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Laws of Indices
Last digit of an
Factor Theory
Divisibility Rules
Algebraic Formulae
[ ] * + [ ] * + * + * + * +
[ ] * + [ ] * + * +
Case 1 – When the dividend (M) and divisor (N) have a {Such that 3x+5y=1}
factor in common (k) Valid values are x = -3 and y = 2
* + * + * + * +
Example: * + * + 0
Case 3 – Remainder when ( )
Case 2 – When the divisor can be broken down into is divided by ( ) the remainder is ( )
smaller co-prime factors.
* + * + {HCF (a,b) = 1}
Funda: If f(a) = 0, (x-a) is a factor of f(x)
Let * + * +
( ) ( )( )( ) * +
* + * + Example: * + 0 * +
* + * + * +
Weighted Average =
Geometric Mean =
Harmonic Mean =
AM = (a + b)/2
GM = √
HM =
1/3 33.33% 1/10 10% Funda: The net change after two successive changes of
𝑎𝑏
a% and b% is (𝑎 𝑏 )
1/4 25% 1/11 9.09% 00
n v u – t u
Population formula P’ = P(1 ± ) SAGR or AAGR = x 100
t u
n
Depreciation formula = Initial Value x (1 – ) v u – t u
CAGR= ( ) –1
t u
𝑃𝑅
∆
% Profit = ( ) 00
( )
r r – r
Discount % = x 100 Alligation – The ratio of the weights of the two items
r
mixed will be inversely proportional to the deviation of
attributes of these two items from the average attribute
of the resultant mixture
Funda: Effective Discount after successive discount of
𝑎𝑏 u tt rst t
a% and b% is (a + b – ). Effective Discount when =
u tt s t
you buy x goods and get y goods free is x 100.
𝑝𝑛 𝑎 𝑞 𝑛 𝑐 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒
Componendo and Dividendo = kn
𝑝𝑛 𝑞𝑛 𝑟𝑛
Four (non-zero) quantities of the same kind a,b,c,d are Given two variables x and y, y is (directly) proportional to
said to be in proportion if a/b = c/d. x (x and y vary directly, or x and y are in direct variation)
if there is a non-zero constant k such that y = kx. It is
The non-zero quantities of the same kind a, b, c, d.. are denoted by
said to be in continued proportion if a/b = b/c = c/d.
Two variables are inversely proportional (or varying
inversely, or in inverse variation, or in inverse
proportion or reciprocal proportion) if there exists a non-
zero constant k such that y = k/x.
1 kmph = 5/18 m/sec; 1 m/sec = 18/5 kmph If the speeds are in Arithmetic Progression, then
the times taken are in Harmonic Progression
SpeedAvg = = If the speeds are in Harmonic Progression, then
the times taken are in Arithmetic Progression
If the distance covered is constant then the average
speed is Harmonic Mean of the values (s1,s2,s3….sn) For Trains, time taken =
If the time taken is constant then the average speed is SpeedBoat = (SpeedDownstream + SpeedUpstream) / 2
Arithmetic Mean of the values (s1,s2,s3….sn)
SpeedRiver = (SpeedDownstream – SpeedUpstream) / 2
SpeedAvg =
For Escalators,The difference between escalator
SpeedAvg = (for two speeds) problems and boat problems is that escalator can go
either up or down.
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Races & Clocks Two people are running on a circular track of length L
with speeds a and b in the opposite direction
Linear Races Time for 1st meeting =
Winner’s distance = Length of race Time for 1st meeting at the starting point = LCM
( )
Loser’s distance = Winner’s distance – (beat distance +
start distance) Three people are running on a circular track of length L
with speeds a, b and c in the same direction
Winner’s time = Loser’s time – (beat time + start time) Time for 1st meeting =LCM ( )
st
Deadlock / dead heat occurs when beat time = 0 or beat Time for 1 meeting at the starting point = LCM
distance = 0 ( )
Circular Races
Clocks To solve questions on clocks, consider a circular
Two people are running on a circular track of length L track of length 360 . The minute hand moves at a speed
with speeds a and b in the same direction of 6 per min and the hour hand moves at a speed of ½
per minute.
Time for 1st meeting =
Time for 1st meeting at the starting point = LCM Funda: Hands of a clock coincide (or make 180 ) 11
( ) times in every 12 hours. Any other angle is made 22
times in every 12 hours.
Inequalities Logarithm
𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑚 𝑎 𝑏 𝑚
( ) [0 𝑚 ]
𝑛
Funda: For any positive integer n, 2≤ (
𝑛
) ≤3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Funda: ambncp……..will be greatest when = =
𝑚 𝑛 𝑝
𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 {Except }
Funda: (n!)2 ≥ nn
Co-ordinate Trigo
Geometry nometry
= ½ x Base x Height
= ½ x Product of sides x Sine of included angle
Equilateral Triangle:
Area = √
All angles are equal to 60°. All sides are equal also.
√
Area = * x2
√ 2
Area = * x
45°-45°-90° Triangle
2
Area = x /2
Congruency of Triangles
Funda: Sum of squares of diagonals = Sum of squares Perimeter = 4a; Area = ½ d1 d2 ; Area = d x √ ( )
of four sides
Rectangle
2 2 2 2 2 2
AC + BD = AB + BC + CD + DA
A parallelogram with all angles equal (90°) is a Rectangle.
Funda: A Rectangle is formed by intersection of the Its diagonals are congruent.
four angle bisectors of a parallelogram.
Perimeter = 2(l+b); Area = lb
Rhombus
Square
Two pairs of adjacent sides are congruent. Area = ½ x (Sum of parallel sides) x Height
The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal at 90°. Median, the line joining the midpoints of lateral sides, is
half the sum of parallel sides.
Area = Product of Diagonals / 2
Funda: Sum of the squares of the length of the
diagonals = Sum of squares of lateral sides + 2 Product
of bases.
2
Area Pentagon = 1.72 a
2
Area Octagon = 2(√ + 1) a
√ 2
Perimeter = 6a; Area = x a
The diameter is the longest chord of a circle. Chord AB divides the circle into two parts: Minor Arc AXB
and Major Arc AYB
Measure of arc AXB = AOB =
A chord /arc subtends equal angle at any point on the Area of Sector OAXB - Area of ∆ OAB
circumference and double of that at the centre. r2 [ – ]
0
PA x PB = PC x PD
The radius and tangent are perpendicular to each other. = ½ [ m(Arc AC) – m(Arc BD) ]
PA x PB = PC x PD
= ½ [ m(Arc AC) + m(Arc BD) ]
PA x PB = PC2
BAQ = ACB
No. of Distance
Two Circles Common Between Centers
Tangents (d)
One is completely
0 < r1 - r2
inside other
Touch internally 1 = r1 - r2
Length of the Direct Common Tangent (DCT)
Intersect 2 r1 - r2 < d < r1 + r2
AD = BC = ( )
One is completely RT = SU = ( )
4 > r1 + r2
outside other The two centers(O and O’), point of intersection of DCTs
(P)and point of intersection of TCTs (Q) are collinear. Q
divides OO’ in the ratio r1 : r2 internally whearea P divides
OO’ in the ratio r1 : r2 externally.
Cylinder r2h 2 r (r + h) 2 rh
Sphere (4/3) r3 r2 r2
3
Hemisphere (2/3) r r2 r2
Funda: There are 4 body diagonals in a cube / cuboid of length (√ x side) and √𝑙 𝑏 respectively.
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Prism
Frustum / Truncated Cone
y = mx + c d=| |
√
From origin, d = | |
Slope Point Form: Slope is m, point is x1,y1 √
Two Intercept Form: X-intercept is a, Y-intercept is b. Funda: If we know three points A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2 ) and
C(x2,y2) of a parallelogram, the fourth point is given by
+ = 1 OR bx + ay = ab
(x1 + x3 – x2, y1 + y3 – y2)
Acute angle between two lines with slope m1 and m2 is
given by
Tan = | |
( ) ( )
The vertices are P (x1,y1), Q(x2,y2 ) and R(x3,y3)
Centre is origin and radius is r
Incenter = { , } x 2 + y2 = r2
Centroid = { , }
cosec =
s
900 1 0
Signs of T-ratios in Different Quadrants:
sec =
s
cot =
t
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
1 + cot2 = cosec2
Tan (A + B) —
Subtraction Formulae
s
sin (A — B) = sin A cos B — cos A sin B Sine Rule: =s =
s
Cos B =
Cos C =
Modern Permutation
& Probability
Math Combination
Sequence
& Functions
Series
Union of two sets is represented as A B and consists of n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) — n(A B) — n(A C) -
elements that are present in either Set A or Set B or both. n(B C) + n(A B C)
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Binomial Theorem Some basic properties
(x + 1)n = xn + n.xn-1y + nC2xn-2 + ... + nx + 1n Funda: To find the remainder when (x + y)n is divided
by x, find the remainder when yn is divided by x.
n
C0+ nC1+ nC2+ nC3+ nC4+… + nCn= 2n
Funda: (1+x)n ≅ 1 + nx, when x<<1
n
C0+ nC2+ nC4+… = nC1+ nC3+ nC5… = 2n/2 = 2n-1
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Permutation & Combination (n)(n - 1)(n — 2)...(n - r + 1) =
( )
When two tasks are performed in succession, i.e., they Number of ways of arranging 'n' items out of which `p' are
are connected by an 'AND', to find the total number of
alike, 'q' are alike, 'r' are alike in a line =
ways of performing the two tasks, you have to MULTIPLY
the individual number of ways. When only one of the two
tasks is performed, i.e. the tasks are connected by an Circular arrangement of 'n' distinct items: Fix the first
'OR', to find the total number of ways of performing the item and then arrange all the other items linearly with
two tasks you have to ADD the individual number of respect to the first item. This can be done in (n — 1)!
( )
ways. ways. In a necklace, it can be done in ways.
Eg: In a shop there are ‘d’ doors and ‘w’ windows.
Selection of r items out of 'n' distinct items (nCr):
Case1: If a thief wants to enter via a door or window, he
Arrange of r items out of n = Select r items out of n and
can do it in – (d+w) ways.
then arrange those r items on r linear positions.
Case2: If a thief enters via a door and leaves via a
window, he can do it in – (d x w) ways. n
Pr =nCr x r! n
Cr = = ( )
n
Linear arrangement of ‘r’ out of 'n' distinct items ( Pr):
The first item in the line can be selected in 'n' ways AND
the second in (n — 1) ways AND the third in (n — 2) ways
AND so on. So, the total number of ways of arranging 'r'
items out of 'n' is
‘n’ similar items in List the cases and then find out
‘r’ similar groups in how many ways is each case
possible
‘n’ similar items in List the cases and then find out
‘r’ similar groups in how many ways is each case
possible
Multiplication Rule:
P(A B) = P(A).P(B)
P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A).P(B)
Geometric Progression
f(x) = |x|
If we consider –f(x), it gets mirrored in the X-Axis. If we consider f(x-2), it shifts right by 2 units.
If we consider f(x) – 2, it shifts down by 2 units. If we consider f(x/2) or ½ f(x), the slope halves and the
rise and fall become much flatter than earlier.