Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biosfera ( Biosphere )
Kawasan yang didiami oleh semua benda hidup, iaitu manusia, haiwan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan.
Life zone consisting of living things such as plants, animals, and other organisms in the atmosphere,
geosphere and hydrosphere layers.
Atmosfera ( Atmosphere )
Lapisan udara yang mengandungi gas, debu, habuk, asap , dan wap air.
Air zone which covers the entire Earth’s surface. It includes all life on Earth because it contains
oxygen which is the basic need for life, and carbon dioxide which is essential for photosynthesis by
green plants.
(debatable)
Hidrosfera ( Hydrosphere )
Kawasan yang merangkumi semua bahagian air seperti air laut, air tasik, air paya, dan lautan.
Water zone which includes all waters on Earth such as oceans, lakes, ponds, streams, swamps,
groundwater, and water vapour in the Earth’s atmosphere. About 71% of the Earth’s surface is
covered in water and the amount of water in the hydrosphere is maintained by its cycle.
Litosfera ( GEOsphere )
Lapisan bumi yang paling luar yang mengandungi pelbagai jenis batuan dan mineral.
Rock and soil zone for the Earth’s surface. This refers to the solid parts of the Earth which includes
volcanoes, rocks, minerals, coal, oil , and other mineral resources.
5.2 Struktur Bumi
The physical layer includes litosphere, asthenoshere, mesophere, outer core and inner core.
Mantel ( Mantle )
Consists of two layers. The outer core is in liquid state and the inner core is BELIEVED to be in solid
form. The inner core is denser and hotter than the outer core. The core of the Earth is 2 times
denser than the mantle layer because the core layer contains mineral metals compared to the
mantle which is mainly made up of useless rocks.
5.3 Benua, Lautan, Laut Utama dan Selat.
'Saiz ‘
luas
benua
(persegi )
Afrika 30 Juta
Antartika 14 Juta
Permukaan bumi terdiri daripada lapisan kerak bumi yang dikenali sebagai plat. (English:Plate)
1) Plat daratan
2) Plat Lautan
An endogenic process occurs due to the internal forces of Earth and can cause slow or sudden
movements of the Earth’s crust. The actions of endogenic process causes the surface of Earth to
rumple, thus forming mountains, earthquakes, volcanic activity, plateaus and plains.
The process of slow movement of mantle from the interior to the Earth’s surface by convection
currents that carry heat from the interior to the surface of the Earth.The high temperature inside the
Earth’s mantle and core will produce convection currents in the asthenosphere layer.This slow
movement of convection currents could exert very strong forces on the Earth’s thin crust and is able
to move it. Mantle convections could result in phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
Percapahan atau pemisahan plat menyebabkan berlakunya perubahan kedudukan benua. Proses ini
terjadi dengan sangat perlahan. Ahli sains membuktikan kemungkinan kedudukan benua pada masa
sekarang adalah kesan daripada hanyutan benua (Continental Drift). Pergerakan kerak bumi atau
plat melibatkan proses pertembungan (pelanggaran) dan percapahan (berpecah).
The theory of Plate Tectonics stated that the Earth’s crust is divided into several parts which are
always moving in the upper part of the mantle, due to the convection current in the mantle. These
tectonic plates create divergence and collisions, producing various landforms.
Gunung Lipat (Fold Mountains???)
Pergerakan dan pertembungan plat bumi akan menyebabkan berlakunya pembentukan gunung
lipat. Keadaan ini berlaku apabila terdapat daya mampatan (Compression force) pada kerak bumi.
Tolakan (push) dan himpitan (pull) dua plat dari arah bertentangan akan menyebabkan kerak bumi
termampat (compression) serta seterusnya membentuk banjaran gunung lipat.
Divergence of plates.
Terbentuk akibat pengerakan kerak bumi seperti gelinciran (sliding) / sesaran (move a little) Proses
tersebut biasanya berlaku di sempadan plat bumi di daratan atau di lautan akibat pengaruh daya
tegangan (contact) atau mampatan (compression)
Collision of plates.
Percapahan atau pemisahan plat menyebabkan berlakunya perubakan kedudukan benua. Proses
pemisahan plat terjadi dengan sangat perlahan. Ahli sains membuktikan kemungkinan kedudukan
benua pada masa sekarang adalah kesan daripada hanyutan benua (Continental Drift)
Berwujud apabila terdapat daya tegangan daripada pertembungan dan himpitan antara plat (plate).
Proses tersebut akan menghasilkan gegaran (vibration) di kawasan sempadan plat. Kejadian gempa
bumi di dasar laut lebih berpotensi mengakibatkan Tsunami.
An Earthquake is a shaking of the surface of the Earth as a result of the sudden movement of the
tectonic plates of the Earth’s crust.
Tsunami (Tsunami)
Info tambahan: Boleh mencapai kelajuan sebuah jet,iaitu melebihi 800 km/jam di laut dalam.
Tsunami dapat menyeberangi (Come Across) Lautan Pasifik dalam masa kurang dari 1 hari.
A tsunami is a large wave in the ocean caused by tectonic plate movements under the sea.
Terbentuk apabila terdapat pertembungan 2 plat yang mewujudkan zon benam. Salah satu plat
terjunam (dive down) ke bawah seterusnya bertemu dengan lapisan mantel. Proses tersebut akan
membentuk magma dan lava. Plat yang terangkat akibat akan membentuk rekahan (crack) Cecair
magma akan keluar memenuhi rekahan pada plat bumi seterusnya membentuk gunung berapi.
Volcanism is the eruption of magma and the gases associated from the interior of the Earth’s crust
onto the surface of the Earth.