Network engineer interview questions

1. What is a default gateway? - The exit-point from one network and entry-way into another
network, often the router of the network.
2. How do you set a default route on an IOS Cisco router? - ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x
[where x.x.x.x represents the destination address]
3. What is the difference between a domain local group and a global group? - Domain
local groups grant permissions to objects within the domain in which the reside. Global groups
contain grant permissions tree or forest wide for any objects within the Active Directory.
4. What is LDAP used for? - LDAP is a set of protocol used for providing access to information
directories.
5. What tool have you used to create and analyze packet captures? - Network Monitor in
Win2K / Win2K3, Ethereal in Linux, OptiView Series II (by Fluke Networks).
6. How does HSRP work?
7. What is the significance of the IP address 255.255.255.255? - The limited broadcast
address is utilized when an IP node must perform a one-to-everyone delivery on the local network
but the network ID is unknown.

1. User(s) are complaining of delays when using the network. What would you do?
2. What are some of the problems associated with operating a switched LAN?
3. Name some of the ways of combining TCP/IP traffic and SNA traffic over the same link.
4. What sort of cabling is suitable for Fast Ethernet protocols?
5. What is a Class D IP address?
6. Why do I sometimes lose a server’s address when using more than one server?
7. What is Firewall?
8. How do I monitor the activity of sockets?
9. How would I put my socket in non-blocking mode?
10. What are RAW sockets?
11. What is the role of TCP protocol and IP protocol.
12. What is UDP?
13. How can I make my server a daemon?
14. How should I choose a port number for my server?
15. Layers in TCP/IP
16. How can I be sure that a UDP message is received?
17. How to get IP header of a UDP message
18. Writing UDP/SOCK_DGRAM applications
19. How many bytes in an IPX network address?
20. What is the difference between MUTEX and Semaphore?
21. What is priority inversion?
22. Different Solutions to dining philosophers problem.
23. What is a message queue?
24. Questions on Shared Memory.
25. What is DHCP?
26. Working of ping, telnet, gopher.
27. Can I connect two computers to internet using same line ?
 1. Workers can not print from the printer, there user log on are correct and are allowed to print from
that printer in active directory. How would you resolve this issue?
2. What is the difference between hub and switch?
3. Your hard drive is partitioned as follows: 8 gigs for OS drive C, 8 gigs for Hot Swappable dirve D
and rest is free as dirve E. Your drive C crashes, how would you reboot your system without
installing a new operating system?
4. Your computer gives you “non-disk error” before you log on what would you do to make your
computer work?

1. Workers can not print from the printer, there user logon are correct and are allowed to print from that
printer in active directory. How would you resolve this issue?
This is vague and could have multiple responses. Here are a few.
1. Verify printer is set as default.
2. Verify users have local privileges set properly to print.
3. Is print server delivering correct drivers?
4. Is local naming convention for printer correct?
5. If pre Win2000 workstation, naming convention must be less than 12 characters.
6. Make sure no viruses present. Some Viruses can shut down IPC shares and printing services.
2. What is the difference between hub and switch?
A hub is not smart and allows all connected nodes/networks to communicate with each other. You a are
limited to 10/100Mb half duplex operation on a hub. To hook two hubs togethor you would use a crossover
cable. Most hubs also have a crossover port which will allow you to use a regular cable to hook two
hubs/switches togethor.
A switch on the other hand can be an OSI Model layer 2 or 3 device. A switch forwards information by mac
address. The mack address is a hard coded alpha numeric number that is used to identify a network adapter.
Whenever a call is made to another computer, the switch looks in it’s mac address table and see’s if this node
is directly connected to the switch by looking it up in the mac address database. If it is not, however, if
forwards it down all switch ports looking for the destination. A layer 2 switch is even smarter. It can actually
route traffic based on it’s layer 3 address. It will look up the destination in it’s mac address table first, if does
not find it, it will forward it by looking at the route table and send it on it’s merry way to it’s destination. A
switch will also allow you to set a switch port at 10/100Mb full duplex to increase node communication
speed.
Hubs should be used in smaller networking environments and switches should be used whenever you need
to segment your network or you are having problems with collisions on your ethernet network. If you have
over a 100 clients in a location, it’s a good idea to uses switches.
If you intend on using them both, you would normally use the switch as the backbone and the hubs as
connections. Each hub would have it’s own switch port on the switch. I normally reccommend that if your
going to use a switch in place of a hub then get rid of all your hubs and move completely to switches. This
will allow for increased network performance, a more structured segmenting of the network, and better
traffic control. Hubs, since they are not smart, send broadcasts down all ports unlike a switch, which can
cause performance degradation on the network. This causes all clients/nodes to have to respond to the
broadcast.
3. Your hard drive is partitioned as follows: 8 gigs for OS drive C, 8 gigs for Hot Swappable drive D and rest
is free as drive E. Your drive C crashes, how would you reboot your system without installing a new operating
system?
This is also vague and poorly put together. It is represented as a single HDD but the reference to Hot
Swappable would infer a secondary device. Perhaps he misunderstands the technology. As it is unclear, this
could have multiple responses as well. Here are a few.

1. It is hard to tell how many physical disks there are based on the description? If it is hardware related and
the first drive has literally crashed physically (head crash for example) the second drive may have an OS. As
it is the only drive referred to as Hot Swappable, you may be able to remove the drive that crashed and
change jumper settings on the second drive making it the primary drive. Then it will reboot provided it has
an OS.
2. If this is a single drive with an NT OS and it is setup with multiple boot partitions, you may be able to boot
to one of the other partitions.
3. You may be able to use the original OS CD or floppy disk and repair the OS installation. This is provided
the HDD is ok and the partition is the only problem.
4. If Hot Swappable means a secondary physical drive, where the first partition is mirrored, then down the
computer and swap the drives. Re-power up.
4. Your computer gives you “non-disk error†ﾝ before you log on what would you do to make
your computer work?
Again there are potentially multiple scenarios here.
1. Make sure a non OS floppy is not present in A:
2. Make sure hard drive has not crashed.
3. Based on OS, boot from floppy and re-sys disk, or use CD to repair OS.

Security
1. What is a firewall?
2. Describe, genrally, how to manage a firewall
3. What is a Denial of Service attack?
4. What is a “spoofed” packet?
5. What is a SYN Flood?
6. What do you do if you are a victim of a DoS?
7. What is GPG/PGP?
8. What is SSH?
9. What is SSL? How do you create certificates?
10. What would you do if you discovered a UNIX or Network device on your network has been
compromised?
11. What would you do if you discovered a Windows system on your network has been comrpromised?
12. What is DNS Hijacking?
13. What is a log host?
14. What is IDS or IDP, and can you give me an example of one?
15. Why are proxy servers useful?
16. What is web-caching?

What is a firewall?
Firewall is a device or a software which restricts the unauthorised accesses to and from the
network……….Guys its that simple no need to beat around the bush
A firewall is simply a program or hardware device that filters the information coming through the Internet
connection into your private network or computer system. If an incoming packet of information is flagged by
the filters, it is not allowed through.
Firewalls use one or more of three methods to control traffic flowing in and out of the network:
* Packet filtering - Packets (small chunks of data) are analyzed against a set of filters. Packets that make it
through the filters are sent to the requesting system and all others are discarded.
* Proxy service - Information from the Internet is retrieved by the firewall and then sent to the requesting
system and vice versa.
* Stateful inspection - A newer method that doesn’t examine the contents of each packet but instead
compares certain key parts of the packet to a database of trusted information. Information traveling from
inside the firewall to the outside is monitored for specific defining characteristics, then incoming
information is compared to these characteristics. If the comparison yields a reasonable match, the
information is allowed through. Otherwise it is discarded.

Cisco-specific
1. What is a wildcard mask, and how is it different from a netmask?
2. How do you configure a Cisco switch or router? What are the steps needed?
3. How would I place an interface into trunking mode?
4. How do you shutdown an interface on a router or switch?
5. What is VTP?
6. What is VMPS?
7. What is SPAN/RSPAN?
8. What is flow/netflow?
9. What is TACACS? Radius?

Ans:
Where foo equals the interface you’d like to trunk/shutdown.
5. Virtual trunking protocol allows easier management of VLANs over multiple switches by
implementing VTP Server(s) and a VTP domain. When you configure a new VLAN on one VTP
server, the VLAN is distributed through all switches in the domain. This reduces the need to
configure the same VLAN everywhere. There is much more to VTP, but I assume in an interview you
wouldn’t need to get as deep as VTP Pruning, VTP transparent mode, etc..

9. TACACS+ is a security application used with AAA that provides centralized validation of users
attempting to gain access to a router or network access server.
TACACS+ services are maintained in a database on a TACACS+ daemon running on a UNIX,
Windows NT, or Windows 2000 workstation.
TACACS+ provides for separate and modular authentication, authorization, and accounting facilities
RADIUS is a distributed client/server system used with AAA that secures networks against
unauthorized access.
AAA means Authentication Authorization Accounting
6. A VLAN Membership Policy Server or “VMPS” is a network switch that contains a mapping of
device information to VLAN.

TACACS+ & RADIUS is protocol, which is used to authentication not a application.

Ans:
1. What is a wildcard mask, and how is it different from a netmask?
> netmask determines the subnet part of the ip address
example
255.255.0.0 class b. the netmask is 255.255
wildcard mask is the opposite. u see this in ospf.
0.0.255.255 .. the 255.255 here defines the host portion. its a wild thing really

2. How do you configure a Cisco switch or router? What are the steps needed?
>enable
#configure terminal
configs are slightly similar
3. How would I place an interface into trunking mode?
en
config t
int s0/0
switchport mode trunk encapsulation dot1q|isl

4. How do you shutdown an interface on a router or switch?

en
config t
int s0/0
shutdown

5. What is VTP?
virtual trunking protocol. set up on switches to manage vlans.

6. What is VMPS?
VLAN membership policy server. maps information regarding vlan

7. What is SPAN/RSPAN?
Switched port analyzer. remote switched port analyzer.
you can monitor traffic flowing to a port from another port.

8. What is flow/netflow?
protocol for collecting IP information

9. What is TACACS? Radius?

terminal access controller access control system
remote access dial in user service
 security enabled by aaa
authentication, authorization, accounting
provides a means of validation of users gaining access to a router
accounting not used with radius.

Netmask defines the class. whereas wildcard mask defines the allow or deny which is used in the
access-list. Means, 0.0.0.255 represents… 0=match; 1=ignore; so here in this wc mask all 0 octets
should match exactly where as .255 octet can be anything.

on router or switch to shutdown the interface commands are:

router>enable
router#config t
router(config)#int s0
router(conf_if)# shutdown
this will shut your active interface

The wildcard mask is usually a string of binary digits shown over the subnet number, telling the
router which parts of the subnet number to look at. A binary “0″ over a particular digit in the subnet
number says “Pay attention to this digit.” A “1″ says “Ignore this digit.” In a wildcard mask, all the
binary “0″s in a conventional subnet mask are replaced by “1″s and all the “1″s are replaced by “0″s.

for trunk mode in switch interface

#int fa 0/1
#switchport trunk allow vlan (vlans you required seperated with coma)
#switchport mode trunk [isl](encapsulation dot1q)

Network administrator interview questions

1. What is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 in the OSI model?
2. What is the difference between a hub, switch, and router?
3. What is a VLAN?
4. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
5. How do you distinguish a DNS problem from a network problem?
6. What is a runt, Giant, and collision?
7. What is a broadcast storm?
8. What is the purpose of VRRP?
9. What is a VPN?
10. What information about a peer would I need to establish a VPN?
11. What is a full-class C in CIDR notation?
12. What is a default route?
13. What is a metric?
14. What is a MAC address?
15. What is ARP/RARP?
16. Describe a TCP connection sequence
17. What is MTU?
18. What other TCP setting can you modify besides MTU to shorten packets?
What is the difference between TCP and UDP
TCP is a connection oriented protocol, which means that everytime a packet is sent say from host A to B, we
will get an acknowledgement. Whereas UDP on the other hand, is a connection less protocol.
Where will it be used : TCP -> Say you have a file transfer and you need to ensure that the file reaches intact,
and time is not a factor, in such a case we can use TCP.
UDP-> Media Streaming, question is say you are watching a movie…would you prefer that your movie
comes..perfectly….but u need to wait a long time before you see the next frame ?..or would you prefer the
movie to keep streaming…Yes…The second option is definely better….This is when we need UDP

What is a MAC address?

MAC is a machines Physical address, The internet is addressed based on a logical addressing approach.
Say,when the packet reaches say the bridge connection a LAN, the question is..how does it identify, which
computer it needs to send the packet to. For this it uses the concept of ARP, Address Resolution Protocol,
which it uses over time to build up a table mapping from the Logical addresses to the Physical addresses.
Each computer is identified using its MAC/Physical address ( u can use the ipconfig -all option to get ur
MAC address).

What is MTU
The MTU is the “Maximum Transmission Unit” used by the TCP protocol. TCP stands for Transmission
Control Prototcol. The MTU determines the size of packets used by TCP for each transmission of data. Too
large of an MTU size may mean retransmissions if the packet encounters a router along its route that can’t
handle that large a packet. Too small of an MTU size means relatively more overhead and more
acknowledgements that have to be sent and handled. The MTU is rated in “octets” or groups of 8 bits. The
so-called “official” internet standard MTU is 576, but the standard rating for ethernet is an MTU of 1500.

Ques 2: Diffrence Betw. Switch , Hub, Router..

Hub: 1.it is a layer1 device..used to connect various machine on Lan.

2.It forwards broadcast by default.
3.It supports one collision domain and one broadcast domain.
4.it works on Bus topolog resulting less speed.
Switch: 1. A layer2 device.
2. Forward broadcast first time only.
3. one broadcast domain & colliosion domains depends on no. of ports.
4.It is based on Star Topology giving 100mbps to every pc on Lan.
Router: 1. Does not Broadcast by default.
2. breaks up Broadcast domain.
3. Also called Layer3 switch.

Ques 9: VPN’s
VPN(Virtual Private Network )… these are bascially the logical networks on the physical
line… you can have many VPN oveer same line..
Need of VPN arises when your company need to increase the network but don’t want to buy
any more switches.. take an eg. your dept. your room is packed with employees and ur
company need to add 4 more persons to ur deptt. what will they do.. the solution is to create
VPN’s…you can configure the switch ports in other deptts. and create a specific VLAN of ur
deptt.so that the persons can sit there and access to the required pcs.

Ques 12: Default Route…

While configuring the Routers we need to give the specific routes if we are configuring a
Static route..and for Default..we need not give the single route,, we just have to set the default
route command on the router and we set this command on the router of last resort…that is it
discovers the near by routes itself..

Ques 15:
ARP: Stands for Address Resolution Protocol…whenever a request is sent by a node on one
network to the node on another network the Physical address(MAC) is required and for this
the IP address need to be flow over the network..whenver a router with that network (IP) gets
the msg. the required MAC address is sent through the network this process of converting the
IP address to MAC address is Called ARP..and the reverse thats the convertion of the Mac
address to the IP address is called RARP ( Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

What is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 in the OSI model?
Layer 2 is responsible for switching data whereas Layer 3 is responsible for routing the data.
Layer3: With information gathered from user, Internet protocol make one IP packet with source IP and
Destination IP and other relevant information. It can then route packet through router to the destination.
Layer2: Soon after it receives IP packet from layer 3, it encapsulate it with frame header (ATM header in case
of ATM technology) and send it out for switching. In case of ethernet it will send data to MAC address there
by it can reach to exact destination.

6)A RUNT is a packet that is too small to traverse the network. Network protocols such as Ethernet often
require that packets be a minimum number of bytes in order to travel the network. Runts are often the result
of packet collisions along a busy network or can result from faulty hardware that is forming the packets or
from corrupted data being sent across the network.
A giant is a packet that is too large to traverse the network. Network protocols such as Ethernet often require
that packets can not be over a specific number of bytes in order to travel the network.

3.
VLANs logically segment switched networks based on the functions, project teams, or applications of the
organization regardless of the physical location or connections to the network.
VLANs provide segmentation based on broadcast domains.
All workstations and servers used by a particular workgroup share the same VLAN, regardless of the physical
connection or location.
VLANs are created to provide segmentation services traditionally provided by physical routers in LAN
configurations.
VLANs address scalability, security, and network management. Routers in VLAN topologies provide
broadcast filtering, security, and traffic flow management.

What is a VPN?
A VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. In english it is a direct tunnel into a remote network. It allows
users to work with certain applications, printers, network drives and shares as if they where sitting in the
office.
How do you distinguish a DNS problem from a network problem?
The first thing to do is to ping any switches, routers, or any other devices on the network. If your pings come
back complete with 0% lost, then it will most likely be a DNS issue. If you can ping other devices but can not
ping the switch that sits in front of the DNS, then it will be a network issue.

7 Broadcast Storm
A broadcast storm means that your network is overwhelmed with constant broadcast or multicast traffic.
Broadcast storms can eventually lead to a complete loss of network connectivity as the packets proliferate.
If a certain broadcast transmit threshold is reached, the port drops all broadcast traffic. Firewalls are one of
the best ways to protect your network against broadcast storms.
A state in which a message that has been broadcast across a network results in even more responses, and
each response results in still more responses in a snowball effect. A severe broadcast storm can block all
other network traffic, resulting in a network meltdown. Broadcast storms can usually be prevented by
carefully configuring a network to block illegal broadcast messages.

What is a metric?
Routing tables contain information used by switching software to select the best route.
Routing algorithms have used many different metrics to determine the best route. Sophisticated routing
algorithms can base route selection on multiple metrics, combining them in a single (hybrid) metric. All the
following metrics have been used:
•Path length
•Reliability
•Delay
•Bandwidth
•Load
•Communication cost

hat is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 of OSI model?

In the hirarchical design of the osi model , layer 3 is used fot the determinning the path of packet delivery
and method of the packet to deliver. for that the routing and the routed protocol works .On the layer two ,
packets are segmented to data enclosed with the mac address to which the data needs to deliver . on layer 2 ,
ARP works to resolve the IP address to mac address .

What is the difference between a hub, switch, and router?

Hub works on layer 1 of OSI model
Swich works on layer 2 of OSI model
Router works on layer 3 of OSI model
Hub does not seperate collision and broadcost domain
swich seperate collision domain but does not seperate broadcost domain.
router does seperate collision and broadcost domain

What is a full-class C in CIDR notation?

For class A ..default subnet mask is 255.0.0.0 so CIDR notation is /8
For class B ..default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 so CIDR notation is /16
For class C ..default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 so CIDR notation is /24
Private(Reserved) And Public IP’s?
A computer on the Internet is identified by its IP address. In order to avoid address conflicts,
IP addresses are publicly registered with the Network Information Centre (NIC). Computers
on private TCP/IP LANs however do not need public addresses, since they do not need to be
accessed by the public. For this reason, the NIC has reserved certain addresses that will never
be registered publicly. These are known as private IP addresses, and are found in the
following ranges:
From 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
From 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
From 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

What is Socket?
When a computer program needs to connect to a local or wide area network such as the Internet, it uses a
software component called a socket. The socket opens the network connection for the program, allowing
data to be read and written over the network. It is important to note that these sockets are software, not
hardware, like a wall socket. So, yes, you have a much greater chance of being shocked by a wall socket than
by a networking socket.
Sockets are a key part of Unix and Windows-based operating systems. They make it easy for software
developers to create network-enabled programs. Instead of constructing network connections from scratch
for each program they write, developers can just include sockets in their programs. The sockets allow the
programs to use the operating system’s built-in commands to handle networking functions. Because they are
used for a number of different network protocols (i.e. HTTP, FTP, telnet, and e-mail), many sockets can be
open at one time.

how to configure DNS in windows O/S with the command or stepes….?

Netsh commands for Interface IP. You can use commands in the Netsh Interface IP context to configure the
TCP/IP protocol (including addresses, default gateways, DNS servers, and WINS servers) and to display
configuration and statistical information.
USE HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION (netsh/?)

RARP:-
RARP is a TCP/ IP protocol term similar to ARP. RARP is the method that some machines use to determine
their own IP address. Essentially, a machine sends out a packet that includes a machine hardware address. A
server on the same network receives the packet and looks up the hardware address. The server then sends
back the associated IP address of that machine. It is used for machines that do not have the capability to
store their own IP addresses locally.
ARP:-
Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is the protocol used by IP (as in TCP/IP) for address resolution. Address
resolution refers to the ability of a station to resolve another station’s MAC (hardware) address given its IP
address.

When I ping an IP address the result comes out succesfull, but when I ping with host name no
result comes, ping fails. why?
On the network when you ping an IP address if ping request completed with 0% of loss that mean you are
able to reach that Device(ip address)
But when u ping hostname if u get the result as RTO that means Ping is been disabled for hostname in
firewall or router
If u get ping could not find the host address that means DNS issue.Mean Name resolution is not happening.

Question 11
What is a full-class C in CIDR notation
CIDR specifies an IP address range using a combination of an IP address and its associated network mask.
CIDR notation uses the following format -
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/n
Full Class C in CIDR notation can be represented by
Example 10.16.0.0/16
This is a 256 class C = FIRST CLASS B
Now they here are a few more
10.16.0.0/17 is a 128 class C
10.16.0.0/16 is a 64 class C and so on.
Any comments are welcome

What the Purpose of VLAN?

VLANs can enhance network security.
VLANs increase the number of broadcast domains while decreasing their size.
Network adds, moves, and changes are achieved by configuring a port into the appropriate VLAN.
A group of users needing high security can be put into a VLAN so that no users outside of the VLAN can
communicate with them.
As a logical grouping of users by function, VLANs can be considered independent from their physical or
geographic locations.
What is OSPF?
Open Shortest Path First
OSPF) is a non-proprietary link-state routing protocol limited to use with the TCP/IP stack. Open Shortest
Path First (OSPF) is an open standards routing protocol that’s been implemented by a wide variety
of network vendors, including Cisco. If you have multiple routers and not all of them are Cisco, So your
remaining options are basically RIPv1, RIPv2, or OSPF. If it’s a large network, then, really, your only
options are OSPF
OSPF provides the following features:
Consists of areas and autonomous systems
Minimizes routing update traffic
Allows scalability
Supports VLSM/CIDR
Has unlimited hop count
Allows multi-vendor deployment (open standard)
Characteristic of OSPF
Type of protocol - Link-state
Classless support - Yes
VLSM support - Yes
Auto summarization - No
Manual summarization - Yes
Discontiguous support - Yes
Route propagation - Multicast on change
Path metric - Bandwidth
Hop count limit - None
Convergence - Fast
Peer authentication - Yes
Hierarchical network - Yes (using areas)
Updates Event - Triggered
What is Spanning Tree protocol?
In a Layer 2 environment (switching or bridging), however, no routing protocols are used, and active
redundant paths are neither allowed nor desirable. Instead, some form of bridging provides data transport
between networks or switch ports. The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) provides network link redundancy so
that a Layer 2 switched network can recover from failures without intervention in a timely manner. It
vigilantly monitors the network to find all links, making sure that no loops occur by shutting down any
redundant links. STP uses the spanning-tree algorithm (STA) to first create a topology database, then search
out and destroy redundant links.

Difference between layer2 and layer3

Layer2:- It is used to send data using mac address and by frames.
Layer3:- It is used to send data using ip address and by packets

Network engineer interview questions

OSPF
 Describe OSPF in your own words.
 OSPF areas, the purpose of having each of them
 Types of OSPF LSA, the purpose of each LSA type
 What exact LSA type you can see in different areas
 How OSPF establishes neighboor relation, what the stages are
 If OSPF router is stucked in each stage what the problem is and how to troubleshoot it
 OSPF hierarchy in the single or multi areas. Cool OSPF behavior in broadcast and nonbroadcast
 Draw the diagram of typical OSPF network and explain generally how it works, DR, BDR, election,
ASBR, ABR, route redistribution and summarization
STP
 How it works and the purpose
 Diff types (SSTP, MSTP, RSTP) Cisco - PVST/PVST+
 root election
 Diff. port stages and timing for convergence
 Draw the typical diagram and explain how diff types of STP work
 What ports are blocking or forwarding
 How it works if there are topology changes
ACLS
 What are they
 Diff types
 Write an example if you want to allow and to deny…
 Well-known port numbers (DNS - 53 and etc…)
QOS
 What is that
  What is the diff b/w L2 and L3 QoS
 How it works
NETWORK:
 Draw the typical network diagram you have to deal with
 explain how it works
 What part of it you are responsible
 firewall, what is that, how it works, how it is diff from ACLs
 What problems with the network you had had and how you solved it.
 What are the ways to troubleshoot the network, techniques, commands
 network security, ways to achieve it
SWITCHING:
 VLANs
 STP
 How a L2 switch works with broadcast, unicast, multicast, known/unknown traffic
 VRRP, GLBP
 port monitoring and mirroring
 L3 switch, how it works
 PIM sparse and dense modes

Interview questions for network engineer

1. Describe the OSI model.
2. What is the difference between a repeater, bridge, router? Relate this to the OSI model.
3. Describe an Ethernet switch and where it fits into the OSI model.
4. What is a VLAN? What is an ELAN? What is the difference?
5. Relate FDDI/ATM/SONET to the OSI model.
6. Explain how to configure a host network interface (e.g. IP address, netmask, broadcast address)?
7. Describe Ethernet packet contents: min/max size, header.
8. Describe TCP/IP and its protocols.
9. Describe ATM and what are its current advantages and disadvantages.
10. Describe SONET.
11. What are the maximum distances for CAT5 cabling?
12. Describe UDP and TCP and the differences between the two.
13. What is your current IP address? Hoiw do you find that out on different OSs?
14. Describe what a broadcast storm is.
15. Describe what a runt, a giant, and a late collision are and what causes each of them.
16. How do you distinguish a DNS problem from a network problem?
17. Describe the Bandwidth Delay problem.
18. Describe the principle of multi-layer switching.
19. Describe the purpose and basic functionality of things like HSRP, VRRP etc.

#9 ATM is the short form for Asynchonous Transfer Mode.

Currently ATM is used in places where we require high speed data transfer. The ATM is a technology of
sending and recieving the packets and so it requires carriers such as SONET/SDH etc. The packet size of the
ATM packet is fixed and is 53 bytes.
Advantages
**********
1. As the packet size is fixed switching can be implemented in Hardware and so it is very fast.
2. The packet size small and constant so the latency is too small so that it can support real time data transfer.
3. The ATM supports Quality of Service (QOS).

Disadvantages.
*************
1. The packet size is too small and if u take the additional header that is attached then it will be huge. So the
header size to the actual data send is less and so overhead is too much.
2. End to end is not ATM and so we still require ATM adapters and other equipments.

#2
Repeaters, bridges, and routers are devices used to link individual LANs together to form larger
internetworks. each one operates within a specific layer of the OSI model.
Repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI model. They simply listen to all network traffic on one
port and send it back out through one or more ports, extending smaller networks into a larger, single
network. A repeater simply receives frames, regenerates them, and passes them along. It performs no
processing of the frames or the data they contain.
Relation to OSI Layer Functions
Because repeaters operate at the Physical Layer, they do not need any addressing data from the frame.
Repeaters do not even look at the frames they are forwarding, passing along even damaged frames. This can
be especially problematic if one segment malfunctions and begins a broadcast storm. All those erroneous
broadcasts are forwarded faithfully by the repeater!
Bridges operate at the Data Link Layer. They use the Data Link Layer and its physical addressing to join
several networks into a single network efficiently.
Bridges join two or more network segments together, forming a larger individual network. They function
similarly to a repeater, except a bridge looks to see whether data it receives is destined for the same segment
or another connected segment. If the data is destined for a computer on the same segment, the bridge does
not pass it along. If that data is going to a computer on another segment, the bridge sends it along.
Bridges use a routing table to determine whether data is destined for the local network or not. On a bridge,
the routing table contains MAC addresses. Each time the bridge receives data, it looks in its routing table to
see whether or not the data is destined for a node on the local network. If it belongs to the local network, it
does not forward the data. If it is not destined for the local network, it looks in the routing table to determine
which physical network the destination address resides on, and sends the data out onto that network.
Bridges can not join dissimilar networks. If you have an Ethernet network and a Token Ring network, you
cannot use a bridge; you must use a router. However, a bridge can join networks that use the same frame
type but different media, just like a repeater.
Relation to OSI Layer Functions
Bridges work with the MAC sublayer of the Data Link Layer. Remember that the Data Link Layer is
concerned with communicating on the local network only. Bridges use information from the MAC sublayer
to make decisions on whether a packet is destined for the same network or another network. The MAC
address is used by bridges to determine first if the destination is local or not, then to choose which connected
network it must go to.
Router:
The Network Layer is concerned with network addressing for larger networks that consist of many physical
networks, often with multiple paths between them. Routers operate at the Network Layer. They use the
addressing information provided at the network level to join the many networks together to form an
internetwork.
Functions
Routers divide larger networks into logically designed networks. Routers may seem a lot like bridges, but
they are much smarter. Bridges cannot evaluate possible paths to the destination to determine the best
route. This can result in inefficient use of network resources. Bridges also cannot use redundant paths. While
two bridges can connect two networks, they risk sending packets in an endless loop between the two
networks. This behavior eventually saturates the network, rendering it unusable.
The drawback to a router’s inherent intelligence is their speed. Because they process so much
information, routers tend to be slower than bridges.
Relation to OSI Layer Functions
Routers operate at the Network Layer of the OSI model. The Network Layer provides addressing for
internetworks, and routers use this addressing information to determine how to pass along packets of data.
Because routers operate at the Network Layer, they can link different physical network topologies.

Vlan is virtual lan it used to put some interface in one broadcast domain and some interfaces
in another,it used for security purpose and group departments, based on the mac address the
vlan is configured in the switch ports

Multilayer switching
Multilayer switching is simply the combination of traditional Layer 2 switching with Layer 3 routing in a
single product. Multilayer switching is new, and there is no industry standard yet on nomenclature. Vendors,
analysts, and editors don’t agree about the specific meaning of terms such as multilayer switch, Layer 2
router, Layer 3 switch, IP switch, routing switch, switching router, and wirespeed router. The term
multilayer switch seems to be the best and most widely used description of this class of product that
performs both Layer 3 routing and Layer 2 switching functions.
Multilayer switching is usually implemented through a fast hardware such as a higher-density ASICs
(Application-Specific Integrated Circuits), which allow real-time switching and forwarding with wirespeed
performance, and at lower cost than traditional software-based routers built around general-purpose CPUs.
The following are some basic architecture approaches for the multiplayer switches:
Generic Cut-Through Routing: In the multi-layer switching architecture Layer 3 routing calculations are
done on the first packet in a data flow. Following packets belonging to the same flow are switched at Layer 2
along the same route. In other words, route calculation and frame forwarding are handled very differently
here.
ATM-Based Cut-Through Routing - This is a variation of generic cut-through routing which is based on ATM
cells rather than frames. ATM-based cut-through routing offers several advantages such as improved
support of LAN emulation and multi-vendor support in the form of the Multiprotocol Over ATM (MPOA)
standard. Products referred to as IP switches and tag switches generally fall into this category.
Layer 3 Learning Bridging CIn this architecture, routing is not provided. Instead, it uses IP “snooping”
techniques to learn the MAC/IP address relationships of endstations from true routers that must exist
elsewhere in the network. Then it redirects traffic away from the routers and switches it based on its Layer 2
addresses.
Wirespeed Routing - Wirespeed architecture routes every packet individually. It is often referred to as
packet-by-packet Layer 3 switching. Using advanced ASICs to perform Layer 3 routing in hardware, it
implements dynamic routing protocols such as OSPF and RIP. In addition to basic IP routing, it supports IP
multicast routing, VLAN segregation, and multiple priority levels to assist in quality of service.

Q#12 - TCP is a connection oriented protocol which works on ACK based communication. It provides error
recovery & detection under Layer 4 of OSI model. Also, the TCP works in reliable network which offers
secured communication and no loss of data.
UDP is a User Datagram Protocol, used in a faster network. No ACK is required for the data sent to the
network. Also, the application like TFTP prefers using UDP for its transport layer communication. Its a
connectionless protocol.

#11
Each A-Net component in a system can have up to 500 feet (150 meters) of Category 5e cable
(UTP, Unshielded Twisted Pair) between it and the next A-Net component (for example, from
a Input Module to a Personal Mixer, or from one Personal Mixer to another in series). Cat-5e
cable comes in two varieties, stranded and solid. Stranded wire is more flexible, but may not
perform as well as solid wire at extreme distances. The number of components in the system
is unlimited. #11
Each A-Net component in a system can have up to 500 feet (150 meters) of Category 5e cable
(UTP, Unshielded Twisted Pair) between it and the next A-Net component (for example, from
a Input Module to a Personal Mixer, or from one Personal Mixer to another in series). Cat-5e
cable comes in two varieties, stranded and solid. Stranded wire is more flexible, but may not
perform as well as solid wire at extreme distances. The number of components in the system
is unlimited.
conigure.network adrees mask and broad cast
router>enable
router#config t
router(config)#interface ethernet0/0
router(config-if)#ip adreess 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
router(config)#no shut
router(config)#exit
router(config)#interface serial0
router(config-if)#ip adreess 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
router(config-if)no shut
router(config-if)#clock rate 6400
router(config-if)#exit
by this comand we can assign n/w adreess and ip mask.
cisco says invalid to broad cast adreess but rule can be broken by applyong comand
#ip-subnet zero

Network engineer/architect interview

questions
1. Explain how traceroute, ping, and tcpdump work and what they are used for?
2. Describe a case where you have used these tools to troubleshoot.
3. What is the last major networking problem you troubleshot and solved on your own in the last
year?
4. What LAN analyzer tools are you familiar with and describe how you use them to troubleshoot and
on what media and network types.
5. Explain the contents of a routing table (default route, next hop, etc.)
6. What routing protocols have you configured?
7. Describe the commands to set up a route.
 8. What routing problems have you troubleshot?
9. How do you display a routing table on a Cisco? On a host?
10. How do you use a routing table and for what?
11. What is a route flap?
12. What is a metric?
13. When do you use BGP, IGRP, OSPF, Static Routes?
14. What do you see as current networking security issues (e.g. NFS mounting, spoofing, one time
passwords, etc.)?
15. Describe a routing filter and what it does.
16. Describe an access list and what it does.
17. What is a network management system?
18. Describe how SNMP works.
19. Describe the working environment you are currently in, e.g. frequent interruptions, frequent
priority shifting, team or individual.
20. What do you use to write documentation? Editor? Mail reader?
21. What platform (s) do you currently work on at your desk?
22. How do you manage multiple concurrent high level projects?
23. Describe a recent short term stressful situation and how you managed it.
24. How do you manage a long term demanding stressful work environment?
25. Have you worked in an assignment based environment, e.g. work request/trouble ticket system,
and if so, describe that environment.
26. Describe what network statistics or measurement tools you are familiar with and how you have
used them.
27. Describe what a VPN is and how it works.
28. Describe how VoIP works.
29. Describe methods of QoS.
30. How does ToS bit work?

CCNA/Cisco admin interview questions

1. You need to retrieve a file from the file server for your word processing application,
which layer of the OSI model is responsible for this function?
A. Presentation layer
B. Application layer
C. Session layer
D. Transport layer
E. Datalink layer
2. You are working in a word processing program, which is run from the file server.
Your data comes back to you in an unintelligible manner. Which layer of the OSI
model would you investigate?
A. Application layer
B. Presentation layer
C. Session layer
D. Network layer
E. Datalink layer
3. The IEEE subdivided the datalink layer to provide for environments that need
connectionless or connection-oriented services. What are the two layers called?
A. Physical
B. MAC
C. LLC
D. Session
E. IP
4. You are working with graphic translations. Which layer of the OSI model is
responsible for code formatting and conversion and graphic standards.
A. Network layer
B. Session layer
C. Transport layer
D. Presentation layer
5. Which is the best definition of encapsulation?
A. Each layer of the OSI model uses encryption to put the PDU from the upper layer into its
data field. It adds header and trailer information that is available to its counterpart on the
system that will receive it.
B. Data always needs to be tunneled to its destination so encapsulation must be used.
C. Each layer of the OSI model uses compression to put the PDU from the upper layer into its
data field. It adds header and trailer information that is available to its counterpart on the
system that will receive it.
D. Each layer of the OSI model uses encapsulation to put the PDU from the upper layer into
its data field. It adds header and trailer information that is available to its counterpart on
the system that will receive it.
6. Routers can be configured using several sources. Select which of the following
sources can be used.
A. Console Port
B. Virtual Terminals
C. TFTP Server
D. Floppy disk
E. Removable media
7. Which memory component on a Cisco router contains the dynamic system
configuration?
A. ROM
B. NVRAM
C. Flash
D. RAM/DRAM
8. Which combination of keys will allow you to view the previous commands that you
typed at the router?
A. ESC-P
B. Ctrl-P
C. Shift-P
D. Alt-P
9. Which commands will display the active configuration parameters?
A. show running-config
B. write term
C. show version
D. display term
10. You are configuring a router, which prompt tells you that you are in the privileged
EXEC mode?
A. @
B. >
C. !
D. :
E. #
11. What does the command “IP name-server 255.255.255.255″ accomplish?
A. It disables domain name lookup.
B. It sets the domain name lookup to be a local broadcast.
C. This is an illegal command.
D. The command is now defunct and has been replaced by “IP server-name ip any”
12. The following selections show the command prompt and the configuration of the IP
network mask. Which two are correct?
A. Router(config-if)#netmask-format { bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal }
B. Router#term IP netmask-format { bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal }
C. Router(config-if)#IP netmask-format { bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal }
D. Router#ip netmask-format { bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal }
13. Which layer is responsible for flow control with sliding windows and reliability with
sequence numbers and acknowledgments?
A. Transport
B. Application
C. Internet
D. Network Interface
14. Which processes does TCP, but not UDP, use?
A. Windowing
B. Acknowledgements
C. Source Port
D. Destination Port
15. Select which protocols use distance vector routing?
A. OSPF
B. RIP
C. IGRP
D. PPP
 1.2 1) 2 1.2 1) 2
2. 1 2) 3 2.2 2) 1
3. 3,4 3) 2&3 3.2,3 3) 2,3
4. 4 4) 4 4.4 4) 4
5. 2 5) 4 5.4 5) 4
6. 1,2,3 3: 2,3 6) 1&2 6.1,2 6) 1
7. 4 4: 4 7) 2 7.2 7) 3
8. 2 5: 4 8) 3 8.2 8) 2
9. 1 6: 1,2 9) 1&3 9.1 9) 1
10. 5 7: 4 10) 5 10.5 10) 5
11. 4 8: 2 11) 2 11.4 11) 3
12. 3 9: 1 12) 1&3 12 12) 3
13. 1 10: 5 13) 1 13.1 13) 1
14. 1 13: 1 14) 1&2 14.2 14) 1,2,4
15. 2,3 14: 1,2 15) 2 15.2,3 15) 2,3
15: 2,3

2) 2 1.2
3) 2&3 2.3
4) 4 1) 5 3.2
5) 4 2) 4 4.4
6) 1&2 3) 2&3 5.4
7) 4 4) 4 6.1,2,3
8) 2 5) 3 7.2
9) 1&3 6) 1 8.2
10) 5 7) 4 9.1
11) 3 8) 2 10.5
12) 3 9) 1 11.3
13) 1 10)3 12.3
14) 1&2 11)2 13.1
15) 2&3 13) 1 14.1
14)1 15.1
15)2

Networking and protocols interview questions

Q: In the TCP client-servel model, how does the three-way handshake work in opening
connection?
A: The client first sends a packet with sequence "x" to the server. When the server receives this packet, the
server will send back another packet with sequence "y", acknowledging the request of the client. When the
client receives the acknowledgement from the server, the client will then send an acknowledge back to the
server for acknowledging that sequence "y" has been received.

Q: What is the purpose of exchanging beginning sequence numbers during the the connection
in the TCP client-server model?
A: To ensure that any data lost during data transfer can be retransmitted.

Q: How does Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) work?

A: ATM works by transmitting all traffic in small, fixed-sized cells. These small, fixed-size cells reduces
queuing delay and can be switched quickly. ATM fits into layer 2 of the OSI model and provides functions for
framing and error correction. At the port interface, ATM switches convert cells into frames, and vice versa.
ATM provides Quality of Service and traffic shaping.

Q: Given a Class B Network with subnet mask of 255.255.248.0 and a packet addressed to
130.40.32.16, what is the subnet address?
A: Take the 2 addresses, write them in binary form, then AND them. The answer is 130.40.32.0

This is regarding the question :-

Q: Given a Class B Network with subnet mask of 255.255.248.0 and a packet addressed to 130.40.32.16,
what is the subnet address?
As the solution mentions, we need to AND the mask and IP. The first two octets we know represent the
network address of the class B IP. From the given mask, in the third octet, there are five bits for the sub-
network, meaning the subnetwork of the given IP has the value 16. So the sub-network would be
130.40.16.x .
The mentioned answer 130.40.32.0 would be true if the third octet in the mask was 255.
Comments welcome.

Networking interview questions

Q1. Name of seven layers in Open System Interconnection model.
A. They are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link, and Physical.

Q2. What is the time complexity of matrix multiplication ?

void Mult_Matrix(matrix A, matrix B, matrix C)
{
int i, j, k;
for ( i = 1; i < N; i++)
for ( j = 1; j < N; j++ )
{
C[i][j] = 0;
for ( k = 0; k < N; k++ )
C[i][j] = A[i][j]*B[k][j];
}
retrun;
}
A. The time comlexity of matrix mulitiplication is O(N^3)

Q3. What is the null pointer in C++ ?

A. The null pointer is a special C++ pointer value that can be used for any pointer that doesn’t pointer
anywhere. It can be written as the constant NULL form stlib.h

Q4. What is the goal of the shortest distance algorithm ?

A. The goal is to completely fill the distance array so that for each vertex v, the value of distance[v] is the
weight of the shortest path from start to v.

Q5. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface?

A.

An abstract class may have fields and some implemented methods.

An interface has no implementation; only constants and method declarations.

Network programming interview questions

Question 1: How does the race condition occur?
It occurs when two or more processes are reading or writing some shared data and the final result depends
on who runs precisely when.

Question 2: What is multiprogramming?

Multiprogramming is a rapid switching of the CPU back and forth between processes.

Question 3: Name the seven layers of the OSI Model and describe them briefly.
Physical Layer - covers the physical interface between devices and the rules by which bits are passed from
one to another.

Data Link Layer - attempts o make the physical link reliable and provides the means to activate, maintain,
and deactivate the link.

Network Layer - provides for the transfer of information between end systems across

some sort communications network.

Transport Layer - provides a mechanism for the exchange of data between end system.

Session Layer - provides the mechanism for controlling the dialogue between applications

in end systems.
Presentation Layer - defines the format of the data to be exchanged between applications

and offers application programs a set of data transformation services.

Application Layer - provides a means for application programs to access the OSI environment.

Question 4: What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

TCP and UDP are both transport-level protocols. TCP is designed to provide reliable

communication across a variety of reliable and unreliable networks and internets.

UDP provides a connectionless service for application-level procedures. Thus, UDP is basically

an unreliable service; delivery and duplicate protection are not guareented.

Question 5: What does a socket consists of?

The combination of an IP address and a port number is called a socket.

Question:1
Refer to the exhibit. An organization connects two locations, supporting two VLANs,
through two switches as shown. Inter-VLANs communication is not required. The
network is working properly and there is full connectivity. The organization needs to add
additional VLANs, so it has been decided to implement VTP. Both switches are
configured as VTP servers in the same VTP domain. VLANs added to Switch1 are not
learned by Switch2. Based on this information and the partial configurations in the
exhibit, what is the problem?

A.Switch2 should be configured as a VTP client.

B.VTP is Cisco proprietary and requires a different trunking encapsulation.
C.A router is required to route VTP advertisements between the switches.
D.STP has blocked one of the links between the switches,limiting connectivity.
E.The links between the switches are access links.

Answer: D

Question:2
Refer to the exhibit.What is the meaning of the output MTU 1500 bytes?

A.The maximum number of bytes that can traverse this interface per second is 1500.
B.The minimum segment size that can traverse this interface is 1500 bytes.
C.The maximum segment size that can traverse this interface is 1500 bytes.
D.The minimum packet size that can traverse this interface is 1500 bytes.
E.The maximum packet size that can traverse this interface is 1500 bytes.
F.The maximum frame size that can traverse this interface is 1500 bytes.

Answer: E

Question:3
Which statement is correct about the internetwork shown in the diagram?

A.Switch 2 is the root bridge.

B.Spaning Tree is not runing.
C.Host D and Server 1 are in the same network.
D.No collisions can occur in traffic between Host B and Host C.
E.If Fa0/0 is down on Router1, Host A cannot access Server1.
F.If Fa0/1 is down on Switch3, Host C cannot access Server2.

Answer: C

Question:4
Refer to the digram.What is the largest configuration file that can be stored on this
router?

A.191K bytes
B.16384K bytes
C.31369K bytes
D.114688K bytes

Answer: A

Question:5
Refer to the exhibit.Which command will created a default route on Router B to reach all
networks beyond routerA?

A.ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2

B.ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
C.ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0
D.ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0
E.ip route 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2

Answer: A

Question:6
Refer to the exhibit Hosts in network 192.168.2.0 are unable to reach hosts in network
192.168.3.0.
Based on the output from RouterA, what are two possible reasons for the failure?(Choose
two)
A.The cable that is connected to S0/0 on RouterA is faulty.
B.Interface S0/0 on RouterB is administratively down.
C.Interface S0/0 on RouterA is configured with an incorrect subnet mask.
D.The IP address that is configured on S0/0 of RouterB is not in the correct subnet.
E.Interface S0/0 on RouterA is not receiving a clock signal from the CSU/DSU.
F.The encapsulation that is configured on S0/0 of RouterB does not match the
encapsulation that is configured on S0/0 of RouterA.

Answer: E, F

Question:7
Exhibit:

A.

Answer: A

Question:8
Refer to the exhibit. Which switch provides the spanning-tree designated port role for the
network segment that services the printers?

A.Switch1
B.SWitch2
C.Switch3
D.Switch4

Answer: A

Question:9
Refer to the exhibit. The network is converged.After link-state advertisements are
received from Router_A, what information will Router_E contain in its routing table for
the subnets 208.149.23.64 and 208.149.23.96?

A. 208.149.23.64[110/13] via 190.173.23.10,00:00:07, FastEthemet0/0

208.149.23.96[110/13] via 190.173.23.10,00:00:16, FastEthemet0/0
B. 208.149.23.64[110/1] via 190.172.23.10,00:00:07, Serial1/0
208.149.23.96[110/3] via 190.173.23.10,00:00:16, FastEthemet0/0
C. 208.149.23.64[110/13] via 190.173.23.10,00:00:07, Serial1/0
208.149.23.96[110/13] via 190.173.23.10,00:00:16, Serial1/0
208.149.23.96[110/13] via 190.173.23.10,00:00:16, FastEthemet0/0
D. 208.149.23.64[110/3] via 190.172.23.10,00:00:07, Serial1/0
208.149.23.96[110/3] via 190.173.23.10,00:00:16, Serial1/0

Answer: A
Question:10
Exhibit:

A.

Answer: A

Question:11
An administrator issues the command ping 127.0.0.1 from the command line prompt on a
PC. If a reply is received, what does this confirm?

A.The PC has connectivity with a local host.

B.The PC has connectivity with a Layer 3 device.
C.The PC has a default gateway correctly configured
D.The PC has connectivity up to Layer 5 of the OSI model.
E.The PC has the TCP/IP protocol stack correctly imstalled.

Answer: E

Question:12
What is the maximum data rate specified for IEEE 802.11b WLANs?

A.10 Mbps
B.11 Mbps
C.54 Mbps
D.100 Mbps

Answer: B

Question:13
Refer to the exhibit. Host A is to send data to Host B. How will Router1 handle the data
frame received from Host A? (Choose three.)

A. Router1 will strip off the source MAC address and replace it with the MAC address on
the forwarding FastEthernet interface.
B. Router1 will strip off the source IP address and replace it with the IP address on the
forwarding FastEthernet interface.
C. Router1 will strip off the destination MAC address and replace it with the MAC
address of Host B.
D. Router1 will strip off the destination IP address and replace it with the IP address of
Host B.
E. Router1 will forward the data frame out interface FastEthernet0/1.
F. Router1 will forward the data frame out interface FastEthernet0/2.

Answer: A,C,F
Question:14
What should be done prior to backing up an IOS image to a TFTP server? (Choose three.)

A. Make sure that the server can be reached across the network.
B. Check that authentication for TFTP access to the server is set.
C. Assure that the network server has adequate space for the IOS image.
D. Verify file naming and path requirements.
E. Make sure that the server can store binary files.
F. Adjust the TCP window size to speed up the transfer.

Answer: A,C,D

Question:15
A network associate is trying to understand the operation of the FLD Corporation by
studying the network in the exhibit. The associate knows that the server in VLAN 4
provides the necessary resources to support the user hosts in the other VLANs. The
associate needs to determine which interfaces are access ports. Which interfaces are
access ports? (Choose three.)

A. Switch1 – Fa 0/2
B. Switch1 – Fa 0/9
C. Switch2 – Fa 0/3
D. Switch2 – Fa 0/4
E. Switch2 – Fa 0/8
F. Router – Fa 1/0

Answer: A,C,D

Question:16
The show interfaces serial 0/0 command resulted in the output shown in the graphic.
What are possible causes for this interface status? (Choose three.)

A. The interface is shut down.

B. No keepalive messages are received.
C. The clockrate is not set.
D. No loopback address is set.
E. No cable is attached to the interface.
F. There is a mismatch in the encapsulation type.

Answer: B,C,F

Question:17
Refer to the partial command output shown. Which two statements are correct regarding
the router hardware? (Choose two.)
A. Total RAM size is 32 KB.
B. Total RAM size is 16384 KB (16 MB).
C. Total RAM size is 65536 KB (64 MB).
D. Flash size is 32 KB.
E. Flash size is 16384 KB (16 MB).
F. Flash size is 65536 KB (64 MB).

Answer: C,E

Question:18
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator configures a new router and enters the copy
starup-config running-config command on the router. The network administrator powers
down the router and sets it up at a remote location. When the router starts, it enters the
system configuration dialog as shown. What is the cause of the problem?

A. The network administrator failed to save the configuration.

B. The configuration register is set to 0*2100.
C. The boot system flash command is missing from the configuration.
D. The configuration register is set to 0*2102.
E. The router is configured with the boot system startup command.

Answer: A

Question:19
Which routing protocols can be used within the enterprise network shown in the
diagram? (Choose three.)

A. RIP v1
B. RIP v2
C. IGRP
D. OSPF
E. BGP
F. EIGRP

Answer: B,D,F

Question:20
A network administrator needs to allow only one Telnet connection to a router. For
anyone viewing the configuration and issuing the show run command, the password for
Telnet access should be encrypted. Which set of commands will accomplish this task?

A.service password-encryption
access-list1 permit 192.168.1.0.0.0.0.255
login
password cisco
access-class 1
B.enable password secret
line vty0
login
password cisco
C.service password-encryption
line vty0
login
password cisco
D.service password-encryption
line vty0 4
login
password cisco

Answer: C