Ministry of Health Protection of the Ukraine

Zaporozhye state medical university

Department of skin and venereal diseases

LESNITSKY A.I., KOVALYOVA T.D.

Anatomy, phtsiology & hystology of the skin.

Primary & secondary morphological elements

2007
 Fibrous
Substance

fatty tissue)
Hypodermis
(subcutaneous
Stratum
Amorphous papillare
Intestinal
Substance

Stratum
Cell reticulare
sskin

Elements

Germinatinne layer
Dermis
Skin

Stratum basale
the true skin

Prikle – cell layer

Stratum spinosum

Granular layer
Stratum granulosum

lucid layer
Stratum lucidum

Horny layer
Epidermis

Stratum corneum
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Fig.1. Structures of the skin.
3
 Epidermis

Layer consistence function

1.Stratum basale 1. keratinoblastis 1. young cells, are devided by mitosis, and form all the
(germinative layer) (1 layer, like a polisade). structures of epidermis.
2. Melanoblastis (their ratio is 2. Melanin is formed in the melanoblastis and protects the
1:11 to keratinoblastis). skin from ultraviolet rays.

2. Stratum spinosum 1. Dendritic epidermocytis 1. Cytoplasmatic dentricals akanthos provide the

(pricle-cell layer (5-7 layers) connection of cells with the other cells. Intercellular
2. Langhan’s cells fluid cerculates through these canals. This cells produce
3. Hrenstayin’s cells interleukins.
Immunological (protective) cells.

3. Stratum granulosum 1-2 layers of elongated cells. There The beginning of hornysation (keratinisation) but mitosis is
(granular layer) are keratohyalinis granuls in the present.
protoplasm of these cells.

4. Stratum lucidum These cells contain eleidin. Str. Protective function. This layers does not allow water mild
(lucid layer) lucidum contains glycogens, acid solution, alkalines, electrolites to penetrate in.
lipoids, fatty acids.

5. Stratum corneum It is composed of fine, anuclear Keratinisation take an active part in the skin protection from
(horny layer) keratinised elongated cells penetration into the it microorganisms and harmful
containing keratin. substanses.
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 Dermis (the true skin)
Layer Consistence Function
I. Structural amorphous interstitial substance: Provides turgor, dencity, nutrition, sencitivity of
1. collagenous fibres the skin.
2. elastics fibres
3. argyrophile fibres
4. vessels
5. nerves an nerve endings

II. True homogeneous membrane Protection due to immunoglobulins. Normalization

Papillary and 1. Lipoids of the water level.
reticular layers 2. Mucopolysaccharides (mainly, hyaluronic and
chondroitin – sulfuric acids)
3. Albuminis
4. Water

III. Cells structure Collagen

1. Fibroblasts Formation, and immunity.
2. Histiocytes
3. Lymphocytes
4. Mast cells
5. Plasma cells
6. Melanophages
7. Epithelial appendages of the skin

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 Inflammation

Acute Subacute Chronic

Exudation Proliferation Alteration

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 Exudation

The escape of fluid and formed elements

from the vessels because of increased
permeability of the vascular walls

Vacuolar Status Ballooning

degeneration sprongioises degeneration
(alteration cavities) In which the Necrobiotic and
in which vacuoles forming oedematous fluid degenerative
in the protoplasm of the separates the changes in the cells
cells of the malpighian intercellular spaces of of the malpighian
layer are arranged in the the malpighian layer layer is a
vicinity or around the and ruptures the combination of
nucleus and displace into intercellular bridges. vacuolar
the periphery. degeneration and
status spongioides. 7
 Proliferation
is the multiplication of
tissue elements

Hyperkeratosis Parakeratosis Acanthosis Granulosis Hialinis

degeneration

The thickening The presence in the Is intensified by Is thickening Presence of

of the horny horny layer of the proliferation оf of the granular hialini in
layer without epidermis of cells the priclecell layer of the the cells
changes in the with stained rod – layer in the form epidermis
structure of the shaped nuclei (the of progections
cells. granylar and clear into the dermis
layer are absent in to this or that
such cases). dept.

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 Alteration
Is the manifestation of tissue damage
(dystrophy and necrosis
of the tissue elements)

Acantholysis is Nucleolous reaction is

melting intercellular degeneration of the cells
epithelial bridges, the
impairment of firm
connections between
epithelial cells as the result
that cells are easily separated
and form more or less large
layers of the desquamating
epidermis. Such process is
observed in pemphigus.

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10
11
 Secondary
syphilis erythema

inflammatory
Scarlet fever

rozeola
measles

Teleangiectasiae
vascular

fever
Non

Typhoid
Emotional
inflammatory

spots

petechiae
ecchymosis
Spot

vasculitis
(macula)

Haemorrhagic

vibex purpura

Nevus, (mole) congenital

spots

sunburn
acquired
Hyperpigmental

chloasma
spots
Pigmental

freckle

congenital
albinism
spots

leucoderma
Hypopigmental

vitiligo acquired
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 neurodermatitis
hyperkeratosis

wart
inticular

epidermal

Parakeratosis

inflammation
psoriasis

Mycosis
hyperkeratotive
form
layer

II siphilis

acanthosis
Infiltration
in a papillary

psoriasis
miliary

Lichen planus

eczema
dermal

syphilis
papula

neurodermatitis granulosis
nummular

Lichen planus papilomatosis

Condiloma latum
Pointed
condiloma
Virus papiloma
Non

wart
psoriasis

Parakeratosis
inflammation
hypertrophic

Lichen planus

hyperkeratosis
epidermodermal

callosity
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 Nodule
(nodus)

Is situated in the subcutaneous fat

(for infiltration and proliferation)

inflammation tumour Congestion

of calcium,
hydradenitis

tuberculosis

III syphilis cholesterol

Vasculitis

leprosy

xanthomas
new growths
nodular

Benign and
malignant

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 True pemphigus

Dyuring’s
dermatosis

Erythema
exudativum
herpes
multiforme

Toxicodermia

Blister dermatosis
Vacuolar and ballooning degeneration

medicamentational

Blister dermatitis
Blister
(bulla)

Acantholysis
Vesicle (vesicula)

Blister forms
eczema

Lyell’s
necrolysis
Status spongioides

Blister forms
of the porphyria
cutanea tarda
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 Pustule
(pustula)
Pustule Phlyctena

Staphyloccal impetigo Stretococcal impetigo

(connected with hair follicles) Tubercle
(tuberculum)

Infectionus
granuloma

leishmaniasis
III siphilis
Tuberculosis

leprozy
infiltration proliferation

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 Wheal
(urtica)

Acute edema of dermis in the papillary skin layer

Urticaria hives, The bites of mosquito and

Nettle rash midge

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 Skin as
Protective Skin is the
an organ
(barrier) organ of
of sense
function of immunity
the skin

Secretory and
Thermoregulatory
excretory functions Skin function of the skin
of the skin
physiology

Resorption
Respiratory Metabolic
function of
function of function of
the skin
the skin the skin

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 Protect the
Protects the organism Physiology
underlying
from the damaging desquamation
tissue
effect of sun rays
from drying

Homogeneous
tightness of substanal
protects from Resistance to
mechanical effects Protective (barrier) electric current
(blows, friction, functions of the skin
compression)

An acid (pH5.0-6,0) Immynological

Bactericidal
water-lipid mantle function. Skin
properties of
which attenuatus or associated limphoid
sweat (lisocini)
neutralizis the tissue. Salt
and sebum
damaging effect of
(squaleni)
chemical substances.

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 Langhan’s
cells
Keratinocytes
Hrenstayin’s T-lymphocytys
cells

Neutrophyle
Mast cells
granulocytes Salt tissue
basophyly

Monocytes
Vessels
tissue histiocytes
endothelial cells

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