- Globalization.

Contents:

1. Introduction.
2. Globalization in the history of ideas.
3. Definitions.
4. Effects.
5. Advantages and Disadvantages.
6. Ant- globalization movement.
7. Assignment references.

Ahmed NOSHY
Certified Documentary Credit Specialist
Assistant Manager - Trade and Supply Chain. | HSBC BANK PLC EGYPT
1. Introduction.7
Covering a wide range of distinct political, economic, and cultural trends, the term
“globalization” has quickly become one of the most fashionable buzzwords of
contemporary political and academic debate. In popular discourse, globalization often
functions as little more than a synonym for one or more of the following phenomena:
the pursuit of classical liberal (or “free market”) policies in the world economy
(“economic liberalization”), the growing dominance of western (or even American)
forms of political, economic, and cultural life (“westernization” or
“Americanization”), the proliferation of new information technologies (the “Internet
Revolution”), as well as the notion that humanity stands at the threshold of realizing
one single unified community in which major sources of social conflict have vanished
(“global integration”). Fortunately, recent social theory has formulated a more precise
concept of globalization than those typically offered by pundits. Although sharp
differences continue to separate participants in the ongoing debate, most
contemporary social theorists endorse the view that globalization refers to
fundamental changes in the spatial and temporal contours of social existence,
according to which the significance of space or territory undergoes shifts in the face
of a no less dramatic acceleration in the temporal structure of crucial forms of human
activity. Geographical distance is typically measured in time. As the time necessary to
connect distinct geographical locations is reduced, distance or space undergoes
compression or “annihilation.” The human experience of space is intimately
connected to the temporal structure of those activities by means of which we
experience space. Changes in the temporality of human activity inevitably generate
altered experiences of space or territory. Theorists of globalization disagree about the
precise sources of recent shifts in the spatial and temporal contours of human life.
Nonetheless, they generally agree that alterations in humanity's experiences of space
and time are working to undermine the importance of local and even national
boundaries in many arenas of human endeavor. Since globalization contains far-
reaching implications for virtually every facet of human life, it necessarily suggests
the need to rethink key questions of normative political theory.

2. Definitions:

Name for the process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the world's
markets and businesses. This process has speeded up dramatically in the last two decades as
technological advances make it easier for people to travel, communicate, and do business
internationally. Two major recent driving forces are advances in telecommunications
infrastructure and the rise of the internet. In general, as economies become more connected to
other economies, they have increased opportunity but also increased competition. Thus, as
globalization becomes a more and more common feature of world economics, powerful pro-
globalization and anti-globalization lobbies have arisen. The pro-globalization lobby argues
that globalization brings about much increased opportunities for almost everyone, and
increased competition is a good thing since it makes agents of production more efficient. The
two most prominent pro-globalization organizations are the World Trade Organization and
the World Economic Forum. The World Trade Organization is a pan-governmental entity
(which currently has 144 members) that was set up to formulate a set of rules to govern global
trade and capital flows through the process of member consensus, and to supervise their
member countries to ensure that the rules are being followed. The World Economic Forum, a
private foundation, does not have decision-making power but enjoys a great deal of
importance since it has been effective as a powerful networking forum for many of the
world's business, government and not-profit leaders. The anti-globalization group argues that
certain groups of people who are deprived in terms of resources are not currently capable of
functioning within the increased competitive pressure that will be brought about by allowing
their economies to be more connected to the rest of the world. Important anti-globalization
organizations include environmental groups like Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace;
international aid organizations like Oxfam; third world government organizations like the
G77; business organizations and trade unions whose competitiveness is threatened by
globalization like the U.S. textiles and European farm lobby, as well as the Australian and
U.S. trade union movements.2

Oxford English Dictionary:

The word 'globalization' was first employed in a publication entitled Towards New
Education in 1930, to denote a holistic view of human experience in education. An
early description of globalization was penned by the American entrepreneur-turned-
minister Charles Taze Russell who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897,
although it was not until the 1960s that the term began to be widely used by
economists and other social scientists. The term has since then achieved widespread
use in the mainstream press by the later half of the 1980s. Since its inception, the
concept of globalization has inspired numerous competing definitions and
interpretations, with antecedents dating back to the great movements of trade and
empire across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onwards.1

Takis Fotopoulos (a political philosopher and economist who founded the inclusive
democracy movement) argues that globalization is the result of systemic trends
manifesting the market economy's grow-or-die dynamic, following the rapid
expansion of transnational corporations. Because these trends have not been offset
effectively by counter-tendencies that could have emanated from trade-union action
and other forms of political activity, the outcome has been globalization. This is a
multi-faceted and irreversible phenomenon within the system of the market economy
and it is expressed as: economic globalization, namely, the opening and deregulation
of commodity, capital and labor markets which led to the present form of neoliberal
globalization; political globalization, i.e., the emergence of a transnational elite and
the phasing out of the all powerful-nation state of the statist period; cultural
globalization, i.e., the worldwide homogenization of culture; ideological
globalization; technological globalization; social globalization.1

3. Globalization in the History of Ideas. 7

The term globalization has only become commonplace in the last two decades, and
academic commentators who employed the term as late as the 1970s accurately
recognized the novelty of doing so (Modelski 1972). At least since the advent of
industrial capitalism, however, intellectual discourse has been replete with allusions to
phenomena strikingly akin to those that have garnered the attention of recent theorists
of globalization. Nineteenth and twentieth-century philosophy, literature, and social
commentary include numerous references to an inchoate yet widely shared awareness
that experiences of distance and space are inevitably transformed by the emergence of
high-speed forms of transportation (for example, rail and air travel) and
communication (the telegraph or telephone) that dramatically heighten possibilities
for human interaction across existing geographical and political divides (Harvey
1989; Kern 1983). Long before the introduction of the term globalization into recent
popular and scholarly debate, the appearance of novel high-speed forms of social
activity generated extensive commentary about the compression of space.

Writing in 1839, an English journalist commented on the implications of rail travel by

anxiously postulating that as distance was “annihilated, the surface of our country
would, as it were, shrivel in size until it became not much bigger than one immense
city” (Harvey 1996, 242). A few years later, Heinrich Heine, the émigré German-
Jewish poet, captured this same experience when he noted: “space is killed by the
railways. I feel as if the mountains and forests of all countries were advancing on
Paris. Even now, I can smell the German linden trees; the North Sea's breakers are
rolling against my door” (Schivelbusch 1978, 34). Another German émigré, the
socialist theorist Karl Marx, in 1848 formulated the first theoretical explanation of the
sense of territorial compression that so fascinated his contemporaries. In Marx's
account, the imperatives of capitalist production inevitably drove the bourgeoisie to
“nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, and establish connections everywhere.” The
juggernaut of industrial capitalism constituted the most basic source of technologies
resulting in the annihilation of space, helping to pave the way for “intercourse in
every direction, universal interdependence of nations,” in contrast to a narrow-minded
provincialism that had plagued humanity for untold eons (Marx 1848, 476). Despite
their ills as instruments of capitalist exploitation, new technologies that increased
possibilities for human interaction across borders ultimately represented a progressive
force in history. They provided the necessary infrastructure for a cosmopolitan future
socialist civilization, while simultaneously functioning in the present as indispensable
organizational tools for a working class destined to undertake a revolution no less
oblivious to traditional territorial divisions than the system of capitalist exploitation it
hoped to dismantle.

European intellectuals have hardly been alone in their fascination with the experience
of territorial compression, as evinced by the key role played by the same theme in
early twentieth-century American thought. In 1904, the literary figure Henry Adams
diagnosed the existence of a “law of acceleration,” fundamental to the workings of
social development, in order to make sense of the rapidly changing spatial and
temporal contours of human activity. Modern society could only be properly
understood if the seemingly irrepressible acceleration of basic technological and
social processes was given a central place in social and historical analysis (Adams
1931 [1904]). John Dewey argued in 1927 that recent economic and technological
trends implied the emergence of a “new world” no less noteworthy than the opening
up of America to European exploration and conquest in 1492. For Dewey, the
invention of steam, electricity, and the telephone offered formidable challenges to
relatively static and homogeneous forms of local community life that had long
represented the main theatre for most human activity. Economic activity increasingly
exploded the confines of local communities to a degree that would have stunned our
historical predecessors, for example, while the steamship, railroad, automobile, and
air travel considerably intensified rates of geographical mobility. Dewey went beyond
previous discussions of the changing temporal and spatial contours of human activity,
however, by suggesting that the compression of space posed fundamental questions
for democracy. Dewey observed that small-scale political communities (for example,
the New England township), a crucial site for the exercise of effective democratic
participation, seemed ever more peripheral to the great issues of an interconnected
world. Increasingly dense networks of social ties across borders rendered local forms
of self-government ineffective. Dewey wondered, “How can a public be organized,
we may ask, when literally it does not stay in place?” (Dewey 1927, 140). To the
extent that democratic citizenship minimally presupposes the possibility of action in
concert with others, how might citizenship be sustained in a social world subject to
ever more astonishing possibilities for movement and mobility? New high-speed
technologies attributed a shifting and unstable character to social life, as demonstrated
by increased rates of change and turnover in many arenas of activity (most important
perhaps, the economy) directly affected by them, and the relative fluidity and
inconstancy of social relations there. If citizenship requires some modicum of
constancy and stability in social life, however, did not recent changes in the temporal
and spatial conditions of human activity bode poorly for political participation? How
might citizens come together and act in concert when contemporary society's “mania
for motion and speed” made it difficult for them even to get acquainted with one
another, let alone identify objects of common concern? (Dewey 1927, 140).

The unabated proliferation of high-speed technologies is probably the main source of

the numerous references in intellectual life since 1950 to the annihilation of distance.
The Canadian cultural critic Marshall McLuhan made the theme of a technologically
based “global village,” generated by social “acceleration at all levels of human
organization,” the centerpiece of an anxiety-ridden analysis of new media
technologies in the 1960s (McLuhan 1964, 103). Arguing in the 1970s and ‘80s that
recent shifts in the spatial and temporal contours of social life exacerbated
authoritarian political trends, the French social critic Paul Virilio seemed to confirm
many of Dewey's darkest worries about the decay of democracy. According to his
analysis, the high-speed imperatives of modern warfare and weapons systems
strengthened the executive and debilitated representative legislatures. The
compression of territory thereby paved the way for executive-centered emergency
government (Virilio 1977). But it was probably the German philosopher Martin
Heidegger who most clearly anticipated contemporary debates about globalization.
Heidegger not only described the “abolition of distance” as a constitutive feature of
our contemporary condition, but he linked recent shifts in spatial experience to no less
fundamental alterations in the temporality of human activity: “All distances in time
and space are shrinking. Man now reaches overnight, by places, places which
formerly took weeks and months of travel” (Heidegger 1950, 165). Heidegger also
accurately prophesied that new communication and information technologies would
soon spawn novel possibilities for dramatically extending the scope of virtual reality:
“Distant sites of the most ancient cultures are shown on film as if they stood this very
moment amidst today's street traffic…The peak of this abolition of every possibility
of remoteness is reached by television, which will soon pervade and dominate the
whole machinery of communication” (Heidegger 1950, 165). Heidegger's description
of growing possibilities for simultaneity and instantaneousness in human experience
ultimately proved no less apprehensive than the views of many of his predecessors. In
his analysis, the compression of space increasingly meant that from the perspective of
human experience “everything is equally far and equally near.” Instead of opening up
new possibilities for rich and multi-faceted interaction with events once distant from
the purview of most individuals, the abolition of distance tended to generate a
“uniform distanceless” in which fundamentally distinct objects became part of a bland
homogeneous experiential mass (Heidegger 1950, 166). The loss of any meaningful
distinction between “nearness” and “distance” contributed to a leveling down of
human experience, which in turn spawned an indifference that rendered human
experience monotonous and one-dimensional.

4. Effects.1

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways

Industrial - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a

range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of
material and goods between and within national boundaries. International trade in
manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion)
in the 50 years since 1955. China's trade with Africa rose sevenfold during 2000-07
alone.

Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external

financing for borrowers. By the early part of the 21st century more than $1.5 trillion
in national currencies were traded daily to support the expanded levels of trade and
investment. As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational
regulatory regime, the instability of the global financial infrastructure dramatically
increased, as evidenced by the financial crisis of 2007–2010.

Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of

exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however,
meant that an economic collapse in one area could impact other areas. With
globalization, companies can produce goods and services in the lowest cost location.
This may cause jobs to be moved to locations that have the lowest wages, least worker
protection and lowest health benefits. For Industrial activities this may cause
production to move to areas with the least pollution regulations or worker safety
regulations.

Health Policy - On the global scale, health becomes a commodity. In developing

nations under the demands of Structural Adjustment Programs, health systems are
fragmented and privatized. Global health policy makers have shifted during the 1990s
from United Nations players to financial institutions. The result of this power
transition is an increase in privatization in the health sector. This privatization
fragments health policy by crowding it with many players with many private interests.
These fragmented policy players emphasize partnerships and specific interventions to
combat specific problems (as opposed to comprehensive health strategies). Influenced
by global trade and global economy, health policy is directed by technological
advances and innovative medical trade. Global priorities, in this situation, are
sometimes at odds with national priorities where increased health infrastructure and
basic primary care are of more value to the public than privatized care for the wealthy.
Political - some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government
which regulates the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights
arising from social and economic globalization.[27] Politically, the United States has
enjoyed a position of power among the world powers, in part because of its strong and
wealthy economy. With the influence of globalization and with the help of The United
States’ own economy, the People's Republic of China has experienced some
tremendous growth within the past decade. If China continues to grow at the rate
projected by the trends, then it is very likely that in the next twenty years, there will
be a major reallocation of power among the world leaders. China will have enough
wealth, industry, and technology to rival the United States for the position of leading
world power.

Among the political effects some scholars also name the transformation of
sovereignty. In their opinion, 'globalization contributes to the change and reduction of
nomenclature and scope of state sovereign powers, and besides it is a bilateral
process: on the one hand, the factors are strengthening that fairly undermine the
countries' sovereignty, on the other – most states voluntarily and deliberately limit the
scope of their sovereignty'.

Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote

locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the advent of fiber optic
communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone and internet.

Language - the most popular first language is Mandarin (845 million speakers)
followed by Spanish (329 million speakers) and English (328 million speakers).
However the most popular second language is undoubtedly English, the "lingua
franca" of globalization:

About 35% of the world's mail, telexes, and cables are in English.

Approximately 40% of the world's radio programs are in English.

About 50% of all Internet traffic uses English.

Competition - Survival in the new global business market calls for improved
productivity and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide,
companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology
skillfully in order to face increased competition.

Ecological - the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with
international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air
pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Since many
factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation,
globalism and free trade may increase pollution and impact on precious fresh water
resources (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2008). On the other hand, economic development
historically required a "dirty" industrial stage, and it is argued that developing
countries should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of
living.
Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of
consciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase
one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology
and practices, and participate in a "world culture". Some bemoan the resulting
consumerism and loss of languages. Also see Transformation of culture.

Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity (e.g.

through the export of Hollywood). Some consider such "imported" culture a danger,
since it may supplant the local culture, causing reduction in diversity or even
assimilation. Others consider multiculturalism to promote peace and understanding
between people. A third position that gained popularity is the notion that
multiculturalism to a new form of monoculture in which no distinctions exist and
everyone just shift between various lifestyles in terms of music, cloth and other
aspects once more firmly attached to a single culture. Thus not mere cultural
assimilation as mentioned above but the obliteration of culture as we know it today. In
reality, as it happens in countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia or New
Zealand, people who always lived in their native countries maintain their cultures
without feeling forced by any reason to accept another and are proud of it even when
they're acceptive of immigrants, while people who are newly arrived simply keep
their own culture or part of it despite some minimum amount of assimilation, although
aspects of their culture often become a curiosity and a daily aspect of the lives of the
people of the welcoming countries.

Greater international travel and tourism. WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are
on planes at any one time? In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist
arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007.

Greater immigration, including illegal immigration. The IOM estimates there are
more than 200 million migrants around the world today. Newly available data show
that remittance flows to developing countries reached $328 billion in 2008.[43]

Spread of local consumer products (e.g., food) to other countries (often adapted to
their culture).

Worldwide fads and pop culture such as Pokémon, Sudoku, Numa Numa, Origami,
Idol series, YouTube, Orkut, Facebook, and MySpace; accessible only to those who
have Internet or Television, leaving out a substantial portion of the Earth's population.

Worldwide sporting events such as FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games.

Incorporation of multinational corporations into new media. As the sponsors of the

All-Blacks rugby team, Adidas had created a parallel website with a downloadable
interactive rugby game for its fans to play and compete.

Social - development of the system of non-governmental organizations as main agents

of global public policy, including humanitarian aid and developmental efforts.
Technical - Development of a Global Information System, global telecommunications
infrastructure and greater transporter data flow, using such technologies as the
Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless
telephones

Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g., copyright laws, patents and
world trade agreements.

Legal/Ethical - The creation of the international criminal court and international

justice movements. Crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting
efforts and cooperation. The emergence of Global administrative law.

Religious -The spread and increased interrelations of various religious groups, ideas,
and practices and their ideas of the meanings and values of particular spaces.

4. A. The negative effects of globalization.3

Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed
below.

• Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs.

That means less jobs for their people. This has happened because manufacturing work
is outsourced to developing nations like China where the cost of manufacturing goods
and wages are lower. Programmers, editors, scientists and accountants have lost their
jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India.

• Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are
used to work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap
goods.
• Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in
constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led
to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of living.
• Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to
inflict damage. Terrorists use the Internet for communicating among themselves.
• Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor
regulation of pollution.
• Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing
world. People are consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse
impact on their health.
• The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and
the poor are becoming poorer.
• Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV
and the Internet.
• Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
• Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to the remotest
corners of the globe.
• Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals.
• The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social
welfare schemes in developed countries.
• There is increase in human trafficking.
 • Multinational Companies and corporations which were previously restricted
to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions.

1. B. The positive aspect of globalization.3

2. 6

3. As we move further and further into the twenty-first century, the more clearly we
are seeing the advantages of globalization. It has unbounded economic, technical, social and cultural
benefits for developing countries. Globalization can mean sharing technological know-how, such as
better methods of farming, or it can mean building roads or a dam to give people access to clean
water or electricity.
4. The advantages of globalization are numerous. Globalization is the answer for
raising the standard of living around the world. In fact, over the last thirty years, the number of
people living in the most desperate poverty, those living on under one dollar a day, has decreased.
That’s not to say there are still not people hungry around the world. But in its own slow way the
standard of living around the world is getting higher.
5. The advantages of globalization can be seen in the internet. Now, it is possible to
have truly global communication. Someone in Africa can talk to someone in Canada in real time. Or,
someone in the United States can email a friend in India and have it arrive in their mailbox in less
than one minute. The transmission of information over the internet is making people who live in
underdeveloped countries aware of what is possible. The advantages of globalization mean that
news is transmitted around the world as it happens. It is a lot harder to keep people in the dark
about events in the rest of the world.
6. The advantages of globalization on the international economy are substantial.
Countries can invest in one another, loan money to one another, and develop trade with other
countries. Businesses can open and sell their goods in new foreign markets. The more goods that are
sold, the more jobs are created. Even in a faltering economy, the world is a better place because
the global market is more open and free.
7. The movement of freedom and democracy is another one of the advantages of
globalization. The world is becoming more and more one place. Globalization brings with it the
knowledge that all human beings share the earth with one another. It brings about cooperation in
trying to make the earth a better place to live. The ultimate goal of globalization is the peace of the
world--all countries becoming accepting of one another and the diversity of cultures and beliefs that
exists in the world as a whole.
8. Globalization makes travel easier whether in very populated or very rural areas.
Food and medical supplies can now quickly reach locations that need them. Countries get together to
play in international competitions, such as the Olympics or for other world titles, such as in soccer,
skiing or baseball. It is these kinds of instances of people working together toward one goal that will
eventually lead to new understanding of cultural values and customs. Countries who can accept each
other’s cultural values, even without sharing them, are much less apt to go to war with one another.

Globalization has a positive side as well. Supporters of globalization argue that it is good and beneficial.
Some of their arguments are listed below.

• Globalization has created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software

development, customer support, marketing, accounting and insurance is outsourced to
developing countries like India. So the company that outsourced the work enjoys the
benefit of lower costs because the wages in developing countries is far lower than that
of developed countries. The workers in the developing countries get employment.
Developing countries get access to the latest technology.
• Increased competition forces companies to lower prices. This benefits the end
consumers.
 • Increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right
violations. This leads to improvement in human rights.

Some Advantages 5
• Increased free trade
between nations
• Increased liquidity of
capital allowing investors in
developed nations to invest in
developing nations
• Corporations have greater
flexibility to operate across
borders
• Global mass media ties the
world together
• Increased flow of
communications allows vital
information to be shared between
individuals and corporations
around the world
• Greater ease and speed of
transportation for goods and
people
• Reduction of cultural
barriers increases the global
village effect
• Spread of democratic ideals
to developed nations
• Greater interdependence of
nation-states
• Reduction of likelihood of
war between developed nations

• Increases in environmental
protection in developed nations

3. The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalization movement.

Is critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism. The movement is also

commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement,
anti-corporate globalization movement, or movement against neoliberal globalization.

Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas. What is shared is that
participants stand in opposition to large, multi-national corporations having
unregulated political power and to the powers exercised through trade agreements and
deregulated financial markets. Specifically, corporations are accused of seeking to
maximize profit at the expense of sabotaging work safety conditions and standards,
labor hiring and compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, and
the integrity of national legislative authority, independence and sovereignty. Recent
developments, seen as unprecedented changes in the global economy, have been
characterized as "turbo-capitalism" (Edward Luttwak), "market fundamentalism"
(George Soros), "casino capitalism" (Susan Strange), "cancer-stage capitalism" (John
McMurtry), and as "McWorld" (Benjamin Barber).

Many anti-globalization activists generally call for forms of global integration that
better provide democratic representation, advancement of human rights, fair trade and
sustainable development and therefore feel the term "anti-globalization" is
misleading.

And, one of the biggest advantages of globalization is justice. You can see it now in world
courts, where those who deny people their rights, and murder countless innocent people
can be brought to justice for the whole world to see. Globalization can advance the cause
of human rights throughout the world.

Globalization can go way beyond economic concerns to address such other issues as the
environment. Whether it be disappearing forests, global warming, fishing laws, or helping
to save endangered species of animals and birds, people working together in a global way
can have far-reaching consequences.

The Future.3

Globalization is a tool that should benefit all sections of mankind. One cannot ignore its
negative effects. These must be addressed for the world’s peace and prosperity.

3. Assignment references.

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization

2. http://www.investorwords.com/2182/globalization.html

3. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization.html

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiglobalization

5. http://www.darkseptemberrain.com/ideas/advantages.htm

6.http://www.knowledgegalaxy.net/advantages_of_globalization/advantag
es_of_globalization.html

7. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/#1