men because

women have many commitments and their circadian clocks are set to an earlier hour than

men.

Women and Sleep

This article states that, a more recent NSF Sleep in America poll revealed that

women are more likely than men to have difficulty falling and staying asleep and to

experience more daytime sleepiness at least a few nights/days a week. Research has

shown that too little sleep results in daytime sleepiness, increased accidents, problems

concentrating, and poor performance on the job and in school, and possibly, increased

sickness and weight gain (National Sleep Foundation, 2015).

Sleep and Men

Many men simply do not realize that they need more sleep. They view sleepiness

as a positive sign that they must be working hard. They get used to being tired, and they

think that is the way it supposed to be. They believe that they just have to fight through it.

Every person has their own need for sleep. This need varies from one person to another.
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On average, most adults need seven to eight hours of sleep each night to feel alert and

well rested. Many men do not get this much sleep on a regular basis. As a result, they are

not able to function at a maximum level of energy and concentration.

Men can develop a number of habits that cause bad sleep. The use of alcohol,

nicotine, and caffeine can all affect their sleep. They should avoid these substances in the

afternoon and at night. Consuming them too close to bedtime can keep them from

sleeping well. Men also may keep an irregular sleep schedule. They go to bed and wake

up at different times every day. This can disrupt their internal body clock. They should

try to wake up at the same time every day. This includes weekends and holidays. This

will help to keep their internal clock set at the right time. Men should try to avoid

sleeping in later on the weekends to catch up on lost sleep. Instead, they should go to bed

earlier at night when they are tired (UCLA Sleep Disorders Center, 2017).

This article states that, men can develop bad habits like use of alcohol, nicotine,

and caffeine can all affect their sleep. They should avoid these substances in the

afternoon and at night.

Causes and Consequences of Sleepiness among College Students

According to this article, sleepiness is a major problem, exhibited by 50 percent

of college students compared to 36 percent of adolescents and adults. At least three days

a week, 60 percent of students report that they are dragging, tired, or sleepy. Sleepiness is

defined as the inability or difficulty in maintaining alertness during the major wake

period of the day, resulting in unintended lapses into drowsiness or sleep (Hershner and

Chervin 2014).
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What Would Happen If You Do not Sleep

One week of no sleep is too much for our bodies to handle, both physically and

mentally. It is very rare for anyone to stay awake for such a long time except in rare cases

of extreme insomnia. Staying awake continuously for seven days can result in serious

mental illnesses and depression, which may lead to insanity. The effects may be so severe

that the effects can persist even if they return to normal sleeping pattern after this point

(Pundit Cafe, 2016).

This article states that, seven days without sleep can cause mental illness and

depression.

Students and Sleep

According to this article, on average, most college students get six to six hours

and 54 minutes of sleep per night, and the college years are notoriously sleep-deprived

due to an overload of activities (Ezer, 2017).

Is it fine to sleep on weekends?

Sleeping in for an extra two or three hours (or more) on a Saturday or Sunday

morning may seem like a good way to try to recoup the shuteye that they missed during a

busy week. But it could not help them make up for chronic sleep deprivation. While it

may help them feel slightly less drowsy and stressed out that day, it would not eliminate

the negative, cumulative effects that sleep loss has on their health. Plus, the sleep loss that

they have already incurred can still adversely affect their mental and physical

performance, even if they feel better after sleeping in (National Sleep Foundation, 2015).

According to this article, sleeping for extra hours during weekends could not help

them make up for chronic sleep deprivation.

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How much time should a student spend studying?

According to Intelligent.com (2016), the amount of time that the students spend in

studying depends on how many classes they are enrolled in, their personal study habits,

and their educational goals. As a general rule of thumb, most professors suggest that

college students spend about two hours studying per week for each credit hour they take.

However, most students only spend one hour studying per credit hour—just half of what

is recommended to be successful.

How much sleep do people need?

According to National Sleep Foundation (2015), which stated that the hours of

sleep needed varies according to their age. Newborns (0-3 months) need a sleep range

narrowed to 14 to 17 hours each day; Infants (4-11 months), sleep range widened two

hours to 12 to 15 hours; Toddlers (1-2 years), sleep range widened by one hour to 11 to

14 hours; Preschoolers (3-5), sleep range widened by one hour to 10 to 13 hours; School

age children (6-13), sleep range widened by one hour to 9 to 11 hours; Teenagers (14-

17), sleep range widened by one hour to 8 to 10 hours; Younger adults (18-25), sleep

range is 7 to 9 hours; Adults (26-64), sleep range did not change and remains 7 to 9

hours, and; Older adults (65+), sleep range is 7 to 8 hours.

This article states the different hours of sleep that is recommended for humans

depending to their age.

Can four hours of sleep a night be healthy?

This articles states that some people thrive on only four hours of sleep every

single night and the term was "short-sleepers" — people who naturally wake up after
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only four to six hours of sleep and have enough energy to carry them throughout the day

(Dr. Ying-Hui Fu, 2016).

Homework vs. Sleep

Another factor which can cause sleep deprivation is homework. Some studies

suggest that the amount of homework which students receive has stayed constant over

time. Combination of heavy homework loads and early school start times is a major cause

of sleep deprivation and consequent stress in teens, but this can be a problem even in

younger kids (Craig Canapari, MD, 2015).

Sleep and Internet

Many people who are staying up most or all of the night playing on-line games.

The progressive lack of sleep can diminish their ability to function at work or in school,

can lead to dangerous behavior such as drowsy driving, can contribute to weight gain,

and can deepen feelings of depression. And this applies to individuals other than gamers

(John Cline Ph.D, 2011).

According to this article, playing on-line games may diminish the amount of sleep

and ability to function at work or in school.

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on School Attendance

When a student wakes up feeling exhausted, the thought of going to school might

send him or her right back under the covers. If sleep deprivation is a chronic problem,

students may start missing one day of school every week or even missing several days at

a time in an attempt to “catch up” on missed sleep (Morgan, 2012).

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Lack of Sleep is Harmful to Our Health

Based on this article, feeling tired and rundown during waking hours is an

everyday occurrence. One that with continued lack of sleep can prove to be harmful to

their health, and result in accidents or even death from dozing off at inappropriate times.

While there are many possible causes of extreme daytime sleepiness including dietary

deficiencies, depression, diabetes, anemia, or thyroid problems, chronic daytime fatigue

can very likely be caused by a sleep disorder (Kevin Phillips, 2014).

Watching Movies Can Contribute to Sleep Deprivation

According to Essaysprofessors.com (2016), another factor has been noted to

contribute to students depriving themselves of sleep is movies. Most students have a

tendency of watching movies for long hours, thereby affecting their sleeping quality.

Therefore, there is a need for parents and guardians to regulate the number of hours that

their children spend watching movies at night.

Shift-work and Sleep

This article states that the largest barrier to sleep in the social setting is shift work,

or a shift not beginning in the morning. The circadian rhythm cannot completely adjust to

a reverse light-dark schedule even with time; sleep in these individuals is often disturbed,

and is not refreshing. There are several sleeping patterns these individuals may follow,

but they cannot often utilize naps to try to meet their sleep needs, unlike some of the

newer companies working with naps to lessen accident risks and improve productivity

(Sutton, et al. 2008).

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Depression and Sleep

Depression is not something that a person can ignore or simply will away. Rather,

it is a serious disorder that affects the way a person eats, sleeps feels and thinks.

Depression may cause sleep problems and sleep problems may cause or contribute to

depressive disorders. For some people, symptoms of depression occur before the onset of

sleep problems. For others, sleep problems appear first. Depression not only affects the

way a person feels and thinks but research suggests that it is also associated with serious

chronic health problems such as heart disease (National Sleep Foundation, 2009).

According to this article, depression may affect the way a person eats, sleeps feels

and thinks.

Encouraging Class Participation

According to Dr. Ken Shore (2017), class participation is an important aspect of

student learning. When students speak up in class, they learn to express their ideas in a

way that others can understand.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

This article tells about some problems encountered when people are sleep

deprived are: trouble concentrating at work or school this can include finding it harder to

learn, focus, be creative, meet deadlines, remember information or take tests; poor

moods, irritability, and even increased risk for depression (Dr. Josh Axe, 2017).

The Link between Sleep and Mood

This article states that, after a sleepless night, they may be more irritable, short-

tempered, and vulnerable to stress. Once they sleep well, their mood often returns to

normal. Studies have shown that even partial sleep deprivation has a significant effect on
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mood. University of Pennsylvania researchers found that subjects who were limited to

only 4.5 hours of sleep a night for one week reported feeling more stressed, angry, sad,

and mentally exhausted. When the subjects resumed normal sleep, they reported a

dramatic improvement in mood (Dinges D, et al. 2017).

Lack of Sleep Can Cause Forgetfulness

According to Daniel Pendick (2012), former executive editor of Harvard Men's

Health Watch, not getting enough sleep is perhaps the greatest unappreciated cause of

forgetfulness. Too little restful sleep can also lead to mood changes and anxiety, which in

turn contribute to problems with memory.

What happens to the body when it does not get enough sleep?

Since the brain is not rested enough, it will tend to be tired as it did not have

enough opportunity to rejuvenate itself. Also, the nerves get strained due to lack of rest.

All this makes it difficult to focus on various tasks and pay close attention to our

surroundings. If carried on for a prolonged period, this can lead to frequent instances of

memory lapses, carelessness, and absent-mindedness (Sleephearty.com, 2017)

According to this article, if the brain is not rested enough it is difficult to focus or

pay attention on various tasks.

Lack of sleep can negatively affect the brain and exam results

According to this article, spending sleepless nights cramming for exams can

actually defeat the purpose. Since the memory can be affected by lack of sleep, chances

are they probably would not be able to remember much of what we stayed up late to

study about. Feeling stressed during exam week will also be detrimental to the end-goal,

which is to get good grades for all the hard work through the year (Gap Medics, 2017).
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METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research design, hypothesis, sources of data,

participants of the study, sampling technique, data gathering procedure and statistical

treatment data.

Research Design

The descriptive method was used in this study to analyze the effects of sleep

deprivation on the academic performance of third year business management students of

Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus. This method is appropriate to use because it

involves some comparison and analysis on data gathered.

Hypothesis

Sleep deprivation has no effect on the academic performance of third year

business management students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus.

Sources of Data

Primary data was obtained through survey questionnaires answered by the

participants while secondary data were taken from books and online sources.

Some of the questions were based on the studies entitled, “Effects of Reading

Stories on Wattpad on the Academic Performance of Students of Cavite State University-

Cavite City Campus” (Razon and Buena, 2016) and “Sleep Deprivation among College

Students” (www.surveymonkey.com). The questions were revised by the researcher with

the guidance of her thesis adviser for the purpose of her study.

Secondary data was obtained from articles on the internet, related theses, and

other research studies.

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Participants of the Study

The participants of this study were the third year business management students

of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus who sleep less than eight hours a day and

those who experienced sleep deprivation at least three times a week.

Sampling Technique

The researcher used purposive sampling technique in selecting the participants.

The researcher applied the following criteria in choosing the participants: First, they must

be third year business management students of Cavite State University-Cavite City

Campus who sleep less than eight hours a day. Second, they must be third year business

management students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus who experience

sleep deprivation at least three times a week.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data and information needed in this study was gathered from the third year

business management students enrolled in Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus

who experience sleep deprivation. The survey questionnaire was based on the previous

study of Razon and Buena (2016) entitled, “Effects of Reading Stories on Wattpad on the

Academic Performance of Students of Cavite State University-Cavite City Campus”. The

researcher modified the questionnaire to suit the purpose of the study. Informal interview

was also done for follow up on the questions the participants answered to clarify the

result of the survey.

Meanwhile, the questionnaire was divided into seven parts. The first part contains

the demographic profile of the participants such as sex, age, and civil status while the

second part contains their academic profile which includes the academic status and grade
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point average (GPA). The third part of the questionnaire asks about sleep deprivation or

how many hours students experienced sleep deprivation while the fourth part concerns

the hours spent for academic activity and for sleep. Fifth part asks for the different causes

of sleep deprivation. The sixth part seeks for the effects of sleep deprivation on academic

performance and the last part of the questionnaire tackles the problems encountered when

students experience sleep deprivation.

Before the questionnaire was used to serve its purpose, it was validated by the

research adviser, technical critic, English critic, statistician and the members of the panel.

Pre-testing was done to determine if the participants could answer the questionnaire

accordingly and how much time is spent in answering it, hence, it was distributed to 10

fourth year business management students who had experienced sleep deprivation.

In conducting the survey, the researcher wrote a request letter to the officer-in-

charge, Prof. Maria Cristina J. Baesa, to conduct the study inside the university.

Purposive sampling was utilized in selecting the participants since only those business

management students of the university will answer the survey questionnaire. The

researcher entered each room and identified the students who had experienced sleep

deprivation.

The researcher presented the informed consent to her adviser then sought for the

approval of the Department Head and the RDE Campus Coordinator. Before entering the

room, the researcher showed the informed consent to the participants and waited for the

approval to participate in answering the questionnaire. The participants were not forced

to answer the survey and if they want to stop in answering, the researcher would retrieve

the questionnaire to stop the survey process.

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Participants were given 5 to 10 minutes to respond. The researcher collected the

survey questionnaire when they were done answering. She ensured that all data gathered

will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

After the students had answered the survey questionnaire, answers were

classified, summarized, and analyzed to accumulate the necessary information for the

study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Frequency and percentage were used in this study to analyze the demographic

and academic profile of the participants.

Formula:

𝑓
% = 𝑛 × 100

Where:

% = percentage
f = frequency
n = total number of students

Mean was used to determine the average score of each answer given by the

participants on the effects of sleep deprivation on the academic performance through self-

assessment of third year business management students.

Formula:

∑×
X= 𝑛

Where:

X = mean
× = sum of all X values
n = number of X values
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Weighted Mean was used to describe the average of the perception of the

participants regarding on their academic performance. The participants were evaluated in

terms of attendance, class participation, written examination, and communication skills.

Formula:

∑ 𝑓𝑥
X= 𝑛

Where:

X = weighted mean
 = summation
n = total number of respondent

Table 1. Conversion of weighted mean into verbal interpretation

NUMERICAL VERBAL
MEAN
VALUE INTERPRETATION

4 3.50- 4.00 Very High Effect

3 2.50- 3.49 High Effect
2 1.50- 2.49 Low Effect
1 1.00- 1.49 No Effect

Table 2. Likert scale

NUMERICAL VERBAL
MEAN
VALUE INTERPRETATION

4 3.50- 4.00 Always

3 2.50- 3.49 Often
2 1.50- 2.49 Sometimes
1 1.00- 1.49 Never
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Standard Deviation was used to determine the effects of sleep deprivation on the

academic performance and problems encountered when students experience sleep

deprivation.

(X−𝑋)2
SD = 𝑛−1

Where:

S = standard deviation
x = weighted mean
 = summation
n = total number of participants