Organ Systems of the Toad

Digestive System
• Function of nutrition (ingestion, digestion,
absorption and egestion)
• Both physical and mechanical breakdown of
food
• Amoeba and Paramecium – formation of a
food vacuole
pharynx
 Incomplete Digestive System
Pharynx Ventral Ovary Vitellaria
sucker

Testis

Oral Uterus
sucker
 Cockroach Digestive System
• Esophagus
• Crop
• Gizzard
• Intestinal caeca
• Midgut
• Mapighian tubules
• Hindgut
 Complete Digestive System
• Coelom -> pericardial cavity and pleuro-peritoneal
cavity
• Pleuro-peritoneal cavity
– Body wall lining: parietal peritoneum
– Viscera lining: visceral peritoneum
• Mesenteries – suspend the viscera from the body wall
o Mesogaster – suspends stomach
o Mesorecturm – suspends large intestine (rectum)
o Mesenterium – suspends small intestine (ileum)
• Omentum – connect viscera
o Gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum – connects the stomach, liver, duodenum
 Buccal Cavity
• Maxillary teeth
• Tongue
• Esophageal opening
• Glottis
• Opening to vocal sacs
(males only)
• Choanae/internal nares
• Vomerine teeth
• Opening to Eustachian
tube
 Digestive Tube
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Pyloric sphincter
• Small intestine
– Duodenum
– Ileum
• Large intestine
• Cloaca
 Digestive Glands
• Liver
– Largest gland in the body
– Secretes bile
• Gall bladder
– Stores bile
– Drained by cystic duct
• Pancreas
– Within gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum
– Secretes pancreatic juice
• Common bile duct – union of cystic duct, hepatic ducts, pancreatic ducts
 Respiratory System
• Facilitates the exchange of gases between the
organism and its environment
• Derived from the integument of the lining of
the digestive tube
• Permeable, highly vascularized, in contact
with medium rich in oxygen
 Aquatic Respiratory Systems
• Gills

• Gill arches

• Pharyngeal clefts
 Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
• Tracheal system – provide oxygen directly to
tissues
• Tracheal trunk
• Spiracles - openings
 Terrestrial Respiratory System
Pediculus humanis var. capitis

Spiracles

Tracheal Trunk
 Excretory System
• Excretion of waste substances
• Protonephridia – lower metazoans
• Metanephridia – annelids
• Nephridia – mollusks
• Green glands – crustaceans
• Malpighian tubules – insects, arachnids (uric
acid crystals)
• Kidneys - vertebrates
 Kidneys
• Retroperitoneal
• Lie in cisterna magna
• Drained by mesonephric/Wolffian duct (toads)
or ureter (mammals)
• Drains into urinary bladder which stores urine
before releasing it into the cloaca
 Mammalian Kidney
• Cortex
– Renal corpuscles
– tubules
• Medulla
– Collecting tubules
• Renal pelvis
• Expanded beginning of ureter
• Hilus
• Concavity containing the
blood vessels (renal artery *renal pyramid – made up of collecting
and vein) tubules and renal papilla
 Circulatory System
• Transport of gases, nutrients, metabolic
wastes, hormones and other substances to
the different parts of the body
• Assists in homeostasis
• Not present in lower metazoans
 Open Circulatory System
• Aorta
• Heart
– With lateral ostia guarded by
valves to prevent backflow
– Located in the pericardial sinus
– Ventral wall is called the dorsal
diaphragm

• Trachea (respiratory
system)
 Closed Circulatory System

CONUS
ARTERIOSUS
 Arterial System

PULMOCUTANEOUS ARTERY

COELIACOMESENTERIC
ARTERY
COELIAC ARTERY
 Venous System

ANTERIOR VENA CAVA

POSTERIOR VENA CAVA

Mammalian Heart
 Nervous System
• Perceive and transmit stimuli, coordinate and integrate
the functions of the different organ systems
1. Nerve Net – coelenterates
– Impulses transmitted in all directions
from the point of stimulations
2. Ladder – flatworms
– Cephalization present
3. Ganglionic – arthropods & mollusks
– Ventral nerve cord and cerebral ganglia
4. Tubular – vertebrates
– Hollow nerve tube
Types of Nervous Systems
Frog Brain

Cerebellum

Diencephalon
 Frog Brain Vesicles
• 1st and 2nd lateral vesicles

• 3rd ventricle

• Opticoels

• Aqueduct of Sylvius

• 4th Ventricle