Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Assume one has atoms and molecules (of either the same or different
species) inside a gas at a temperature T, although the temperature of the
atoms and molecules need not be the same. The loss of both molecules
and atoms can be written as
dnm
= −κnm − αna nm − Γn2m
dt
dna
= −κna − αna nm
dt
where κ is the background loss rate, α is the atom-molecule decay rate and
Γ is the molecule-molecule decay rate. Note, κ has been experimentally
measured, by measuring the lifetime of only one spin component of Li, to
be κ = 0.0089s−1 .
4 Li |1> Background Decay Fit
x 10
9
8.5
8
Atom Number
7.5
6.5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s)
dNm α Γ 2
= −κNm − Na Nm − Nm (1)
dt νam νmm
dNa α
= −κNa − Na Nm (2)
dt νam
1
where the overlap volumes are given by
−1 1 Z
νam = − na nm d3 x (3)
Na Nm
−1 1 Z
νmm = − 2 n2m d3 x (4)
Na
Assuming that
−1 −1
• νam , νmm are time-independent, signifying no significant heating
(5)
α Γ
where K1 = κ + N
νam a
and K2 = νmm
. Using the identity
Z
dy 1 y−c
= ln
y2 −c 2 2c y + c
we can solve (with some rearrangement) to obtain
Nm0 K1
Nm = (6)
−Nm0 K2 + (Nm0 K2 + K1 )eK1 t )
where Nm0 = initial molecule number. In the limit that the background
collision rate, κ, and the atom-molecule decay rate, α, are small, we obtain
Nm0
lim Nm = (7)
K1 →0 tNm0 K2 + 1
2
Similarly, the atomic loss can be solved to obtain
• nm remains constant
3
Volume Overlap Integrals
Gauss Fitting Functions
To simplify the calculation of the volume overlap integrals, we note that
atoms and
r
molecules of the same species have the same trap frequencies,
polarizability
as ω ∝ mass and both the polarizability and mass of molecules
are twice as large as that of their constituent atoms. As K is not degener-
ate, we can assume it’s density profile approximates a gaussian. Li, on the
other hand, is quite degenerate. As a result, we can assume that all atoms
are paired into molecules on the BEC side. If we assume that this molecu-
lar cloud is not condensed (i.e. that mean field does not come into play),
then we can also approximate it’s density profile as a gaussian. Then, the
atom-molecule density overlap is given by
(xk −xk,g )2 x2
3 Z +∞ −
Y − k
2σ 2 2σ 2
na,m = na,0 nm,0 e a,k e m,k
j=1 −∞
µ ¶v
x2 x2 u
3 k,g k,g 2 2
Y −
2σ 2
1− 2 +σ 2 /σ 2
u σa,k σm,k
= na,0 nm,0 (2π)3/2 e a,k
σ
a,k a,k m,k t (9)
2 2
j=1 σa,k + σm,k
where na,0 , nm,0 represents the peak atomic and molecular densities re-
spectively, σa,k , σm,k their respective waists, xk,g represents the difference
in gravitational sag in each direction (of course, it is nonzero only in the
z direction) and the index j correspond to the different spatial directions.
Taking into account the individual atom numbers
(xk −xk,g )2
3 Z +∞ −
Y 2σ 2
Na = na,0 e a,k
j=1 −∞
3 q
Y
= na,0 (2π)3/2 2
σa,k (10)
j=1
3 q
Y
3/2 2
Nm = nm,0 (2π) σm,k (11)
j=1
4
µ ¶
x2 x2
3
Y
k,g
1− k,g
q
2σ 2 σ 2 +σ 2 /σ 2
= (2π)3/2 e a,k a,k a,k m,k 2
σa,k 2
+ σm,k (12)
j=1
Using our in-trap images from 07/01/2009, we can calculate our overlap
integrals over the magnetic field range considers. We get
3.5
Volume (cm3)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840
Magnetic Field (G)
With these overlap integrals taken into account, we get the following
decay rates
3
M agneticF ield(G) α( cm
s )
600 (2.7 ± 0.2) ×10−12
665 (1.29 ± 0.06) ×10−12
730 (8.1 ± 0.6) ×10−13
795 (1.7 ± 0.2) ×10−13
834 (4.8 ± 0.1) ×10−14
860 (2.5 ± 0.3) ×10−14
925 (8.9 ± 1) ×10−15
990 (6.9 ± 0.5) ×10−15
1055 (4.7 ± 0.5) ×10−15
5
3
M agneticF ield(G) Γ( cm
s )
600 (8.4 ± 2) ×10−12
665 (7 ± 1) ×10−13
730 (3.3 ± 0.6) ×10−14
795 (1.1 ± 0.2) ×10−14
834 (5.0 ± 0.9) ×10−15
860 (5.3 ± 1) ×10−15
925 (4.8 ± 0.9) ×10−15
990 (4.3 ± 0.8) ×10−15
1055 (3.8 ± 0.7) ×10−15
where the pod = 43 nm,peak Rz is the peak optical density. With the use of the
6
Li−K Decay Rates vs. Magnetic Field
−10
10
−12
Decay Rate (cm /s)
10
3
−13
10
−14
10
−15
10
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050
Magnetic Field (G)
7
Z " Ã ! #
2 2 5/2 1 x √
(c − x ) dx = 15tan−1 √ 2 c 6
+ x(33c4
− 26x 2 2
c − 8x 4
) c2 − x2
48 c − x2
Z Ã !
2 2 2 x5 2c2 x3 4
(c − x ) dx = − +c x
5 3
3π
with pod = n R.
8 m,peak z
With further integration, we obtain
π
Nm,res = pod Rx Ry (18)
3
Nm,res
nm,peak,res = π2
(19)
8
Rx Ry Rz
8
12 Li Molecular Peak Densities derived from various fitting routines
x 10
2.4
gamma = 2/3, on resononce
gamma = 1, BEC side
gauss fits
2.2
2
Peak Molecular Density (atoms/cm3)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840
Magnetic Field (G)
9
K Decay Fit at 600 G K Decay Fit at 834 G
1400 2500
1200
2000
1000
Atom Number
Atom Number
1500
800
600
1000
400
500
200
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
2500
2000
2000
Atom Number
Atom Number
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
2600
2500
2400
2200
2000
Atom Number
Atom Number
2000
1500 1800
1600
1000
1400
1200
500
1000
0 800
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
3000
3500
2500
Atom Number
Atom Number
3000
2000
2500
1500
2000
1000
500 1500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
10
4 Li Molecular Decay Fit at 600G 4 Li Molecular Decay Fit at 834G
x 10 x 10
3 9.5
9
2.5
8.5
Li Molecule Number
Li Molecule Number
2 8
7.5
1.5
7
1 6.5
6
0.5
5.5
0 5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
8 9
7 8.5
Li Molecule Number
Li Molecule Number
6 8
5 7.5
4 7
3 6.5
2 6
1 5.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
10.5 9
10
8.5
9.5
Li Molecule Number
Li Molecule Number
8
9
7.5
8.5
7
8
6.5
7.5
6
7
6.5 5.5
6 5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
1.2
11
1.15
10.5 1.1
Li Molecule Number
Li Molecule Number
1.05
10
1
9.5
0.95
9 0.9
0.85
8.5
0.8
8 0.75
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (s) time (s)
11
Li Molecular Decay
1.4
600 G
665 G
730 G
1.2 795 G
834 G
Li Molecule Number (Normalized Units)
860 G
1 925 G
990 G
1055 G
0.8 Background
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Hold Time (s)
12
K Lifetime Curves
1.4
600 G
665 G
1.2 730 G
795 G
836 G
860 G
1
925 G
990 G
1055 G
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
K Atom Number (Normalized Units)
13