VLSI DESIGN

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION : Introduction to IC Technology– MOS, PMOS, NMOS, CMOS &
BiCMOS technologies- Oxidation, Lithography, Diffusion, Ion implantation,
Metallization, Encapsulation, Probe testing, Integrated Resistors and
Capacitors.
UNIT II
BASIC ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES : Basic Electrical Properties of MOS and
BiCMOS Circuits: Ids-Vds relationships, MOS transistor threshold Voltage, gm,
gds, figure of merit  o; Pass transistor, NMOS Inverter, Various pull ups,
CMOS Inverter analysis and design, Bi-CMOS Inverters.
UNIT III
VLSI CIRCUIT DESIGN PROCESSES : VLSI Design Flow, MOS Layers, Stick
Diagrams, Design Rules and Layout, 2  m CMOS Design rules for wires,
Contacts and Transistors Layout Diagrams for NMOS and
CMOS Inverters and Gates, Scaling of MOS circuits, Limitations of Scaling.
UNIT IV
GATE LEVEL DESIGN: Logic Gates and Other complex gates, Switch logic,
Alternate gate circuits, Basic
circuit concepts, Sheet Resistance RS and its concept to MOS, Area
Capacitance Units, Calculations
Delays, Driving large Capacitive Loads, Wiring Capacitances, Fan-in and fan-
out, Choice of layers
UNIT V
SUBSYSTEM DESIGN: Subsystem Design, Shifters, Adders, ALUs, Multipliers,
Parity generators,
Comparators, Zero/One Detectors, Counters, High Density Memory Elements.
UNIT VI
SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN : PLAs, FPGAs, CPLDs,
Standard Cells,
Programmable Array Logic, Design Approach.
UNIT VII
VHDL SYNTHESIS : VHDL Synthesis, Circuit Design Flow, Circuit Synthesis,
Simulation, Layout, Design
capture tools, Design Verification Tools, Test Principles.
UNIT VIII
CMOS TESTING : CMOS Testing, Need for testing, Test Principles, Design
Strategies for test, Chip level Test Techniques, System-level Test Techniques,
Layout Design for improved Testability.
SYLLABUS
PAPER-1 GENERAL STUDIES & MENTAL ABILITY
1. General Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their
implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be
expected of a
well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline.
2. Current events of national and international importance.
3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its
social,
economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement.
4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP.
5. Indian polity and Economy – including the country’s political system- rural
development –
Planning and economic reforms in India.
6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences.

ONLY FOR INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING: PAPER-2

Unit – I. Transducers and Signal conditioners:

Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurement systems. General concepts and
terminology, measurement systems, Transducers classification, general input-output
configuration, methods of correction, performance characteristics - static characteristics
of measurement systems, accuracy,precision, sensitivity, other characteristics: linearity,
resolution, systematic errors, random errors,dynamic characteristics of measurement
systems: zero-order, and second-order measurement systems and response to step,
ramp and impulse inputs. Loading effects under dynamic conditions. Resistive,
Inductive, Capacitive, Self-Generating Transducers, Thermal and Radiation
Transducers, Photo sensors. Signal Conditioners for Different Transducers. Digital
Sensors.

Unit – II . Instrumentation Components:

Mechanical Components, Pneumatic Components, Electrical & Electromechanical
Components,Electronic Components, Optoelectronic Components.

Unit – III. Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instruments:

Introduction to measurements, Physical measurements, Forms and methods of
measurements. Measurements errors. Statistical analysis of measurement data.
Probability of errors. Limiting errors.Standards, Definitions of standard units, Types of
standards, Standards for various parameters. Reliability, Testing and calibration, Types
of calibration, Calibration of different Equipments. AC and DC Voltage and Current
measurements. Bridges and measurements using brides. HF Bridges. Electrical
Instruments, Electronic Instruments, Oscilloscopes, Signal Generators and
Analysers, Frequency and Time Measurements. Spectrum Analysers.

Unit – IV . Electronic Equipment Design:

Systematic Product Design - Product design methodology, Design concepts and
Guidelines, Design morphology, Economic and Technical feasibility, Structure and
functions of electronicinstrument. Utility concepts in reliability, Mortality curve, MTTF,
MTBF, Series, Parallel and standby systems. Control Panel Design, Electronic Test
Equipment (Circuit Design), Instrumental Performance, Printed Circuit Boards –
Fabrication Technology, Design of Coils, Transformers and Fabrication Technology.
Unit – V . Opto-Electronic Instrumentation:
Optical Fibres and their Properties, Laser Fundamentals, Fiber Optic Sensors, Laser
Instrumentation, Holography – Principles, Methods, Holographic interferometers and
applications.
Medical Applications, Opto-Electronic Components.

Unit – VI . PC Based Instrumentation:

Introduction to Computers: Personal Computer, Operating System, I/O Ports, Plug-in-
slots, PCI bus, Operators Interface. Computer Interfacing for Data Acquisition and
Control – Interfacing Input Signals, Output system with continuous actuators.Data
Acquisition and Control using Standard Cards, PC Programming Considerations – Using
the command line Interface,Assembly language programming, C and C++ Programming,
data transfer, Scaling and Linearisation. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) basics –
Definition , Overview of PLC Systems, Input / Output Modules, Power supplies and
Isolators. Basic PLC programming, Basic PLC functions, PLC Intermediate Functions,
PLC Advanced Functions. Applications

PAPER:3: ONLY FOR INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Unit – I. Bio-Medical Instrumentation:

Physiology, Components of Medical instrumentation System. . Bio-Medical Transducers/
Electrodes/ Recorders. Stimulation – Electromyography (EMG). Cardiac Instrumentation,
Blood Pressure and Blood flow measurements, Electrocardiography (ECG), Electro
Encephalography (EEG). Therapeutic Instruments, Respiratory Instrumentation

Unit – II. Industrial Instrumentation:

Metrology, Velocity and Acceleration Measurement, Force and Troque Measurement,
Pressure Measurement, Flow Measurement, Density Measurement, Radiation
Measurement, Other Measurements.

Unit – III. Process Control Instrumentation:

Process Dynamics, Process variables, Load variables, Dynamics of simple pressure,
flow level and temperature process , interacting and non-interacting systems ,
continuous and batch process , self-regulation , Servo and Regulator operation ,
problems. Control Actions and Controllers, Optimum Controller Settings, Final Control
Elements, Multiloop Control System.
.
Unit – IV. Power Plant Instrumentation:
An Overview of Power Generation - Brief survey of methods of power generation –
Hydrothermal, Nuclear, Solar, Wind etc. Importance of Instrumentation for power
generation – Thermal power plants –Building blocks – Details of the Boller Processes –
PI diagram of Boiler – Cogeneration. Electrical and Nonelectrical Parameters and their
Measurements. Combustion Control in Boilers. Spray and Gas recirculation Controls.
Hot well, deaerator level control, pulverization control. Turbine Monitoring and Control
analyzers in Power Plants – different types.

Unit – V. Analytical Instrumentation:

pH and Conductivity & Dissolved Component analysers, Gas Analysers, hromatography,
Spectrophotometers,Principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and applications.
Unit – VI. Virtual Instrumentation:
Historical perspective, advantages, blocks diagram and architecture of a virtual
instrument, dataflow techniques, graphical programming in data flow, comparison with
conventional programming. Development of Virtual Instrument using GUI, Real-time
systems, Embedded Controller, OPC, HMI/SCADA software, Active X programming.
Virtual Instrumentation (VI ) Programming Techniques - Data Acquisition Basics, VI
Chassis Requirements, Bus Interfaces, Networking Basics for Office & Industrial
Applications, VISA and IVI , VI toolsets, Distributed I/O Modules, Simulation of Systems
using VI