Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I acknowledge my gratitude and thank to all the well knowledge persons for giving me
opportunity to avail all the best facilities available at this telecom centre through which I
have gained knowledge thinking so as too just in the environment suitable for harmonic
adjustment. I am grateful to the following persons for various help rendered by them
during the training period.
Last but not the least; I thank my teacher, friends and my family members for their
constant encouragement.
PREFACE
Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close to himself as
possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he has continuously tried to
develop new technologies, which have helped to reach the objective.
The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of
communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Grahm Bell to the
current avtar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile phones. All these
technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards the
objective.
Table of contents
1. Acknowledgement
2. Preface
3. Table of contents
4. Introduction
5. making a telephone call
6. About the exchange
a. computer unit
b. power plant
c. central air conditioner
d. main distribution frame
7. V-SAT network
a. Design aspects
b. Operational factors
8. Types of access V-SAT networks
a. fixed assignment time division multiple access
(F-TDMA)
b. Random access
c. Code division multiple access (CDMA)
9. The Internet
a. Introduction
b. Internet connectivity
c.OSI model
d. Communication b\w the layers
e. File transfer the internet
f. National internet backbone
10. Wireless in local loop
a. Technical aspects
b. Advantages
11. Global system for mobile communication (GSM)
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL)
An Introduction:-
Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector
undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes improvement of the already
impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages and
instilling confidence among its customers.
Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for introducing latest
technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN (INTEGRATED SERVICES
DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK), GSM and WLL (WIRELESS IN
LOCAL LOOP) services etc. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL
has all the new services send technological advantages, which are available with any
well, developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country.
Full credit for all above achievement goes to the officers and staff of the BSNL. The
administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and quite committed to
provide the latest and best telecom services by their continued support and active co-
operation.
BSNL Services:-
When it comes connecting the four corners of the country , and much beyond , one
solitary name lies embedded at the pinnacle- BSNL. A company that has gone past the
number games and the quest to attain the position of the leader. It is working round
the clock to take India in to the future by providing excellent telecom services for
people of India.
Driven by the very best of telecom technology from global leaders, it connects each
inch of India to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step in to tomorrow.
The telecom services have been recognized the world over as an important tool for
socio-economic development for a nation and hence telecom infrastructure is treated a
crucial factor to realize the socio-economic objectives in India. Accordingly the
Department of Telecom has been formulating developmental policies for the accelerated
growth of the telecommunication services in various cities. The department is also
responsible for frequency management in the field of radio connection in close
coordination with the international bodies.
All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the
functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to
the exchange’s central computer, which in turns operates the switching to complete the
call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Today’s automatic
exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that provides services
and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few
seconds in the event of equipment failure.
E-10B
OCB283
EWSD
All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are:
1. subscribers connection unit
2. switching network (CX)
3. control unit
4. OMC
1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers
with the help of computers.
4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e.
it is the interface between subscribers and exchange.
Computer unit
As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services
provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also provides
the updated data to all other part of the exchange.
The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets
connected to the main server present this room via an internet room.
It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main
servers of this room are:-
IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.
CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing the
repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters it’s complained it gets
directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id number.
POWERPLANT
As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-
10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input.
The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply
is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays
its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be
adjustment source of power.
The main parts of the power room are:
Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off.
UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As we
know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but
there are also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply,
even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data.
Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely
charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit
present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle
charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe
take of the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged.
The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries.
Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC
and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange.
Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we
cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the
power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.
The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as “ton of refrigeration”
(TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg
of liquid to ice at zero degree.
The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by
compressing it.
Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a
cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal
compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange
process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and
meters it flows to the evaporator.
The refrigerant then passes trough the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the
ambience.
Horizontal side
Vertical side
HORIZONTAL SIDE:
RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The courting
is done from up (0) to down (7).
WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between
subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic.
VERTICAL SIDE:
The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs.
These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber.
Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts:
One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line by
using 100 pair underground cable.
This is how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have
different architectures of switching call routing and other features.
Now let us see how BSNL has kept up with the changing world and provided the
subscribers with the latest facilities technologies, which include the V-SAT network,
Internet, the WLL (wireless in local loop) and the GSM mobile.
V-SAT NETWORK
What is V-SAT?
It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station
suitable for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large
size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrated
Telecom Services.
It has the following components:
Micro Earth Station
Mini Earth Station
Personal Earth Station
Roof Top Terminal
Customer Premises Terminal
ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT
Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last
mile problem.
Superior quality satellite based data services.
Quick implementation time.
Reliable communication.
Broadcast feature on satellite communication.
Communication to different areas.
Flexibility for network and changes.
Service in distance insensitive.
Low cost.
The main reason for V-SAT evolution is due to advances in following areas:
Packet transmission and switching.
Efficient multiple access protocol.
Powerful microprocessor.
KU and RF electronics.
Antennae miniaturization
Spread spectrum techniques.
Protocol standardization and implementation.
LSI based FEC codec has and modems.
Higher power satellites.
CLASSIFICATION OF V-SATs
CATEGORIES OF V-SATs
When evaluating V-SAT system each of the above attributes should be given attention.
However, few of more important attributes are
Operational aspects
Frequency bands
Satellite access methods
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Considering a V-SAT system from its operational aspects, there are five broad functions
that determines how the system works. These are:
Bandwidth allocation
Multiplexing
Network management
Protocol handling
Transmission
There are three types access available for V-SAT data networks. They are:
In a fixed assignment TDMA, each frame is divided in to slots of fixed time durations
among stations of network. The assignment of stations to slots is permanent similar to
TDMA system carrying digitalized voice except FTDMA does not have synchronization.
Packets are sent asynchronously, with no frame sync signals.
FEATURES
RANDOM ACCESS
With TDMA schemes, signals are transmitted by earth stations in a burst mode. If no
scheduling is provided b/w the transmitting station, this type of access is called time
random multiple access. This simplest method for the stations to transmit burst without
regard for other station.
PURE ALOHA
Pure aloha, also called unslotted aloha is the simplest form of random access schema.
In this form of access stations transmit packets\bursts randomly.
Packet from different stations may collide, thereby destroying information content.
Station transmits the packet until they are received correctly.
The aloha channel throughout can be analyzed in terms of traffic offered through the
following relationship:
S=Ge-2g
Maximum throughput is 13% to 18%.
Delay- low
Complexity- very low
SLOTTED ALOHA
Reservation
The low bandwidth utilization of pure aloha and the slotted aloha has led to many
proposals for increasing utilization by means of slot reservation schemes.
The object of slot reservation schemes is to receive a particular time slot for a given
station. This ensures that no collision takes place.
This scheme has a higher throughput than either S- Aloha or F-TDMA depending on
traffic.
This increase in channel utilization efficiency is obtained at some overhead either in
terms of allocation of bandwidth for reservation purposes and\or increased complexity
of the control mechanism in transmitting stations.
All reservation methods use some form of framing approach and the reservation
scheme can be either implicit or explicit.
The implicit reservation method involves reservation by use. This is done whenever a
station successfully transmit in a slot; all the stations internally assign that slot in sub-
segment frames for exclusive use by the successful station. This is called R-Aloha. In
this there is no way to prevent a station capturing most or all of the slots in a frame for
an indefinite time.
The explicit reservation is a distinct and unique assignment of slots to a user by the
network scheduler.
With CDMA transmission from earth station are spread over the time frequency plane
by a code transformation. These techniques are referred to as Spread Spectrum
Systems. In addition to their multiple access capabilities, they are useful in combating
jamming, and are for this reason principally used in military systems.
Features
All stations operate on the same transponder frequency using a large bandwidth than
needed for the data rate.
Network needs no time for frequency coordination.
Provide anti jam capabilities or protection against interference.
Provide for a graceful degradation of network performance as the number of
simultaneous users increases.
Low spectral density compared to conventional emissions.
It yields same capacity as FDMA.
Limitations of CDMA
Banking network
Civil aviation
Airlines\railways
Public\private sector industries
Meteorological department
Police department
RABMN NETWORK
Introduction
Bandwidth is split in to narrow frequency bands with multiple users each allocated a
frequency range within the larger bandwidth.
Each terminal is allotted a unique encryption code. The transmitted signals are encoded
and only the terminal intended to receive it, can decode it. This is also known as Spread
Spectrum Multiple Access.
In TDM, time slots are allotted to the multiplexed lines even if they have no data
transmit. In STDM, a time slot is allotted to the multiplexed line only if there is data to
be sent. The multiplexed circuit is used more efficiently.
Independent of terrain can be installed in hilly regions, islands and remote places.
Flexible service carrying data, Telex.
No last mile problems of cable pair\overhead lines.
Interference immunity.
Data security
Satellite based
Spread spectrum
Packet switching
Tariffs:-
Within RABMN:
o 12 digit code
o 4041xxxxxxxx
To telex networks
NATIONAL
Q008/area code/telex number
INTERNATIONAL
0009/country code/telex number
TELEX TO RABMIN
09841xxxxx (last 5 digits of telex number)
Outbound
Inbound
Outbound:
Inbound:
VSAT specifications
Antennae module
Controller module
Controller module :
Ø INPUT\OUTPUT PROCESOR
· Converts raw data to packets
· Customer protocol to network protocol
Ø NETWORK PROCESSOR
TRANS SIDE:
· generates BFEC & FCS
· Retains packets in buffer until ACK’s receives and transmits if required.
RECIEVER SIDE:
· checks BFEC & FCS
· ACK’s the packets and requests retransmission of missing packets
Ø SPACE PROCESSOR
TRANS SIDE
· Encodes the packets with PN sequence to 2.45MBps stream
· BPSK modulation of IF
RECIEVER SIDE
· Demodulates IF signal to 2.45MBps
· Dispreads to 153.6KBps stream
· Checks destination link address in the header
· Discards packets addressed to other links.
INTERNET
Introduction:
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group
of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on
TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard
communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are
connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique
identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks providing
global link to information.
GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial
up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means.
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specified destination
and network software reassembles of communications, the computer network performs
the following functions-
A single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard is an
open system interconnection (OSI) model.
OSI NETWORKING MODEL: The open systems interconnection model defines all the
methods and protocols needed to connect one computer to any other over a network.
The OSI model separates the methods and protocols needed for a network connection
in to seven different layers. Each higher layer relies on services provided by a lower
level layer.
The OSI model is sometimes called “the seven layer model”. It was developed by the
International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983 and is documented as standard
7498.
Layers are:
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
PHYSICAL LAYER:
The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used to make a
network connection. It includes a network cable that can transmit a stream of bits
between nodes on the physical network. The physical connection can be either point to
point or multipoint, and it can consist of either half duplex (one direction at a time) or
full duplex (both directions simultaneously) transmissions. Moreover, the bits can be
transmitted either in series or in parallel (most network use a serial stream of bits, but
the standard allows for both serial and parallel transmission). The specification for the
physical layer also defines the cable used, the voltages carried on the cable, the timing
of the electrical signals, the distance that can be run, and so on. For example, a NIC
network interface network) is part of the physical layer.
DATA LINK LAYER: the data link layer, layer 2, defines standard that assign meaning
to the bits carried by the physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the
physical layer, so the network layer (layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer
typically includes error detection and correction to ensure a reliable data stream. The
data elements carried by the data link layer are called frames.
Examples of frame types include x.25 and 802.x (802.x includes both Ethernet and
Token Ring networks).
The data link layer is usually subdivided in to two sub layers, called the Logical link
control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sub layers. The LLC sub layer performs
tasks such as call set up and termination and data transfer. The MAC sub layer handles
frame assembly and disassembly, error detection and correction, and addressing. The
two most common MAC protocols are 802.3 Ethernet and 802.5 Token ring .Other MAC
protocols include 802.12 100 Base VBG, 802.11 Wireless, and 802.7 Broadband.
Network Layer: The network layer, Layer-3, is where a lot of action goes on for most
networks. The network layer defines how data packets get from one point to another
on network. The Network layer is also known as packet layer, it defines different packet
protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX). These
packet protocols include source and destination routing information. The routing
information in each packet tells the network where to send the packets to reach its
destination and tells the receiving computer from where the packet originated.
Transport Layer: The Transport Layer, layer-4, manages the flow of information from
one network node to another. It identifies each computer or node on a network
uniquely. It ensures that the packets are decoded in the proper sequence and that all
packets are received. Transport layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).Each is used in concert with IP and IPX
respectively.
Session layer: The session layer, layer-5, defines the connection from a user to a
network server, or from a peer on a network to another peer. These virtual connections
are referred to as sessions. They include negotiation between the client and the host, or
peer and peer, on matters of flow and control, transaction- processing, transfer of user
information, and authentication to the network.
Presentation Layer: The presentation layer, layer-6, takes the data supplied by the
lower level layer and transform so it can be presented to the system. The Presentation
layer can include data compression and decompression as well as data encryption and
decryption.
Application Layer: The Application layer, layer 7, controls how the operating system
and its application interact with network.
As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program or the operating system,
and then goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven layers of the
OSI model one by one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted
over the network connection. The computer at the receiving end reverses this process.
At each stage of the OSI model, the data is “wrapped” with new control information
related to the work done at the particular layer. This control information is different for
each layer, but it includes headers, trailers pre-ambles, and post-ambles.
Therefore, for example, when the data goes into the networking software and
components making up the OSI model, it starts at the application layer and includes an
application header and application data. Next, at the presentation layer, a presentation
header is wrapped around the data and it is passed to the session layer, where a
session header is wrapped around all the data, and so on, until it reaches the physical
layer. At the receiving computer this process is reversed.
WWW:
World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval aiming to give
universal access to a large universe of documents.
HTTP:
Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to transfer
documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).
HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various
parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text,
link graphics and link media.
ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology that
provides both voice and data services over the same connection.
ISP:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other net
related services.
Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP) operations. The
networking equipments like access servers, routers and modems are critical to the
successful functioning of ISP.
An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of equipments as given
below.
Access server
Router
Modem bank
LAN (Local Area Network) components
Security server
Rack, console & power supply
Network management agent.
Help desk
TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The system for
WLL services can be divided in to following parts:-
BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it consists of
different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In LG 1 BSC can have
48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:-
CCS-7 / R2:- These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesn’t depend on local
exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses this type of BSC for urban
areas.
BTS (Base Transreceiver System):- As it is clear from its name it transmits as well
as receive signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to overcome the loss in signal in
transmission.
BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL services. It
can troubleshoot the problem; add new users as well as capable to block service given
to user. It is basically a computer system, which manages the whole process of WLL
service. In BSNL BSM are two UNIX based computer system.
CDMA: - Where large number of transmission are combined on the same channel at
the same time and separated by the codes.
WHAT IS CDMA?
CDMA, a cellular technology originally known as IS-95, competes with GSM technology
for dominance in the cellular world.
There are now different variations, but the original CDMA is known as CdmaOne.
We now have CDMA2000 and its variant like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO and MC 3X. The refer of
variant of usage of a 1.25 MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel. Wide band CDMA
forms that the basis of UMTS 3G networks, developed originally by Qualcomm, high
capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and special
coding scheme characterized by CDMA.
The Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) in 1993 adopted CDMA. May 2001
there were 35 million subscribers on cdmaOne system worldwide. Over 35 countries
have either commercial or trial activity ongoing. There were already 43 WLL systems in
22 countries using cdmaOne technology.
Enhancing today’s data capabilities is the 1XRTT CDMA standard this next evolutionary
step for cdmaOne operators will provide data rates up to 300 kbps, significant capacity
increases as well as extended batteries life for handsets.
Worldwide resources are being devoted to roll out third generation CDMA technology,
including multi-carrier (cdmaOne2000 1xMC and HDR in 1.25 MHz bandwidth and 3xMC
in 5 MHz bandwidth) and direct spread (WCDMA in 5 MHz bandwidth).
This first phase of cdmaOne2000 variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X or just plain 1X is
designed to double current voce capacity and support always on data transmission
speed 10 times faster than typically available today, some 153.6 kbps on both the
forward and reverse links.
ADVANTAGES OF WLL:
Country wide induction of WLL underway of areas than are non-feasible for the normal
network
Helping relieves congestion of connections in the normal cable / wire based network in
urban areas
Limited the mobility without any airtime charges
It has improved signal and reducing the interference
Greater capacity than mobile
Provides ease of operation, administration & maintenance at lower cost.
The telecommunication is the biggest factor in influencing the speed of life in the
modern age. Today we can get connection with any corner of world through the push
button of computer; with the small mobile phone we can send not only the messages
but also the secret document. As we know that there is positive view behind any
mention that it should be helpful in the development of society. But humans have
diverted mentality some of them of positive view and some of them of negative view.
Where use any invention for the welfare of society but some uses for the satisfaction
their disturbed mentality and to earn more and more money whether it may be harmful
for the society. They infringe the norms of society and their behavior is condemned as
antisocial, immoral and sinful.
The GSM Association is a unique organization, with a truly global reach, offering a full
range of business and technical services to its members. Now as the wireless family
unfolds the association is deriving forward its vision of seamless, limitless, world of
wireless communication.
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been
developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many
problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital
radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these problems.
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for
digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established
in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulae
the specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900
MHz. It is estimated that many country outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.
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Ashish Puri
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