Workshop Combined Pile-Raft

Foundations (CPRF)
Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas

Universidad EAFIT, Medellin, Colombia, 15th-16th February 2017

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation CPRF (part 1)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas (1ª parte)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach
• Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics · TU Darmstadt
• Past Chairman of the Technical Committee 212 “Deep Foundations“ (TC 212) of the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
• Board Member of the German Tunnel Association (STUVA)
• Board Member of the German Geotechnical Society (DGGT)
• Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineering (ICE)

Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Leppla

• Research Associate at the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics · TU Darmstadt
• Certified Independent Expert for Geotechnics of metro and tram systems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Deep foundation systems

Sistemas de cimentación profundos

Foundations

Combined Pile-Raft
Spread foundations Pile foundations Foundation (CPRF)
Fundaciones de losas Fundaciones de pilas
Fundaciones combinadas
de losas y pilas
Skin friction pile

Base pressure

2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas

3
4

2
1

1 Pile-Soil-Interaction 3 Raft-Soil-Interaction
Interacción entre pilas y suelo Interacción entre losa y suelo
2 Pile-Pile-Interaction 4 Pile-Raft-Interaction
Interacción entre pilas Interacción entre losa y pila

3
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas

Total resistance of the CPRF:

m
R tot,k (s ) = ∑ Rpile,k, j (s ) + Rraft,k (s )
j=1

Pile resistance:
Rpile,k, j (s ) = Rb,k, j (s ) + R s,k, j (s )

Raft resistance:

Rraft,k (s) = ∫∫ σ(s, x, y ) dx dy

CPRF coefficient:
m

∑R
j =1
pile , k , j (s)
α CPRF =
Rtot ,k ( s )

4
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas
Three foundation types:

Circular Raft Single Pile “1-Pile-Raft-Model”

l = 30.0 m
D = 1.5 m
Dslab = 12.0 m
d = 1.0 m

5
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas
Single pile foundation

s = settlement
6
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas
Single pile foundation

5 MN Axial Force
8 MN
s

13 MN

Settlement

s = settlement
7
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas

8
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas
“1-Pile-Raft-Model” → Pile-Raft Interaction

s = settlement
9
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas
“1-Pile-Raft-Model” → Pile-Raft Interaction

4 MN Axial Force
6 MN

12 MN

Settlement

s = settlement
10
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Fundaciones combinadas de losas y pilas
“1-Pile-Raft-Model” → Pile-Raft Interaction

11
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Basic studies on the pile-pile interaction

Estudios básicos sobre la interacción entre pilas
Numerical Studies

Combined Pile Raft

Spread Foundation Pile Foundation
Foundation

Thickness of raft: d = 1.0 m

Diameter of pile: D = 1.5 m
Variations of pile center distance: e/D = 3.0 / 6.0 / 8.5
Variations of pile length: l/D = 10 / 20 / 30

12
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Basic studies on the pile-pile interaction

Estudios básicos sobre la interacción entre pilas
Configuration of the model with 25 piles (e/D = 3)

d = 1.0 m
D = 1.5 m
e = 3 · D = 4.5 m
l = 20 · D = 30 m
13
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Basic studies on the pile-pile interaction

Estudios básicos sobre la interacción entre pilas
Configuration of the model with 9 piles (e/D = 6)

d = 1.0 m
D = 1.5 m
e=6·D=9m
l = 20 · D = 30 m
14
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Basic studies on the pile-pile interaction

Estudios básicos sobre la interacción entre pilas
Load settlement behaviour
e / D = 3.0 e / D = 6.0

15
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Basic studies on the pile-pile interaction

Estudios básicos sobre la interacción entre pilas
Load settlement
behaviour
Pile
Foundation
e=3·D

CPRF

e=3·D

16
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Basic studies on the pile-pile interaction

Estudios básicos sobre la interacción entre pilas
Load settlement
behaviour

Pile
Foundation
e=6·D

CPRF

e=6·D

17
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

ISSMGE · Technical Committee TC 212 Deep Foundations

ISSMGE · Comité técnico TC 212 Cimentaciones profundas

.
.
. Details:
International www.issmge.org/tc212
CPRF-Guideline
18
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Bridge pier
foundation types

Option 1: Option 2: Option 3:

Spread Foundation CPRF with 6 Piles Pile Foundation with
12 Piles
19
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Soil Investigation

20
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Soil investigation results

Loam /
Debris

Loam / Debris Rock

Bulk mass eeight γ kN/m³ 20.0 22.0
γ´ kN/m³ 10.0 12.0
Water content w % 14.5 -
Liquid cimit wL % 30.5 -
Rock Plastic cimit wP % 18.5 -
Uniaxial strength qu kN/m² 175 - 220 500
Friction angle ϕ´ ° 25 35
Cohesion c´ kN/m² 5 100
Modulus of stiffness Es MN/m² 20 150

21
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Numerical model of
the whole systems

22
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Option 1: Option 2: Option 3:

Spread foundation CPRF with 6 piles Pile foundation with 12 piles

Numerical models of
foundation systems

23
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Option 1:
Spread foundation

24
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Option 2:
Combined Pile-Raft
Foundation (CPRF)

1: Edge Pile P1
2: Corner Pile P2

25
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Option 3:
Pile foundation

1: Center pile P1
2: Edge pile P2
3: Edge pile P3
4: Corner pile P4

26
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Bending moment Spread foundation

CPRF

Pile foundation

27
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Working Load: 30 [MN] Resistance [MN]

1.2
3.6

11.1

Settlement
[cm]

Pile foundation
Spread foundation
Combinded Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)
28
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Numerical comparison between different foundation types

Comparación numérica entre diferentes tipos de cimentación

Costs of pile production

Settlement
(Assumption: 400 EUR per meter)

Spread foundation 11.1 cm -

CPRF (6 Piles) 3.6 cm 36,000 EUR

Pile foundation
1.2 cm 120,000 EUR
(12 Piles)

29
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Settlements calculated for a shallow

foundation: s > 40 cm Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main,
z = 0 - 20 m → 75 - 80 % Germany

Settlements:

→ Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

30
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Construction time: 1988 - 1990

Quaternary
sand and gravel

Frankfurt Clay

31
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Numerical model of the CPRF

32
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Construction time: 1988 - 1990

Quaternary
sand and gravel

Frankfurt Clay

33
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Average pile load: 11.3 MN

34
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Total building load: = 1,570 MN

Ultimate pile load: 64 x 11.3 MN = 725 MN

Load transfer by raft: = 845 MN

Contact pressure: 250 kN/m2

αCPRF = 0.46

35
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Comparison of costs for the piles

Accomplished: CPRF of 64 piles (laverage = 30 m)

Costs of pile production:

64 piles of 30 m at 600 €/m ≈ 1.2 Mio. €

Pile foundation: 316 piles (l = 30 m)

Costs of pile production:

316 piles of 30 m at 600 €/m ≈ 5.7 Mio. €

Savings in costs of
pile production 4.5 Mio. €
CO2 reduction: 2,500 t
36
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Thank you for your

kind attention!
¡Gracias por su atención!
www.geotechnik.tu-darmstadt.de

37