WB-Mech 121 Ch06 Thermal

Chapter 6
y
Thermal Analysis
Introduction to ANSYS
Mechanical
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

© 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-1 January 2010
Thermal Analysis
Chapter Overview Training Manual
• In this chapter, performing steady-state thermal analyses in Mechanical will

be covered:
A. Geometry
B Assemblies – Solid Body Contact
B.
C. Heat Loads
D. Solution Options
E. Results and Postprocessing
F. Workshop 6.1
• The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS

DesignSpace Entra licenses and above, except for an ANSYS Structural
license.
• Note: advanced topics including thermal transient analyses are covered in

the ANSYS Thermal Analysis training course.

Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer Training Manual
• For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Mechanical, the

temperatures {T} are solved for in the matrix below:
[K (T )]{T } = {Q(T )}
• Assumptions:
– No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis
– [K] can be constant or a function of temperature
– {Q} can be constant or a function of temperature

Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer Training Manual
• Fourier’s Law provides the basis of the previous equation:

• Heat flow within a solid (Fourier’s Law) is the basis of [K]
• Heat flux, heat flow rate, and convection are treated as boundary
y conditions on
the system {Q}
• Convection is treated as a boundary condition although temperature-
dependent film coefficients are possible
• It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing
thermal analyses in Mechanical.

Thermal Analysis
A. Geometry Training Manual
• In thermal analyses all body types are supported:

– Solid, surface, and line bodies.
• Line bodies cross-section and orientation is defined within DesignModeler.
• The “Point Mass” feature is not available in thermal analyses.
• Shell and line body assumptions:

– Shells: no through-thickness temperature gradients.
– Line bodies: no through thickness variation. Assumes a constant
temperature across the cross-section.
• Temperature variation will still be considered along the line body

Thermal Analysis
… Material Properties Training Manual
• The only required material property is thermal conductivity
• Thermal Conductivity is
input in the Engineering
Data application
pp
• Temperature-dependent
th
thermall conductivity
d ti it is
i
input as a table
If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will

result
lt in
i a nonlinear
li solution.
l ti

Thermal Analysis
B. Assemblies – Solid Body Contact Training Manual
• As with structural analyses, contact regions are automatically created to

enable heat transfer between parts of assemblies.

Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Contact Region Training Manual
– If parts are initially in contact heat transfer can occur between them.
– If parts are initially out of contact no heat transfer takes place (see pinball
explanation
p below). )
– Summary:
Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?

Contact Type
Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Bonded Yes Yes No
No Separation Yes Yes No
Rough Yes No No
Frictionless Yes No No
Frictional Yes No No
– The pinball region determines when contact occurs and is automatically

defined and set to a relatively small value to accommodate small gaps in
the model

Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Contact Region Training Manual
• If the contact is bonded or no separation,

then heat transfer will occur (solid green
lines) when the surfaces are within the
pinball radius.
Pinball Radius
In this figure on the right, the

gap between the two parts is
bigger than the pinball region,
so no heat transfer will occur
between the parts

Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Thermal Conductance Training Manual
• By default, perfect thermal contact conductance between parts is

assumed, meaning no temperature drop occurs at the interface.
• Numerous conditions can contribute to less than perfect contact
conductance:
– surface flatness
– surface finish
– oxides
– entrapped fluids ΔT
– contact pressure
– surface temperature
T
– use of conductive grease
– ....
x
• Continued . . .

Thermal Analysis
– The amount of heat flow across a contact interface is defined by the

contact heat flux q:
q = TCC ⋅ (Ttarget − Tcontact )

– where Tcontact is the temperature of a contact “node” and Ttarget is the
temperature of the corresponding target “node”
“node”.
– By default, TCC is set to a relatively ‘high’ value based on the largest
material conductivity defined in the model KXX and the diagonal of the
overall
o e a geo
geometry
et y bou
bounding
d g box
bo ASMDIAG.
S G
TCC = KXX ⋅10,000 / ASMDIAG

– This essentially provides ‘perfect’ conductance between parts.

Thermal Analysis
• In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may define a

finite thermal contact conductance (TCC) for Pure Penalty or
Augmented Lagrange Formulations.
– TCC is input for each contact region in the Details view.
– If thermal contact resistance is known, invert this value and divide by the
contacting area to obtain TCC value.
Thermal contact conductance can

be input which is the same as
including thermal contact
resistance at a contact interface.
interface

Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Spot Weld Training Manual
• Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:

– Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software (currently only
DesignModeler and Unigraphics).
T2
T1

Thermal Analysis
C. Heat Loads Training Manual
• Heat Flow:
– A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface. The load is
distributed for multiple selections.
– Heat flow has units of energy/time.
• Perfectly insulated (heat flow = 0):
– Available to remove surfaces from previously applied boundary conditions.
• Heat Flux:
– Heat flux can be applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D).
– Heat flux has units of energy/time/area.
• Internal
I t l Heat
H t Generation:
G ti
– An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only.
– Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume.
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.

Thermal Analysis
… Thermal Boundary Conditions Training Manual
Temperature, Convection and Radiation:

• At least one type of thermal boundary condition must be present to prevent the
thermal equivalent of rigid body motion.
motion
• Given Temperature or Convection load should not be applied on surfaces that
already have another heat load or thermal boundary condition applied to it.
• Perfect insulation will override thermal boundary conditions.
• Given Temperature:
– Imposes
I a temperature
t t on vertices,
ti edges,
d surfaces
f or bodies
b di
– Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for

Thermal Analysis
• Convection:
– Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses).
– Convection q is defined by y a film coefficient h,, the surface area A,, and the
difference in the surface temperature Tsurface & ambient temperature
Tambient
q = hA(Tsurface
f bi t )
− Tambient
– “h” and “Tambient” are user input values.
– The film coefficient h can be constant or temperature dependent

Thermal Analysis
• Temperature-Dependent Convection:
– Select “Tabular (Temperature)” for the
coefficient type.
– Enter coefficient vs temperature
tablular data.
– In the details, specify how temperature
is to be handled for h(T).

Thermal Analysis
• Several common convection correlations can be imported from a

sample library. New correlations can be stored in libraries.

Thermal Analysis
• Radiation:
– Applied to surfaces (edges in 2D analyses)
(
QR = σεFA Tsurface
4
− Tambient
4
)
– Where:
• σ = Stefan-Boltzman constant
• ε = Emmisivity
• A = Area of radiating surface
• F = Form factor (1)
– Provides for radiation to ambient only, not between surfaces (form factor
assumed to be 1).
– Stefan Boltzman constant is set automatically based on the active
working unit system.

Thermal Analysis
D. Solution Options Training Manual
• Inserting the “Steady-State Thermal” from the

Workbench toolbox will set up a SS Thermal
system in the project schematic.
• In Mechanical the “Analysis
Analysis Settings”
Settings can be used
to set solution options for the thermal analysis.
– Note, the same Analysis Data Management
options discussed in chapter 4 regarding static
analyses are available here.
here

Thermal Analysis
… Solving the Model Training Manual
• To perform a thermal-stress solution link a structural analysis to

the thermal model at the Solution level.
• An “imported load” branch is inserted in the Static Structural
branch along with any applied structural loads and supports.
supports
– Solve the Structural branch.

Thermal Analysis
E. Results and Postprocessing Training Manual
• Various results are available for postprocessing:

– Temperature
– Heat Flux
– “Reaction” Heat Flow Rate
– User defined results
• In Mechanical, results are usually

y requested before solving,
g but they
y
can be requested afterwards, too.
– A new solution is not required for retrieving output of a solved model.

Thermal Analysis
… Temperature Training Manual
• Temperature:
– Temperature is a scalar quantity and has no
direction associated with it.

Thermal Analysis
… Heat Flux Training Manual
• Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:

– Heat flux q is defined as
q = − KXX ⋅ ∇T
– “Total Heat Flux” and “Directional Heat Flux” can be
requested
• The magnitude & direction can be plotted as vectors by activating
vector mode

Thermal Analysis
… Reaction Heat Flow Rate Training Manual
• Reaction heat flow rates are available for Given Temperature,

convection or radiation boundary conditions:
– Reaction heat flow rate is requested by inserting a probe - OR
– Alternately users can drag and drop a boundary condition onto the
Solution branch to retrieve the reaction.
Select from
Probe menu
OR
Drag and drop

boundary condition

Thermal Analysis
F. Workshop 6 – Steady State Thermal Analysis Training Manual
• Workshop 6.1 – Steady State Thermal Analysis

• Goal:
– Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer
characteristics.


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Chapter 6

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• In this chapter, performing steady-state thermal analyses in Mechanical will

• The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS

• Note: advanced topics including thermal transient analyses are covered in

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Mechanical, the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Fourier’s Law provides the basis of the previous equation:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• In thermal analyses all body types are supported:

• Shell and line body assumptions:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• The only required material property is thermal conductivity

If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• As with structural analyses, contact regions are automatically created to

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?

– The pinball region determines when contact occurs and is automatically

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• If the contact is bonded or no separation,

In this figure on the right, the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• By default, perfect thermal contact conductance between parts is

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

– The amount of heat flow across a contact interface is defined by the

q = TCC ⋅ (Ttarget − Tcontact )

TCC = KXX ⋅10,000 / ASMDIAG

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may define a

Thermal contact conductance can

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

Temperature, Convection and Radiation:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Several common convection correlations can be imported from a

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Inserting the “Steady-State Thermal” from the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• To perform a thermal-stress solution link a structural analysis to

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Various results are available for postprocessing:

• In Mechanical, results are usually

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Reaction heat flow rates are available for Given Temperature,

Drag and drop

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Workshop 6.1 – Steady State Thermal Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

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