You are on page 1of 21

This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C.

To access it from a file


server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

ISBN 978-0-626-21586-6
SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Energy efficiency in buildings

Part 1: General requirements

Published by SABS Standards Division


1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
© SABS
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope

Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from the
following organizations and individuals:

Agrément SA

Association of Architectural Aluminium Manufacturer's of South Africa (AAAMSA)

Australian Building Codes Board

CSIR

ESKOM

South African Association of Energy Efficiency (SAEE)

South African Glass Institute (SAGI)

South African Institute of Architects (SAIA)

South African Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Contractor's Association (SARACCA)

South African Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA)

Spoormaker and partners

Thermal Insulation Association of Southern Africa (TIASA)

Individuals: N Arnold, C Cumming, A Frylinck, R Garlick, H Harris, R Henderson, D Holm,


S Parsons, L Reynolds, B Richardson, H Schefferlie, D Schnetler, I van Gass, and N Wright.

Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 59G, Construction
standards – Energy efficiency and energy use in the built environment, in accordance with
procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT
agreement.

This document was published in October 2008.

Reference is made in 3.3 to “relevant national legislation”. In South Africa this means the
Engineering Profession Act, 2000 (Act No. 46 of 2000).

SANS 204 consists of the following parts, under the general title Energy efficiency in buildings:

Part 1: General requirements.

Part 2: The application of the energy efficiency requirements for buildings with natural
environmental control.

Part 3: The application of the energy efficiency requirements for buildings with artificial ventilation or
air conditioning.

Annexes A, B and C are for information only.


This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Contents
Page

Acknowledgement

Foreword

1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 4

4 Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 5

4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 5


4.2 Building envelope and building fabric ........................................................................... 5
4.3 Electrical installations and appliances .......................................................................... 5
4.4 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) installations ...................................... 5
4.5 Hot water installations ................................................................................................... 6
4.6 Vertical transport and travelators .................................................................................. 6
4.7 Natural environmental control ....................................................................................... 6
4.8 Renewable energy sources ........................................................................................... 6
4.9 Operation and maintenance of buildings ...................................................................... 6
4.10 Compliance ................................................................................................................... 6
4.11 Verification of compliance ............................................................................................. 7
4.12 Occupancy .................................................................................................................... 7
4.13 Inspection and commissioning of the building services systems .................................. 7
4.14 Maximum energy demand and maximum annual consumption ................................... 8

5 Building electrical power factor correction ............................................................................. 11

Annex A (informative) Building operation and maintenance ................................................... 12

Annex B (informative) Pro forma compliance certificate ......................................................... 14

Annex C (informative) Energy efficiency certificate for environmentally


controlled buildings .............................................................................. 16

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 19

1
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

This page is intentionally left blank

2
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Energy efficiency in buildings

Part 1:
General requirements

1 Scope
This part of SANS 204 specifies the requirements for the design and operation of energy efficient
buildings with artificial or natural environmental control and their sub-systems. This standard does
not cover government subsidized housing.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.

SANS 151, Fixed electric storage water heaters.

SANS 204-2, Energy efficiency in buildings – Part 2: The application of the energy efficiency
requirements for buildings with natural environmental control.

SANS 204-3, Energy efficiency in buildings – Part 3: The application of the energy efficiency
requirements for buildings with artificial ventilation or air conditioning.

SANS 1307, Domestic solar water heaters.

SANS 10106, The installation, maintenance, repair and replacement of domestic solar water
heating systems.

SANS 10114-1, Interior lighting – Part 1: Artificial lighting of interiors.

SANS 10142-1, The wiring of premises – Part 1: Low-voltage installations.

SANS 10252-1, Water supply and drainage for buildings – Part 1: Water supply installations for
buildings.

SANS 10254, The installation, maintenance, replacement and repair of fixed electric storage water
heating systems.

3
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

SANS 10400-A, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part A: General principles
and requirements.

SANS 10400-O, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part O: Lighting and
ventilation.

3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in SANS 10400-A, and the following apply.

3.1
acceptable
acceptable to the authority administering this standard, or to the parties concluding the purchase
contract, as relevant

3.2
artificial environmental control
movement of air through artificial means

3.3
competent person
competent person who is registered in terms of the relevant national legislation (see foreword), and
who has a tertiary qualification in mechanical or electrical engineering

3.4
natural environmental control
movement of air through natural means

3.5
net floor area
sum of all areas between the vertical building components (walls or partitions), excluding garages
and non-conditioned storerooms

3.6
passive design
design that does not require mechanical heating or cooling, for example, buildings that are designed
to take advantage of natural energy flows to maintain thermal comfort

3.7
rational assessment
assessment, by a competent person, of the adequacy of the performance of a solution in relation to
the relevant requirements by a process of reasoning, calculation and consideration of accepted
engineering principles, and based on a combination of deductions from available information,
research and data, appropriate testing and service experience

3.8
rational design
any design by a competent person involving a process of reasoning and calculation, and which may
include a design based on a standard or other suitable document

3.9
responsible person
owner of the building or person acting on his behalf

4
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

4 Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 The maximum energy demand and the maximum annual consumption shall be determined in
accordance with the occupancy of a building given in table 1 and the specific climatic zone (see
figure 1 and table 2), and it shall not exceed the values given in table 3 and table 4 respectively.

4.1.2 Buildings or classes of occupancy where artificial climate control is introduced to meet the
requirements of the processes housed within shall be exempted from the requirements for the
maximum energy demand or the maximum energy consumption provided that a rational design is
submitted by a competent person.

4.1.3 Where a building is expected to exceed the maximum energy demand or maximum energy
consumption requirements for reasons such as when

a) occupancy significantly exceeds the design population,

b) occupancy times significantly exceed the design occupancy times, or

c) internal process loads are high (for example, an IT facility),

the competent person shall motivate, with a rational design to a relevant authority, an increase in
the maximum energy demand and the maximum annual consumption figures shall be proportionally
adjusted as applicable.

4.1.4 Any building, for which an occupancy is not stipulated in tables 3 and 4, shall comply with the
provisions of SANS 204-2 and SANS 204-3.

4.2 Building envelope and building fabric


The building envelope shall be designed in a manner that utilises thermal loads and mass for
effective heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems’ energy consumption, plant and
systems size and lighting (artificial and day lighting) requirements. Consideration shall be given to

a) life-cycle costs of the building, and

b) operational and occupancy time, especially for building sections that require occupation at other
than normal working hours.

4.3 Electrical installations and appliances


4.3.1 All fixed electrical systems in buildings, including lighting shall be installed in accordance with
the requirements of SANS 10114-1, SANS 10142-1 and SANS 10400-O.

4.3.2 Appliances fitted into new buildings shall have an energy rating.
4.3.3 Office equipment shall have an energy rating and have a stand-by energy reduction mode
when not in use.

4.4 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) installations


HVAC systems in buildings shall

a) comply with the requirements of SANS 10400-O, and

b) be designed in a manner that limits heat loss and heat gain from pipes, ducts and vessels used
for space heating, space cooling and hot water services.

5
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

4.5 Hot water installations

4.5.1 Where electric hot water systems are used, they shall comply with the requirements of
SANS 151 (up to a capacity of 450 L) and SANS 10252-1, and shall be installed in accordance with
SANS 10254 and SANS 10252-1.

4.5.2 Solar water heating systems shall be installed, unless it can be proved by a competent
person that it is not technically feasible. Solar water heaters shall comply with the requirements of
SANS 1307 and shall be installed in accordance with SANS 10106. The hot water services for all
new buildings shall be heated using devices and equipment which provide a minimum of 50 % of
the heating energy requirement via solar energy.

4.5.3 If it is certified by the competent person that it is technically not feasible to comply with 4.5.2,
then the solar heating shortfall may be made up by alternative heating solutions such as waste heat
recovery and reverse cycle heat pumps.

4.6 Vertical transport and travelators


Motors driving vertical transport (such as lifts and escalators) and travelators fitted into new
buildings shall be energy efficient and have an energy rating. The capacity of these motors shall
match the required output. The energy usage of this equipment shall be calculated and included in
the total energy usage of the building.

4.7 Natural environmental control


Buildings with natural environmental control shall meet the requirements of SANS 10400-O. Where
possible, passive design principles shall be applied.

4.8 Renewable energy sources


The responsible person shall ensure that the use of renewable energy sources in buildings is
maximized. Should the energy usage of a building exceed the requirements given in table 4, the
amount by which the building exceeds the requirement may be mitigated by the use of renewable
sources.

4.9 Operation and maintenance of buildings


The practices for the operation and maintenance of buildings and their systems, given in annex A,
can be applied.

4.10 Compliance

4.10.1 Compliance with the requirements of this part of SANS 204 shall be

a) through a rational design prepared by a competent person, by

1) demonstration that the performance requirements of tables 3 and 4 are complied with for
the occupancies given, or

2) other relevant technical methodology, for example, a notional building method that proves
that the energy consumption of the building is less than an equivalent building constructed
in accordance with the provisions of SANS 204-2 and SANS 204-3, and

b) in compliance with SANS 204-2 and SANS 204-3.

6
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

4.10.2 In case of any change requiring plan approval, the provisions of this standard shall be
complied with.

4.11 Verification of compliance


4.11.1 The responsible person shall provide a certificate of compliance to the local authority as
part of the requirements for obtaining an occupancy certificate. (See annex B for an example of a
pro forma compliance certificate.)

4.11.2 Such a certificate shall state


a) that appropriate design details and building techniques have been used and that the work
has been carried out in compliance with the provisions of this part of SANS 204, and

b) that, for artificially ventilated or air-conditioned buildings, a commissioning plan has been added
that shows that every system has been inspected and commissioned in an acceptable sequence.
NOTE A method of demonstrating compliance would be to follow the guidance in the ASHRAE Guideline 1,
BSRIA Commissioning Guides 52, or the CIBSE Commissioning Codes.

4.11.3 For artificially ventilated or air-conditioned buildings, the energy rating of the building shall
be displayed. This applies to all new buildings, buildings that require plan approval, or buildings
that have had change of ownership. Owners thereof are required to annually report energy usage.
NOTE Failure to comply with this requirement may

a) in the case of a private sector owner, result in fines or penalties being imposed, or

b) in the case of the public sector owner, result in referral to the Auditor-General.

4.12 Occupancy
4.12.1 The occupancy of a building shall be classified and designated in accordance with the
appropriate occupancy class as provided in SANS 10400-A and such classification shall reflect the
primary function of such building. In a building that is divided into two or more areas without the
same primary function, the occupancy of each such area shall be separately classified.

4.12.2 The population of a room or storey or portion thereof shall be taken as the actual. Where
the population of such room, storey or portion is not known, the population shall be calculated from
the criteria given in table 1 and SANS 10400-A. The calculations of the maximum energy demand
and the maximum annual consumption shall be based on the reference occupancies and
occupancy times as given in table 1.

4.12.3 In the case of an occupancy classified as F1 (see table 1) where the total floor area is more
than 500 m², that portion of the floor area that is in excess of 500 m² shall, for the purposes of
calculation of the population, be reduced by an amount of 20 %.

4.13 Inspection and commissioning of the building services systems


4.13.1 A responsible person shall ensure that the building services system has been inspected for
compliance with the requirements of this part of SANS 204, before it is commissioned.

4.13.2 The local authority may accept such certificates as evidence of compliance. The local
authority may, however, wish to establish, in advance of the work, that the person who will be
providing such a certificate is a competent person.

The building should have a label identifying the energy efficiency characteristics. The building
Energy Efficiency Certificate, Energy Efficiency Passport or label is a system used to certify the
energy efficiency of an existing, new or envisaged building in an objective and consistent manner
(see annex C).

7
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

4.14 Maximum energy demand and maximum annual consumption


The maximum energy demand and maximum energy consumption per building classification shall
be established in accordance with the climatic zones given in with figure 1.

Table 1 — Classification of occupancy of buildings and compliance methods


in accordance with SANS 10400-A

1 2 3
Classification Design occupancy times
of occupancy Description of building
of buildings hours per day/days per week
Entertainment and public
A1 18/7
assembly
A2 Theatrical and indoor sport 18/7
A3 Places of instruction 12/5
A4 Worship 6/4
A5 Outdoor sport N/A
High-risk commercial
B1 12/5
building
Moderate-risk commercial
B2 12/5
service
B3 Low-risk commercial service 12/5
C1 Exhibition hall 15/7
C2 Museum 12/7
D1 High-risk industrial 12/5
D2 Moderate-risk industrial 12/5
D3 Low-risk industrial 12/5
D4 Plant room 12/5
E1 Place of detention 24/7
E2 Hospital 24/7
Other institutional
E3 24/7
(residential)
E4 Health care 24/7
F1 Large shop 12/7
F2 Small shop 12/7
F3 Wholesalers’ store 12/7
G1 Offices 12/5
H1 Hotel 24/7
H2 Dormitory 12/7
H3 Domestic residence 24/7
H4 Dwelling house 24/7
H5 Hospitality 24/7
J1 High-risk storage 12/5
J2 Moderate-risk storage 12/5
J3 Low-risk storage 12/5
J4 Parking garage 12/5

8
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

1 2 3
Zone Description Major centre
1 Cold interior Johannesburg, Bloemfontein
2 Temperate interior Pretoria, Polokwane
3 Hot interior Makhado, Nelspruit
4 Temperate coastal Cape Town, Port Elizabeth
5 Sub-tropical coastal East London, Durban, Richards Bay
6 Arid interior Upington, Kimberley

Figure 1 — Climatic zone map

9
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Table 2 — Map of climatic zones of South Africaa

1 2 1 2 1 2
Location Zone Location Zone Location Zone
Alexander Bay 4 Jacobsdal 6 Pretoria 2
Aliwal North 1 Jan Kempdorp 1 Prieska 6
Amsterdam 2 Johannesburg 1 Pudimoe 1
Baberton 2 Kammieskroon 4 Queenstown 2
Badplaas 2 Kainoplaagte 6 Reivilo 2
Barrydale 4 Kimberley 6 Richards Bay 5
Beaufort West 2 King Williams Town 5 Richmond 2
Bloemfontein 1 Kirkwood 4 Riversdale 4
Boshoff 2 Klerksdorp 1 Rooibokkraal 3
Brakpan 1 Kokstad 2 Sabie 3
Brandfort 2 Komatipoort 3 Sakrivier 6
Butterworth 5 Kroonstad 1 Saldanha Bay 4
Calvinia 2 Kruger National Park 3 Sibasa 3
Cape Agulhas 4 Krugersdorp 1 Soweto 1
Cape of Good Hope 4 Kubus 4 Springs 1
Cape Town 4 Kuruman 2 St Lucia 5
Cederberg 4 Ladysmith 2 Standerton 1
Centurion 2 Laingsburg 1 Stellenbosch 4
Ceres 2 Makhado 3 Steytlerville 2
Colesburg 1 Marken 3 Stoffberg 2
Conway 1 Melmoth 5 Stutterheim 2
Cradock 2 Mica 3 Swartberg 1
Dealsville 1 Middelburg 1 Swellendam 4
Delmas 1 Midrand 1 Thabazimbi 3
Dendron 2 Mkuze 5 Toska 6
Derdepoort 2 Mmabatho 2 Touwsrivier 2
Dordrecht 1 Mosselbay 4 Uitenhage 4
Drakensberg 1 Musina 3 Ulundi 5
Dullstroom 1 Nelspruit 3 Umtata 5
Dundee 2 Newcastle 1 Upington 6
Durban 5 Niewoudtville 4 Utrecht 2
East London 5 Northam 2 Ventersdorp 2
Elliot 1 Olifantshoek 6 Vereeninging 1
Ermelo 1 Ottosdal 2 Victoria West 1
Estcourt 2 Oudshoorn 2 Vioolsdrif 2
George 4 Petrusburg 1 Virginia 1
Gouda 4 Phalaborwa 3 Volksrust 1
Grahamstown 4 Piet Plessis 2 Vryburg 2
Graskop 3 Piet Retief 2 Warrinton 2
Gravelot 2 Pietermaritzburg 5 Watervalboven 1
Guyani 2 Pilgrims Rest 2 Welkom 1
Harrismith 1 Pofadder 6 Wellington 4
Hartbeesfontein 1 Polokwane 2 Williston 1
Heidelberg 4 Pongola 2 Witbank 1
Hopetown 1 Port Elizabeth 4 Worcester 2
Hotazel 2 Port Nolloth 4 Zeerust 2
Hutchinson 1 Port St Johns 5
a
These climatic zones shall be used in defining the maximum energy demand which varies in each
climatic zone.

10
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Table 3 — Maximum energy demand per building classification


for each climatic zone

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a
Maximum energy demand
Classification of VA/m2
Description of building
occupancy of building
Zone
1 2 3 4 5 6
A1 Entertainment and public assembly 85 80 90 80 80 85
A2 Theatrical and indoor sport 85 80 90 80 80 85
A3 Places of instruction 80 75 85 75 75 80
A4 Worship 80 75 85 75 75 80
F1 Large shop (including shopping malls) 90 85 95 85 85 90
G1 Offices 80 75 85 75 75 80
H1 Hotel 90 85 95 85 85 90
a
The maximum demand shall be based on the sum of 12 consecutive monthly maximum demand values
per area divided by 12 to give the energy demand per month per square metre.

Table 4 — Maximum annual consumption per building classification


for each climatic zone

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a
Maximum energy consumption
Classification of
occupancy of Description of building kWh/(m2·a)b
building Zone
1 2 3 4 5 6
A1 Entertainment and public assembly 420 400 440 390 400 420
A2 Theatrical and indoor sport 420 400 440 390 400 420
A3 Places of instruction 420 400 440 390 400 420
A4 Worship 120 115 125 110 115 120
Large shop (including shopping
F1 240 245 260 240 260 255
malls)
G1 Offices 200 190 210 185 190 200
H1 Hotel 650 600 585 600 620 630
a
The annual consumption per square metre is based on the sum of 12 months monthly consumption
of consecutive months.
b
Non-electrical consumption, such as fossil fuels, is accounted for on a non-renewable primary energy
thermal equivalence basis by converting mega joules to kilowatt hours.

5 Building electrical power factor correction


The total power factor for all circuits shall not be less than 0,95.

11
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Annex A
(informative)

Building operation and maintenance

A.1 Emergency maintenance


Emergency maintenance can hardly be regarded as maintenance in the sense that, in many cases,
it consists of an urgent repair to, or replacement of, electrical equipment that has ceased to function
effectively. It is better to follow a rigorous planned maintenance programme for all essential
electrical power distribution installations and equipment in buildings to reduce the frequency of
emergency maintenance tasks.

A.2 Planned maintenance


In the use of electrical plants and equipment there are sources of danger as illustrated in
SANS 10142-1. Normally, maintenance carried out solely for safety reasons will be covered by
standard procedures, which in some instances will have to fulfil the relevant standard of practice for
the electricity (wiring) regulations.

Planned maintenance shall be carried out on the basis of the operation of the piece of electrical or
mechanical (or both) equipment itself. For example, it is worth considering whether all electric
motors should be periodically cleaned and inspected, making sure that dirt and dust has not
interfered with the self-cooling of the motor and that there is no oil leakage into the motor’s
windings. Bearings should also be checked for wear and tear to prevent contact between the rotor
and stator. Maintenance shall also be based on the complete plant, or auxiliary plant, such as the
central air-conditioning plant of a building.

A.3 Purpose of maintenance


Apart from safety, maintenance is needed to keep a plant in an acceptable condition. Maintenance
of this kind shall be reviewed on an economic and energy efficiency basis. While it is appreciated
that the breakdown of a plant can result in a costly interruption of normal building operations, it shall
also be borne in mind that stopping a plant for maintenance can also cause a loss in production.
Equipment, (for example, switchboards, motor control centres, air-handling units, and chiller plants),
that is used continuously requires more attention than that which is lightly loaded and rarely used.

A.4 Economic and energy efficiency of maintenance


Apart from the considerations in A.3, there will be the question of whether to repair or replace faulty
equipment. This requires analysis of the past and future maintenance costs and the benefits of new
equipment. There has been much operational research carried out into such things as the
probability of breakdown, replacement and repair limits, and overhaul policies. This requires
considerable effort and expertise and could need the services of a specialist consultant. However,
some initial steps can be taken as far as economic and energy efficiency is concerned for the
maintenance of electrical equipment in buildings.

A.5 Standardization of equipment


The use, as far as possible, of standard items such as switchgear, will help in the buying,
stockholding and replacement of components on the most economic and convenient basis.

12
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

A.6 Establishment of records on breakdown


Records may initially be on a simple logbook or card system. The information therein shall give
some idea of which plant requires attention and at what intervals. It might also lead to
improvements to the plant itself, which will reduce the frequency of future failures.

A.7 Frequency of maintenance


Frequency of maintenance requires careful organization to ensure that it fits in with operational
requirements. All planned maintenance should therefore have been agreed upon with the relevant
operations manager before implementation.

A.8 Economics of routine maintenance


It might not be economical or practical to include some equipment in a scheduled routine although
safety inspections will still need to be carried out.

Examples of low priority maintenance are:

a) equipment that is not subject to breakdown, for example, an electric heater; and

b) equipment that would cause little or no interference with operational routine and could be
repaired or replaced at any time.

In some cases it might be found that as little as 25 % of the plant should be maintained on a
scheduled routine throughout the year. While the setting up of a successful maintenance operation
is not an easy task, the economic advantages can be considerable.

A.9 Upgrading to a more efficient plant


Energy saving can be achieved by methods such as:

a) replacement of less efficient lamps with more energy efficient lamps;

b) replacing electro-mechanical control devices with electronic systems;

c) installing new, high-efficiency motors to replace old motors particularly where extended duty
operations prevail; and

d) retrofitting variable speed drives for flow control of fans or pumps.

The economics of changing inefficient existing systems, which are continuing to provide an
acceptable operational performance, obviously requires careful consideration. Not only does the
cost of new equipment need to be taken into consideration, but equipment lifespan can also have a
significant impact on the overall financial viability of any proposed changes.

13
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Annex B
(informative)

Pro forma compliance certificate

To (appropriate local authority): ..............................................................................................

Plan submission reference: ..............................................................................................

Name of project:

Street address:

Erf number:

Electricity supply account number:

Climatic zone: (see figure 1 of SANS 204-1)

Stage (pre- or post-occupancy):

Table B.1 — Building occupancies and areas

1 2
Occupancy in accordance Net floor area
with
SANS 10400-A m²

It is hereby certified that the building described above has been evaluated (if pre-occupancy) or
verified (if post-occupancy) to comply with the requirements of SANS 204-1 and that the
performance requirements are evaluated (if pre-occupancy) or verified (if post-occupancy) as
indicated in table B.2.

Signed at..………………………………on this……………………day of ………………......................

…………………………………………..
Signature

14
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Table B.2 — Maximum energy demand and maximum energy consumption

1 2 3 4 5 6

Maximum Maximum Other


Occupancy in Maximum annual Maximum energy
energy energy energy
accordance consumption consumption
demand demand sources
with
SANS 10400-A kWh/a kWh/(m²·a)
kVA kVA/m² kWh/a

Table B.3 — List of other energy sources and annual kWh equivalent

1 2

Energy source Annual kWh equivalent

Power factor as verified (entire building)

(If pre-occupancy)

The method used to evaluate the building energy requirement:

(For example, program used, details of methodology, any assumptions)

(If post-occupancy)

The evaluation method used:

(For example, electrical billing records, energy monitoring)

15
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Annex C
(informative)

Energy efficiency certificate for environmentally controlled buildings

C.1 General
This annex provides guidance for municipal energy efficiency certificates or alternatively provides a
default format for municipalities that have not passed regulations or by-laws to effect controls on
energy usage.

The document is structured under the headings: Energy Efficiency Certificate, Aims, Accreditation,
and Methodologies for Evaluation.

C.2 Energy efficiency certificate


C.2.1 Certification
The building Energy Efficiency Certificate, Energy Efficiency Passport or label is a system that
certifies the energy efficiency of an existing, new or envisaged building in an objective and
consistent manner. (See figure C.1 for an example of the German energy compliance certificate.)

The system of certification accounts for the following:

a) shape;

b) orientation;

c) fabric, including thermal resistance, bridges and storage, windows design, atria and air tightness;
and

d) technology for heating, cooling, hot water and artificial lighting.

It uniquely identifies the energy efficiency characteristics of a building and not the user’s
performance or the effects of incidental weather deviations.

As the main feature, it contains a clearly defined annual primary energy usage per square metre of
a conditioned area also presented in terms of useful energy and green house gases. This can be
presented on a graph (see figure C.1) scaled from 0 (green) to 1 000 kWh/(m²·a) (dark red). This
typical energy efficiency label for non-residential buildings also shows the typical values for
buildings that satisfy the latest norms on the same scale.

16
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Figure C.1 — Typical energy efficiency label for non-residential buildings

17
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

C.2.2 Information required


The following information is required:

a) annual energy usage per square meter of a conditioned area;

b) primary energy use as well as CO2 emissions;

c) address (photograph of address holder is optional);

d) building use (for example, an office, hotel, or residence);

e) a breakdown of energy services (heating, hot water, cooling, lighting) and energy carrier (such as
coal, oil, gas, electricity, solar, wind or hydro; and

f) suggestions on potential energy efficiency improvements.

The energy efficiency certificate shall also bear the signature and contact details of the person who
issued it (issuer), and the authority under which the issuer issues the certificate, or the prescribed
qualifications of the issuer.

NOTE 1 The energy efficiency certificate represents a notional value that allows and encourages the
comparison of existing, new and planned buildings. Therefore, it does not, and should not reflect the variable
effects of exceptional occupancies, individual users’ actions, weather deviations or energy price fluctuations.

NOTE 2 It is comparable to the EU Energy Label for White Goods, which helps the supply and demand sector
of the market make informed choices.

C.3 Aims of the energy certificate


C.3.1 The Energy Efficiency Certificate (Passport or label) aims to:
a) inform prospective tenants and buyers of the buildings about the energy costs, thereby elevating
energy efficiency in buildings to the status of a differentiator impacting on building value and
rentals;

b) create investor incentives for energy efficiency measures by the public and private sectors;

c) initiate activities through independent guidance;

d) support optimal execution through informed choices and a reference system; and

e) protect the consumer in the national and global perspective.

C.3.2 The energy certificate should be


a) user-friendly,

b) clear,

c) realistic,

d) transparent,

e) cost-effective,

f) informative, and

g) advisory.

18
This Standard was downloaded on 2008-10-31 14:45 and is exclusively for AAAMSA for use on ONE standalone P.C. To access it from a file
server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note that only One printout of the standard may be made.

SANS 204-1:2008
Edition 1

Bibliography
ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996, The HVAC commissioning process.

BSRIA, Commissioning guide 52.

Building Code of Australia (BCA) 2007, Volume one, Class 2 to class 9 buildings.

Building Code of Australia (BCA) 2007, Volume two, Class 1 and class 10 buildings – Housing
provisions.

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, (CIBSE) Commissioning Codes.

NFRC 100-2004, Procedure for determining fenestration product u-factors.

NFRC 101-2006, Procedure for determining thermo-physical properties of materials for use in
NFRC-approved software programs.

NFRC 200-2004, Procedure for determining fenestration product solar heat gain coefficient and
visible transmittance at normal incidence.

NFRC 201-2004, Procedure for interim standard test method for measuring the solar heat gain
coefficient of fenestration systems using calorimetry hot box methods.

NFRC 300-2004, Test method for determining the solar optical properties of glazing materials and
systems.

NFRC 301-2004, Standard test method for emittance of specular surfaces using spectrometric
measurements.

NFRC 302-2004, Verification program for optical spectra data.

NFRC 400-2004, Procedure for determining fenestration product air leakage.

NFRC 500-2004, Procedure for determining fenestration product condensation – Resistance


values.

NFRC 500UG-2004, User guide to NFRC 500: Procedure for determining fenestration product
condensation resistance rating values.

© SABS

19

You might also like