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BIBAIA nov AAAAEAN TON KO:EMO 11 TO BHMA

o nov MEIVapV1: KEIVe; VEvvnSnKE 010 Ksurrprrz me; MEvoAne; Bperovloc, 0,,{1e; 5 Iouviou 'rou 1883. 0 nnrspoc lOU nrov AExtopnc 010 Ilovernctruuo "{ou Keunprrz, EVW n unrspo lOU EPvozorov we; KOIVWVIKn AEnoupvoe;. ME m o"{npl~n "{WV VOVIWV "{OU, nou rtkrteuov nOAu 0,,{1e; ucovorrrrsc "{OU npW,,{O,,{OKOU VIOU roue, 0 KEIVe; KOlO<PEPE va KEpBiOEI urtotporplo Via 'to Ilovsruormno "{OU 'lrov, onou ortououoe llaSnllOlIKO Kat icroplo, EVW "{O 1902 IlEla<pEpSnKE O"{O KOAEVIO KIVVK rou Ksurtprtz, onou "{O EvBla<pEpov tou orpnqnuce anoKAEIOlIKo otu llaSnlla,,{IKo. Mere rnv unorpolrnon rou EpvoomKE Via Eva Bloomlla 010 Iporpelo rcov Ivouov, 0IlWe; ro 1908 EnEo"{pnjJE O"{O Keunprrz Via va IlEAElnOEI OIKOVOIlIKEe; Kat <PIAooo<pIKEe; SEwpiEe;, IlElO mv rrporporm lOU Bloonllou OIKOVOIlOA6vou iU<PPEV"{ Mop- 0011.. ~uvlOlla, 0PXIOE va BnllOOIEUEI opSpa lOU OE EVKupa OIKOVOIlIKO nEploBIKO, EVW,,{O 1913 EKBoSnKE ro rtpcoro 'rou I3II3Aio, Indian Currency and Finance. To 1911 aVEAal3E sruueAmne; me; EKBoone; rou Economic Journal, EVW KOlO 'tn Blopxac "{ou A' Iluvxooulou nOAEIlOU, 0 KEIVe; 0PXIOE va EPVOC;Elat we; vpuuuuteuc me; BaOiAIKne; Oncovouucnc Ercnpsloc, SEan n onola lOU errerpeipe lloAlo"{a va napwpESEi am BlooKEtjJn me; ~uvSnKne; rcov BEpoaAAlwv. EnE no ana m An~n TOu nOAEIlOU, 01 IlEAE,,{Ee; "{OU EntKEVlPWSnKaV am BIEpEuvnon me; SEwpiae; "{WV ntSavOln"{wv, EVW "{O 1919 E~EBwOE uc OlKOVOl1lKES Et» vettetes rns Etpnvns, to ortoio SEWPEi'lat Eva ana "{a onouomorspo spvo rou, Tnv neplooo me; MEv6Ane; Yrpeonc, 0 KEIVe; ouvEl3aAE onuovnxo ornv cvnuerrornon me; ouvepvozouevoc IlE Blo<popoue; rpopeic, EVW "{O 1936 E~EBwOE m Tevtxn eECJJpia rns Anaaxoknans, IOU TOKOU xat IOU Xpnuatos. ~UVEXIOE va EPVOC;Elat rrovco 0,,{1e; OIKOVOIlIKEe; "{ou Bscoplec, cxoun Kat am BlopKEla lOU B' Ilovxooulou nOAEIlOU Kat "{o 1942 ,,{lllnSnKE ana rn Bouui rcov AopBwv Via m ouvosncn npootpopo "{ou. Artsfikooe "{O 1946.

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ME"lcJ(ppaon: Oovconc A8ovooiou

EmOmlJOVIKn EmIJO.EIO: MlxoAn<; \PoAlcSonouAm; EmlJEAEIO OEIPO<;: 'Avvo Arrrprvuxn

t-IEU8uvon OXEcS,OOIJOU: Irovvnc KopAOnouAo<; / TO BHMA rXEcSIOOIJO<; E!;wcpuMou: Bcolxnc rEwpyiou / TO BHMA rEAlcSonoinon: APXITYTlO - rpO!pIKE<; TtXVE<;

Exnmeoon, I3II3AlocSEOio: G. CANALE & S.p.A.

ISBN: 978-960-469-742-7

© EKMoEI<; Ikmaznon / all rights reserved

© 2010 YIO com mv EKcSOon t-nIJOOloypO!pIKO<; 0pYOVIOIJ0<; J\OlJnpOKn A.E.

H l1VEUIiOTIKiI 16'OKlnoia anOKTOto. xwpl~ Kallia 6.aninwon Ka. xwpi~ mv avoYKn pnrpoc, anayopEtn:'KiI~ TWV npoo~oAWv rnc, Emonuoivenn, nQVT~, 611 KaTO TOV N. 2387 /20 (6n~ tXE' rpononomaei ue TOV N. 2121/93 Ka. 'OXilE' onuepo) Kat KaTO tn "'.E8vi1 ~illl~aon me Bepvnc (no" tXE' Kupw8Ei liE TOV N. 100/1975) anayopEiJETat n ava6nllooiEUon, n an08itKEUOn OE KonOlD ooomuc 6uiowonc:;, KQI YEVIKcl n avanapaywyn ,[OU nap6V1DC; tpvou. llE onOlDV6imOl€ tpono it 1I0pq>iI, ll1nllal.KO iI nEp.Anm.KO 010 nocrroruno n OE IIETocppaon it elMn 6.aoKElJit, xwpi~ ypamit 06E.a TOU EKMm.

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np6,\oyo<; ornv EKOOon On010 «Bnuu» 9

LnllEiwllo lOU nposopou rnc T p6.nEi;a<; A rnxnc ..••••••••••..••...•••.•••.••••. 19

LnllEiwllO lOU EmllE'\mil rnc OElpO<; 21

rEVlKilElOOywyil ..•....•...••..•.•..••.•.•••••.•••.••.••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••..••••••••••••. 31 np6,\oYO<; •.•.•.•••...•....•..•.•..•....••...••...........•.•..•.....•.•••..•.•••••...••.•....••..••• 35 np6,\oyo<; om YEPIlOVlKil EKOOon ••••••.••.•.•.••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 np6,\oyo<; ornv 10nwvlKil EKOOon •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• 43 np6,\OYO<; om yaMtKil EKOOon ••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45

BIBMO I: EILAfOIl-l

H rEVlKil 8Ewpio .•........•...•.••...••••..••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53

To O~IWIlOlO rnc Kh.OOlKil<; OIKOVOlllKil<; 55

H Apxil rnc EVEPYOU Znmonc 73

BIBMO II: OPILMOI KAI 1ME:

EmAoyilllov6.6wv •••••••••••••••••.•••••••••.•••••••.•••..••.•..•.••....••••.•...•.•..•..••.•••• 85

H npooooxlo ox npoo61opl011KO<; nop6.yoVlo<; rnc napaywyil<;

Katln<; onoaxoh.nan<; •••.••••.•..••••••.•.•••••..•....••....•....•..•.••.•..•••....•.•. 93

o OPlOIlO<; lOU aooonuctoc, me cnorouieoonc Kat rnc EnEv6uan<;

napaprnlla- To xootoc xpnotn 99

nEpal1EpUl E~troan lWV EWOlWV rnc orroroulaxmc

KOI rnc EnEv6uan<; •..•....•••...•.••.•.•.....•.•.••.••.•••..•••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 121

B1BAIO III: H POflH nPOr KAT ANAI\ill:H

H porm npoc KOlovOAwan: l. 01 OVllKElllEVlKOi nopdvovrec ••••..••.•• 133 H porm npoc KOlovOAwan: 2. 01 unoxauevncot nap6.yoVlE<; ••••••••.•• 149 H OPlOKil porm npoc K010VOAwan Kat 0 nOMOnAOOlOam<; ••••••••••••• 155

BIBMO IV: H OOHLH ITA EIlEN~ ITH

H opuncn cnooonxorrrrc lOU KEcpaAoiou ••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 173

OllloJ<pOnp6eEoIlE<; npoooodec 183

H YEVlKil8EWpio lOU En110Kiou ••••••••.••••••••••••.•.••••••..••••.••..•••.•...••••.... 199

H KAaOlKO 8Ewpia LOU snrroxlou 209

Ilapaptnua, Ilepl lOU enrroxlou oouqxovo I1E lIe; ApXES rns Cnxovouiasvxi MopaaA, uc ApXES rns Ilostuxns OIKOVOllias

lOU PIKOPV10 KOIaMa Epva ••••.••••.•..•..•.•.•••••.•.•..•••..•..•....•..•..•.•... 219

Ta 4ruXO'\OVIKO KOI EnIXElpnl101IKO xlvmpo me; paxrrorntoc 229

non<iM:<; rtcpnmpnoac VIa m qnxm lOU KE<jlaAaiou 243

01 OUOlcOOEI<; IOtomlEe; lOU lOKOU K0I10U XPOI101D<; .••...•................ 253 Avaolanmwon me; rEVIKO<; 8Ewpia<; me; Anaoxo'\non<; ......••....••.. 273

BIBNO V: ONOMM.:llKOI MILOOI KAlllMll

MElai3o'\Ee; 0l0tK; OVOllaOlIKOUe; 1110800<; 283

Ilapunnua; H «8Ewpia me; A VEpvioe;»

lOU Ka8nynm Pigou ••.••.•.•.••..••.•••••.•••••..••••••.•••.•••••...•••••••.••.•.••.• 297

H ouvcprnon rnc onooxoxnonc 307

H 8Ewpia lWV 11l1WV •..•.••••.••...••••.•.•..•.••••••...•.......•...••.•..•.•..•.•....•....... 317

BIBNO VI: rYNTOMArXONA EMflNEITMENA AIlO TH fENIKH 8EOPIA

Ilepi lOU OIKOVOI1IKOU KUKAOU ....••..•••••.••...•.•••.••••.•••.•••.•.••.•••...•••.••.•• 335 InIlEIWoEI<; VIa mv sunopoqxrno, lOU<; V0I10tK;

rtepl 10Kov'\uq>ia<;, 10 O<jlpaVIOIlEVO xpOlla xoruc 8EWpiE<;

me; unOKolovCiAwone; ••••.••..•••••••••••.•.••••••••••••.•••..••......•...••....••••. 353

TOOKO oxo'\la VIa rnv KOIVWVIKO <l>1'\ooOq>ia npoc rnv onoia tava

n rEVIKO 8Ewpia ...••....•..........•...............•.•.•.........•.••....•......•.••••.• 389

Ilaoaptnua 1: !lIUKUIlUVOEIS rns Kaeapns mtv{)uons

OrIS HVWIlEV€S Iloktuies (1936) 401

Itaoaotnua 2: XX€TIKES KIVnOEIS rwv ttpavuamaav Illo8wv

Kal rns naoavtovns (1939) 413

np6AOVO<; ornv EKooan ana « To BnIlQ»

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H ttpoacomxsnrna rou Teov MElvapvr KEIVS

o KEIVe; VEvvn8nKE 10 1883, rnv icSlo cSnltacSn XPOVIO nou nE8avE 0 M~, KOI anEl3iwoE 101946. Hrov evoc 1aAaVlouxo<; ov8pwno<;, CPIA01£XVO<; KOIIlEAO<; me; KeAne; I3p£1avIKI'Ie; KOlvwviae;. LnoOOaoE Kal upV01Epa cSicSa~E 010 Ilovernonuno lOU Keunprrz KOI cSIE8ElE rnv KOlOP11on KOI rnv KOlvwvlKI'I Ka1a~iwon nou OUVOOruEI Ilio 8Eon 010 KOAEyIO KIV\'K lOU icSlou novemornulou 0 KOIVWVIKO<; KUKAO<; lOU auIlnEpiAolll3avE lOU<; rno cSloonllOU<; cpiAoooq>ou<; me; snomc, onox 10V T1;. Moup, MnEp1pav PooEA KOI /\OUVlI3IX BI1VKEVOlOIV. I:!.EV fiXE KOrtoiov IcSlaiTEpo 8aullaoll0 Via to OIKOVOIlIKO, Via OUlO KOI 0 McpP£Vl MopoeA 10V IKETruE vo ooxoAn8Ei anOKAEIOlIKO IlE rc OIKOVOIlIKO. 0

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H noAlnKit Oixovouia InS fEV/KitS Oetooias

Iloio EivOl 6~w<; EKEiva rc O101XEia tnc Ievims eEwpias nou EXOUV KOVEI exetvooc nou EXOUV 61a1300EI 10 13113Aio va avavvwpi~ouv 10V Encvoorcrnco xapaK1itpa lOU; 8EWPOU~E WCPEAt~O Via 10V ovavvcxrm aUlOU lOU EloaYWVIKOU on~E1w~alO<; va aVaAUaou~E 10 8E~EAlaKO O101XEia rnc fEV/KitS eEwpias apxi~OVla<; an6 10 lEAEUlaio KEcpQAalO lOU I3II3Aiou, nou EXEI10V lilAO «TEAlKO oxoAla Via mv KOlVWVIKn <l>lAooocpia npoc mv onoia KOlOlEivEI n fEvlKn 8Ewpia». L10 KE<pOAatO ouro 0 KElV<; 61awnwvEI mv nosruxn <pIAooocpia lOU, Ka8<i><; Kat 10U<; nuAWVE<; OIKOVO~IKn<; nOAtllKn<; nou 8EWPEi 611 8a unopouoov va 0- 6nvnoouv OE Eva rno av8p<i>mvo ~OVlEAO Kormosiouou

H nOAl1lKn <plAooocpia lOU KEIV<; txEl W<; KEVlPlK6 8E~a rn 6UV0l6- m10 lOU Konnauouou va npoo<PEpEI 1OUl6xpova OIKovo~IKn an01EAEO~0lIK6m1O, KOlVWVlKit 61KatooUvn Kat OlO~IKit EAEu8Epia. H lPlOOO cum Eivat n nOAtllKn oucovoulo rnc fEV/KitS eEwpias. H encvoorcnKn OUVEIO<pOpO lOU KElV<; Eivat 611 noorava uio ~EXWPlom, ~ova6lKit 6la6po~n Via rnv mi1~n rnc lPlOOO<;, ~E ~Elol3Ama ro OO~IKO xopaKmpl011KO lOU Kanl1aAl011KOU 0U0lT't~0l0<;. Iho OUYKEKPl~Eva, 0 KElV<; OUOXElIOE rnv OIKOVO~IKn an01EAEO~0lIK6m1O KOI mv KOIVWVlKn 61KalooUvn ~E 10 enineoo me mEv6uon<; nou 61aocpaAi~El rnv nAnpn cnooxoxnon lWV 61a8EOl~wv norxov, Enionc, 8EWP0UoE 611 n

H Fevixn Bewpia rns AnaaxoJ.nans. rou TOKOU Kal rou Xpnuaios 11

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Tzov MEIVapV1 KEIV<;

aMo 01 rportedrec EKEivOI nou ETInpEOI;Ouv rnv ETIEv6uon. Enlonc, 0 13081l0c; OV1OVOKAoone; me; 0I3EI30l0m1Qe; ornv npotumon paxrtom- 1Oe; npocoropkerm uno uc ouvri.8EIEe; lWV 010llWV KOl rn p0m110UC; npo mv KEpOOoKonio.

Emnp608E1:o, 0 KEIVe; ETIIXElpnl101oAoYEi 011 n ETIEv6uon, we; IlnxoVIOIlOc; o~none; me; onooxoAnone; KOl lOU ElooM.IlO1OC;, npoooroplza rnv unoroulaxm. H l6Eo ourn 10V OM.ynOE OE 130810 pn~n IlE m VEOKAOOlKn op8000t;io KOllle; cpIAEAEOOEp€e; OIKOVOIlIKEe; nOAI1IKEe;, K08Wc; onevoxonolnce mv KpallKn napElll300n omv OIKOVOllio. H lEAEUmio 6EV Ellcpavil;E1:Ol MEOV we; IlnXOVIOIlOc; unoppopnonc 161W1IKne; nrtorouleocnc nou npoKaAEi napaYKWVI01l01WV 16tW1IKwv ETIEV6I)0Ewv, 0- nwe; IOXupil;E1:Ol n VEOKAOOlKO 8Ewpio. AV1i8E1:o, n KpallKO napElll300n 6nl-1I0upYEi, IlEOW me; o~none; me; znrnonc, Elooonilo KOl on0101JiEUon KOl 61EUKOAUvEI rn xpnl101000mon me; 161W1IKOe; ETIEv6uone;. H EVOWIlOlwon 010lXEiwv tPuxoAoyioe; KOl 8EOIlIKne; oullnEplcpOpCte; omv ov6Auon lOU KEIVe; 10V oonvnoe ornv ovomu~n Illoe; 8EWpnone; 1300EI me; onoloc n oUTo-pu81l1011KO AEI10Upyio lOU KOnl1aAlO1IKOU oixrm- 1l00OC; 6EV EiVOl EcpIKm.

o KEIVe; OVaAUEll0 zrmuurm aUTO 010 KEcp6AoIO 11 KOI 17 me; FevIKns Gecooias, onou KOl oVOrnUoOEI Eva VOIlIOIlO1IKO MaiOlo ov6Auone; me; ouunepupopoc me; EVEPYOU znrnonc, 1300EI lOU onoiou 10 ETII10KI0 noil;EI npwloywvlO1IKO pOAO omv 06uVOilio 'IOU KOnl1aAI01IKOU ooornuutoc va ioopponel OE K08E01Wc; Mnpoue; onooxoAnone; KOI va 6100cpaAil;EI mv orounot EAru8Epio. H 8Ewpio TOU KEIVe; YIO 10V 10KO on01EAEOE OIlEOwe; TO 8EIlEAIOKO nuAwvo me; OlpE1:IKOe; OVOAUone; me; fEVIKns Bu.upias, ocpou cneppmte 10 pOAO lOU snrroxiou we; E~loopponmlKOU nOpCtY0V10 1lE1:0~U ETIEv6uone; KOl onotouiaxmc KOI me; orrorouteoonc we; npoa610pI011KOU nOpCtY0V10 me; ETIEv6uone;.

LTO nOAu onIlOV1IKO KEcpCtAOlO me; fEVIKns Gecooias nou EXEI 10V lilAO «01 ouolW6EIe; 1610mlEe; lOU TOKOU KOI 'IOU xpnIlO1Q9>, 0 KEIV<; 0- vorrnxroa Ilia YEVIKO 8EWpio srutoxlou IlE oxono va 6Ei~EI OTI 10 ETII- 10KI0 lOU xpnllOlOC; elvoi exelvo nou npoooioplza roue opouc OUOOWpEuone; KEcpaAoiou. H 1300lKn 16E0 EivOl OTI 010V n on6OOon ano rnv K010xn XPEOYpCtCPWV EivOI UtVn7I.oTEpn me; onoooonc me; ETIEV- 6uone; OE VEO KECPaAOlOUXIKO E~OMIOIlO, n OUV-08po1011Kn ETIEv6uon 80 IlEIw8Ei ncoooopovrcc mv EVEPYO znmon KOl mv onooxoAnon. To 1610iTEpa XapaKmPIOllKO 'IOU XPr1IlO1oc; KOl n Un~n TOKOU npoofaopkouv TIe; noooooidsc KOl rnv nporiunon paxrromrcc 010 OIKOVOIlIKO ooornuo, nou OE Eva Iaissez-faire nEpll36AAov EivOl m80vo va npoKaAEOEI uekoon me; ETIEv6uone; KOl me; onooxoxncnc,

A~iI;EI va OOIlEIw8Ei I6tOiTEpa n OOIlOV1IKO OUVEIOcpopCt TOU KEIV<; om OUOXETlon me; KEpOOoKonioe; IlE m 8Ewpio lOU emroidou H 1300lKO 16E0

H rEYIKn 8EWpiu InS AlluaxoAnans. TOU TOKOU KUI TOU XpnlluTOS 13

EOO> EivOI 011 n KEpOooKOnia otnv ayopa )(pEoypacpwV KOI EI0IK01Epa ornv ayopa KEcpaAaiou olaxwpiC;EI mv an6&x:m lWV xpEOypacpwV uno rnv onoooon lOU npaWOlIKOU KEcpa.\aiou, OnAaon olaxwpiC;E1 10 sru- 10KlO ana 10 nooooro KEpOoc;. 0 KEIV<; OiVEI 10lailEpn Ellcpaon ornv aMnArniopaon lWV ODO onooooaov KOI EIOIKO oro rxoc KUllalO 01010- OOt;ia<; KOI cnovonteuonc OIOlapOOOOUV rn Ola8EpOmlO rnc npaYllanxnc rnEvouon<;. AUlO EivOI 10 MaiOlO me noi\IlIKn<; OIKOVOllia<; lOU KEIV<;: EivOI anapaimm n napElll3aon lOU KpOTOU<;, WolE va onoeeuX8Ei n xmoppaxm rnc Kannai\iOlIKiI<; OIKOVOllia<;.

etllara OIKOVOlllKns nO).lTlKnS am fEV1Kn eEwpia

LTO onuslo mno EivOI QnIlaVlIKO va avacpEp8Ei 011 OXEOOV OIlEOW<; IlE- 10 m onllooiruon me fEV1Kns eEwpias, DpIOIlEvOl «rnlcpavEi<;» OIKOvOIlOi\OYOlIlE VEOKAaOlKn EKnaiOruon npoonoanocv, OlI<; npcinE<; ODO IlElanoi\EIlIKE<; &KaEliE<;, va EVOWIlOlWoOUV OPIOIlEvE<; ana 11<; rnavaOlOlIKE<; 100E<; TOU KEIV<; orov 01K010U<; tpono OKEljJn<;. To onoreseouc nrov n onllloupyia me 8Ewpia<; tnc NEOKAaOlKil<; LUv8Eon<; (oro E~n<; NI), n onoia omv oucovouucn 13113i\loypacpia napaYKWVIOE m fEvlKn eEwpia. Anotessl aWXE<; YEVOVO<; yla mv OIKOVOIlIKil ernonum 011 n NI E~aKoi\ou8Ei va avayvwpiC;Elat aKolln Kat onllEpa w<; Kavorovouoc, KOI EvW a~loi\oYE<; 10EE<; KOI noorooac nosrusnc lOU KEIV<; OEV UIO- 8ETli.8nKav n01E ono 10 KUpiapxo 1l0VlEi\0 OIKOVOIlIKn<; OKEljJn<; KOI nON.1IKn<;, i\av8aoIlEva lOUliC;OVlOl IlE 11<; VOIlIOIlOlIKE<; KOI onllOOIOVOIlIKE<; noi\IlIKE<; me NI.

o KEIV<;, am fEV1Kn eEwpia nEplypacpEI mv apxnEK10VIKn uioc nON.lIKil<; nou EXEI ox KEVlPIKO olOXO mv Mli.pn anaoxoi\non KOI coc IlEOa lOY Ei\EVXO rnc KEpOooKonia<;, mv a~non rnc onllOOla<; snevouon<; KOI O"llooIOVOIlIKE<;, KUpiw<; cpopoi\OYIKE<;, napElll3ooEI<; nou KOVOUV rno oiKam m OlaVOlln lOU EIOOOnIlOlD<;.

n).npns Anaax6).nan

Ilpiv ana tn onllooiruon rnc fEV1Kns eHvpias, KOI OE onllaVlIKol3a8- 110 onllEpa, 10 sntneoo rnc onooxosnonc KOlaVOEho roc anOlEi\wlla rnc aMnArniopaon<; rnc npooeopoc KOI rnc zrrmonc Epyaoia<; KOI rnc nooooppovnc lOU npaYllaTIKOU 1l1080u cto 111086 ioopponlcc, LTO ni\aimo mrto n EKOUOIa aVEpyia EivOI 10 CPUOIKO rnaKoi\ou80 rnc Em- 8Ullia<; lOU OlOIlOU yla oxoi\n, EvW n unap~n aKOUOIa<; nvepvioc EivOI onotexeouo lPll3WV KOI nopovovnov nou rtepropizouv rnv Ei\ru8Epn

14

TI;OV Mervnpvr KEIV<;

aMnAEni6paan me; npooeopcc KOI me; znmonc epvaoloc, Oe; retoior napOVOVIEe; 0UVJi.8w<; avaqlEpoVIOl n Un~n EPVOTIKWV OUV6IKOTWV, VOIl08ETIKEe; pu8llioEIe; Via rnl~OAn KaTWTOTOU Illo80u K.O.

o KEIVe;, xwpie; va onopptrrra rnv una~n EKOUOIae; aVEpviae;, aaxoAn8nKE 161aiTEpa IlE mv neplrrroxm me; aKOUOIae; aVEpviae;. EivOl onuovruco KOI npena va anllEIw8Ei OTI OE Kallia neplrrnoon 0 KEIVe; 6EV lO)(UpiamKE OTI n oxouom aVEpvia EivOl ouvenac me; cnoruxloc npooopuovnc TWV Illo8Wv. 0 KEIVe; anEVKAW~IOE m OKEq,n TOU ana mv avop6 Epvaoiae; Kal aVE~E to rnlXElpnllaTO TOU novw ornv eunapuot nopctnpnon, OTI 01 EmXElpnOEle; znrouv spvoolc Via va nopcvouv npoiov IlE oxono rnv nWAnati. TOU npoc nrtoxouion KEpOOUC;. H a6uvouio TWV Epva~ollEVwv va ~pouv Epvaoia orov mv ernznrouv, oeelAETOI OUVEn<iJc; ornv EMElq,n 8ETIKWV npoo60KIWV znrnonc Via TO npoiov nou nopcvouv 01 EnIXElpnoEIe;, Kal OXI E~aniae; me; avanOTEAEounnxnc AElToupviae; me; ovoooc spvootcc, H 16Ea mrm eivor yvwmti. W<; Apxn rns EVEPYOV Ztanons.

Iloio EivOl TO ouunepcouo nON.TIKne; nou oonVEi n napanovw EPunveic me; oxoootoc aVEpviae;; IE IlIKPOOIKOVOIlIKO EninEOO Ilia uekoan TWV Illo8Wv 8a IlEiWVE TO xooroc epvootoc KOI 8a anOTEAouOE xivmpo Via a~nan me; anaaxOAnane;. IE llaKPOOIKOVOlllKO EninEOO 01lW<; n nspucorm 1l108Wv 8a au~aVE TO EMEllllla me; EVEPVOU znmonc KOI 8a nTOV ovnxlvntpo Via TIe; EnIXElpnOEIe; va Illo8Waouv nemooorepn spvooio, Omooo 0 KEIVe; 6EV noorava a~noEle; Illo8Wv we; Iltrpo nOAITIKne; Via mv a~nan me; znrnonc, Elver 161aiTEpa npoaEKTIK6c;, Ka8Wc; yvwpi~EI OTI av n a~nan TWV Illo8Wv KOI TOU KOOTOUC; elvci ueVaAUTEpn me; a~nane; me; znmonc, TOTE n oounteon TOU KEpOOUC; elval noM m8avo va AEITOupyitOEI we; TPoxonE6n me; EnEKTOane; me; napaywyite; KOI me; anaaxoAnane;.

o KEIVe; lO)(UpiamKE OTI Via va uno~EI a~nan me; cnooxoxnonc npEnEI va nponyn8Ei a~nan me; Entv6uane;. To EV6EXOllEVO mno TOV EKavE va nponun tn xpnllOToooman me; Entv6uane; KOI me; znmonc IlE enactccn me; TpanE~IKne; nkrmc, 0 npo~AnIlOTloll6c; TOU KEIVC; ausotoc oonyit8nKE OE 600 vso znrnuctc nOAITIKne;: mv KOlvwvlKonoinan me; ensvooonc KOI rnv cvnuenornon me; KEpOOOKoniae;.

H Koivowtxottoinan rns Etuvbuons

o KEIVe; 8EWP0UaE OTI OE auv8nKEe; oucovouucnc UcpEane; n a~nan me; 161WTIKne; EnEv6uane; avm m8avo aVEqllKTOC; oroxoc, A6yw KaKti.e; q,uXOAoviae; KOI oovnrncov npooooKlwV Via rn zmnon KOI TO KEpOOc;. Iuvsruoc, n anaoxoAnan TOU nAEOvo~OVIOe; KEqlaAOlaKOU an08EIlOTOe;

H FEVIKri eEwpia InS AnaaxoJ.nans, IOU TOKOU Kal IOU Xpnuatos 15

me; oucovoi . uoc unooet va rnnEUx8Ei 1l0VO IlE K(XlTIKil napEIlj3aon. H avnueuornon me; aVEpyiae; Kat 0 O'TOXoc; me; nMlpouc; anaoxoAnone; nrev 1600 8EIlEAlaKoi otnv noAmKil Kat KOlVWVIKn qllAooocpia TOU KEIVe;. nou {)EV {)iO'TaOE va unoomoka oxoun Kat rnv rniAoyti me; KUj3EPvnone; va 80tjJEl nahato IlnOUKOAla IlE XapTOVolliollOTa. TO onoia 8a 01<0- tjJouv va j3pouv OVEPYOI OTOV )(pElaO'TEi O'TO IlEAAOV Yla m ampl~n me; znmonc Kat me; anaoxoAnone;. av {)EV EiVat ECjlIKTtl OMn Ilopcpn a~none; TWV KUj3EpvnTIKWV oonavWv.

H nOAmKil cum txEI anOpPICjl8Ei ana m vEoKAaOlKn op8~ia we; nAn8wplO'TIKil nosrnxn, OO'TOOo. aKolln Kat av {)E)(TOUIlE rnv aVTi{)paon lOU KUpiapxou OWIlOToc; me; oixovounoic 8Ewpiae;. IlEVEI aVOIKTO 10 zntnuo TWV OIKOVOIlIKWV OUIlCjlEpOVTWV nou E~unnPEToUVTat ana Ilia reroio rniAoyti nosrnsnc, 0 UtjJnAOTEPOC; nAn8wploIlOc;. IOXUPIc;61av o KEIVe;. IlEIWVEI mv npaYIlOTIKil a~ia 'IOU nxooroo TWV ElooonllOTlwv. n oullnEplcpopa TWV onokov anOO'Ta8EponolEi TO llaKpoOIKOVolllKO ouornuc, Kat Ka81O'T0 lie; laissez-faire nOAtlIKEe; EnlKiv{)UVEe; Kat avanolEAEOIlOTIKEe; Yla tn j3lwolllomTa TWV KannaNO'TIKWV OIKOVOIlIWV.

~m CjlIAooocpia 'IOU KEIVe; eivor 01 EnEV{)OOEIe; Kat OXI 01 {)nllooIEe; {)anOVEe; TO IlEYE8oc; sxslvo nou anOTEAEi nnyti O'Ta8EpOmTae; Kat IlEYE8uvone; OE KaVOVIKEe; OIKOVOIlIKEe; ouv8tiKEe;. OO'TOOo. {)IEj3ArnE nePIOpIOIlOUe; Kat EllnOOla ornv npaYllaTonoinon EVOc; snopxoix OYKOU I{)IWTIKWV EnEV{)OOEWV. coote va {)lampn8Ei nAnpne; anaoxoAnon uoKpo)(povla. Kat EXEI 1{)laiTEpn onuoolo Yla tnv TpExouoa nsptooo Ilia ana TIe; j3aOlKEe; {)lanlO'TcOOEIe; TOU KEIVe; ornv fEVIKrl Buupia. OTI axopn Kat n rno EVEpynTIKn KI anOTEAEOIlOTIKn votuouunxn nOAmKn Eivat uvixavn va aVTIO'Ta8llioEI rnv KEp{)ooKOnlKn tjJuxoAoyia lWV avopdrv )(pnllaTOC; Kat KECjlahaiou Kat va {)lallopcpc.ixJEI Eva O'Ta8EpO Kat apKETO xallnAO ernrouo, uccvo va EV8appuvEI TO analTOUIlEVO emne{)o 1{)lwlIKne; EnEv{)uone; Yla mv rnilEu~n nAnpouc; anaoxoAnone;. H {)laniO'Twon mrtn oonvnos TOV KEIVe; 0'£0 ouunepoouo OTI n cnorTOUIlEvn enevouon Yla rn llaKPOOIKOvOlllKn O'£a8EpOmTa. OE opOUC; nAnpouc; cnooxosnonc, {)EV unopei va EYKOTaAElCjl8Ei OE XEpia I{)IWlWV. Eivor nvcvxolo n au~non TWV {)nIlOOlWV rnEV{)OOEWV Kat n {)nIlloupyia IlnxaVIOllwv ouvepvcotoc 'IOU {)nlloOiou IlE rnv 1{)lwTIKn npwToj3ouAia oxrre va aVTIO'Ta81l1O'TEi n cvenopxac me; VOIlIOllaTlxnc nOAmKne; Kat va EV8appuv8ouv 01 unupcirntsc 1{)IWTIKEe; mEV{)UOEIe;. vm va {)lallopcpw8Ei n EVEpYOe; znrnon O'TO ernneoo me; nAnpouc; anaoxoAnone;.

16

Tzov Mervupvr KtIV<;

a flCPlOP10l10S rns Kepooaxottias

o KElV<; oro K£qxlAatO 12 me; fEV1Kns Bcwpias KOVEI rn &OKPlon avoIJEoa omv KEpOOaKonllm Kat rnv EmXElpTljlO1:lIm EnEv6uan. t:.Ev Sa mov UTlEp~oM va 10000ll;0IJam:av 011 n 610KPIon oum npoo610pil;El 10 nAai- 010 me; nOAl1l1me; Kat KOlVWVlIme; q>IAooocpiae; lOU KElV<; Kat 10 1J0VlEAO KantlcW0IJOU nou EnlAEyEl we; ~oon uioc q>tAEAEIi8Epne; xorvovioc, Xpnouiortoinoe 10V opo K£pOOaKonia Yla va nEplYpOtVEI rn 6paampiOmla me; np6~AEtVne; me; ljJuxoAoyiae; me; ayopOe; ornv Enl6i~n ~paxuxp6- VlOU. 6n,\aM K£pOOaKomKOU. KEpOOUC; cue ovooec KEcpa,\aiou Kat auvaMoVIJ01:oc;. AVli8Ela. n EnIXElpnlJ01:lIm EnEv6uan EXEllJaKpOxpOVlO ookovm Kal onooxona ornv napavwyil aya8<.i:Jv IJE oxono 10 J<Ep6oc; nou Sa onopepa n nWAnrni.muc;. To xapaKmplm:lK01WV EnIXElpnlJa11- K<.i>v EnEV600EWV Eivat n a~E~atOmla nou nEpl~Ell1e; npooooidec VIa mv onoooon rouc, Ka8<.i>c;. aUlJq>Wva IJE 10V KElV<;. Eivat aMvam va un~El a~lomam orcncnxn np6~AEtVn Yla 10 lJillov.

H avOAuan lOU KElVe;. n onolo Eivat E~atPElIKO EniKatpn cue IJEpEe; uoc, ernxevtpoveror ornv xorootoon onou n KEpOOaKomKit 6paampiorrrm KUPlapXEi we; EnEV6lrrtKt1 npcncnxn evovn me; EnIXElpnIJ01:1Kt1e; 6paamplomlOe;. LnlJEIWVEl xapaKmplm:lKO 011 n rOooA LlPl1 UTlO1iSElal 011 npsna va K01:ruOOvEl mv EnEv6uan one rno KEp&xj>6pEe; 6paomoiomrec, Om:OOO. Ka8<.i>c; n KEp600Konia cue cvopec xpt1lJalOC; Kal KEq>aAaiou atJt;OVElat. n K01:aVOIJt1 lWV nopeov OE EnIXElpnIJ01:1KEe; EnEV600Ele; Ko8E ilio napO IJE 0p80AOYlKO rpono npaYlJ01:0nOlEilat. To an01EAWIJa Eival n uekoon me; napaVWYlKomlOe; Kat me; OlKOVOIJIKite; IJEVE8uvone;. Emnp6a8Ela. n KEpOOaKonia OTIe; ayopte; XPt1IJ01:oc; xm KEq>aAaiou. onox Kat 01 6paamplomlEe; oro xcdvo, 6EV 6Tljlloupyow anaaxOAnon Kat EIOOOnlJa. H KEpOOaKonia avaKalaVEIJEI rnv 1- 610Kmoia ncvro m:OV ti.6n napaYOIJEVO nAoum. LUVEn<.i>c;. Olav n KEpOOaKonia yiVElat KUpiapxn EnEV6U1IKt1 npcxuxn, n anaaxOAnon. n napavwyil aya8<.i:Jv Kat 10 EIOOOnlJa IJEIWVOVlat. XEIPOlEpruoVlae; 10 EninEOO 6Ia~iwone; me; xwpae;.

o Kavc, we; npoxrucoc ov8pwnoc; Kat IJE lEpOm:IO nONllKO EV61aq>EPOV VIa 10 IJEMov lWV 6nIJOKpOl1KWV KOlVWVIWV. 6EV 80 unopouos va unv npoteiva lJE1pa nosmxnc Yla tn XElpay<.i>ynon me; KEpOOaKOntoc, Eionveinn Aomov (fEV1Kn Bcwpia) tnv Em~oM onlJaVlIKOU q>opou IJEla~i~aone; OE OAEe; lie; KEp60OKomKEe; auvaMayEe;. IJE m:OXO 10V nEplOplOIJO me; KEpOOaKoniae; Kat me; KUplapxiae; me; eni me; EmXElpnIJ01:IKOmlOe;. Kat Yla rn ueioxm lOU EIOOOnlJ01:IKOU IJEPl6iou lWV EIOOOnIJ01:lwv. onox anOKaAEi 0 KEIVe; KUpiwe; roix xpnlJallm:Ee; Kat YEVIK01Epa ooouc 6nIJloupyouv xpt1lJa IJEOW lOU xpt1IJ01:oc;. EM ~piOKElat n oooioonxn 61aq>opO lOU KEIVe; IJE tn q>tAEAEU8Epn OIKOVOIJIKt1

H TevlKn eewpia rns Anaaxo).nans, IOU TOKOU «at IOU Xpnuaios 17

OKEljm, 0 npaYjlGlIOjlOc; lOU KEIV, 10V EKOVE va EnIOIWKEI 10V 8WjllKO nepiopiouo rnc EAru8Epio,lWV OyopWV XPOjlGloc; KOI KEcpaAoiou, WalE va oIOOq>aAI01Ei n On01EAWjlGlIKD1Epn AEnoupyio 10ue; KOI va oojll3oAOUV jlE nspoootspn xpnjlOloOOman ornv ou~nan me onoaxoAnan, KOilOU EIOOOOjlOloc;. A Vli8Elo, n nkrm ornv Of)XO lOU Iaisez-faire KOI n OoYjlOllKil npoaMwan ornv EAru8Epio lWV nvopcov XPOjlGloc; KOI KEq>aAoiou onjlloupYEi ooXVE, xpnjlGlOnt01W1IKE, KpiOEI, KOI KEpOOOKOntKO opaamplOmlo OE 130poc; rnc EnIXElpnI101IKOmlO" me onoaxoAnan, KOI lOU EIOOOOjlOloc;, UnOVOjlEUOVlO, mv KOIVWVIKO KOI nOAI1IKO 0108EpomlO lOU KOnnaAt01IKOU ooomuoroc,

H cu8avaoia rwv eiaoonuatuav

H EAOXI010noinan lOU lOKOU KOI, oxoun nEpI0001EPO, n «ru80voolo» lWV EIOOOnjlO1IWV EivOi 010 EniKEVlPO rnc nOAI1IKO, npotoonc lOU KEIV,. H uekoon 0 n E~6AElljm lOU E10000jl010, lWV EIOOOnjlOruov ooVEnOYElOI OjlEOWC; rnv ou~nan me pormc npoc K010VOAwan KOI EnEVOuan, OOVEnWc; rnv ou~nan tnc EVEPYOU znmonc KOI rnc 0- ncoxosnonc, 0 KEIV, Olav tv8EPjlOC; onepcornornc rnc «ru80vooio,» lWV EIOOOnjlO1IWV, YIO OUo 1300lKOUc; AOyOue;. Ilpdrrov, E~onio, rnc ponil, lWV EIOOOnjlOllWV npoc rnv KEpOoaKonio nou onOO108EponOlEi 11, KOnnaAt01IKE, OIKOVOjliE,. no 10V KEIV, n OVOp80AOYIKO oojlnEplq>OpO lWV E1000njlOlIWV 011, OYOPE, XP0l101oc; KOI KEq>aAoiou OVOKO- 10VEjlEI m peuorormn OE 130po, lWV nopOYWYIKWV EnEVOOOEWV KOI onjlloupyEi ol3EI301omlO KOI XOjlnAE, 0 OPVnlIKE, npooooxtec on600- an, rnc EnEvOuan, OE KEcpaAOIOUXIKO E~OnAtOjlO nou onjlloupYEi onoaxOAnan. 0 KEIV, 8EWPOOOE, Aomov, OVOYKoio rnv npoorcoio lOU iOlou lOU KOnnaAlO1IKOU oixrrnuctoc ana tnv IjJuxoAoyio KOI rn 00- I1nEplq>opO lWV EIOOOnjlO1IWV, K08Wc; 10 jlOVO rooc EVOIOq>EPOV EivOi va txouv paxrtornrn KOI va KEpOOOKonoUv 011, OYOPE, XPOjlO1oc; KOI KEq>aAoiou. ~EU1Epov, n o~nan lOU EIOOOnjlO1IKOU jlEPIOiou lWV EIOOOnjlO1IWV 80 npoKaAEOEI nlson am OiovojlO lOU E10000jlO1oc; OE 130poc; lWV EPYOC;OjlEVWV, jlEIWVOVlO, mv porm npoc K01ov6Awan. IUVEnWc;, n o~nan lOU EIOOOOjlOloc; KOI10U nAOUlOU lWV EIOOOnjlO1IWV EivOi 01- Bovo va oonyiloEI OE uio owpEUllKil ouopbcvoxrn rnv K01ov6Awan KOI rnv EnEvOuan, ouvsnroc mv EVEpyO znmon KOI rnv cnooxoxnon.

OAOKAnpWVOVlO" 0 KEIV, am fEV1Kn BEwpia onoppimEI Eva noAu OUYKEKpljlEvO jlOVlEAO Konrmuouou, 10V Konrtnuouo me KEpOOoxonloc 011, OYOPE, XPOjlO1oc; KOI KEcpaAoiou KOI lWV aooonunurov, Ynepconkerct KOI nOAI1IKO nootelva Eva jlOVlEAO Kcrnmuouou onou n EnIXElpnjlO1IKOmlO, 01 EPyol;OjlEVOI KOI 10 KpOloc; 80 onjlloupyoUv

18

Tzov Metvopvr KEIV<;

mv avaYKaia znmon nou Sa olaocpaAii;El mv nAnpn anaox6Anan TWV OlaSEOl~WV nooov, loxuponOlWVTOe; m maSEpOmTO TOU KanlTaAlOTIKOU OUOTJi~QTCX; Kat TIe; a~iEe; TOU nOAlTlKOU <lltA.EAru8EPlO~OU.

H np60cpam naYK60~la xpn~QTOntOTWTIKTi xpkm, n aVEAEnm KEpoooxonic OTIe; ovoosc xp~QTCX; Kat KEcpaAaiou nou unovousua mv eunueplo XWpWV, n ~EY6An aUt;nan me; ovepvicc Kat 01 rneoac TWV aOoOn~QTlWV VIa coxnon nOAlTlKWV nou E~urmpETOUv TO OIKO TOUC; owCPEPOVTO Kat 6Xl rnv nATipn cnooxoxnon TWV OlaSEOl~WV n6pwv npooespouv ~ovaolKTi IOTOPIKTi unOOTJipI~n omv rnlKatp6mTO me; Fevtxns Oetootas Kat OTOV npaWQTlo~6 me; OlKOVO~IKne; SEwpiae; TOU KElVe;. Ito aUT6 n an6cpaan me; tllEOOuvane; me; Ecpn~Epiooe; To Bnua rns K uotaxns va OWoEl m fEVIKn Gecopia OE KOSE 'EMnva Eivat npov~QTlKO a~IEnatvn, Ka8Wc; CPEPVEI OE srmqm TOV avayvWom ~E TO npeotoruno KEi~EVO Kat TIe; l3aOlKEe; IOEEe; TOU KElVe;. Eivat enkmc uki onunvuxn ouvaoqiopo OTOV on~6010 OlKOVO~IK6 OIOAOVO me; xwpae;, n I3EATiwan TOU onoiou npotmosera AlY6TEP0UC; ~U80UC; Kat OlaOTpEI3AOOEle; Kat nepiooorepn yvWon Kat npaV~QTlo~6.

r.APfEIlHL ETTiKOUpOS Ka8nvnrns MaKpOOlKovopIKns eEwpias Kal nO).mKns, Tunua OIKOVOPIKWV Etnamiuav, E8vIKO «at KaTTol)larplaKO Ikivetuotmuo A8nvwv

If

OT1IlElU)I1Q

lOU npot6pou 'me lpanEc;a~

,

l~lKn<;

H T p6nE1;a AUIKfl(:;, ornv npoono8E1<i rnc va OUIlj36AEI ornv EKcSoon j31j3Nwv IlE ~E)(wplmo EV6Iaq>E(X>V VIa 10 avaYV<.OCJ1lKO KOIVO, rnEAE~E 10 EPYO H Ievtxn Gecooia InS AnaaxoAnans, IOU T OKOU xm IOU XpnllalOs, lOU John Maynard Keynes, mcrsoovmc 011 Eva 1£1010 j31j3No 80 npena va unOPXEI OE Ko8E oucovouuot j31j3AI08nKn.

H Tevncn 8ewpia eivor Eva EPYO noM onucvnxo Kat novro rniKatpo, 61011 600 npaYIlOlaJElat anaOXOAOUV Kat npoj3AnIlOli1;ouv onuspc OAOU<:; 110<:;.

!:lEV unopel va allq>loj3mnoEI KaVEi<:; 011 8EIlOla onox n anaoxoAnon, n aVEpyia, 01 OIKOVOIlIKE<:; 6IaKIJIlOvoEI<:;, 0 uemoxnaonouoc novovopcov, 0 nAn8wploIlO<:;, n naYKOOlllOnoinon 6EV EiVat6UVOlOV va xorovonBouv nAlipw<:; xwpi<:; uvoopoun one npwlOPXIKE<:; avaAuoEI<:; EVO<:; KAaOIKOU OIKOVOIlOAOYOU on<o<:; 0 Keynes.

LlO onuelo outo a~i1;EI va napa8EoouilE Eva EKlEVE<:; xwpio ono ro lEA£UlOio KEq>6Aato me Ievixns 8Ewpias:

«A v, 011<0<:;, 10 Kpom unopouv va lla8aivouv va E~aoq>aAi1;ouv nAnpn anaoxoAnon Yla 10V EOUlOl0U<:;, IlE rnv WW1EpIKn lOU<:; nOAIlIKn (Kat, va np008EoouIlE, ov unopouv enionc va nElUxaivouv ioopponla one nAn8uo1llaKE<:; lOU<:; 100H<:;), 6EV )(pEI01;oVlal onIlOVlIKE<:; OIKOVOIlIKE<:; 6uVOIlEI<:; Yla va mpEq>OUV 10 OUIlq>Epov 1110<:; xwpa<:; evcvno oro OUIlq>EPOV lWV YEI10VWV rnc, eo unnpXE uxoun xwpo<:; Yla 10V 61E8vli KOlallEplOIlO tnc epvcolcc Kat YIO 10V 61E8vn 6aVEIOil0 OE KOlOMnAE<:; ouv8nKE<:;. !:lEV 80

20

um'lPXE nM:ov TllE011KO xlvrrrpo WmE jllO Xwpa va XPElOl;E1:Ol va ETllj3<iAEl 10 eunopeouorc rnc OE uur aMn n va OnOKPoUaEl 11<; npoooopec lWV VEllOVWV, 0Xl rnEl6n KOlllElOlO mnv ovoYKoio VIa va rnv xcmornoa uccvn va nAnpcixJEl 0,11 ETll8ujlEi va aVOpooa, aMo jlE pmo oxono va OVOlPEtVEl mv rcoppornc lwvnA.nPWjlWV ElOt WmE va OVO~El EVa EUvoiKO VI' oumv sunopeco IOOl;UylO. To 61E8vE<; eurropio 80 enoue va eivor OUlO nou etvoi, 6nA.06n jlEOO OnEATlloio<; VIa rn 610mpnan me EYXWPlO<; onoaxoAnan<;, jlE rnv rnlj30An nWAnoEwv OE aMoOOnE<; OVOPE<; KOl LOY neptoprouo uov nvopcov -npaVjlO nou OV OlEq>OlOV uno ernWXio 0nAW<; 80 uerorornze 10 npoj3ATljlO rnc OVEpVio<; OlOV VEi- 10VO, nou 80 EiXE nrmael- KOI 80 uerctpenorcv OE EKOUalO KOI oVEjln06101n OVlaMOyft ov08wv KOl urmpeouov OE ouv8nKE<; ojlolj3oiou Oq>EAOU<;».

H fEVIKn BEwpia lOU Keynes, EivOl EVa j31j3AiO nou npsna va 61aj30- OlEL AMo va 610j300lEi jlE LOY rpono nou unol)e:lKVUEl 0 OUyypaq>EO<;. TEAHWVOVlO<; LOY npOAOV010U amy OYYAlKn EKOOan lOU 1939, 0 John Maynard Keynes VPOq>El:

«H ouyypaq>n OUlOU lOU j31j3AiOU um1~E VIa LOY ouyypaq>EO evoc jlOKPOXP<>VO<; OyWVO<; onoopoonc, KOl 10 i610 nprnH va EivOl n nvcvvexm lOU VIa lOU<; nEpl0001EPOU<; OVOYVWmE<;, OE neptrrnoon nou 0 OUyypOq>EO<; EXEl neruxa LOY OlOXO lOU, OyWVO<; onoopconc uno ouvft8El<; rponouc OKEtVn<; KOl EKq>poan<; •.. »,

KOl Ko8E OVWVO<; rnc uopqmc oumc 06nVEi OE rrveuunnxn unoAouan.

KONLTANTINOLLTAMOYAHL Ilpoeboos T pQTTE?aS AmKns. 2001

if

onueuouc

" r

lOU sruuexmn

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Teoaepts AOYOI y,a va /)la{3a?OUIlE onueoa rn fEVIKn eECAJpra

o John Maynard Keynes mov EVO<; 610KEK(.>ljlEVO<; ovovaornc rnc 01- KOVOjlIKn<; eruonumc KOla rn 610PKEIO lOU MWOnOAEjlOU Kat nopeueva, OVOjlcpil3oAO, ° onOOOat01EPO<; OIKOVOjlOAOVO<; rnc oUYXfJOvn<; enoxnc'. rE npooeorn 6njlOOKOnnon jlE10~U mJvxpOVWV, K010~IWjlEvwv OIKOVOjlOAOVWV rnc 8EWpio<; Kat me npo~n<; ovoKnpux8nKE, loox EnO~IO, OIKOVOjlOAOVO<; rnc XlAlE1io<;. (Ta Tnpci/)IU InS OIKOVOllras, 1X. 44, o. 16).

H fEvlKn eEwpra InS AnaaXOA_nans. roy TOKOU «a: rou Xonuatos (010 E~n<; fEVIKn eEwpra).jllO 8EwpmlKn npOVjl01Eio VpajljlEvn ana Evov OIKOVOjlOAOVO nou nrov E~atPE11KO EVEPVO<; 010V 6njlOOlO l3io tnc n01pifu<; lOU, aMo Kat61E8vW<;, Kat rupmEpo VVW01O<; VIO m OUjll3oAn lOU 011<; OIKOVOjllKE<; Kat nOAl1lKE<; E~EAi~El<; me enoxnc, oonvnoe jlE10- nOAEjllKO OE nAnSWpa 6njlOOlEOOEWV KOI K081E(XOOE jllO VEO 8EwpmlKn oxoAil OIKOVOjllKn<; OKEtjm<;, nou ovcnopancm ovoucomxe K€ivOlOvn, us 0V11KEijlEVO rn jlEAEm lWV I3paxuxpovlWV 610KUjlOVOEWV KOI m aucrrunxn 00108£10 lWV OIKOVOjll(ilV me OvopO<;. Enkmc, oonvnoe om 6njllOUPyiO EVO<; 1610i1EPOU xciJpou jlEAEm<; lWV npo13Anjl01WV rnc OIKOVOjlio<; W<; OUVOAOU, rn jlOKpoOlKOVOjllKn 8EWpio.

H Fevtxn Gecooia npwl0jlE1oCPPo01nKE ornv EAAnvlKn VAWOOO ono tov Ko8nynm lOU Ilovsrncrrunou 8woaAoviKn<; ~njln1PlO ~EAl- 130vn Kat KUKAocpopnOE ono nc EKMoEl<; Ikmoznon 101955. H EKOOon sxelvn, nou uAonOlouoE 0XE11Kn ortoqmon rnc «EAAnvlKn<; Etmpeioc OIKOVOjllKciw Ernrrmurov», EXEl ana xmpou E~0V1An8Ei, EVW n

1. no m;;wfllouJ3h. Skidelsky, 1983, 1992, 2000 xorMoggndge 1992.

22

Tzov MEIVapV1: KEIV<;

ouavomn Ka8apruouoa nou xpnmllonOlOUOE 0 OlanpEIlite; IlETacppamite; EIlE~aAE rnv EK VEOU IlETocppaan lOU EPYOU. H ncooooo EIlaVEKOoan me; Fevtxns (9Hupias OE IlETocppaan 8avoan A8avaoiou EylVE IlE oOEla 10UEKOoliKOU OiKOU Macmillan onornvnmonomuevn EKOOan lWV IuvoAlKwv"EpywV (Collected Writings) lOU Keynes.

H npaWOlEia oum lOU Keynes Eivat natoi me; enomc rnc, me; EIlOxnc lOU MEOonoAEllou. InllaVllKEe; aMaYEe; ExOUV IlEOOAa~itoEI uno tore OE Ko8E OIKOVOllia lOU KOOIlOU, EVci:J unit~av Kat orumvnxec E~EAi~E1e; OlOV XWpo me; llaKPQOlKOVOIlIKite; 8Ewpiae; nou ~Ecpuyav uno to nAaimo KE'ivmavWv npo~Anllallollwv. To epdrrnuo nou vsvvoto. Eivat av 01 aAAaYEe; outec unit~av 1600 onucvnxec dxrte va yiVEI n IlEAEm me; FeVIKns (9EwpiasnEpmit. H, Yla va 10 ronosemooeus OlacpopETlKO, av E~aKoAou80Uv va unopxouv AOYOI Yla va IlEAETOIlE m Ievim Oecooia Kat va aVlAOUIlE ana oumv npOKElllEVOU va aVaAUoUIlE aUyxpova OIKOVOIlIKO ~AilIlOla. MnopoUIlE OpaYE ati.IlEpa&~i;oVlae;m fEVIKn (9Hupia va xcrovoncooue KaAUn:pa rn AEI1:oupyia lWV aUyxpovwv OIKOVOuuov OE auv8itKEe; ncvxoojnonolnonc Kat va npocncanoouue va ava~oullE 8Ewpm1KEe; onoipac Kat npOlOOEIe; nosrnxnc, nou va unopouv va ~EAllci:JaOUV rnv anaaxOAnan, rnv OIKOVOlllKit eunuepta Kal rnv OIKOVOlllKit onotsxeoucuxotrrtc Kat va ampi~ouv Eva aUYXPQVO KP6- roc npovomc OE E8vlKTt it xm naYKOOllla KAillaKa, aKoAou8ci:JVlae;lO 8EWpmlKO uovonono nou XOpa~E 0 Keynes rooo xp6vla nprv;

A v KPivOUllE anollEplKOUc; ovouoorouc OIKOVOIlOAOYOve;, OEV 8a Enpene. 0 Robert Barro, Yla napaoElwa, EypatVE Eva EYXElpiolO uoxpooucovouixnc xwpie; rnv napalllKPit avacpopa OlOV ovopa nou onllioupvnos amOVlOVKAOOo, 10V Keynes (Barro 1988). AMo Kal 0 Robert Lucas, KOlOXOe; lOU NOllnEA ore OIKOVOlllKO, oncvrc IlE Eva ~EPO «OXI» (Snowdon et. al.1994: 220) amy epdrmon ovnpena va IlEAETOlOllO EPyo lOU Keynes, CPO~OUIlEVoe; npocpovci:Jc; 011 OaYKWVOVlae; Evae; cpOlmme; 10 IlTtAO me; fEVIKns (9Ewpias 8a xa8Ei OPIOlIKO Yla 10V napOOElOO lWV Op80AOYIKWV npoooosuov Kat me; vsnc KAaOIKite; llaKPQOIKOVOlliae;, me; 8EwpmlKite; KOlru8uvane; nou 0 iOloe; OUVOlaIlOpcpwaE.

01 napanovw onoipac Eival unapKlEe; OE 0PlOIlEVOve; KUKAOve; OIKOVOIlOAOYWV Kat nOAtllKWV aVaAmWV, Yla roue onoiouc n fEvlKn (9Ewpia EivOI nrtopprrnen OlOV ~a81l0 nou npoaEvvil;El rnv oucovouio OXI anoKAEIOlIKO we; ouveopeon IOIWlWV nou naipvouv op8oAOYlKEe; onoecoac, Iur svov E~ioou EUpU KUKAO OIKOVOIlOAOYWV, Ollwe;, n Ievtxn (9Ewpia onorexel m ~oan aUYXPOvwv 8EwpmlKwv npOOEYViOEWV KOI noena va ol~oi;ETal KOI anllEpa. H fEVIKn (9Ewpia, nvxm onllool£uIlEvn 101936, E~aKoAou8Ei VI' QUlOUc; va EivOl Eva onucvmco ~1~No. n IlEAEm lOU onoiou unopd va ~on8itoEI amy xoruvonon npo~Anllolwv tpexouooc OIKOVOIlIKite; nOAlllKTte; OE E8vlKO Kat OIE8vEe; enlneoo,

H TE:vIKn BE(upia rns Anaax6Anans, TOU T6KOU xa: IOU Xpnuatos 23

To nopov op8po oxono EX£I va £~OP£I 0PI0I1EVOlX; AOYOlX; Yla lOU<; onolouc n nvavvoxm lOU nportorunou EPYOU lOU Keynes 110VO 8£llKn unopei va anoj3£i Yla lOU<; onooooorec OIKOVOI1IKWV ernrrrnucov, oxouo KQI nporrnmocoix, Ka8c.i:l<; KQI Yla Ka8£ £volacp£pOl1£VO nOAim2 KQI au- 10 av£~6pmla an010 Y£VOVO<; 011 n cpnl1n noumouvooeoa EiVQlOTI unolEA£i Eva ooovomo, j3laOlIKo ypal1I1EvO, j31j3AiO, nou £ivQI KaAln:£pO va npooEYYIa8£i I1EOW O£Ul£POV£Vc.i:lv rmwov,

o nporroc AOYO<; unopel va xapaKTnplo8£i rupln:£pa nQlOaYWYIKO<; KQI O£v avacpEp£1Ql anOKAEIOlIKO KQlI10VO am fEVIKn 8HAJpia.

Oncoc £ivQI rupln:£pa vvooto 0l0U<; £lonI10V£<;, n npoacpuyil O£ Eva npononmo KEil1£vO evoc ouyypacpEa £ivQI 0 110VO<; tponoc npaYI1OlIKil<; E~OIKEiwan<; lOU avayvWam I1E to ooc 0 ouyypacpEa<; mnoc Ex£1 va na, Ka8c.i:l<; KQI anOKA£IOlIKO EpYaA£io olEioouan<; am vootponlo, srnxapn- 11000Aoyia KQI oooia lWV A£YOI1EvWV lOU. M£ rnv EWOIa oumv, n avoyvwan ortoiouonrtore «11£VaAOU» EPYOU 110VO 8£lIKE<; anOO6a£I<; I1noPEi va EXEI Yla lOY I1£A£Tnm - I1E aUlOV lOY rpono £mwYXOV£lQl evoc nOAU OOl1aVlIKO<; nQlOaYWYIKO<; OlOXO<;. EtOIKO, am onueprvn enom lOU E~£IOIKrul1EvOU KOlOl.JEPI0l10U £pyaoia<; oro OIKOVOI1IKO, unopxouv noMoi 0lKOV0l10AOYOI nou n£pIOpiC;OVlQl O£ aUVTOI1E<; n£pIAntjJ£l<; rpinov Yla 11<; nnoipac lOU £VO<; n lOU 6Mou ouyypacpEa lOU nap£A80VlO<;, 11£ j3paxuXPOVIO 11£V KEpOO<; ilIa enupcvaoxn £VnI1EpwGn, l1aKPOwQVla OE onoAEla mv anoooia aUl6cpwm<; npootornxnc onoipnc,

Evoc O£ln£PO<; AOYO<; £iVQl011 n 011£00 yvc.i:lan me fEvlKns 8Ewpias l3on80EI OlOV nooonvctououo tou avayvc.i:lam 010 aKplj3E<; n£pl£Xol1£VO OUVX/JOVWV100£WV KQI prul101WV nou EAKOUV mv Kmavwyil 10U<; ana lOY Keynes KQI 8EAOUV va rnoreuouv 011 anOl£AOUV 10U<; OUV£XIOlE<; tnc nap6&xm<; nou aU10<; OnI110upyno£. Iho OUYK£KpII1EVa, 11£lOnOA£I1IKO, OlOV nuvemotruunxo Xwpo, uro VEa Y£VIO YVWPIO£ ernaml10VIKn Kma~iwan KQI KDpo<; nooovovroc ap8pa, npaYI1Ol£i£<; KQI EYX£lpiola nou OUl1nAl'lpwvav, OlacpoponOlOUVlav, coxoooov KplllKn n anAW<; £KAdiKruav m fEVIKn Oecooia: Hrov n enoxn me «KEivOIavn<; enovocrccnc», Olav OlOV aKaOnl1diKO Xwpo Kal OlOV Xwpo tnc OIKOVOI1IKn<; nOAIlIKil<; Onl110upyil8nKav ilIa VEa ouvoivson Yla Evav rno £VEPyo POAO lOU KPOlOU<; amy oucovoulo, Ka8w<; KQI YEa O£OOI1EVa Yla rnv xorcvonon tnc nopelac rnc oucovopioc OlOV wQvo Kal Yla rnv ooxnon me OIKOVOI1IKn<; noAIlIKn<;.

o iolO<; 0 Keynes se» OUI1I1£l£iXE Ev£pya O£ aUla 10 opWl1£va, Ylali nE8avE a06Kma non ono ro 1946. EiX£ 011W<; npoMj3£1 va KOla8EOEI rnE~nynl1mIKE<; onoipac Yla 10 EPYO lOU, va OUVOlal10PCPOOEI rnv

2. no 10V iBIO "'oyo nEplopli';OjJOOlE OE EAClXIOlE<; OVOCPOPE<; amy oxovn (31(3Aioypocpio TIEpi Keynes.

24

Tzov Mtlvapvr Ktlv<;

OIKOVO~lI<il nOAl1IKn rnc Bpetovloc uno auv8nKE<; noM:~ou Kat, KUpiwe;, va srnxapnoa 0'10 Bretton Woods Wm::E va E~aoQ>aAIO'1Ei tva O'1a8Eponomuxo nAaimo olE8vou<; OIKovo~IKn<; ooveovcoloc Yla rnv Eupu8~n AEI10upyia me ~€lanOAE~IKn<; naYK6a~la<; oncovouinc, Tou «apxnyou» nnovroc, 01 anOtVEI<; lOU OIEKOIKn8nKav ana noMoD<; oucovouosovouc, nou mnv E~Wcp8~0 011 OlaKPiVOVlOV uno onuovnxec aau~qx.uviE<; ~Ela~ulOU<;.

Ta oDo KUpla ovrlnoso O'1pmonEOO mov, O'1a ueoo me cSEKa€lia<;lou '60, n «VEoKAamKfl aliv8EOO» Kat 01 «rnrrrol 0'11<; j3amKE<; apXE<;». H «VEQKAamKfl aliv8EOO», n 8EWpnoo nOUEKKlvoUaE anomvOpiamAEI10upyia lWV ovorxov OE ~IKPOOIKOVO~IKO rninEcSo, n onoia o~we; napa~we; (Kal xwpi<; oino va E~nYEilOl) KOlEAnYE omv napacSoxn OIKOVO~IKWV olaKl)~OVOEWVOE ~aKPOOIKOVO~IKorninEcSo, nou EKavav anapaimm mvKPQllKn napE~j3aoo, mov ava~Q>ij3oAa n on~OQ>IAEO'1Epn EKcSoxn lOU KE"ivmavlo~ou 0'11<; npWlE<; ~€lanOAE~IKE<; OEKa€liE<;. 01 «rnoroi 0'11<; j3amKE<; apXE<;» 10w;aVmvavoYKll napanEpa avoTl1Uf;n<;lWv l&wvnouum1pxav usou O'1a i&a ro KEi~EVa lOU Keynes Kat EilE cSEV Eixav avamux8Ei rnapKW<; ono tov iOlo 10V OOOKaAO EilE rnlj3aMolOv va avamux80Uv nEpIOOOlEPO uno 10 Q>w<; VE01EpCilV &cSo~tvwv xor npoj3A~allo~wv, ~nAnpCilVO~EVE<; ~E IOEE<; OIKOVO~OAOYWV nou Eixav cSoUAEtVEI 0'10 KE~npl1C;, VEVE8A10 rono lWV KEivmavc.ilv I&WV, onwe; 0 Kalecki Kat n J. Robinson.

~10 ~€lO~U, KOla m OIOPKEIO lWV OEKO€lIWV nou OKOAoU8noov ~E- 10 10V B' naYK6a~lo nOAE~O, noMa npOWOlo 6Ma~ov, ~€lO~U 6Mwv Kat uno tnv rniopooo lWV I&WV nou oVOTTIlJx8nKav am fEVIKn Buupia. To Q>atvO~EVO tnc ~m;IKfI<; ovspvluc, Evon~IKo KOl010V MEOonoAE~o, ntov OvDnOPKlO 0'11<; j3lo~nxovIKo aVEmuv~tvE<; XWpE<;, onox 6MCilOlE KQllO Q>aIVO~EVO lOU OIKOVO~IKOU KUKAOU, rtsplnou rni 30 XP6VIO, &xcertec O'1a8EpWv auvaMaWOlIKWV IOO1I~IWV Kat utVnAWV pu8~wv 01- xovouucnc ~EVE8uvoo<;.

HlOV 10 Q>atVO~EVO lOU O'1am~onAn8wplo~ou nou napampn8nKE npoc 10 lEAn rnc OEKa€lio<; lOU '70 OUlO nou on~loupynOE auv8riKE<; «xpkm;» ornv OIKOVO~IKn ernorrum, KOI OUVEj3aAE ornv nrtoppupn KEivoiovnc E~nvruan<; nOAl1IKWV, OUVOEOE~tvwv ~E m OlaXEiplOO rnc znm- 00<; Kat ~E rn OIOYKUlan lOU KP010U<; npovoioc, NEE<; orponol EPEUVO<;, Bcoiousvec 0'10V ~OV€lapIO~O Kat 11<; Op80AOYIKE<; npooooidec Kat ouv&&~tvE<; ~E ap10'10nOlnllKE<; rniAoyE<; amplwtvE<; am 8E(upio lWV natvvkov Kat OE un08EOEI<; nepi OIKOVO~IKri<; au~nEplQ>op6<;, ~tvE<; npoc KO- 8E napaMoyri KE"ivmovlo~oU, o~Q>loj3nmoav rnv onoreseoucnxornru lWV KEivmovwv EPYaAEiwv, Kat OIEKoiKnoov Ka8oonynliKo POAO ornv OIKOVO~IKfI nOAI1IKri, npooxcnpc onox onocSEix8nKE. 'Elm, am &Ko€lio lOU '90 ovaKnpux8nKE n EK VEOU OvocSo<; lOU KEivmaVIO~OU we; an01EAEO~O me 00'108E10<; lWV nvopcov (Blinder 1988).

H fEVIKn eEwpia rns Anaaxo.l.nans. rou TOKOU «at rou Xonuatcs 25

Tt oxeon EXEl 0 napa6<xnaKO<; KE'ivOlaVlOIlO<; lOU J. Tobin IlE lOV VEO KE"ivOlavlollolOU G. Mankiw; Exouv 01 OUo oursc lOOEl<; xou KOlVOIlE ueto-xervomvooc, onox 0 P. Davidson, 0 M. Sawyer, 0 <l>iAmno<; APEorne, n V. (hick K.O. n OXl;3 Tt 61acpoponoiEi OAOU<; ourouc ana CiMa, «EX8plKO» npoc 10V KE'ivOlavlollo orpcronsoo; H ovcvvoxm rnc fEVIKns ea.upias Eivat 0 KaA.UlEPO<; oonvoc, napoMnAa IlE rn IlEAEm rnc aUyxpovn<; llaKPOOlKOVolllKn<; 8Ewpia<;, Yla rnv orrovmon lWV rtopcrtavw spormucnov,

Evocrpttoc AOYO<;Yla tn IlEAEm rnc fEVIKns eEwpiasEival n ortouM rnc lExvlKn<; l300EI rnc onotoc 0 Keynes avtIpEtVE xnreomusvo rn- 0100 tnc VEOKAaon<il<; 8Ewpia<; lOU MwonoAEllou. Airm nEplAalll3oVEl nAilpn vvcoon rnc npoc avtlxpouon 8EWpia<; (0 Keynes OlOXEUOE OlOV Pigou w<; 10V EnlcpavEOlEpo A VVAooo~ova 8EwpmlKo me enomc lOU), rnv Eloaywyti VEWV EVVOlWV Kat opoAoyia<;, rnv np6aKAnan nooc rnv 1000plKn eurretpio Yla mv Enll3El3aiwon tnc opsornruc lWV unoOlnplC;0IlEVWV Kat, lEAo<;, cvopopec ornv 1000pia me OIKOVOlllKn<; OKEtVn<; nooc EViaxuan rnc VEa<; np01ElVOIlEvn<; npOOEVVlan<; rnc AEl10UPyia<; rnc oixovoulcc,

o Keynes EiXE coc vvoxrtov 10 xoplOlla va cvcrrroooa 8EwpmlKE<; evvoiec, EXOVla<; OlOV vou lOU 10V npawallKO KOOIlO Kat nooorroanoe va OlalUnOOElllla 8Ewpia axElIKO IlE 10V Kurntauouo rnc enoxnc lOU, rn I3PElavlKn OIKOVOllia lOU MwonoAEllou onox cum AEl10UPYOOOE, a- 61KO IlElO mv KPian lOU 1929 (Yla m olaolKaoia me auvvpacpn<; me Tevtxns eEwpias.I3A. Clarke 1988). H oucovoulo AEl10UPYOUoE KOl' mrtov OE Eva 1010PlKO nap6v aUllq>WVO IlE cnopooac nEpi EnEVOOOEWV KOllEXVlKOU E~OnAlOIlOU nou Eixav Ancp8Ei 010 napEA80v. 0 l3a81l0<; a~lonoinone rnc napaywyn<J'l<; ouvalllKomla<; Kat 10 enlrreoo rnc anaaxOAnan<; E~apl10Vlav ana 11<; I3paxunp68WIlE<; npooOoKiE<; lWV EnlXElpnllOllwv nepi Elanp6~Ewv nou 80 npaWOlonoloooov ana mv nwAnan rnc lPExoooa<; napaywyti<;. AUlE<; 01 npoo60KiE<; npoooropkovrov ana ernxapnllOllKE<; eunapiec lOU 0IlWOU naPEA80VlO<;. napaywyti KOI onooxoAnan E~apl10Vlav ono nc oonovE<; Yla KOlav6Awan Kal EnEvOuon.

To nQPEA80v DnEOEiKVUE EUKOlpiE<; napaywyti<; aya8Wv Kal olallopq>WVE eurraplec 010 nopov, EVW 10 IlEMov, IlEOW lWV llaKpoxpovlWV npoaOoKlwv, ooxoooe srnppon omvtpexoooc napaywyti KOI ornv snev- 6uon, ilia Kat n napaywyti YlVOlav am l30an rnc EAnioo<; cnoxouionc KEpOOU<;KOl 010 IlEMov. H EVOWIlOlwan lWV npooOoKlwVlOU 10lWliKOU

3. BA. EVOEIKllKO Arestis 1990, Mankiw 1992. Greenwald/Stiglitz 1987. K08W<; Kat 10 E~atPE1]KO 6p8PO lOU Gerrard 1991, 1l0U OlNotjJi~EloAn m oixnmon 1l0U ~Exivnos IlElOV EOPlOOIlO me lOOElio<; OIlO m ytvvnon LOU Keynes Kat rnc 50Elio<; Of 10 m onllooiEUon me Tevixns B£wpias.

26

Tzov Ml'wapVl KEIV<;

KEcpaAaiou ornv 101E lpExouoa mznmon Yla m AEI10upyia rnc OIKOVOuloc nrov ilia npaWOlI encvoorcnxn npc~n.

A<; nCIlE 6!lux; 010 lpia rnlllEpou<; npol3AnIlOla nou aVaAUEI 0 Keynes. H Ievtm eECvpia dVOI, onox AEEI KOI 0 nAnpne; lilAO<; lOU I3II3Aiou, xouno 8Ewpia me; anaoxoAnane;. Ilprv ana rn f£vlKn e£wpia 10 enineoo me; oncoxosnonc npocoropizomv ana rnv npooqiopu xm znman epvooluc rtou E~lowvOlav 010 snlneoo lOU npawallKOU IlI08ou, lOU 111080\) OE OpOU<;lWV aya8Wvnou unopouoovvo cvopoorouv, Im 8EU>pia oumv unnpXE novro -010 Eva OUVKEKPIIlEVO npaYIl0lIKOI·1I080- znman vro OAn rnv npoooepouevn nooomro epvcotoc, KOI KOIVWVIKOnOAI1IKEe; napElll3coEI<; nou srmoeozov mv icopponlo ornv ayopa oumv, cSlOlapcoooVlae; mv EUKalltjJia me, npOKaAOOOaV aVEpyia. H aVEpyia 1110 cMa A6Yla epunvsuorovroc anoKAtan orto m ororucuoopponlo nAnpouc crmoxosnonc npoc mv onoia n oucovoutc ElEIVE ncvro, aVE~cpmro ana onoieconrrore npaYllallKE<; OUv8nKEe;.

o Keynes allCPlol3nmOf. ournv rnvnpooevaon. flo mv aKPil3Ela mv cvvonor, cvnnporavovruc am 8Ean me; ilia aMn nou cSlampEi ilia cSuValllKn cSlaxpovlKTt ernxmpornro. LUIlCPWva IlE nurnv, EpYC1Ee; npooAallI3cvoVlal Yla va nooovcvouv npo"iov nou 80 nWAn8Ei Yla va npaYIlOlo· nomsoov KEpcSn. 01 srnxapnuctlec 80 npooMl3ouv ooouc EpYC1Ee; EyyuWVlOl rnv npaYIlOlOnoinan KEp&ilV. H IcSEa 01110 EninEOo me; anaOXOAnanc; npoooropizeror ono ro xootoc napaywvn<; (OUllnEpIAalll3aVOIlEVOU lOU 1l1080u) KOI rnc uvouevouevnc znmonc vin 10 napax8Ev npoiov, ovti va npooolopi1;Elal ana m znmon KOI mv npooeopd Epyaotoc, nrov E~OIPElIKC VEW1EPI011Kn Yla rnv EnOXn rnc, Kal 0XIIlOVO.

o Keynes ovouooe rnv aVEpyia rnv ocpElMIlEvn 010 npoooodec xaIlnAn<; IlEMouoa<; zmnonc oxouoto aVEpyia, ilia Ilopcpn aVEpyia<; nou &v Ucpi010l0 ornv KAaOlKn 8Ewpia, ilia uoppn ovepvtcc nou unopouoe va EXEI cSlcpKEla 010V xp6vo. flo va ~EnEpa01Ei n uvepvlo oum 0XIIlOVO cSEV enpens va nEoEI 0 npaYIlOlIKO<; 111080<;, aMc 10 aVli8Elo, 80 EnPEne va a~n8Ei n OUVOAIKn znrnon ornv oucovouic.

H au~nllEvn znrnon 80 I3EAliwVE lie; noocooidecuov EnIXElpnllOlIWV KOIIlEOW ounov rnv anaoxoAnan. To orumvrucotepo ioox IlnVUlla me Ievtms e£wpias, EniKOIPO UX; oOllEpa, etvoiou 0 nepioprouo; lWV ovolla01IKWV Illo8Wv 010 nEpIOOoU<;UcpEanc; XElpolEpEUEI mv xomorocn me oixovouluc, 1110 uovn nt8am E~aipEan rn I3EAliwon rnc cSlE8vouC; nvmywvlO1IKomlc<; rnc, YnEV8U1Ji1;ElOl, oxrroco, 011 oUllCPWva 1110 10 napanovco, n onoioonnore a~nan rnc zmnonc npena va CPEPEI KEpcSn 011<; ernxapnoac, Kal 01110 xooroc cSEV npsna va a~CVEI ypnyop01Epa ana rn znrnon, Ylali 10110 n enacroon rnc znmonc an01UVXCVEI va a~nOEI mvcncoxosnon,

InllEpa, n ovepvio Eiv0I10 KOl' E~OXnV OIKOVOIlIKO npol3Anlla lWV

/I Fevtxn eEwpia rns Anaaxosnons, IOU TOKOU xat IOU Xpnuatos 27

avETTIUYJlEvwV KamTaAt011Kwv XwpWv. Mnopsl apaYE va Au8Ei ue m 8EWpnan me; ovopoc epvooluc, OXI aUllqJWva IlE m fEVIKrl BEwpia, aMa IlE ournv me; VEOKAaOlKne; op8000~iae; TOU 190u ouovo:

To EnnOKlO, TO OWrEPO aVTlKEillEVO 8EUlpmlKJi.e; IlEAtme; am fEVIKrl BEwpia, eivor 0 npoooropurnxoc nopcvovmc TUlV EnEVOUaEUlV OE ouvouoououe rnv a~E~atOmm Kal TIe; noooooidec nou onorunrovovror amy optoxn onooonxomro TOU KEcpaAaiou. LUllqJWva IlE rnv KAaOlKn 8EUlpia, znmon Kat npoocpop6 OavElaKwv KEcpaAaiUlV E~looppono0vTav uno TO TPExOV EnnOKlO. H cnoroulaxm, n npoocpop6 KEcpaAaiUlV, EiXE 010 oxJi.jla ourouio AOYlKJi. nporepoiorrrm nou EiAKUE mv KOTaywyJi. ana rnv 1000plKn sunapki; Ftc va EnEVOUaEl KanOlDc; enpsne va npoUnaPXEI TO nooo me; orrorouiaxmc one T p6nEi;Ee;. 0 Keynes npotave Evav EVTEA<iJc; olacpopETIKo tpono npocoropicuou TOU ernroxlou, onou aVTIKEIIlEvucol Kat unOKEIIlEVlKoi nopovovrec aMnAOmnpEai;OVTOI, YVUlOTO we; «8EUlpia noorumonc pEUOTOmTae;».

H EloaywyJi. me; evvoroc me; KEpOoOKoniae; OlOV npoootopiouo TOU utPoue; TOU snrroxiou IlEOUl TOU cvnoroixou KlvnTPOU znrnonc xpnllaTDc; nrov evoc oxoun EnaVaOlOTIKOc; VEUlTEPIOIlOc; TOU Keynes, E~nyJi.- 0I1lDc; anomy KEpOooKonia am rOuOALTpn nou oonvnoe 010 K/XlX TOU 1929. H KEpoooKonia KUIlOlvomv anoIlETa~oAEe; OIOlooo~iae;/anOlotooodnc otouc IOIWTEe; eruxapnucrrlec IlE anOTEAEOlla CPUOlOAOYIKEe; OVOOOI n Ko80001 me; oixovouioc va EnnaxUVOVTOI n KOI va Elll3a80vovtoi. H al3EI301omm OXET1KO IlE TO utPDc; TUlV IOIUlTlKWV EnEVOUaEUlV EnEBaAE m ampl~n me; EVEPYOU znmonc KOI m pu81llon TOU OUVOAIKOU OYKOU TUlV EnEVOUaEUlV ana TO zmuooio. Ta enrtoxro 8a EnprnE va elVOl XallnAa, WOlE, IlEOUl me; «ru8avaoiae; TOU povnspn», va natPOUV 01 )(pnllaTIOlIKEe; ano060EIe; va KUplapxouv one IOIUlTIKEe; cnoecoac rtspi napaywyJi.e;.

Ooov acpop6 010 xpnlla, TO TpiTO zrrmuo nou aVaAUETOI am fEVIKrl Oetoota, 0 Keynes ampix8nKE amy unoseon OTI n nooooooa xpnllaTDc; npoootopketor ana TIe; VOIlIOIlOTIKEe; apXEe; KOI EivOI E~UlYEvne; IlEml3Amn. Lmv rnoxn TOU Keynes n un68Ean oum OEV nrov T600 E~(()npaYIlOTIKn. 01 rportezucsc apXEe; Eixav npoYllaTI OlEVO EAEYXO me; npooeopcc xpnllaTDc;, n onoia IlE tn OElp6 me; OEV EiXE m uovum a~nTIKr1. tnon nou ncpctnpooue am mJvXPovn enom,

To xpnllOTOniOlUlTIKO oixrrnuo EXEI OVTwe; aMa~EI PIi;IKO ana mv mOXr1. TOU Keynes, 01 aYOPEe; KEcpaAaiou ExOUV nAr1.pwc; olE8vonom8Ei, IlE anOTEAEOlla 01 TpanEi;IKEe; apXEe; va EXOUV XaOEI m1.IlEpa TOV EAEYXO me; npootpopnc xpr1.IlOTDc;. To OIE8vEe; tporreznco KECPOAOIO naii;EI otn (mYXPOvn rnOXr1. onuavnxo pOAO amy npoocpop6 XPr1.IlOTDc;, TO iOIO KOI n olE8vne; xepoooxortlo nou EXEl olaOloOEIe; nspov mrnov nou rtepieypacpE 0 Keynes. Liyoupa n av6Auan me; fEVIKrlS Gecooias XPElai;ETOI

28

Tzov MfWapV1: KEIV<;

EKOUVXPOVIOIlO Kat npooapllOvn one lptxOOOE<; ouv9nKE<;. To EPYO lOU P. Davidson, lOU H. Minsky K.o.(3ooil;EI nooc oirmv rnv Kmru8uvon.

Evoc reroptoc AOVa<; nou ETlI(36ME1 mv ovoyvwon me f€VIKr1S BcUJpias Eivat n OIOAuon 0PlOIlEVWV llU8wv, nou IlE mv nOpoOO lOU )(p6vou EXOUV K010K08ioEI om ouvslonon ElEP6qlw1WV IlEAEmlCilV. A<; c50UIlE ouvorrnxc tpac rerorooc 1lU80u<;.

Tr OUVl010 n fCVIKr1 Bcwpia ornv OIKOVOlllKn rtosmxn; Mnnox 6paVE tn onllioupyio OUVEXWV EMEllll101WV Kat rn IlEOW come rexvnm 010- YKwon me EUnIlEpio<; me lPEXOUOO<; VEVlO<;; 0 iOla<; 0 Keynes EinE Aivo npOVIlOlo nepl oucovouncnc nOAlllKti<; 010 (31(3AiO lOU Kat oivoupa OEV Ec5w0E 0U0100El<; VlO 1l0VlllO EMEillllOlo.lliEillllmo 010V npoUnOAOYl- 0110 mov uerpo OVOYKn<;. 'OoOlIOXUpil;OVlOlOll 0 Keynes OUVI010 1l0VI- 110 EMEillllOl0 KOl ouvaonrec onlloolovolllKE<; OTlOlOAE<;, ouvrnpouv eve 1lU80 OIOO1PE(3AWVOVlO<; rnv npaYllOl1KOml0. rm OEKOElio lOU' 40 o Keynes, ~EKlvci:JVlO<; uno mv ovoYKn xorvovoconolnonc lWV ETlEVODOEWV, cnoouenvioe 11<; onotVEl<; lOU OXElIKOIlE 11<; onll601E<; OcmOVE<;, euvocovmc 11<; ETlEVOOOEl<; W<; 10 KAEloi VlO rnv eonuepio me OlKOVO~.lio<;. Onox EioOIlE ncpcncvro, nooonxd ETlOPKEi<; ETlEVOUOEl<; 10lW1WV OEV unopououv vo Eyyun80Uv rnv WnllEpio rnc OIKOVOllio<;, OUlE lloKPo)(p6VlO, A6yw rnc rrnoonc rnc optcxnc pormc VlO K010vOAwon, on01E 10 XPEO<; npoooropiouou lOU OUVOAlKOU OYKOU lWV ETlEVOOOEWV ECPWVE uno rn OIKOlooooio lWV IOIWlWV KOlllElOCPEP010V om ocpoipa lOU ~nuooiou, H oVliAnq,n oum OEV EXEl rnv nopolllKPn OXEon IlE uovuro EAAEillllOlO lOU ~nllooiou.

Evoc OMa<; 1lU8a<; OUVOEElOlIlE 10 0KPl(3E<; nOAtllKO O1iYllO lOU, OUlOnpooOlopll;OIlEVOU W<; «VEOU CPlAEAEU8EPOU», Keynes. Htov OpaVE &~16<; n unrxoc OOOlaAOnll0Kp6m<;; Mnncoc OvnKE omv AplO1EpO, onox 10V OIEKOlKOOOOV noMoi 1l08mE<; lOU, IOiw<; n J. Robinson; H fCVIKrl Bcwpia AEEl 011 0 Keynes, uno umv nnoqm OEV ovtrPEtVE note Mnpwc; 10 VEOKAOOlKO nap6oElVIlO. AnOOEXOIlEVO<; 011 0 111086<; 100UlOlllE 10 OPlOKO npciiov me epvcoloc, 0 Keynes onooExmKE rn 8EWpio rnc OPlOxnc nopaYWVlKomlO<; lWV OUVlEAE01WV napaywvn<;' OMOc5ti, 011 n KOIlrrUAn lOU 0PlOKOU npoiovroc me Epvooio<; EiVOl n ouvoprnon znmonc epvaolcc 010 1l0KPO-ETlinEOO, VEYOVO<; nou ETlE1PEtVE OE OUYYPocpEi<;, onox 0 Hicks KOl 0 Patinkin, vo 10V EVOWIlOlCixJOuv om «vEOKAOOlKn oUv8Eon». Av 01lW<; ortexarroio. Eixov OiKlO, 101E moe OIKatOAOVEilOl n OlOlOO~io 10U<; VlO 10 IlEMov lOU KOnllaAlOIlOU, OlOV 1l0VO n KOlVWvoconoinon lWV ETlEVOOOEWV EivOI OUVOlOV VO 10V O108EpOnOlnOEl;

T £AO<;, Kat VIO vo KAEioOUIlE IlE evo 1lU80 E8vlKn<; ourovvooluc, mov OpaVE note n EMnvlKti oucovouuot nOAlllKn KEivOlOvn; noMoi ouyypacpEi<; 010 nopEA80v ((3A. KPlllKti 010 lVaMOOnouAO<; 1990) aMo KOI 010 npootpcto nopov loxupil;OVlat 011 n oixovounoi nOAlllKn ornv EMooo

H rEVIKn BEwpia InS AnaaxoAnans. TOU TOKOU Kal TOU Xpnllaros 29

nrov K01:a nEplOOoUC; KE·IVOlOvn. H dooooc tnc llia60<; ornv rupwe;<i>vn OVOIJEvElat va TlUKvWoEl 1:1<; IJEAtrE<; YlO ro napEA80v Kal 1:0 IJEMov rnc EMnvnoi.<; OIKOVOIJIKn<; nOAlllKn<;, rnv a~loA6vnoo xorrov xcpoxmPlOIJO me, OpocpoV<i><;, n 610AU<m lOU napanavw 1J000U npotin08trEl Kat rnv avayvwon rnc fEVIKitS Oecooias.

ApKEla OIJW<; Yla Ka1:1 mnovonm anA6.

H fEVIKit fJEwpia onotessi tuo PEOAlOllKn npaYIJOlEia YpalJlJEvn uno Eva ouyypaCPEO IJEVOAWV lKOVOm1:Wv, nou OcppaYlOE IJE tn 6paoo lOU to npdrro 1Jl00lOU 200u alwva KatlJE 1:1<; 16EE<; lOU to OMo 1J100. OIKOVOIJOhOYOl nou [3AEnOUV 1:1<; OYOPE<; 0Xlonw<; AEllOUPYOUv, aMa onox 80 n8EhOv 01 i6101, [3OoEl KanOlwv acpnpnlJEvwV 8EWPlWV, va AEnoupyoUv, 0<; [3ahOuv rn fEVIKit fJEwpia OnAW<; 010 paCPl' 01 unoAomol, Kahn ovayvwon.

MIXAAHL Ip MI~onoY Am:

BI{JAioypaqJia

ArestisP.1990, «Post-Keynesianism: Anew approach to economics», Review of Social Economy, 48: 222 -46.

Barro R. 1988, Macroeconomics, N. York: Wiley.

Blinder A. 1988, «The fall and rise of Keynesian economics», Economic Record, 64:278-94.

Clarke P. 1988, The Keynesian revolution in the making 1924-36, Oxford:

Oarendon.

Gerrard B. 1991, «Keynes' General Theory: Interpreting the intepretations», Economic Ioumal, 101: 276-87.

Greenwald B., J. Stiglitz 1987, «Keynesian, new Keynesian and new dassical economics», Oxford Economic Papers, 39: 119-32.

Moggridge D.1992, Maynard Keynes. An economist's biography, London:

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Skidelsky R.1983,/ 1.M Keynes. Hopes betrayed, London: Macmillan. Skidelsky R.1992,1.M. Keynes. The economist as savior, London: Macmillan. Skidelsky R. 2000, 1.M. Keynes. Fightingfor Britain, London: Macmillan. Snowdon B., H. Vane, P. Wynarczyk, 1994, A modem guide to macroeco-

nomics, Aldershot: Elgar.

l(JaAl1>6nouhO<; M. 1990, KEi'valavn f}Ewpia Kal EMnvlKn 0lKOV0l11Kn nouTlKn, A8iwo: Kpnl1oi..

, ,

'- VlKn ElOQ"" '(uVI1

H VEO OU1:n nporurm EK60an 1:WV Amivrwv rou John Maynard Keynes On01:EAEi E~6q>Anan )(pEouc;m<; Royal Economic Society (BoOlAIKn<; OIKovoIlIKn<; E1:OlPEio<;) om pvnun LOU. 0 Keynes O(jllEpw<JE ern Royal Economic Sodety IlEYOAO IlEPO<; me nOAuooxoAn<; 1;wn<; 1:OU. To 1911, OE nAIKio 28 ElWV, oVEAO(3E EntllEAmn<; EKOOan<; TOU Economic JoumaI610&XOIlEVO<; LOV Edgeworth, EVW 6U0 )(pOVIO 0PVOTEPO E~EAEvn VPOIlIlO1:EO<; rnc E1:OIPEio<;. ~lmnpnoE 1:0 0~IW1l01:O OUlO, xwpi<; 610Konn, OXE66v EW<; 1:0 1:EAO<; rnc 1;wn<; 1:OU. 0 Edgeworth, riven aAn8E!0, EnEOlPEtVE Via va 1:0V (3on8noEI omv EKcSo1:IKn opoornpIOm1:O, uno to 1919 EW<;LO 1925, On01:E onoxwpnoE OPIOlIKO, KOllOV 6106Ex8nKE 0 Mac Gregor EW<; LO 1934. Tov Mac Gregor 6106ExmKE 0 Austin Robinson, nou OUVExIOE va (3on8610v Keynes EW<; 10 194 5. 00l0- 00, ern 610PKEIO OAWV OUlWV lWV ElWV, 1:1<; onIlOVlIK01:EPE<; ru8UvE<; elXE 0 i610<; 0 Keynes, 0 onoioc EnOlpvE 1:1<; KUPIE<; On<><POOEI<; OXElIKOIlE TO op8po nou 80 6nll00laJoVloV 010 Economic Journal, xwpi<; Kallio OIOKonn, EKlO<; orro EVO n 6U0 reoxn, 01:0V mov 00(30p6 nppoxrroc LO 1937. Movo AivoUC; IlnVE<; nprv ono tov 80V01:010U, 1:0 flooxo lOU 1946, OlOV E~EAEvn npoeopoc, 0 Keynes IlEl0(3i(300E 1:0 K08nKOVlO lOU ernIlEAmn EKOOan<; OlOV Roy Harrod KOI10 K08nKoVlo 1:0U Vpallll01EO rnc E 10lPEio<; OlOV Austin Robinson.

ME rn 6mAn 1:0U cnrmv 16101mo, 1:0U ernuexnm EK600n<; KOllOU VPOIlIl01EO, 0 Keynes 6106pOIlO1:IOE onucvreco pOAO orn 6101l0pqxoon tnc nOAlllKn<; rnc BOOlAIKn<; OIKovoIlIKn<; E1:OlPEio<;. OpIOIlEvE<; cno uc onIlOVlIK01:EPE<; OOllOOIEUoEI<; me E10lPEio<; -onox n EKOOan LOU Sraffa VIO 10V Ricardo, LOU Stark Via 1:0 OIKOVOIlIKO EPVO lOU Bentham KOllOU Cuillebaud VIO LOV Marshall, K08ci:J<; KOI OPIOIlEvE<; npoVEVEOlEPE<; 6n- 1l00IEUoEI<; me 6EKOElio<; lOU 1930- oq>EiAOVlOl, OE IlEVOAO (308110, OKpI- 1~ci:J<; OE mrtov, "01:0V onE(3iwoE 0 Keynes, 10 1946, ntov CPUOIKO n BOOlAIKn OIKOVOIlIKn E1:OlpEiO VO 8EAEI vo rumoa rn uvrum rou.Htov E~ioou CPUOIKO, ioox, nou n E1:OlPEio onOq>OOlOE VO LOV rumoa EK6i6oVlO<; 1:0 onovro LOU. 0 i61O<; 0 Keynes onoAOIl(3ovE rrovro 11<; KaAoi08mE<; EK- 060EI<; KOI n E1:OIPEio, IlE rn (3on8Elo lWV EKcSolWV Macmillan KOllOU tuIIOVPOcpEiou lOU Ksunprrz University Press, 8EAnoE vo OWoEI 010 EPVO

32

Tzov Msrvcpvr KEIV<;

lOU Keynes ,.UO opronxn 1J0pcpn nou vo elvoi OnOAlrrW<; OVlO~IO lOU.

H nopouoc €K000n 80 KaAUt!JEl 600 10 cSUV010V IJEVaAlrrEPO IJEPOC; lOU EPYOU lOU 010 nEcS[o me OlKOVOIJIKn<;. D.Ev 80 nEplAncp80uv ETIlOlOAt<; ana rnv lcSlWl1Kn KOI npootornxn lOU aAAnA.oypacp[o rt ETIl010AE<; nou !3p[OKOVlat ornv K010xn me OlKOYEVElO<; lOU. ME Aiyo A6YlO, n EKcSoon ocpopO 010V Keynes toe OIKOVOIJOAOyo.

To EPYO lOU Keynes eurnrrtouv OE nEVlE EUpE[E<; xomvopiec, Ilrxo- 10V, EKE lvo nou Eypat!JE Kat onuooleooe W<; !31!3AiO. D.ElrrEPOV, 01 ouMoYE<; op8pwv KOI cpuMocS[wv nou E~E&ooE 0 [cSlO<; orn cSlOPKElO rnc i;wn<; lOU (Essays in Persuasion Kat Essays in Biography). Tpitov, EvO<; noAU onlJOVlIKO<; OYKO<; cSnIJOOIEUIJEVWV, aAAO IJn OUYKEVlpwlJEVWV yparmov - ap8pa ypalJlJEvO YlO EcpnIJEp[cSE<;, ETIl010AE<; OE EcpnIJEp[cSE<;, ap- 8po OE nEplocSlKO, nou cSEV EXOUV nEplAncp8E[ 010U<; cSUo 101J0U<; lWV onovuov, Kat nOlKlAO CPUMOcSlO. Tsroptov, Aiyo OV€KcS010, EW<; tcopo, KE[IJEVO. nElJmOV, n aAAnA.oypacp[o IJE OlKOVOIJOAOYOU<; nou ocpopO OE 01- KOVOIJIKO n OE cSnIJOOIE<; un08EOEl<;.

H napoOOOEKOOon lWV nnavuovtou 80 rnlXElpnoEl va cSnlJOOIEOOEI IJE nsnoornto 10 oo!3ap6 KEilJEVO lOU Keynes W<; OlKOVOIJOAOyOU. Ilpo- 8wn 1J0<; avor va cSnlJOOIEOOOUIJE OXEcS6v 10 OUVOAO lWV npW1WV reoonpov xrrtnvopuov nou K010YpOtVaIJE nponyoUIJEvW<;. H 1J0VOcSlKn E~O[PEon ocpopo OE OPlOIJEVO op8po nou Eixov OXEcS6v KOlVO nEplEXOIJEVO KOI npoopizovrov VIa cSnj..loo[ruon OE cSlOCPOPEllKE<; EcpnIJEp[cSE<; n OE cSlOCPOPEllKE<; XWPE<;, j..lE IJIKPE<; n OonIJOVlE<; cSlOCPOpE<;. Lll<; nepnrucoac OUlE<; 80 OUlJnEpIM!3oUIJE IJOVO 1J[0 ono uc EKOOXE<; lWV op8pwv OUlWV, rnlAEYoVlO<; mv TIlO EVcSlOcpEpoUOO.

Avonoeancro, n cSnlJoo[ruon rnc OIKOVOIJIKn<; aAAnA.oypocpio<; lOU Keynes npETIEl va Eivat ETIlAEKllKn. Lmv neplooo me ypacpOlJnxovn.<; Kat lOU EPIJGp[OU OPXEl08tmon<; KatlcSlOilEpa ornv nepirrroxm EVO<; 1600 cSpOomPlOU KOI nOAUOOXOAOU ov8pWnou, 10 va cSnlJOOlruoOUIJE Ko8E oUVlOIJO KE[IJEVO nou IJnOpE[ va EXEl uncvopeuoa orn OOKWAOYpOCPO lOU YlO KonOlO oonucvto n EcpnlJEpO znmun E[VOI OMV010V. LKonruouIJE va OUYKEVlpWoOUIJE Kat va cSnIJOOIEOOOUIJE, cootooo, 60010 cSUVO- 10V IJEYaAlrrEPO IJEPOC; rnc aAAnA.oypocp[o<; ornv onoio 0 Keynes OVE~E 11<; cSlKE<; lOU lcSEE<;, cSlE~OYOVlO<; cSlOAOYO IJE lOU<; OUVOcSEACj>OU<; lOU OIKOVOIJOAOYOU<;, KOew<; enkmc 10 onIJOVllK01EPO llJnlJO rnc aAAnA.oypacp[o<; lOU ana rnv nepiooo nou 0 [cSlO<; !3PlOKOlOv 010 enhcsvrpo lWV OnlJOOIWV un08EoEwv.

EK10<; ono rc cSnIJOOIEUj..lEVO EPYO lOU, 01 K0PlE<; cSl08EOlIJE<; nnYE<; OE OUlOU<; nou npoElo[IJOOOV tn OElpO cum ntov Mo. Ilpdrtov, 0 Keynes orn ol08nKn lOU OPIOE EK1EAWm Kat unru8uvo YlO 10 OIKOVOIJIKOU nePlEXOIJEvOU ypamo lOU 10V Richard Kahn, To KE[IJEVO OUlO !3p[OKOVlOV orn Marshall library lOU Ilcvernornulou KElJnpl1i; Kat nrov ol08EOlIJ0

II /"CVIKn Oecooia InS ATlaaxo}.nans, IOU TOKOU xat IOU Xpnuatos 33

YIO rn OXE1:IKn ExDoan. Eeoc TO 19140 Keynes D£V EiXE ypallllOlEO KOi 01 IlpWW:; lOU epvootec nEplopiC;OVIOI KUpiw<:; OE OXEDIO anllOVIIKWV OVIIYflOCPWV nou KpOlOUOE. To IlEYaAUlEPO IlEPD<:; rnc aMnAoypacpio<:; nou K01EXOUIlE YlO rnv rtepiooo exelvn cnotexeiror ana ypallll010 nou AclllIloVE napa nou EypacpE.Lm DIOPKEIO lWV E1:WV 1914-1918 KOll940-1946, () Keynes unnpE1:0UOE 010 Ynoopvelo OIKOVOIlIKWV. ME 10 OVOlYIlO lWV n iionurov 0PXEiwv, noMa ono to 6oKilli0 nou EypOlVE KOlEO'ffiOOV DIOO£OlIlO. Arto to 1919 KOi ixrtepo, EW<:; 10 lEAO<:; rnc c;wn<:; lOU, 0 Keynes elXE m l3on8Elo 1110<:; YPOIlIlOlEW<:; - 8Ean nou K01EiXE em noMa )(p6VIO n KO Stevens. 'E10l, YIO 10 lEAEUlOio EiKOOI nEVIE )(p6VIO me DnllloupYIKn<:; <;(un<:; lOU DI08E10UllE 011<:; nEpI0001EPE<:; lWV nEplmOOEWV 10 OKj)ll3n 0- vrlvpurpn lWV DIKWVlOU EnlOlOAWV, KOSW<:; emoncxorro nocnonmo lWV t1110l0AWV nou EiXE ,\613£1.

Yrmpfnv, CPUOlKO, nepmtrcoac, KOla mv nsplooo oumv, nou 0 Keynes EypOljJE IDIOXEipw<:;. LE 0PIOIlEVE<:; nno nc nspuruooac OUlE<:;, IlE In Son8Elo lWV ov8pWnwv IlE lOU<:; onoiouc aMnAOypaCP0UoE, unooe(JOIlE KOi OUYKEVIpWoOIlE KOI ono nc <SUo nAEVPE<:; 10 oUVOAO IlEPIKWV (JnIlOVIIKWV OMnAEnIDPOOEWV KOi ovunOIlOVOUIlE, EK1IIlWVIO<:; KOilO /)1"0 uspn, va DOUIlE DnllooIEUIlEVE<:; OAOKAnPWIlEvo xornc DUO nAEVPE<:; 111<:; aMnAoypocpio<:;.

H DEUlEpn KUPIO rmvn nAnpO(jlOpnan<:; ntov Eva oUVOAO onoKolllloIWV ana svnmo, 10 onolo Kj)OlOUoE YIO 1110 noM IlEy6An neplooo n unI Epa lOU, Florence Keynes, oUC;UYO<:; lOU Neville Keynes. Arto ro 1919 KOi IJlnEPO, 10 cnoxouuoro OUlO nEpIEXOUV OXEOOV 10 oUVOAO lWV EniKOl[lWV voorrnovrou Maynard Keynes, 11<:; EnlOlOAE<:;lOU OE EcpnIlEpiDE<:;KOl onucvrnco tunpo lOU UAIKOU nou DiVEl m DUVOlomlO OE KonOiOV va DEI (')XI 1l0VO 11 Eypaq,E exelvoc, aMo xoruc OVIIDpaOEl<:; 6Mwv 010 ypamo IOU. Xwpi<:; OUlOlO nOAU npOOEKllKO CPUAOYIlEvO onOKOIlIlOlO, 10 K08TiKOV K08E EnillEAnln EKDoon<:; n I310ypacpou lOU Keynes 80 nrov onEipw<:; /)I!OKOA01EPO·

Ynru8uvOl YIO mv nooouoc EKcSoon lWV onoVIWV lOU Keynes EivOl: o AOpDo<:; Kahn, IlE rn DmAn lOU IDIomlO W<:; EK1EAEom<:; me DI08nKn<:; IOU Keynes KOi W<:; EnlOln810<:; cpiAO<:; lOU, E10I1l0<:; va l3on8noEI ornv ouoouonvron noMwv nAEVpwv nou DIOCPOPEllKO 80 Eixov nopepunVU)8Ei' 0 OEP Roy Harrod W<:; 0 OUYYPOCPEO<:; me 1310ypocpio<:; lOU' KOI (} Austin Robinson, W<:; 0 ov8pwno<:; IlE lOY onolov 0 Keynes 1l01POmnKEmvEu8uvnYlomvEKDoonlouEconomic]ournaIKOIoonoia<; I Jllnp~E 0 DIODOXO<:; lOU am vpnuucteio me BOOIAIKn<:; OIKOVOIlIKn<:; I :IOlPEio<:;. To 0PXIKO K08nKoVIo EnIIlEAEIO<:; rnc fficSoon<:; EiXE n Elizabeth .lohnson, EVW npoorpnrn rnv Eu8uvn oum 1l0IPOC;ElOIIlE lOY Donald Moggridge. KOlO nsproooix; OAOI mrroi OUVEnIKOUpo0vrov ono mv Jane I histlethwaite KOi mv K. McDonald, nou 0PXIKO nrov unru8uvn YIO m

34

Tzov MfWapV1 KEIVC;

ouomucnxn la~lVOllnan lWV apxEiwv lWV KElllEvWV lOU Keynes, rnv Judith Masterman, nou EpyaomKE ern noMa )(p6vla IlE rnv K. Johnson mavw ala vpnrrru lOU Keynes, KOl, ruo npooqxrtu, ana 10U<; Susan Wilsher, Margaret Butler KOl Barbara Lowe.

()oJ\oyoC;

To j31j3Aio OUlO om:u8uvElat Kupiw<; otouc ooVOOEAcpOUe; uou 01- KOVOIl0'\oyOue;. EAnii;w,j3Ej3Olo, 01180 avor xorcvorrro KOI OE 6,\AOue;. 0 KDPloc; oxonoc lOU, oxrrooo, EiVOl va xcmrnuorel IlE MOKOAO 8EwpmlKO zrmurorn xouiovo OEUlEPruOV1W<; IlE lie; EcpapIlOYEe; me; Oaoploc oumc omv npo~n. A v n op860~n oucovouucn EXEl ocpoAEl, 10 ocpOAlla OEV 8a j3pE8Ei ornv unepooun, nou E~6Mou EXEl 00- YKpom8Ei IlE 10lailEpn cppoV1ioo W<; npoc rn AOYlKn me; ouvertac, aMo otnv E'\'\m!m ooqmvanc Kal vevucommc lWV j3aOlKwv me; un08EOEWV. LuvrnWc;, OEV unorxo va rnnuxw 10V croxo uou, nou EivOl va ndoro tooc OIKOVOIlOAOYOue; va rnaVE~ElOOOUV KPll1KO 0PlOIlEVEe; ono uc j3oOlKEe; 10Ue; napaooXEe;, napollE ut!mM acpOlpEllKn oo'\'\oYlm:lKn Kal, ernonc, IlE no'\'\n oixnmon. MaKopl 01 aIlCPloj3mnoEle; va nrov Aly01EpEe;. 8ECi>pnon, 01lW<;, onuovruco 0XlIlOVO va E~nvnow rn olKn uou cnoilm, aMo Kat va OEi~w, enionc, orro rtom OKOntO napEKKAivEl ana rnv rnlKPOlOUoa 8EWpio. EKEivOl 01 onoior EivOllOlailEpa npoon,\WIlEvOl OE omo nou 8a anOKaAEOW «n KAaOlKn 8Ewpia», 8a laAaV1EUOV1Ol, rnoraxo, avoueou ornv nrnoi8non 011 KOVW anOAmw<; M8oe; Kal ornv nrnoi8non (>1l1in01E 10 KOlVOUPYlO OEV AEVW. MEVEI OE OMoue; va anocpaoioouv av Ilia uno OUlEe;11e; OUO n KonOlo tplrn EvaMaK11Kn Eival op8n. Ta onuao 010 onoia Em:lOi;w 10V oV1iAOYO oxono EXOUV va npooeepouv xcnoro UAIKO Yla oncvmon. Alo80vOllal 011 npena va znmcoi xotovonon av, EnlOlWK0V10e; ~EiEe; OIOKPiOEle;, 0 OV1v..OYoc; uou avor, K080Ul6c;, 101ai- 1EpO ~Uc;. Eveil 0 iOlOe;, rni no'\'\o XPOVlO, unoornozc IlE nrnoi8non nc 8EWpiEe; nc onoiec rcopo allCPloj3mw KOl &v ovvoco, VOllii;W, 10 IOXUp6 10Ue; onueio.

Ta znnumro nou 8a uoc anaoxoAnoouv EXOUV 1110 onuooic nou OEV urtopel va unEpl1lln8Ei. '01lW<;, av 01 E~nvnoEle; uou Eival ooorec, OUlOUc; 110U npena nrxoro va neloro slvor 01 ooVOOEACPOlllOU OIKOVOIlO'\oyOl Kal OXll0 YEVIKO KOlVO. LE OU10l0 m:OOlO me; rnlXElpnllal0Aoyioe;, 10 YEVlKO KOlV6, KaAOOEXOUIlEVO oOCPaAWc; om ouormon, 8a EivOl anAWc; 0- «poomc 1l1ae; npoonoeauc EV6c; OlKOVOIl0'\oyou va CPE(JEl npoc ouormon nc j3a81Ee; OIOcpOpEe; an6q,EWV IlElO~U ouvaOEAcpwv OIKOVOIl0'\oywV, II0U, npocto nopov, EXOUV OXEOOV OIOj3pciJoEl rnv npcncnxn ernppon me;

36

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OIKOVOI.IlKn<; 8Ewpia<;, xm coonou va EmAu80uv 8a E~aKOAou8noouv va rnv UnOVOI1EUouV.

H OXEon I1Ela~U lOU 13113AiOU oinou Kat rnc Treatise on Money (lMK, 10110<; Y Kat YI), nou E~E&ooa nEVlE xpovla npiv, elver, m8avw<;, oacpE· orspn OE I1Eva napa OE OMou<;, EvW ouro 10 onoio 010 0lK6110U l1uaA6 elver CPUOlKt1 E~EN~n rnc nvEUIlOllKr'l<; 110U KOlru8uvon<; nou EOW Kal noA· AU XP6vla aKoAou8<i>, loox Kal1ui cpopa va ~acpvloC;EllOV ovcvvocm, 8EWpcovtoc 611 npoxertcr Yla aMavn an6tjJEWV nou npoKaAEi mivxuon. H ou· OKoAia oum OEV al1l3AUvElat an6 OPlOI1EvE<; aMaYE<; omv opoAoyia nou alo8ov8nKa unOXPEWI1Evo<;va KOVW. 01 YAWOOlKE<; oursc I1Elal30AE<; ernonuolvovrcr 011<; OEAi&<; nou aKOAou80Uv, EVW n YEVlKn OXEon I1Ela~U lWV OUO 13113AiWV I1noPEi va OIOlunw8Ei ouvorrrucc W<; E~n<;: Otov 0PXloa va yp6CPW10 Treatise on Money, 01 ovnxmpac 110U OIEnOVlaV aKOlln an6 rnv nopoooounot AOVlKn lOU va 8EWpW rnv miopoon lOU xpnl1OlO<; oav xcn, 8a EAeya, aVE~opmlO uno m VEVlKn 8Ewpia me npooeopoc Kat rnc znmonc, Orov OAOKAnpwoa m ouvvooen lOU 131l3Aiou, Eixa KOVEl xnnoro np6000 omv onoxctcotoon rnc V01110110l1Kn<; 8Ewpia<; W<; 8Ewpia<; lOU OUVOAIKOU npoiovtoc, H I1n XElpacptmon 110U, 611W<;, an6 npOKOlaAn· ipac, EKcppaomKE OE 6,11110U cpaiVElat onuepo W<; 10 KUPl61EPO oCP<iAl1a lWV 8EwpmlKWV 1l1nl101WV lOU EPYOU (onAaOil oro Bll3Aia III Kat IV), oro onolo antruxa va aoxoAnSW nAnpwc; I1E 11<; ernopooac lWV llETa{3oAwv 010 minEOO lOU npoiovroc, 01 anOKaAOUI1EVE<; «8EI1EAlWOEl<; E~IOWoEl<;» 110U mnv n anoKPUOlOMwon 111a<; axovoc nou EKava omPlYI1EvO<; omv un68Eon 011 n napavwvn slvor OEOOIlOO. LlO MaiOlO mrto, un08twVla<; onAaM &001100 napavwvn, mEc5iwKa va&i~w ncocuncoouoov va evemux80UvOUV0I1El<;nou ouvenovovtcvovioopponio KEpOWVKat 01 onotec, enouevox, onorrououv I1Ela13oAn 010 minEoo rnc napavwvn<;. H ouva· 111Kn E~EAl~n, 611W<;, OE OIOKPlOn an6 10 OlIVlllOTunO, napEIlElVE OlEAn<; Kat E~atPEllKO 80An. To 13113AiO ouro, an6 rnv OMn nAEUPO, E~EAix8nKE KUpiw<; OE I1EAtm lWV OUVOI1EWV nou npooolopiC;ouv 11<; I1ElaI30AE<; omv KAil1aKa rnc napavwvn<; Kat me orrocxoxnonc OUVOAIKO. Evw, Aomov, npoxurrracuro xpilIla ElOEPXElat 010 0lKOV0l11K6 oxnuo I1E OUOlaOllKO KallOlopPu8110 rpono, OllEXVlKE<; V01110110l1KE<; AEmOIlEPElE<; XOVOUV 10 EVOlacpEpoVlOu<;.Onw<; 8a OlamOlWoOUI1E, ilIa £vxpnl1am oucovouto elVat OUOlaOllKO sxelvn omv onoia I1Elal3aM6I1EVE<; anotjJEl<; Yla 10 ilEA· AOV EivatlKavE<; va rnnpEOOOUV mv nooorrrro rnc oncoxoxnonc Kat6Xl anAW<; mv Kalru8uvon rnc, Ouox n I1E8000<; av6Auon<; rnc lWPlvT1<; 01- KOV0I11Kt1<; OUllnEPlCPOpa<;, un6 mv miopoon I1Ela13aM611EVWv I&WV Yla 10 I1EMov, E~aplOlat an6 mv aMnAmiopoon npoooopoc Kat znmonc, KalllE mv EvvolaaumouvOEElalllEm 8EI1ENWOn 8Ewpia l1a<;Vla mv a~ia. OOnYOUllaOlE, Aom6v, OE uro ruo YEVlKn 8Ewpia, nou EllnEplEXEl rnv KAa- 0lKt18Ewpia, we; ElOlKt1 neplrmoon.

J J fEVIKfr BEwpia InS AnaaXOAnanS, IOU TOKOU «at IOU Kpnuatos 37

o OUYYPQ(j)EQ(; EVO<; 13113Aiou orxoc outo, aVIxvEUoVlO<; oyvwm:a 110- vonono, E~aplolOl, OE I1EYOAO 1308110, ana rnv xpmxn Kal m I5laAEKlIKn oiznmon npoKEll1EVOU va onoeuva al5lKOloA6yma oq>6AjJOla. EivOl EKIlAnKllKO 11 ovonrc npOYIlOla unopel va rnoreua xoveic npoowpIVO, av OKEm€1aI110VO<; lOU ern nOAU uoxpo xpOVO, Il5lailEpa 010 OIKOVOI1IKO (onex KOI mil; 6MEI; n81KEI; EmomI1EI;), onou ooXVO EivOl al5uvOlov va (AEY~EI, rornxo 1'1 El1nElpIKO, 111; II5EEI; lOU lEAEOiI5IKa. LlO 13113Aio ouro, iOWl; nxoun nsproootepo ana 0,11 KOlO rn ooyypacpn rnc Treatise on Money. Eixa 111; O1a8EpEI; ool1l3oUAEI; KOI m 15nl1louPYIKn Kpl1lKT110U K. R.F. Kahn. Ynopxouv noMa onusio mrrou lOU 13113Aiou nou, xwpil; nconoI5Ei~EII; lOU, &v 80 Eixav nopa rn 110pcpn nou ExOUV lWpa. L~aVlIKT1l3onBan Eixa, enionc, ana mv xo Joan Robinson, 10V K. R.G. Hawtrey KOllOV K. R.F. Harrod, 01 onoiOl151013aoav OAa 10 ooKil1la. To eupetnpro ouvrex8nKE nrto rov K. D.M. Bensusan-Butt lOU King's College, Keunprtz,

H ooyypacpn mrrou lOU 13113Aiou unnp~E Yla 10V ooyypacpEa evoc 110- KPOXPOVO<; ayWval; cnoopoonc, KOllO il5lo nperra va Eival n cvovvoxm lOU Yla lOU<; nEpI0001EPOU<; avaYVWmEI;, OE nepirruoon nou 0 ooyypa(jJEal; EXE! nEWXEllOV 010XO lOU - ayWval; unoopoonc ana ouvn8EII; tponouc OKEljInl; KOI EKcppaonl;. OIII5EEI; nou 1600 enlnovo ovorrnxroovror EOW EivOl E~Olp€1IKO anAEI; KOI 80 snoens va EivOl npoqxrvslc, H 15UOXEpan I5EV I3piOK€1Ol mil; VEEI; II5EEI;, aMo otnv anoKoMnon ana uc naAIEl; nou, 10uA6XI010V, Yla OOOU<; I1EyaMxJal1E I1E ourec, I5laKA.aowvoVlOl OE K08E YWVIO lOU l1uaAOU 1101;.

M.KEYNES 13 MKE/1/3piou 1935

.n 'fr~(6oon

VI,

n

O Alfred Marshall, nou IlE 10 £pyo lOU Principles of Economics (ApXES InS OIKOV0f11Kns) ovatpcqnucov OAOl 01 oUYXfJOVOI OIKOvOlloA6yOl, Olo80vOlOV IOloilEpn 8Aitlm va 10vii;El1O OUV£XEIO 'I nc OK£ljJn<; lOU IlE 10 OK£ljJn lOU Ricardo. To £pyo lOU, OE IlEy6Ao 1308- 110, cnorexooos IlnOAlQOIlO 10<; OPIOKt1<; 0PXt1<; KOI me 0PXt1<; me unoKOlOOlOon<; IlE m PIKOPVlIOvn nopaOoon. H 8EWpio lOU ylQ 10 nootov KOI rnv K010v6Awon W<; oUVOAO, OE OlaKPlon ana m 8EWpio lOU Via rnv II0POYWyt'l KOI rn OIOVOIlt1 &OOf1EvOU nootovroc, 0Ev EKl£8nKE note XWpIOlO. Av 0 iOID<; Olo8av8nKE mv ovcvxn 1110<; 1£1010<; 8EWpio<; n 0XI, 6EV EiIlOlI3£I3OlD<;. 01 allEOOl, oxrrooo. 61aooxol KOI onoooi lOU, OocpaA6l<;, EXOUV AEllOUpyt'lOEI xwpi<; OUlt1V KOI, npocpov<il<;, OEV Olo8avBnKov 10V EMEIljJn tnc, Aum ntcvnoruooqxnpaomv onoio ovotpoqmxo. TI<; I&E<; OUl£<; 6ioo~0 KOI EyW npootomxc KOlIlOVO KOla m 61apKEIO rnc lEAruroloc OEKOElio<; ouvaonronolnon 11<; OVEnapKEIE<; 10U<;. L10 61Kt1 1l0U, "omov, 6100POIlt1 oxalmc, 10 nopov 13113Aio ovnnpooomeoa uro uvtiopoon, 1110 unoorootonoinon onomVOYYAIKt1 KAOOIKt1 (n op8OOol;n) nopoOoon. H £Ilcpaon uou ornv n.\rupa mrm, one O€AiOE<; nou OKOAOu8oUv KOl 010 onpelo onou olocpoponOloullOl ono uc 16£E<; nou OlooxmKO, £XEI BEwpn8Ei, ana OPIOIl£VOV<; KUKAOlX; omv A YYAio, neprrrn EPIOlIKt1. Ikoc, <>1lW<;, xcnoioc nou uvorpopnxe W<; K080AIKO<; ornv OyyAIKt1 OlKOVOIlIxn n ~IQMOV W<; IEp£o<;m<; nkrmc mnnc.unooa va onocpuVEI xortom EPI- 011Krl £Ilcpaon, OlOV yivEl6101l0PWp01lEVD<; YIO npdrm cpopa;

<1>aVloi;0IlOI, OIlW<;, 011 OAO aUla unopei va npoKaA£OOUV 0l0V<; YEPuovoix OVOyvc1xnE<; Kanw<; OIOCPOPElIK£<; evnnxooac, H op8~n nap6- ooon, nouKUplapX0UoE omv AyyAio lOU 190uOlwvo, Ou&nOlE EllTlfJ£OOE rooo m08Epa rn YEPIlOVIKrl OK£ljJn. Lm rEPIlOvio unt'1pxov novro 0T1jl0- II1IK£<; oxoA£<; OIKOVOIlOA6ywv nou oIlCPlol3t1lOOOV evrovo mv EnapKEIO

40

Tzov MElVapV1 KElV,

rnc KAaOlKTl<; 8Ewpia<; vto rnv avOA.uon 1:WV oUYXfJOVWV <patV0J.1EvwV. H OXOATl 1:0U MOV1:0EOlEP Kat ° Mapt;IOJ.1a<; npoEPX0V1:at Kat 01 OUO, OE 1:EAlKTl avOA.uoo, ana 1:0V Ricardo - oullnEpaollo nou 1l0VO sruqxrvaoxo 110<; EKnATlnEl. Lm Fepuovin, 0J.1w<;, nOV1:a UnTlPXE Eva J.1EyOAO tunuo anoljJEwv nou OEV aKoAou8000E outs m ulo outs rnv OMn oxoM.

~UoKoAa, oxrtooo, unopa va onoornpmet 01:1 n OXOATl mrm OKEljJn<; EXEl OUYKpo1:TlOEl EVO oV1:inaA.o 8EwpmlKo oucooounuo Tl 01:1 EOlW ernOi~E K01:11:00l0. XapaKmplC;01:0V ana OKEmIKI0J.10 Kat PEaA.l0J.10, EV<.i:J Tl1:OV ucavortomusvn J.1E 1:1<; 1000PlKE<; Kat EJ.1nElplKE<; J.1E8600u<; Kat 1:0 ana- 1:EAEOJ.1ma nou anoppimouv rnv EniOOJ.1n avoAuon. H OOllaV1:1K01:Epn avop8000f;n 8EWpmlKTl oiznmon Tl1:OV EKEivn"lOU Wicksell. Ta (31(3Aia "lOU KUKAO<jlopoooav am Fepuovlc (aA.M, J.1EXPI npoorprrm, OEV KUKAO<popoooav ornv A YYAia), EvW Eva on01:O OOllaV1:1K01:Epa ana mrrn ypo<p1:nKE otn YEPJ.1aVlKo. 01 onoool "lOU, 0J.1w<;, Tl1:OV KUpiw<; LounOoi Kat Auotpmxoi, 01 1:EAEU1:aiOl EK 1:WV onoiwv ouvooozov 1:1<; IOEE<; 1:OU lIE mv mxrrptoxn 8Ewpia ElOlK01:Epa, coote va 1:1<; EnOva<pEpouv, ornv npayJ.1o- 1:1KOm1:O, nOA.l niow omv KAOOlKit nap6000n. 'E1:01, n Fepuovin, EV1:EAW<; aV1:i8fla npoc rnv nap6cSooit rnc cue nEplOOO1:EPE<; ana 1:1<; ernornuec, rni Evav OAOKAnpo atwva lKaVOnOlOUV1:aV xwpi<; Konola enionun, KUpiapxn Kal YEVIKO anoOEK1:Tl 0IKOV0J.11Kit 8Ewpia.

'loroc, EnOJ.1Evw<;, 8a npena va nEplllEvW AlY01:Epn ovtkrrcon ono "lOU<; YEPJ.1avoU<; cvcvvoorec, napa orro 1:0U<; OYYAOU<;, npooespovtoc J.11a 8Ewpia rnc onaoxoAnoo<; Kat1:OU npoiovtoc OUVOAlKO, nou OE 00- J.10V1:1KE<; rnc nAEUpE<; On0J.10KpUVE1:01 uno mv op80oo~n napoooon. MnopW, 0J.1W<;, vo EAnic;w 01:1 80 unEpVlKTlOW 1:0V 0IKOV0J.11KO uvvoxrmaouo rnc fEPJ.10via<;; MnopW vo nekxo roix YEPJ.1avoU<; OIKOVOIlOAOYOU<; 01:1 J.1E80001 WmKTl<; avOA.uon<; EXOUV K01:11:0 OOJ.1aV1:1KO va OUVElO<jlEpouv ornv EPJ.1nVEio 1:WV oUyxpovwv YEYOV01:WV Kat om OlaJ.10pqxoon me mJvxpovn<; nOAl1:lKTl<;; L1:O K01:W K01:W, OlOU<; vepuovooc opeca n 8Ewpia. nOOO movn Em8uJ.1ia YlO J.11a 8Ewpia npena vo at08oVOV1:at 01 YEPJ.1avoi OlKOV0J.10AOYOl ExOV1:a<; znoa oAa amo 1:0 Xf)6vla xwpi<; 8EWpia! Ao<paAW<;, a~iC;EI1:OV xono va npoona8itow. Av IlnOpEOW va OUVElO<pEPW EOlW Kat EMXlOla ornv npoeroumolc EK J.1EpOU<; 1:WV YEPllavWV OlKOV0J.10AOywV J.11a<; OAOKAnPWIlEvn<; 8EWpio<; nou va uvrorroxolvetor one ElOlKE<;0uv8TlKE<;m<; Fepuovioc, 8a EiJ.1011KaVOnOlnJ.1Evo<;. Iurrl npena va OIlOAOyitOW 01:1 J.1EYOA.o J.1Epo<; 1:OU nopovroc (31(3AiOU EXEl W<; nEoio cvoooocc 1:1<; U<plOlOIlEVE<; OUv8TlKE<; one aYYAooa~OVlKE<; XWPE<;.

nOV1:W<;, n 8Ewpia 1:0U npoiovtoc OUVOAlKO, J.1E mv onoia aOXOAEi1:01 1:0 nap6v (31(3Aio, npoooppozetor nOAu EUKOA01:Epa cue OUv8TlKE<; EVa<; OAOKAnpw1:1KOU K(JO"lOU<;, ana 0,1:1 n 8Ewpia rnc napaywyit<; Kat OlavoJ.1Tl<; OEOoIlEvOU npoiovroc nou nap6YE1:al OE OUV8TlKE<; EAEu8EPOU uvmywVl0J.10U Kat orroxurou <plAfAEu8EplOIlOU. H 8EWpio 1:WV ljJUXOAOYlKWV

II fEVtKn eEwpia rns AnaaxOAnans. IOU TOKOU Kat IOU Xpnl1aIOS 41

Vc')I1WV CJ)(E1IKOI1E rnv KOlav6Awon Kal rnv urromuiaxm, n miopaon 10<; /)avEIOKTl.e; cSanovne; movw one l1I1E<; KOI <no npOYIJOlIKO nlJEpolJioelO, () pOAO<; lOU enrtoxlou - OAa ouro, OtNI<nOUV 10 cnopohrrro OlJ01:OlIKO rrtov cSIKOlJae; rpono O1<EljJne;.

EKIJE1aMruOIJOI rnv EUKOIpio oum Yla va EKq>pQaw lie; EUxapl<niE<; 110U Yla rnv OPI<J1n lJE1aq>pa<nIKTl. cSOUAEIO <nov Herr Waeger (EAnii;w 10 AE~IA6YIO lOU oro lEAO<; lOU nooovroc 101J0U' va anoOEIX1Ei xpTl.<JIIJO nepn ono rov OIJ£<JO O1<OnolOU) KOI otouc EKcS61Ee; IJOU, K. Duncker KOI I Iumblot, 10 EYXEipnlJa lWV onokov, orov E~EOwaOV, cSEKOE~1 x.p6VIO V(a)pnspo, 10 Economic Consequences of the Peace, KOlE<J1naE cSuvom rn cSlampnon me; ertoqmc 110u IJE roue rEpIJOVOU<; cvovvoxrrec,

J.M.KEYNfS 7 LEmEIl/3piou 1936

I. !lEV EXEI oullnEplAmp9Ei ornv nopouoo exlioon (EK6.).

,

I lOT1WVlKl1

O Alfred Marshall, nou IlE TO EPVO TOU Principles of Economics (Apx£s rns Oixovouixns; ovorpoerucav 011.01 01 aUyxpOVOI 01- KOVOIlOAOVOI, at08avoTOv 10IaiTEpn 8Ai.tJm va toviza rn otJVEXEla rnc CJKEt!Jn<; TOU IlE rn CJKEt!Jn TOU Ricardo. To EPVO TOU, OE IlEVciA.O pa8- 110, anOTEAoUoE IlnOAlaOlla rnc optoxnc apxnc; Kat me; apxne; me; unoxcrcoroonc IlE tn pucapvnuvn nap6&xm. H 8Ewpia TOU Via TO npotov Kat rnv xctovosoxm OX; oUvoAo, OE OIOt<plon ana rn 8Ewpia TOU Via rnv napaywyli. Kat rn Olavolln &OOIl£vovnpo'ioVTOe;, OEV EKTE8nKE nOTE XWpIOTO. Avo iOIa<; ato80v8nKE rnv avoYKn umc reroioc 8Ewpiae; n 0XI, 6EV Eillat ptPatOe;. 01 011£001, oxrrooo, OIOOOXOI Kat onaooi TOU, aocpaAcix;, EXOUV AElTOupyli.OEI xwpie; oumv Kat, npoqxrwoc, OEV ato80v8nKav rnv EAAElt!Jn rnc, Airm mov n OTIlOOq><Upa ornv onoia aVOTp6qmKa. TIe; I&Ee; mnEe; oioo~a Kat EYW npOOWntKO KatllOVO KOla rn OlopKEla me; TEAEUroloc OEKaETiae; ouvaorrronoinoc TIe; avmopKEIEe; TOUC;. Lm OIKn 1l0U, Aomov, OlaopOlln CJKEt!Jne;, TO rropov [3IPAio nvnnpootoneua urc nvtiopoon, 1110 nnoornotonoinon ana rnv ayyluKil KAaOlKn (n op8~n) napO&xm. H EllcpaOOIlOU ornv nArup6 mrm, OTIe; oEAi.&e; nou aKoAou8oUv Kat OTa onueio onou olo<poponolmJllat ana TIe; I&Ee; nou OIOOXTnKa, EXEI 8Ewpn8Ei, ana OPIOIlEvOUC; KUKAOUC; omv A YYAia, nEplTTO EpIOTIKn. nci:Jc;, ouox, xcnoioc nou aVOlpoqmKE OX; Ka80AIK6c; ornv aYYAIKn OIKOVOIlIKn n IlOMov OX; IEpEae; me; nkrmc uumc.unooa va anocpUyEI KonOla EPIrnucn EIlCPaon, OTOV vivEiOlallapTUpollEVa<; Via npeom cpopa;

Iococ, oxrtooo, 01 10nwVEe; avayvWmEe; ours 80 XPElaOTOUv TIe; ernBEOEIe; 1l0U svovnov me; aYYAIKne; rropoooonc outs 80 aVTIOTa80uv OE ourec, rvwpi<;OUIlE noM KaAO rn IlEvciA.n KAil-iaKa ornv onoia 010[36.<;0- vtm aYYAIKo OIKOVOIlIKO xetuevc otnv lanwvia, aMo OEV 0la8ETouIlE ennpxelc nAnpocpopiEe; OX; npoc TIe; orroipac TWV Iornovov VI' outn, To

44

Tzov MEIVapVl KEIVC;

npooonro a~ltnQlVO EYXEipn~a EK uspouc lOU LllE8vou<; OIKOVO~IKOU KUKAOU lOU T6KlO, va EnaVEKOOJaEllO «Prindples of Political Economy» lOU Malthus we; npWTO am ~ElPO Encvecoooaov lOU T6KlO, ~E Ev8apPUVEI va KOVW rn OKtljJn 611 Eva 13113Aio nou tAKEl mv Kmaywyr'l lOU neploo61EPO an610V Malthus napa uno tov Ricardo kxoc VivEl OEK16, 10UAOXl010V on6 OPlO~EVOU<; KUKAOU<;, ~E au~no8Ela.

~E Ko8E nspirruoon sium EUyvW~WV 010 Oriental Economist nou uou E&oaE m ouvm6mla va npocevvkxo lOU<; lonWVE<; cvovvcxnec X(()pte 10 np6a8Elo E~nOOlO me ~tvn<; vAWooa<;.

J.M.KEYNES 7 LlEKEJ1{3piov 1936

l

Elli EK010 KOIIlAEOV XPOVIO ornv AWAIKn nOAIlIKn Oucovouio KlJPIOPX0UoE ~.II0 op8o&X;io. Auto OEV onaorvaon EXEI EnIl<{XllnOEI Eva OI-iEloJ3AnlO OOVI-l0. AIlEVOVlio<;. Y nil~E 1-110 IlpooOEmIKT1 E~EAI~n rnc 8ECllpio<;. 001600, 01IlPOVIl08EOEl<; rnc, n OlI-lOO<jlOlPO rnc, n I-IE8006<; rnc EXOUV EVlUIlWOIOKO 1l0POl-iEiVEI iOIE<;, EVW ncpcmpdtor ~IO O~IOOIlI-IEiwm auVExEIO IlOP' OAE<; 11<; aMOVE<;. ME oumv OKPIJ3W<; rnv op- 8o&X;io,I-IE oumvm ouvEXn I-IEloJ3oon, oVOlpO<jlnKo. Airmv El-l080, OUIn oiOa~o, oumv EvPotJ.IO. no EKEivoo<; 1l0U J3AEllouv 10 IlpOVI-IOlO 0110 E~W, m80vw<;, OE oum va OvnKW oxoun, MElOVEVEOlEPOllOlOPIKOi rnc 8EWpio<; 80 8Ewpnoouv 01110 J3IJ3Aio ouro EVlOOOElOI OUOIOOTIKO ornv iOlo nopcooon. EyW 0 iOIO<;, OI-lW<;, VP0<jlOVlO<; 10, K08W<; KOI OE illE<; noooqxrrec epvoolec nou EXOUV oonvnoa OE ouro, EXW 0I080v8Ei 011 onOKOmOI-iOl uno rnv op8o~io oumv, 011 J3piOKOI-iOl OE loxupn ovti- 8Eon npoc oumv, 011 opanElEUw ono K011, 611 XElpa<jlElOUI-iOI. Aum OKPIJ3w<; n oVliAntJ.In I-I0U EivOI n E~nvnon OPIOI-IEvWV O<jlaA!-lOlWV 010 J3IJ3AiO, EIOIK01Epa 10 Em8ElIKO OXOAIO lOU OE OPIOI-iEvO OnOOllOOI-iOlO KOI n oio8non 011 onEU8iJVElOl unEp 10 OEOV OE 0000<; EXOUV 1-110 IOloilEpn orrnxn KOI EAOXIOTO ad urbetn et orbem. Enpsns va nekxo 10 OIK0I-I0U neplJ3illov KOI, stot, OEV ooxoAn8nKO,I-IE EnOPKT1 OI-IEOOml0,I-IE 11<; vvWI-IE<; tpinov, Lnl-lEpa, rpio XPOVIO 0PV01Epa, EXOVlO<; auvn8ioEl nAEov rn VEO KOlOOlOon KOI EXOVlO<; OXEOOV ~EXOOEll0 naAlO, ov ~OVOVpa<jlO 10 EPyo ouro, 80 snpene va Emol~w va onEAru8Epw8W ono ro O<jlOA!-lO OU- 10 KOI va EK8EOW 11<; 8EOEl<; I-I0u I-IE rno ~EKo80po rpono.

Amo 10 OVO<jlEPW, EV I-IEPEI Via va E~nvn8W KOI EV I-IEPEI Via va OIKOIOAOvn8W 0100<; voMoo<; OVOyvWarE<;. Lm raMio OEV unil~E op80~n nopoooon I-IE reroio KlJplopXIKnEmJ3oAn om aDvXPovn vvWl-ln onoxom xwpa I-I0U. Lll<; HVWI-I~-VE<; nOAtlEiE<; n KOlOOlOon U~E OE I-IEVOAO 1308- 1-10 nopouom I-IE EKEivn ornv AVVAio. 'OI-IW<; om raMio, onox KQI ornv UnOAOITm Eixxorm, OEV Unil~E 1-110 1600 KlJpioPxn oxoAn ootepo ono ro lEAO<; me oxoAn<; lWV yoMwv <l>IAEAEu8Epwv OIKOV0I-I0AOVWV, EiKOOI

46

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)(p6vla nprv (av Kat Ei;Tloav EW<; 1600 I1EYOAn nAlKia, nOAU I1ElO 10v E~OA€IIpn 10<; ernpponc lOU<;, nou ato80v8nKa )(PEa<; 110u, Olav Yla npdrm cpopO, v€OPO<; Eylva EKM1O<; lOU Economic Journal, va YpOtlJw 11<; VEKPoAoViE<; noMoov ana ennouc - Levasseur, Molinari, Leroy-Beaulieu). Avo Charles Gide EiXE nnoxmoa 10v iOla srnppon Kat xopoc ornoc ° Alfred Marshall, n 8Ean 00<; 80 EI10Ia1;E neproootepo I1E 10 OIKn 110<;. LnI1Epa, 01 0lKOV0l10AOYOI 00<; EiVat EKAEKlIKoi Kat (onox ntOlEUOUI1E 0PIOI1EvE<; CPOPE<;) xwpi<; ~a8IE<; pi1;E<; OE oixrmucnsn OKEq,n. 'lococ TO YEyovO<; ouro TOU<; KOVEI va npoosvvioouv €UKOAOTEpa ouro nou EXW va nw. Ioox 011W<;, aVli8Ela, va npoKuq,EI xcnoro OMo anmEAWl1a, onAac')l't, 01 cvovvoorec 110U va 01Epw1080Uv, xcnoic OlIVl1n, Via noio npOY- 110 I1IAoo orov avacpEpOl1at OE rnrto nou 0I0YYAOI EnIKPIlE<; 110U 8EWPOUv VAWOOlKn KOlO)(pnan, ornv «KAaOlKn» oxoAn OKEq,n<; Kat OE «KAaOlKOU<;» OIKOVOl1oAOyou<;.low<;, Aomov, 01€UKOAUV€l10U<; yOMou<; avayvcixrrE<; 110U av npoana8l'tow nOAu ouvorrnxu va unoonAWaw nom 8EWpciJ EI&mo/() [)facpopci 10<; OIKit<; 110U npoaEyylan<;.

Anoxcxeoo 10 8Ewpia 110U fEVIKTt 8Ewpia. Evvoeo I1E mrro on uoxoAOUI101 KUpiw<; I1E 10 OUl1nEPICPOpOTOU OIKOVOI1IKOU ouomactoc 010 ouVOAOTOU -I1E auvOAIKO EIOOOnI1Ola, OUVONKO KEpOn, OUVONKO npoiov, auvOAIKit onooxosnon, ouvoNKit EnEvOuan, ouvoNKn orrorouieoon rmpOl1E TO EIOOOnI1Ola, 10 KEpOn, TO npoiov, 10v cnooxosnon, 10v EnEVouan Kal 10v unorouleuoruomhstxov KAo5wv, EnIXElpnoEwv n OlOI1WV. Ynocrnplzro on EXOUV olanpaXTEi oo~apo ocpOAl1Ola EcpapI101;oVla<;, 010 rnxrtnun W<; aUvOAO, OUl1nEpOOI1Ola oro onoia op8c.iJ<; EXOUI1E xoLOAl't~EI, I1EI10VWI1Eva, Via xortoio rpnuo TOU.

EnnpEtVTE 110U va c')c.iJaw Konola napaoEiwaTa Yla 10 1I €WoW. To EnIXEipnl1ol1ou on VIa TO ouornuc W<; aUVOAO n nooomro TOU €looon- 110la<; nou anOlal1lEUElal, uno 10v MOIa on O€V oonavOTal OE TPEXOU- 00 KOlavOAwan, EiVat Kal npsna, KaT aVOYKn, va slvot aKPI~ ian I1E 10v nooormo 10<; vsoc EnEvOuan<;, ExEI8Ewpn8Ei napo~o Kat onorsAWE nsplrruoon €Upma1O<; OlxoVVWl1ia<;. H E~nynan outou npena va ~pE8Ei aVOI1CPi~oAa 010 YEYOVO<; 011 n OXEan cum IOO1OLO<; I1Ela~U anotouieuonc Kal EnEvOuan<;, n onoio laxUEI uno)(pEwlIKO VIa TO ouornuo OUVOAIKO, O€V laxUEI VIa Eva 10IaiTEpo 010110. !lEV unoPX€I KOVEva<; AOvoc WmE n onoio VEa EnEvOuan Yla 10v onoia Eil101 unEU8uva<; va EXEI ortomonnore OXEan npoc 10 I1EvE8o<;1WV onotcquaxraov 110u. £ivai unoAUla 8EI1nO va 8EWPOUI1€lO EIOOOnl1a €VO<; 0l0110U aVE~op1OTo ana 0,1I ouro KalaVaAooV€I Kat En€V5U€I. 'OJ.tw<;, ouro, npsna va Enlan110VW, 0€V 80 mpEnE va 110<; ExEI KOV€I va napa~Mq,oUI1E TO YEYOVO<; on n zmnon nou npoicnrra ana 10v KOlavOAwan Kat EnEVOuan €vo<; aT0l10U avor n rmvn TOU EIOOOnl1aTa<; OMwv OlOI1WV, eroi WmE TO EIOOOnl1Ola Y€VIKO OEV slvcu aVE~OpTma. Anevovnoc, E~apTooVlat nno Tn 0108Ean TWV

I { rEVIKn eEwpia InS AnaaxoAnans, IOU TOKOU «a: IOU XpfrJ.laIOS 47

mOIlWV va oonavnoouv KOI va enevoooouv, Acpou, Aomov, n E1011l0mto lWV mOIlWV va ~o&tVOuv KOI va En£VOUoOUV E~apl(l101 cno ro ElOOOllllmo lOU<;, npoxorrteuuc OXEon llE1a~U OUVOAlKTI<; cnotouteoonc KOI OUVOAlKne; EnEvouone;, nou ruKoAa urtopsi va OElX1Ei, nepo ana onoioonnore ouv01omlO AOYlKne; aIlCPloj3nmone;, 011 EivOI OXEon aKplj30ue; KOI ovovxoiuc «romtnc, npOKEl101, aocpaAWc;, Yla xorvorono oullnEpaouo. 001600, unoKlvEi tno aMnAouxia OKEtVEWV ono nc onotsc sxrroosoovror onucvnxotepo znmuoto. Ilooxurrra, Aomov, 011, YEVIKO, 10 npaYllmlKo EninEOO npoiovroc KOI anaoxoAnone; E~apl01010Xl ana mv ucovomtn Yla napaywyit n ono ro npoormpxov EninEOO EIOoOnIl01WV, aMo orro uc lpExOUOEe; onooooac Yla napaycoyit, nou IlE rn OEIPO lOU<; E~ap1(ilVlOl ana lIe; lPEXOUOEe; anocpOOEle; Yla EnEvOuon Kal orto nc napoooec npooooKiEe; me; lpExouoae; KalllEMoVllKne; K01avciAwone;. EmIlMov, Ecp600v yvwpii;OUIlE rn porm npoc KmavciAwon KOI npoc enevouon (ortox mv anOKaAW), onAaon 10 an01EAEOlla Yla 10 KOIVWVIKO oUvOAO lWV 0101llKWV tVuXOAOYIKWV 100EWV we; npoc 10V tpono olo8Eone; OEOOIlEvwV ElOoOnIl01WV, IlnOPOUIlE va unoAoyiooUIlE 10 EninEOO lWV ElOoOnl101WV KOI, enousvcx, 10 EninEOO lOU npoiovroc Kal me; anaoxoAnone;, nou aVlI0101XEi OE ioopponlc KEpOWV IlE Eva OEOOIlEvO snineoo veoc EnEvOuone;. Ano m OXEon oumv npoiomra n 8nopia lOU nOAAanAaOlaom. H, nciAl, yiVE101 npoeovec 011 ilIa a~nllEvn porm npoc cnoroulaxm, ceteris paribus, 8a uaoca ro aooonuom Kat 10 npoiov, Eveil ino a~nllEvn porm npoc enevoixm 8a to a~noEl. 'EXOUIlE, Aomov, rn ouval0mlO va aVaAUoUIlE lOU<; rropovovrec nou npoooiopkouv 10 Elooonlla K0I10 npoiov lOU otxrmuotoc we; OUVOAOU - EXOUIlE OnAaOit, KUPlOAEKllKO, ilIa 8Ewpia me; anaoxoAnone;. Ano 10Ue; ouMoYIOIl0Ve; ootooc npoKiJrnouv oounepooucrc IlE IOlailEpn ouvocpEla npoc 10 npoj3Anllola lWV onll601Wv OIKOVOIlIKWV, me; onll60lae; nOAl1lKne; y£vIKO Kat lOU OIKOVOlllKOU KUKAOU.

'Eva ciMo xapaKlnpI01IKo, ElOIKO Yla 10 nopov j3lj3AiO, Eivat n 8EWpio lOU erntoidou, 'EXEI unoornpma np60cpma ana noMoVe; OIKOVOIlOAQYOU<; 011 0 PU81l0c; me; lPExouoae; unotcuiaxmc npooolopii;EI rnv npoocpopci lOU EAru8EPOU KEcpaAaiou, 011 0 pu8IlOc; me; lpExouoae; EnEVOUone; pu8llii;El m zntnon me; KOI 011 10 En110KI0 EivOI, 8a AEYOIlE, 0 ncpnvovroc-tum nou opa E~loopponnl1Ko, npoooropizouevo; ana 10 onurlo rncrounc me; KallnUAne; npooeopoc onololl1EUoEWV Kal me; KaIlnUAne; znmonc En£VOUoEWV. Av, ouox, n ouvouxn ortoroulaxm unoXPEW11KO KOI OE Ko8E neplrmoon IOOtn:OI aKplj3Wc; IlE m ouvoAlKn EnEVouon, EivOI npoeovec 011 n E~nynon cum xotcppea. Ilperta va ovczrrmcouas aMou tn AVon. Tn AVon, Aomov, mv I3piOKw omv IOEO 011 n olampnon me; ioopponloc EivOI AElloupyio lOU En110Kiou. A vacpEpouor, I3Ej301a, OXI omv toopponlo llE1a~U me; znrnonc Kat me; npootpopoc

48

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VEWV KECPaAOlOUXIKWV oyo8Wv, aMa J.lE10~V rnc znmonc KOI me npoOCPOpa<; xpTi.J.lOlO<;, OnAo6Ti. J.lE10~V rnc znmonc YIO oeuoiotnia KOI ,WV J.lEOWV ucovortotnonc rnc znrnonc cumc, EnOVEPX0J.l0I, EOW, om 8EWpio rorv naAOlOlEpwv, lWV OIKOV0J.l0AOyWV nprv ono rov 190 OlWVO. 0 Montesquieu, nopaoEiyJ.lOlO<; xaplv, EioE mv aATi.8E10 cum J.lE onuuvnKTi. OOcpTi.VEIO - a raMo<; Montesquieu, a onoloc Ti.10V npoYJ.lOlIKa 100- MvoJ.lO<;'ou Adam Smith, a anJ.lOVlIKolEPO<; nov OIKov0J.loMywv 00<;, noM OVW,EPO<; nov CPUOIOKPO,WV OE OIElooUlIKomlO nvWJ.lO'O<;, 00- cpTi.vEIO KOl ,E1paywvn AOYIKTi. (lolom,E<; nou nperta vo 0108ElEI svoc 01- KOV0J.l0'\oyo<;). 'OJ.lW<;, 11<; AEmOJ.lEpEIE<; OAOU OUlOV lOU oxTi.J.lOlO<; npsnEI VO 11<; nqmoro YIO ,0 KEiJ.lEVO IOU [31[3lUou OUlOV.

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Ihoraxoon J.lEXPI np6ocpmo, novrou mVOIKOVOJ.lIKTirnlmTiJJn ExoUV Kn&J.lOVEUoEI, nOAv nspiooorepo napa KOlovOTi.OEI, 018EwpiE<;nou ouvOEOVlOl J.lE 10 OVOJ.la lOU 1.B. Say. Elver aATi.8Ela Oil «a V0J.lO<; rcov ovopWv» IOU EXEI EVKOlaAElcp8Ei npo noMoD ono rouc nepioootepouc OIKOvoJ.loMyou<;, 01 onoioiouox OEV ExOUV onoorooionomael ono nc [300IKE<; ,0uun08EoEI<; KOlIOtailEpa ana rnv nAavn lOU, 011 n znmon OT1jlloupYEi,Ol

H fEVIKn 8Ewpia InS Anaaxo).nans. IOU TOKOU «at IOU xpnuaios 49

ana mv npooqiopo, 0 Say unE8E1E ouormoo 01110 OIKOVOI1IKO oixrmun '\EIl0UpYOU<JE ornv n,\Tlpn <'5uVaI1IKOml010U, WmE tuo vee opaamprornm va aVlIKa81010 novrors xanoro oMn, xwpi<; note va npOOli8Etor d cum, LXEOOV K08E <JUVGKo'\ou8n OIKOVOI1IKJi. 8Ewpia ExEI E~apm8Ei ana mv iOla un08wn, I1E mv EVVOIa 011 npotin088EI mv napaOOXn auIn. Mia 1801a 8Ewpia, I1E m 8EI1EAiwan oumv, EivGl ooqxoc aVmaPKn<; Yla va xorcrnoota I1E ro npo!3'\nI1Gla rnc cnooxoxnonc KGllOU OIKOVOI1IKOU KUKAOU. Ioox unopco va EKCPP0<JW KaAmEpa orouc yO,\,\ou<; ovcvvoxrrec mv ouolo lOU !31!3,\iou aUlOU AtYOVla<; 011 O1n 8Ewpia rnc napayc.uyt't<; EXOUI1E Eva OPI01IKO pnYlla I1E 11<; 8EWpiE<; lOU Say Kat 011 O1n 8Ewpia lOU 10KOU unOPXEI ilIa ernorpoon 011<; 8EWpiE<; lOU Montesquieu.

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O v61l000 1:0 nop6v 13113Aio fEV1Kn BEUJpia InS Aitaoxosnons, roy TOKOU Kat roy xonuaios, oivovroe; EIlCPOon cto Eni8E10 YEV1Kn. LKOn6c; lOU titsou OUlOU elvor n ovrtnOP0130ATll0U xapaKmpO lWV EnIXElpnll<llWV KOI lWV OUllnEpaOl101WV 1l0U IlE to ovtlotorxo me; KAaatKnS1 8Ewpiae; IlE rnv onoio cvorpcoru«r KOI n onoki KUPlapXEi. npoKllKO KOI 8EwpmlKo, ornv oixovouuoi OKE4m me; opxoooae; 10~ne; KOI me; oKoonlloiKne; xorvomrnc me; rropouooc YEVlOe;, onox KOI nprv on6 EK0l6 xp6VlO. 80 unootnpkco 61110 0~IWIlOl0 me; KAaOlKne; 8Ewpiae; IOXUOUV 1l6VQ OE ilia EIOIKn nepirmoon K0l6Xl YEVlKO. 'On, OMOon, n xcrcotoon mv onoio un08tIEl n KAaOlKn 8Ewpia etvouno nEploplenlKn nepimwon lWV m8avwv 8EOEWV roopponloc, EmnAEov, ro xapaKmplenlKO me; ElolKne; neplrrtoxmc nou unE8EOE n KAaOlKn 8Ewpia oulll3oivEl va unv uvronoxolvovror ornv oncovouxn xorvorvlo ornv onoio Z;OUIlE, IlE cnorexeouc n OIOOOKaAia me; va sivrn nopoMovmlKn KOI xcrocrpoqnxn, ov EmXElpnooUllE va rnv ECPOPIl60oUIlE ornv npaYllOllKn z;wn.

1. «01 KAaOlKOi OIKOVOI.IOMVOI» ntov Eva<; xapmcrnplollO<; nou ETIIVOnOE 0 Marx Via va xapaKlnpioEll0V Ricardo Kml0V James Mill, aM6 K0I10U<; npOKaIOXOUS lOU<;. 5nllaM lOU<; 8EIJENW1E<; 10<; 8EWpio<; nou IlEOOUpavnOE IlE 10 pnccpvnavn OIKOVOIlIKrl. 'Exw ouvn8ioEI, 510npon0V10<; kxoc Eva OOAOIKIOllo, va OUllnEpllIallJ36vw ornv «KAaOlKrl axOArl» lOU<; onocouc lOU Ricardo, EKEivou<; 5nAa5r1 01 onoioi ul08t1noov KOI lEAElonoinoov In 8Ewpia rnc pncopvnovnc OIKOVOIlIKrl<;, onox (napa5EiVIl01D<; X6plv) 10V J.S. Mill, 10V Marshall, 10V Edgeworth K0I10V Ka8nvmn Pigou.

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01 m:pIOOOU:PE<; npOYIlOlEiE<; YIO m 8EU.lpio rnc o~io<; KOI rnc nopaywyn<; 0OXOAOUvrOl KUpiwc; IlE rn 61oVOlln Deijolltvov OYKOU onOOXOAOUIlEVWV nopov IlETO~U 610<jl0PETIKWV xpnOEWV KOlIlE TI<; ouv8nKE<; 01 onotsc, un08trovro<; rnv onooxoAnon rnc 6E601lEvn<; nooorntoc nopeov, npoooiopkouv TI<; OXETIKE<; OIlOl~E<; TOU<; KOlTI<; OXETIKE<; O~iE<; TWV npoiovnov TOU<;.!

To znmuo, ernonc, TOU OYKOU TWV Dla8tOlllwV norxov, IlE mv MOIO TOU IlEYE80u<; TOU nAn8uo1l0U nou unopsi vo onooxoAn8Ei, rnc EKToon<; TOU <jlUOIKOU nAOUTOU KOITOU OUOOwpaJllEvoU npaYIlOlIKOU KE<paAoiou EXEl OUXVG cvnueuornorel nEpIypa<jlIKG. H Ko8apn, OIlWC;, 8EWpio 600v O<jlop6 OTOU<; nopovovrec nou Ko80pic;ouv rnv noavuausn anaaxoknon

1. To Ev6lacpEpov rnrro EVTOOOETQI OTn ptKapVTtavr'l nap66oan. 0 Ricardo anapvEiTQI pmo KOSE Ev6tacpEpov VIa TO lli:ydJos TOU ESVtKOU eiooenucroc, OE cvrlOeon ~E TO Ev6tacpEpov lOU yta tn 6tavo~n TOU. Q!; npoc ooro a~tOAoYOUoE op86 lOV xapaKmpa rnc SEwpia!; lOU. Ot 6to60xoi lOU, O~W<;, AtY01EPO ~U<'iEPKEi!;, xpnat~onoinoavTnv KAaatKn SEwpia OE oiznmoac OXETtKE!; ~E 10 cmo lOU nAoDlOU. BA. EntOTOAnlOU Ricardo OTOV Malthus OTt!; 9 OK1W~piou 1820: «Eoek; rnOlEUETE on nOAlllKn oucovouic EivQI n 6tEpruvnan me CPUan!; KQllWV omov lOU nAOUlOU, EYW vo~ic;w on Sa enpens va ovouooret 6tEpEUvnan lWV VO~WV nou I ipoootopkouv tn 6tavo~n lOU npoiovtoc ~ETa~u lWV lO~EWV ot OnOiE!; ouvepYOC;OVTQI vm TnV napaywvnlOU. Kovsvoc vouoc nou va acpopQ ornv nooomro 6Ev urtopel va lESEi. Mnopsl, W01000, va lESEi EVa!; aVEK10 OpSD!; vouoc nou va acpopQ OE aVaAoyiE!;. KoSE uspo nEi80~at DAO KQI nEptOOolEPO on n npdrm 6tEpeuvnon EivQI uctom KQI analnAn KQI on uovo n cSElnEpn EivQI 0 aAn8tvD!; OKOnoc rnc eruomunc».

56

TI;OV Mervopvt Kavc

lWVOI08EOI~wvn6pwvanoviw<; ExEI E~ElOOlEi ArnrO~EpEOlE(Xl. eo nrov, cpUOIKa, ov6mo va urtootnplfouue 611 OuOOAW<; ExEl E~ElOOlEi. OAE<; 01 otxnmoac VIa 11<; OIOKU~avOEI<; me anaox6Anan<; -KOI EylvaV, npOy~a- 11, nOAAE<; ~mOEI<;- aOXOArl8nKOv ~E 10 8E~0 ouro, i:J.EV EVVoW 01110 O1m~a EXEI ayvon8Ei, aMa 611 n UnOVOOlJj.lEVn 8Ej.lEAJ.(oon<; 8Ewpia AOYIi;6lOV 1600 onAn Kal npopovnc, nou OEV XPEI0i;6lOV nope anAW<; KOI ~6- vo va avacpEp8Ei. 2

H KAaOlKn 8Ewpia rnc onooxoanonc +Tl onoin unOli8El0l611 EivOI anAn KOI npoeovnc- EXEI ~aOlOlEi, vouino, OE Mo 8Ej.lEAIWOn O~IWj.lOLO, xwpic npcncnxu va EXOUV oiznmael, T a a~lwj.lOLO ouro EivOI:

1. 0 uioeos eivai iaos rrpos TO oplaKo rrpoiov rns epvaoias

AUl6 onuolva 011 0 j.l1086<; Ev6<; Epyai;o~EvoU eivrn iooc npoc mv a~ia nou 80 XOV610V, av j.lEIWv6lOV n onooxosnon KOLa ulo j.lovaoo (av OCPOIPE8Ei orrotoonnote OMo OlOIXEio lOU KOmOl.J<;, 10 onoio 80 unoooooe va onoq>EUx8Ei E~allia<; tnc uekoonc otrmc mc napaywvn<;), un6 rnv nepiopurnxn, O~W<;, ouv8itKn 611 n 100mlO unopa va oIOLa(Xlx8Ei, aUj.l<pWva us 0PIOj.lEvE<; apXE<;, av 0 OVlOYWVIOj.l6<; KOI 01 cvopsc eivoi OLEAEi<;.

2. H xpnoiuotma TOU /lwBou, orcv anaaxoseitai evas DEDO/lEVOS OYKOS epvaoias, eivat ian ttpos rnv ooiaxn DuaapEaKEla

IOU OUYKEKPl/lEvOU 0YKOU anaoxosnons

AUl6 anj.lOiVE1611 0 npaYj.lalIK6<; j.l1086<; EV6<; epvozousvou EivOI 0 j.ll- 086<; nou 8EWPEhOl j.lOAI<; enooxnc (KOla rnv exrlunon lWV iOlwv lWV

2. o KoSnvmn<; Pigou, napa&iW01D<;xaplV, 010 Economics o[We/fare (4n E1<.O . OEA. 127) VpaCPEI (10 JlMVlO EivOl olKa 1l0U): «IE oAn cumv m oixntnon, EKlO<; eov pmn OVOCPE(JElOI 10 OV1iSElO, 10 VEvoVO<; 011 OPlOIlEvOI nopoi DEY uncoxoAOMOl, rtopc rn StAnon lWV K010XWV lOU<;, nvvoelrm. AUlD &v mnpEci?EI rnv ouaia rov ETlIXElpnllUIos, mil anAOJlOlEi tnv ncoouotoon lOU». 'Elm, mil 0 Ricardo prrm unonoertm KaSE npooncaao va aoxoAn8Ei IlE 10 IlEVE8D<; lOU E8vlKOU stOOOnllalD<; auVOAlKO, 0 Ka8nvmn<; Pigou, OE Eva ~1~AiO JlOU uqiopc ElOlKO 010 npo~Anlla lOU E8vlKOU aooonuoroc, UTIOOlnpil;EI 011 n iOla 8Ewpia IOXUEI otnv nsptrrroon KOJlOla<; aKOUOla<; ovepvinc, omcc Km amy nsplrruoon rnc nAnpou<; crmoxosnonc,

/I fEVIKn 6JEwpia InS AnaaxoJ.nans, rou TOKOU «at rou Xpnuatos 57

mOIlWV) VIa va nopotpuva exavouc nou npaYIlOllKO cncoxoxouvror va avor 0la8EOlllol, uno rnv nepiopumxn ouv8nKn 011 n 1001010 Yla K08E XWPlmt1. 1l0VOOO epvaolcc unopel va 0lOlapax8Ei E~allia<; 1l1a<; OUVEVvononc IlEla~u lWV mOIlWV nou urtopouv va anaoxoAn80Uv, av6Aoya IlE 11<; OlEAElE<; lOU avraYWVlOIlOU nou xopoxmoka 10 npdrto a~iwlla. E&iJ n oooapEOKEla npena va von8Ei 011 KaAUmEl K08E AOYO nou unopEi va oonvnca KonOlOV n KonOlOU<; va unv npoorpzpouv rnv Epyaoia lOU<; Yla Eva nllEpolli0810 nou 8a lOU<; npoortoptzs xpnOlllomlO K01W ana Eva 0PlOIlEVO rninEOO.

T 0 a~iWlla ouro elvoi oullf3mo IlE exetvo nou unopei va anOKAn8Ei aVEpyia «lplf3n<;». MIa pEOAtOllKn E~nynon acpnvEl 8EIlllO nEpl8Wpla Yla nOlKiAE<;, un aKPlf3Ei<; npooopuovec, 01 onoiec Ellnooii;ouv mv rnil~n OUVEXOU<; KOl nAnpou<; anaoxoAnon<;: napaoEiYIlOlO<; XOPlV, aVEpyia nou unopel va Oq>EiAElal OE npooWPlvt1. EAAEltVn iooppomoc avOllwa one OXElIKE<; rrooomrec lWV E~ElOlKruIlEvWV rtopcov OE xoxo unOAOYlOIlO n OE oouvexao 10<; zmnonc OE XPOVlKE<; ocrepnoac E~allia<; anp6f3AEmwv IlElaf30AWV 010 YEVOVCx, 011 n IlElof3aon ana ilIa anaoxoAnon OE 6Mn &v unopd va npaVllOlonom8Ei xwpi<; Konola Ka8umEpnon. 'E10l, OE ilIa un orntuot KOlvwvia novrore Sa unoPXEl Eva nooooroun xpnOlllonOlOUIlEVWV nopeov «IlEla~u anaoxoAt'1.oEwV». EKlCx, 10<; aVEpyia<; «lplf3n<;», 10 a~iwlla sivor ernonc oullf3mo IlE rnv «EKOuOla» aVEpyia, nou Oq>EiAElOl ornv opvnon n omv aouvOl-lia 1l1a<; 1l0VOOO<; Epyaoia<; va an00EX1Ei 01-101- f3n n onoia ovuororxel ornv a~ia lOU npoiovtoc nou unopsl va anOOo8Ei ornv OplaKt1. 10<; napaYWYlKomlO, VIa ontec onox: n vouoseoio, 01 KOlVWVlKE<; npaKllKE<;, n OUAAOYlKt1. 0IanpaVJ101EUon, n apyt'l. anOKPlon one aMaYE<; n anAW<; tno anAn av8pci>mvn EIlIlOvt1.. 'O!lc.u<; 01 000 coree xornYOpiE<;, onAaM n aVEpyia «lplf3n<;» KOl n «EKOUola» aVEpyia, EivOl KOlaVOnlE<;. Ta KAaOlKO a~lwIlOla&v&xovrOl mvrnecvotrrro mctotmocornvopioc, mv onoia 8a oploco aKoAoti8W<; coc «uxoooto» aVEpyia.

~10 nAaiOlO lWV nepropiourov mmov, 0 OVKO<; lWV anaoxoAoullEVWV nopeov npooolopii;Elal, oUllq>Wva IlE mv KAaOlKt1. 8Ewpia, ono ro 000 a~lwllma. To nporro 110<; Oi&llOV nlvoxo zrrmonc epvooicc xor to &Iirepo lOY nlvoxo npooeooac, EVW 0 OVKO<; 10<; anaoxoAnon<; opii;ElOl 010 onpslo onou n xpnOlllomlO lOU oplaKOU nootovtoc E~IOWVElOl IlE 10 oooapEOKEla 10<; oplaKn<; anaoxoAnon<;.

Anornrto npoxurrrerou unoPXouv 1l0V01EOOEPl<; ouvOloi rponor ou~non<; 10<; onooxosnonc

(a) f3EAliwon 10<; opvovoxmc n 10<; np6f3AEq,n<;, n onoia IlElWVEl rnv aVEpyia «lplf3n<;»'

(f3) uekoon rnc opmxnc ouoapEoKEla<; 10<; epvcolcc, onox EKCPPOi;ElOl ana lOY npovuonxo 111080 vm lOY onoiov elvor

58

Tzov MEIVapV1 KEIV<;

0108EOII.tn np6a8ElJl epvooio, eroi oxrre va IlElw8Ei n «EKOU- 010» nvepvkr

(y) o~noo rnc 0PIOKfU; CPOOIKli.<; napaYWYIKomlO<; rnc epvaoloc 0l0U<; KAOOOU<; napaywyt'l<; oyo8Wv YlO lOU<; 1l108oouvrnpnlOU<; (YIO va xpnOiIlOn0l11.00UIlE 10V KOl6MnAO opo lOU KOBnvrrm Pigou YIO oy080 ono mv nun lWV onokov E~aplOlOl n xpnOillomlO lOU xpnllOlIKOU 1l1080u) n

(0) o~noo rnc nunc lWV oyo8Wv YlO lOU<; un 1l108oouvn'lpmou<; OE aUYKPlOO IlE rnv rum lWV oyo8Wv nou OYOP01;OVlOl orro lOU<; 1l1080ouvrnpmou<;, OE ouvouoouo IlE 1110 uetoromon me oonovn<; lWV un IlIa8oouvn'lpmwv uno 10 oy080 YlO 111- a8oouvn'lpmou<; 010 oy080 YlO un IlIa8oouvn'lpmou<;.

Aum eivor, VOllic;w, n oooio me npaYllolEio<; Theory of Unemployment (BEwpia InS AVEpyias) lOU K08nynm Pigou, onou I3piaKOUIlE tn uovn AEmOIlEpn nEplypacpn tnc KAOOlKn<; 8EWpio<; rnc onooxoAnoo<;.3

II

Mnopouue, OpaYE, va nouue 011 01 xarnvoplec nou napa8EOOilE rno noVW KaAumouv K08E nepirmoon, OV M130UIlE onoum 110<; 011, YEVIKO, 0 nAn8uaIlO<; onovkoc EPYOC;ElOl 1600 600 80 n8EAE IlE 13000 10V laxUoVlO 111080; Ilperter, oocpaAW<;, va nopOOEX10UilE 011, K010 KOVOVO, 80 npooceporov nspiooorepn epvoolc 010 UCPIOlOIlEVO EninEOO xpnunllKOU 1l1080U ov znrouvmv. 4 H KAOOlKn oxoAn OUIlCPIMWVEllO CPOlVOIlEVO OUlO IlE 10 OMEPO o~iWIlO me, unoornplzovtoc 011, EVW n znrnon YIO epvooio OlOV UCPIOlOIlEVO xpnllOllKO 111080 unopei va ucovortomaet nporou onooxoAn80uv OAOlIlE 10V 1l1a86 nou EnIKPOlEi, n KOlOOlOOO mrm O<pEiAElOl OE 1110 pnrn n ouormpn OUIlQlWvio IlElO~U lWV EPY01WV va unv spvootouv YIO MY01Epa, EVW av 01 EPYOC;0IlEVOI, 010 aUvoAo lOU<;, OUIlQlWVoUaav OE uaoxm lWV OVOIlOOlIKWV IlIa8WV, 8a noooeeporov nE(Jl0001Epn oncoxoxnon. Av OUlO oulll3aivEl npaVllOlI, uto lElOIO nvepvia, av Kal CPOlVOIlEVIKO EiVOl uxoixnu, ornv npaYIlOlIKomlO OEV EiVOl, KOl 8a snpene va nEpIAncp8Ei amv xcmvoplo rnc «EKOUaIO<;» uvspvluc, E~allio<; lWV EnIOpaOEWV nou uoxsl n ouMOYIKn 0lanpaVll01EOOn K.An.

L10 OOIlEio ouro 8a npena va KOVOUilE ovo nopurnpncac. H npciJtn ouoXEli1;ElOI IlE TnV npovurmxn moon lWV epvcnov evovn lWV

3. To Theory of Unemployment lOU Kaenymn Pigou E~E1aC;E1al AEmOIlEpEotepo 0'l0 nap<ipmlla lOU KEq>ahaiou 19.

4. BA.. 10 npoavacpEp8Ev urtoonnouo lOU Kae. Pigou, amy urtoonurkoon 2.

1/ rEVIKn Oecooia InS AnaaxoAnans. TOU TOKOU Kal IOU xpnuaios 59

IlpaVIlOlIKWV 1l108Wv K0I1WV OVOIlOOlIKWV 1l108Wv oVliOlOIXO KOI OEV avo: 8EwpmlKo 8EIlEAlwon~' n oWrEpn, 01lW<;, Eiv0I8EIlEAIWOn<;.

A~ un08EoouIlE Via ilia OlIVlln on 10 EPVOlIKO OUVOIlIKO OEV EivOI IIPOElOIIlOOIlEvO vo EPVOOlEi Via XOllnAOlEPO OVOll00lIKOlll080 KOIOll I moon LOU \.KjlIOlOIlEVOU rnmEOOU lOU OVOIlOOlIKOl) 1ll080u 80 oonvouOE, AOYW onEpVIWV n IlE OAAO~ rponooc, OE onoxeopnon ono mv avopo epvcoluc EPVOllKOU ouvalliKOU nou lwpa anaoxoAEilOl. InllaivEI, opoVE, mrto 01110 IOXUoV rninEoo npOVI1OlIKWV 1l108Wv IlElp6 rnaKPl13<ix; tnv opuncn OuoapEOKEla rnc epvcoioc; 'OXI, unoxpEwllKO, acpou, 1l0AOvon ilia uskoon OlOV UCPIOlOIlEVO ovouoonxo 111080 8a oonvouoe OE ortonopnon EPVOlIKOU ouvalllKOU, mrro &v 8a oTtllOlVE 0111110 rrnoon ornv o~io lOU IOXUoVl~ OVOllaOlIKOU 1l1080UOE opo~ova8Wvnou avopczouv 01 IlI08oot1VlilpmOi8a oonvouoe 010 iOlo anOlEAEOIla, av n rrnoon lOU OVOIlOOlIKOU 1l1080U Oq>EIAOlav OE aUf;non rnc nunc lWV ouvxeKPIIlEVWV av08wv. ME OAAO AOVla, EivOI m80vo nznmon epvoolcc, IlEOa OE opiouevo opla, va EKOnAWVElOl Via evov EAOXIOlO OVOllaOlIKOIlI08o KOI OXI Via svov EAOXIOlO npoV1l0l1K01l1080. H KAOOlKn oxoAit EXEI uno- 8EOEI OIwnnp6 OllLO EVOEXOI1EVO ouro OEV ouvrnOVElat OUOloOlIKn aAAayit om 8Ewpio me, D.EV IOXUEI, 01lW<;, outo, enaon, OV n npoocpop6 EPvooioc OEV etvoi ouvopmon lWV npOYllOlIKWV 1ll08wv UX; 1l0VOOIKn~ IlEla(3Anm~m~, n rnlXElpnllOlOAov[a me KOlappEEI rrAitpw<; xorro EPWmila nom 8a [[Vat n EKOOlOlE nPOYllOlIKn onooxaAnon napol1EVEI EVlEA~ onpoooroproro.? D.EV cpoiVElat va aVlIAal1(3ovOVlat on, av n npoOcpop6 Epvoo[a~ OEV E[VOI ouvcpmcn anOKAEIOlIKO lWV npaVI10lIKWV 1l108Wv, n KOllnUAn npooeopuc epvooicc 80 ueroronkeror OUVOAIKOIlE Ko8E xivnon lWV llllWV. H IlE~ rnc, enouevox, OUVOEElatllE ttc noAU EI0IKE~un08EoEI~ rnc Kat aOUVOlE[ va npooopuocret omv rno VEVIKn neplrrroxm,

Trope, n nsipo 1l0~ OIOOOKEI, nEpo uno Ko8E aIlCPI(3oA[a, on n KOlOcroon ornv onoia 01 EPVoC;OI1EVOI OIEKOIKOUV (IlEOa OE OPIOIlEvo apia) Evav ovouootuco KatOXI EVoV npoYllaliKOlll08a eivouno nsptrrroxm nou Ko8E OAAO nop6 arrAn m8avomlo OUVIOlO - onevcvnoc, [[Vat n ouvnOne neptrrroxm. E veil 01 epvozopevor nvnopouv ouvit8w<; OE ilia uekoon lWV ovopoonsrov 1l108Wv, OEV ouvn8i~ouv va onooupovror ana rnv ovopo Epvaoia~Ko8E cpopo nou onuacovstuuno oUf;non omvrum lWV avo- 8Wv nou ouvit8w<; nvopozouv, AEVElOl, IlEPIKE~ CPOPE~, on 8a mnv nop6Aovo va aVllopoDv 01 EPVo~OIlEVOI OE uekoon lWV OVOlloOlIKWV I1lo8Wv KOI va unv uvnopouv OE uekoon lWV npoYllOlIKWV Illo8Wv. Ito AOVO~ 10U~ onoiouc 80 avomU~oullE rno KOlW, mrto iotoc va unv Eivat l600

5. To zntnuo al)"(010 npaYllG1ruollat AET110IlEpW<; 010 Ilopuprnuo lOU KepaAaiou19.

60

Tzov MEIVOPVl KEIV<;

napMOYO 600 qiolvenn ue npdrm 1101:10 KOI, onox 80 OOUIlE 0PYOTEpa, EtTIUXW<; nou Eivat etoi, '01lUX;, EilE AOYIKO EiTE nop6Aoyo, n neipo oEiXVEI OTt aUTO<; EivOI 0 tportoc oullnEpl<jlopO<; TWV EPYOi;OIlEVWV.

EmnAEOV, n onoipn on n oVEPyio nou xopaKmpil;EllllO UcpEon opelAE1:01 OE npvnon TWV EPyol;0IlEVWV va onooextouv uekoon TWV ovouoOllKWV 1l1a8WV OEV qxilvercn va ornplzeror OlO vevovoro, !:J.EV slvor T600 ruAOYO va IOXUP1OlOUIlE on n cvepvto one HfIA LO 1932 oqlElAOmV EilE OlO on 01 EPyol;0IlEVOl 0PVOUVTOV KomYOpnllOllKa va onOOEXLOUv 1110 uekoon TWV OVOIlOOllKWV 1l108wv EiTE ornv K01:nyopnl101:IKn LOU<; onolrnon YIO npoYIlO1:IKOU<; 1l1080u<; navw uno rnv nopaYWYIKomm nou n oucovouuot Ilnxovit IlnOpOUoE va npoooepa. ILOV oYKom<; onooxoAnone nopompoUVTolllEVME<; OIOKUllaVOEl<; oiXUX; xonoio EIl<jlovit aMoyiI, EiTE OTI<; EAaX1OlE<; npaYIlO1:IKE<; cnormcac TWV EPyol;0IlEvwV EiTE ornv napaYWY1Komm. 01 EPyol;0IlEVOl OEV Eivat nepioootepo m18E1:1KOi ornv ixpeon an' o.u ornv oucovouucn av8non - Ka8E ilio IlM1OlO. 00- TE KOI n <jlU01Kn TOU<; napaywY1Komm rtvounxpotepn. To EIlnE1P1Ka auTO vevovorc cnorsxouv EVa prima facie uno1308po Y10 01l<jllol3nmon me maPKElO<; rnc KAOOlKn<; ovMuan<;.

eo nmv<' EV010<jlEPOV va OOUIlE TO onOTEAEOll01:0 1110<; Ol01:10l1Kn<; OIEPruvnon<; TWV OUYKEKPlllEVWV OXEOEWV OVallEOO one 1lE1:0130AE<; TWV xpnll01:1KWV 1l108Wv Kat cue 1lE1:0130AE<; TWV npOYll01:1KWV 1l108WV. Imv rtspimoxm 1110<; llE1:ol3oAn<; nou nEplOpil;E1:at OlO OPIO EVO<; IOIOilEPOU KAaOOU 80 nEpillEvE KOVEi<; n llE1:ol3oAil OlOU<; npOYllOllKOU<; Illo80u<; va Eivat ornv i010 KOTru8uvon IlE rn llE1:ol3oAn OlOV<; OVOIlOOllKOU<; 111- osouc, Imv rtepirrrroon, 0IlW<;, IlEml30Awv TOU YEVIKOU srnrreoou 111- a8Wv So olomOlw8Ei, voulzco, on n llE1:ol3oAil OlOU<; npoYllollKOU<; 111- oSou<;, nou OUVOEE1:atIlE rn llE1:ol3oAn OlOU<; OVOIlOOllKOU<; 1l1080u<;, OXlllOVO OEV K1VEiTat npoc tnv iOlQ KOTEU8uvon, aMa OXEOOV naVTO KIvehm npoc oVTi8em K01:EU8uvon. AUTO cnuoiva, onAoon, moe, orov 01 OVOIlOOllKOi 1l1080i OVEPXOVT01, 01 npaYll01:1KOi IlIa80i nE<jlLOUV Kat, orov 01 OVOIlOOllKoi 1l1a8oi nE<jlTOUV, 01 npOYIl01:1KOi 1l1080i OVEPXOVTat. AuTO oulll3oiVEl EnEl6it, I3poxunp08EOll0, EivatoUVOTOV, T600 01 ovouoonxoi 1l1oSoi nou IlE1WVOVTat 600 Kat 01 npoYllollKOi Illo80i nou out;aVOVTat, Y10 OVE~aPTmOU<; AOYOU<;, va OUVOOEUOVTat uno uekoon rnc onooxoxnonc, 01 EPyol;0IlEVOl Eivat nepioootepo 010TE8ElllEvOl va unoOEXLOUv nepuconsc 1l108Wv orov IlE1WVE1:at n onooxoAnon. napa mum, 01 npovuonxol 1l10S0i Out;aVOVTat uvortooancrc OE nopouorec OUVSnKE<; AOYW me ou~non<; rnc opioxnc unoooonc OEOOIlEVOU KE<jlaAoiou otov n nopoywyil EAOTIWVE1:at.

npOVllOT1Ka, OV nrnv oAn8Elo, on 0 U<jlIOTaIlEVO<; npOYIlOT1KO<;

6. flo rteportep» <JUi;J'Iman lOU onuaou OUTOU, I3A, Ilopoprnpo 2,

II Frvixn Oecooiu rns Anaaxoknons. IOU TOKOU xat IOU Xpnuatos 61

p1086e:; ouvroro EVa EAOXlOl0 ernrteoo, K01<u ono ro onoio 6EV 80 mov /)I01E8£lIlEVOC:;, OE Kallio neplrrnoon, va spvoorei KOVEvOe:; EK16c:; ana EKEivoue:; nou n6n EpYOC;OvrOl, 101E, EK10e:; on6 rnv oVEpyio lPl~ne:;, 6EV 80 I IfmpXE oxoixno ovepvio, To va un08EooUllE, ~E~OlO, 011 K0111E10l0 uno'If'\Ei rn auvn8n nepirruoon 80 nrov, ooqmAW<;, nopo~EVo, ocpou orov I xprotouevo ovouoonxouroso, auvn8wc:;, Eiv0l6108EOlll0 nepioootepo EPY011K06uvOlllK6 ana 0,11 onoaxOAEilOl at1IlEpa, Emw KOl OV n 11111'1 1WV aya8wv nou K010VaAWVOUV 01 EPYOC;0IlEVOl 0~OVE101 KOl, ouvernoc, 0 IIPOYIl011K6c:; 1l1086c:; nEcplEI. Av mrto laxUEl, 10 10OOiJvOll0 1WV oyo8Wv lWV 1l108oauvmpmwv npoc lOV U<plmOIlEVO ovoucorncoutoao 6EV onolfhfj OKpl~n Ev6El~n rnc OPlOKne:; 6uaOPEOKEI0e:; rnc epvootoc KOl, ope, 10 6rulEPO o~iWlla OV01pEnE1Ol.

YnOPXEl, 61lW<;, 1110 ~00lK01Epn ovrippnon, To 6WrEPO o~iWIlO nnYOC;El on6 rnv IOEO 611 01 npaYll011KOi IllaBoi lWV EPYOC;0IlEvwV E~aplWvrOI an6 nc 610npaYl101U)(JEle:; lWV IlIa8Wv nou 6IE~OYOUV 01 EpYOc;6IlEVOlIlE roue EnIXElpnIlO1iEe:;. Flvetor on06EK16, CPUOIKO, 611 01 OlonpaYl101E1XJ£le:; OIE~OYOvrOl OE OVOllomIKOUc:; 6poue:; KOl, oxopn, 011 01 npaYIl011KOi IllaBoi nou EivOI onooacrol ono rouc EPYOC;0IlEvOue:; &v EiVOl EV1EAWc:; 0VE~0pm10l crto toix; 0V1im01XOve:; OVOllomIKOUc:; IllaBoUc:;. OOV1W<;, onoornokeunon o ovouoouxoc 1l1086c:; nou 610Ilo(.><jlWV£10lIlE mrrov 10V tpono EivOl EKEiVO<; nou npoaolopii;Ell0V npOY1l011K61l1080. ~UVEnW<;, n K.\oonm 8Ewpio 1J1I08E1El 011 01 EPYOi;0IlEVOI EXOUV n0V10 rnv EnlAOvn va IlEIWVOUV roue npGYIl011KOUc:; roue 1l1080Uc:;, on06EXOIlEVOI m uekoonuov OVOllomlKWV roue 1l108Wv. To o~iWIlO, 011 unoPXEl n loan 01 npaYIlO1IKoi IllaBoi va E~lOWVOV1OlIlE rnv OPIOKn 6UOOPEOKElO rnc epvootcc, npoUn08E1El 011 01 iOlOI 01 EPYOi;6IlEVOI EivOI OE 8Ean va unopookouv 10V npaYIl011KolliaBo YlO 10V onolov EPyoi;oV1Ol, Xwpie:; 61lW<; va EivOI DE 8Ean va unopcozouv rnv nooorrrm rnc onooxosnonc nou EivOlOl08EOllln orov 111080 outo.

H nOP0600l0Kn 8EWpio unoornpka, ouvorrnxn, on 01 inanoavuateuaeis y,a TOVS I11a80us I1Erafu emxeumuatuov xa: epvauav ttpootnooieouv TOV npaYl1anK0l11080. 'E1OI, AOITT6v, un08ElOV10e:; 011 ernKP01Ei EAEU8Epoe:; ovrOYWVlOIlOe:; 1lE10~U lWV Epy0601WV KOI 011 OEV unopxouv nepiopronxec aullQ>WviEe:; 1lE10~U lWV EpY01WV, 0l1EAEU10iol, av 10 8EAOUV, urtopouv va npoOOPIl0i;OUV roue npaYIl011KOUc:; 1l1080Uc:; roue amy OPlOKn OuaOPEOKEIO lOU OYKOU rnc onooxosnonc nou npoOCPEPE101 ono touc Epy0601Ee:; orov 111080 oirtov, A v mrro 6EV ioxua, 10- te 6EV unOPX£l, nAEov, A6yoe:; va nEplllEVOUIlE 1110 loan E~iowane:; lOU npOYll011KOU 1l1080U IlE tnv OPIOKn 6uaOPEOKEI0 me epvooluc,

To K.\OOlKO oopnepoouorc 80 npEnEI va laxUOUV -ocpEiAouIlE va 10 IJnEv8UlliooUIlE- YlO oAoK.\npo 10 EpYOllKO 6uVOlliKO KOI OEV onuclVOUV, onxroc, 011 EVa 1l0VO 010110 unopel va epvoorel on06EXOllEVO HEPlKOnn lOU OVOIlOOTIKOU lOU 1l1080U, EVW 0 auVOOEACPOe:; lOU mv

62

Tzov Msrvopvr KEIVC;

opvehor, Yno1:i8El0l61:1 ntrtn IOXUOUV E~ioou OE Eva KAElOl6 ooornuc KOI OE Eva avoIX1:6 oucmuo, xwpi<; va E~ap1:WVLaI an6 La xapaKmpIOlIKo EVO<; ovomou OlJ<TIT1llaLo<; n an61:1<; ernrruooac nou EXEl n uskoon 1:WV ovouaoruaov Illo8Wv OE Ilia uovo xwpa oro E~W1:EpIK6m<; sunopro, npnvuc nou, q>UOlKO, Bpioxetcu EVlEAW<; E~W an6 10 neoio rnc oixnmonc oumc, Oirre, enionc, ~aoic;ovLaI OE EllllEOa onorexeouurc A6VW xallnA61EpwV 1l108Wv, un6 rnv Evvoia 61110 xpnlla EXEl oPIOIlEVE<; eruopooac oro lpanEC;IK6 ouornuo Kat otnv nkrm - zrrmucm ro onoia 8a E~ElOOOUllE AEmOIlEpciJ<;Olo KEq>c:iAatO 19. AUla ~aoiC;OVlat omv nenoi8non 61:1 OE tva KAElOl6 ooornuo, ilia rrrdxm 1:0U YEVIKOU ernnsoou lWV ovoucorucov Illo8Wv 8a ouvooeoeror, OE Ko8E neplrrroxm ~paxuxp6vla xm IlE OE1JIEpruOUOE<; uovo tpononOlnoEI<;, an6 xonoo, av Kal 6XI novro aVaAoYIKn, uekoon croix npaYIlO1IKoD<; Illo80D<;.

Trope, n un68Eon 61110 YEVIK6 enlrrsoo lWV npnvuunxcov 1l108wv E~apl01:al uno 1:1<; olanpaYIlO1ruoEI<; 1:0U OVOllaOlIKOU 1l1080U IlEla~u 1:WV EpyOOOlWV K0I1WV EpYaLWV npoqxrvdx; OEV IOXUEI. Elver, npaYIlOlIKO, neplepvo 6110EV EyIVE napc:i EAOXlam npoormsao Yla va anOOEIX1:Ei n va anopplq>8Ei n unoason oum, OOAU nEpIoo61EPO a<jlOu Ko8E c:iM0 napa ouvsrmc eivoi npoc rn YEVIKn KaLEli8uvon rnc KAaOlKn<; 8Ewpia<;, n onoia uoc EXElOlOO~EI va rnorsuouie 611 OI1:IIlE<; olallOpq>WvoVlOl an6 10 opioxo OIlEOO KOmO<; OE xpnllaLIKoD<; opouc KOI 611 01 ovouconxot Illo80i npoooiookouv OE IlEYc:iAo ~a81l610 oplaK6 OIlEOO xooroc. LUVEraoc, av IlEla~An80Uv 01 ovopoonxoi 1l1080i, 8a nsplueve xoveic an6 mv KAaOlKn oxoAn va unoornolza 61:1 Oll1IlE<; 8a IlEla~c:iMoVlav Kala mv iOla OXEOOV aVaAoyia, aq>nVOVla<; lOU<; npaYllaLIKOU<; 1l1080u<; xorro sninEOO rnc uvspvicc npaKlIKO 10 iOlo oncoc nprv, EVW Ko8E 1l1K(J6 KEpOO<; n 6q>EAO<; lWV Epyac;ollEvwv 8a Em~opUVE rt 8a W<jlEAOUoE c:iMa OlOIXEia lOU opioxou KOmOU<; nou EXOUV IlEiVEl aIlElO~Ama. 7 <l>aiVElOl, roorooo, 611 napEKKAIVE an6 oumv m ypalllln OKEtjJn<; - napEKKAlon nou O<jlEiAE- 101 EV IlEPEI am ~E~0I0m1:0 rnc 61101 Epyac;61lEVOl EivOl OE 8Eon va npooolopic;ouv 10V OIK61:0u<; npaYIlaLIK61llo80 KOI EV IlEPEl, ioox, amvanoppoqmon rnc an6 mv IOEa 611 Oll1IlE<; E~aplwVlal ana mv rtooorrrrc lOU xpnllaLO<;. H nkrm ornv nporoon 611 01 Epyac;6IlEVOI EivOl novro OE 8Eon va Ka80pic;oUVlOVOIK010u<;npaytJaLIK61l1086, cncrnorram nouuo- 8ELil8nKE, olampn8nKE, mElOn IlnEp6EDmKE IlE rnv np6100n 611 01 EPyaC;0IlEVol EivOI novm OE 8Eon va npoofaoplzouv 10V npaYllaLIK61l1080 nou 8a aVllOlOIXEi OE nstum anaox6Anon, onAaM m f.lfYlarnn006mlO rnc cnooxosnonc nou EivOl oull~am IlE OEOOIlEVO npaYllallKOlllo86.

7. To EnIXEipnllo nuto, KOla m yvwlln uou, nEplExEI npQWOllllEyOAn 000n aAn- 8EI0~, ov KOIlO nAlipn On01:EAEUIlOlO uicc IlElol3o'\n~ 010~ OVOIlOO1IKOU<; 1l1- u80u<; EivOi mo no,\UnAoKo, onox 80 oEi~oUIlE 010 KEqx'I,\olo 19.

1/ J'EVIKri eeiooia InS AnaaxoAnans. rou TOKOU xa: rou Xpriparos 63

A VOKEq>aAOlWVOVIO<;: npof3<lMoVIOl OUO OVIlppl'lOEI<; cto OElnEPO ll~iwl1o rnc KAoolI<Ji.<; 8EWpio<;. H npWm OXEli1;ElOlI1E mv npaytlO1IKn DUpI IEPIq>Op6 lOU EpY01IKOU OUVOIlIKOU. MIO rmoon croix npaYI101IKOU<; pl080U<;. nou O<pEiAElOI OE avoOo lWV lIIlWV. EvW 01 ovouoouxol 1l1080i urvouv OJ.lElof3AmOI. OEY npoKaAEi. KOla xovovo, uekoon rou noooeep611EVOU EPY01IKOU ouvalllKou nou elvoi 0108€0I1l0 oto lP€XOV EninEOO plo8Wv KalW nrto tov 6YKo nou orrooxoxouvmv nprv an6 tnv avoOo lWV III1WV. To va OO08€00Uj.1E 10 aVIi8Elo onuoiva va un08€oOUIlE 611 6'\01 lKEivOI nou lWpa EivOlaVEPYOI.1l0AOv611 EnI8uIlODv va epvootouv orov IOXUoVIa 111086. 8a neipouv va noooespouv rnv Epyaoia lOU<; aK611n KOl ~I term an6 um I1IKpn aVOOO lOU KOmOU<; olaf3iwon<;. Evtourorc, n nef liEpyn mrm oo68wn cStonEpvc:ilo oUyypOj.1lla Theory of Unemployment (BECupia rns AVEpyias)810u Ka8nynm Pigou Kal Eival mrm rnv onoia 6- '\010 I1€An rnc op8~n<; oxo'\n<; onooexovro. ouormpa.

'OI-IW<; n OMn. 010 f3aOlKn nvrlppnon, nou 8a avarrn:R;oullE oro EnOpEVO KEq>OAOla. npo€PXElal an6 rnv allqJlof3nmoo rnc un68EOO<; 61110 VEVIK6 EninEOO lWV npaYIlOlIKWV Illo8Wv npooolopil;ElalallWa an610V XapaKll'lpa rnc OlanpaytlalElXJTl<;lWV Illo8Wv. H KAaOlKn OXOAn. oo08€IOVIO<; 611 n 010npaYil01ElXJTllWV Illo8Wv npoooiopkei rov npaytlO11K6 1-11086. €XEI OAI08nOEI OE ilia aouvxwpnm oo68EOO • .1EVllnopEi va unopXEII1€800o<; Yla lOU<; EPYOi;0Il€vOU<; W<; ouvoxo I1E mv ortoio va urtopouv vo npooopuozouv 10 EIlnopEUil0lIK6 iooouvapo (OE aya8a nou ovopoi;OUV 01 1110800uvmpmOl)lOU YEVIKOU Entn€OOU1WV OV0l10mlKWV I1lo8Wv I-IE rnv OPlaKnOUOap€OKEIO 10U1P€XOVIO<; 6YKoum<; cnooxoxncnc, t:.EY IJnOPXEllp6no<; I1E LOY onoiov 01 Epya1;61lEYOI W<; oUVOAO va unooouv va KOlEf3aoouv LOY noavuauxovxx; 111086 OE €va OEOOI1€vO I1€yE8o<;. npo~OiVOVIO<; OE ava8EWpnoo rnc OlanpOYl1alElXJTl<; lWV ovouaatmov 111- o8Wv I1E lOU<; EnIXElpnI101iE<;. AUl6 aK{Jlf3W<; 80 oooompi~OUIJE. eo srnXElpnOOUIlE va oEi~OUIlE on, npcnkrtox, OPIOIl€vE<; <lME<; OUVaIlEI<; avor EKEivE<; nou Ka80pi1;ouv 10 YEVIK6 EninEOO lWV npaYl1allKWV 1l108Wv. H npoona8E1a va qJWliOOUI1E 10 OUYKEK{JII1€VO np6f3'\nl1a 8a anOlEA€OEl tva uno to Klipla 8€IlO10Il0<;. eo unomnpi~OUI1E 611. an6mv unoipn OUmv, ExEI Una~Elllla 8EI1EAlwon<; nopavonon W<; npoc LOY npaYil0lIK6 tpono AEIloupyia<; me OIKOVOI.1ia<; cmv onoia 1;oUIlE.

III

A V KOI n naAn Yla 10U<; ovoucorucouc 111080u<; I1ElQ~U 0l611WV KOI 0l100WV m01EUElOl. OUXvo. 611 K080pil;E1 10 YEVIK6 enlneoo lWV

8. SA. KECjl.19, cto Ilnpepmun.

64

Tzov MEIVapvt: KEIV<;

npOW011KWV 1110Ek.i>V, ornv npOW011KomlO 6M0 OVllKEil1EVO ocpopO. Ecp600v unOPXEl O1:EAil<; KlVTI11KomlO Epyooio<; KOl 0l111080i l'>EV rsivouv OKPl!3ci)<; OE 1110 E~iowon lOU K080pou nAEOVEKmI101:0<; cue l'>IOCPOPE<; cnooxosnoac, K08E Ol0l10 (n OI1Mo O1:0I1WV), nou OUVOlVEi OE uskoon lOU OV0l100l1KOU lOU 111080u OE oUyKplon I1E lOU<; OV0I100l1KOU<; 111080u<; 6Mwv, 80 unoora oXET1Kn uekoon lOU npOYll01:1KOU lOU 111080u, npov- 110 nou OUVlOlO mopKill'>IKOlOAoyio YlO ovrlorcon, AnD rnv 6Mn nAEUpc, l'>EV 80 mov nocxtuco va OVllOlEKElOl KOVEi<; OE K08E uekoon lWV npOYll01:1KWV 11108wv, A6yw I1El0!30Ail<; ornv cvopooruot Suvoun lOU xpill1OlO<; nou ermpecza E~ioou OAOU<; lOU<; EPYOC;0I1EvOU<;' KOl, npov- 1101:1, l'>EV rropcmoelror, K01:0 KOVOVO, ovrkrroon OE I1ElWoEl<; lWV npay- 1101:1KWV 11108Wv OUlOU lOU Eil'>ou<;, EKlO<; OV unEp!3ouv xonoio opio. EmnAEov, ovtkrroon OE I1ElWoEl<; OV0l100l1KWV 1110Ek.i>v nou ECPOPI10C;OVlOl OE 0Pl0I1EVOU<; KA.oE>ou<; l'>EV npoKaAEi ro il'>IO ovunEp!3Amo eunooio OE o~non rnc OUVOAlKil<; onooxoAnon<; I1E sxsivo nou 80 npOEKUTTIOV uno nOp0l1010 uvrkrmon OE K08E uskoon lWV npaYl101:1KWV 1110Ek.i>V.

ME 6M0 AOYlO, n nOA.n YlO lOU<; OV0I100l1KOU<; 111080u<; mnpEOC;El KUpkoc rn (jIQVOlln lOU OUVOAIKOU npaYl101:1KOU 111080u I1ElO~U lWV l'>IOCPOPEllKWV oucocov EPYOC;0I1EVWV KOlOXl rn I1Eon nooornto avo 110VO&! 0- nooxoA.non<;, n onoio E~ap1mOl, onox Sa E>oDllE, onol'>lQ(poPEllKO oUvOAO l'>UVOI1EWV. To On01EAEOI10 rnc ouvepvoeloc EK I1EPOU<; 1110<; 0110l'>0<; EPYOC;OI1EVWV eivot n npoornolo lOU aXET1Kou npOW01:1KOU 111080u. To YEVIKO enineoo lWV npaYl101:1KWV 1110Ek.i>v E~OPlOlOl orro uc 6ME<; l'>uvoI1El<; lOU OlKOV0l11KOU oixrmuotoc,

'E101, EivOl EU1Uxnl10 nou 01 EpYOC;0I1EVOl, OV KOl couveionro, sivcu EVOlIKlwOOx; rno AOYlKOi OIKOVOl1oA6yOl uno sxetvouc rnc KA.OOlKil<; OXoAil<;, Ecp600v uvnopouv OE I1ElWoEl<; lWV OV0l100l1KWV 1110Ek.i>V, 01 orrolsc oncvio n OuOEn01E slvor K080AlKE<;, EOlW KOlOlOV ro UCPlOlOI1EVO npoy- 1101:1KO IOol'>UV0l10 lWV 1110Ek.i>v OUlWV unEp!3oivEl rnv opuncn SuocpeOKEIO tnc UCPlOlOI1Evn<; orrooxosnonc, Anevovtlcc, l'>Ev OVlll'>pOUV OE I1ElWoEl<;lWV npaW01:1KWV 111oEk.i>v 01 onotsc OUVl'>EOVlOII1E O~ilOEl<; am OUVOAlKil onooxoAnon KOl oqmvouv OI1EloI3AmoU<;lou<; OXEl1KOU<; ovo- 1100l1KOU<; 111080u<;, EK10<; ov 01 I1ElWoEl<; etvor lOOO I1EYclAE<; dxrre va OnElAOUV I1E TTIWon lWV npaYll01:1KWV 1110Ek.i>V KCllW uno tnv opioxn SuOapEOKEIO lOU UqJlOlOI1EVOU oVKOU onooxoxnonc, K08E EPYOllKO OUVl'>IKolO 80 npol3oAEl xonoio ovtkrroon OE 1110 uskoon lWV OV0l100l1KWV 1110Ek.i>v, 600 111Kpil KOI ov EivOl mrm, '011W<;, ocpou KOVEVO EpYOllKO ouvl'>IKolO l'>Ev l'>IOVOEi,Ol 011 80 unopoooe va onspvel K08E rpopo nou OVE- 130ivEll0 KOmO<; l'>lol3iwon<;, l'>EV npol3oMEl OE K08E ou~non me OUVOAlKil<; onooxoAnon<; 10 El1nOOlO nou lOU onol'>il'>El n KA.OOlKil oxoAil.

/I J'fVIKn eEu)pia rns AnaaXOAnanS. lOU TOKOU xat TOU Xpnllaros 65

IV

Tropo nperra va oploooue rnv tpitn xornvoplo ovspvicc, BnAaBn mv «oxoooio» aVEpyia un6 OlEv11 EWOla - Buvm6mlO rnv onoia BEV anoOEXElQl n KAaOlKn Oaopto.

De; «oxouom» nvepvin, ocqxoc, ()EV EWOOUIlE rnv anAl'l una~n 1l10e; nVE~oV1Amne; epvootoxnc ncovornroc, To OKlOWPO BEV OUVlOlO OVEPVia, EnElM anAW<; BEV E~OV1AEi rnv ncovornto lOU ov8p<iJnou va EPyol;ETOI BEKa ropec, Oirte 8a enpsne va 8EWPOUIlE «OKOUalO» oVEpyia rnv opvnon 1l1ae; olloBae; spvcuov va epvoorouv, mElBn BEV BEXOVlOl va IIPOOCPEPOUV rnv epvaolo 10Ue; K01W an6 10 minEBo 1l1ae; opiousvnc upcvuonxnc aIlOl~ne;, Ileporrepco, 80 Ilae; BlEUKOAUVEl va anoKAEioouPE on6 10V OPlo1l61l0e; me; «oxoooroc» ovspvloc rnv oVEpyio «lpl~ne;». LUVEnW<;, 0 opiouoc 1l0U Eival 0 oK6Aou8a<;: 01 UV8PWTTOI 8EwpovVlal OKOVGla UVEpYOI av, OE neoimoxm uias pIKpns aVfnans rns tums rwv aya8wv nov EivUI anaoaitma y,a rn ouvtnpnon rous oe oxeon ttpos roy ovouaottxo pla80, tooo n avvOAlKn npoouxux: EpyaTlKov l)uvapIKOV nou 8a n8dlt: va epvaaiei JlE roy IOxVOVla ovouaauxo pla80 ooo «at n avvO)"Kn zmnon epvaoias, arov plO80 auro. 8a nrav uevahnepES atto roy ixptotauevo OYKO anaoxoknons. Evcc EVCiMaKllKOc; OPlOIl6e;, 0 onoloc EVlOUlOle; KalOAnYEl 010 iBlO onoressouo, 80 008Ei 010 En61lEVO KEcp6AOIO,

An6 10V opiouo ourov enerm 611 106mlO lOU npaYllOllKOU 1l1a80U IlE rnv opuncn BuoapEoKEla me; onooxoxnonc, rnv onoia npoUnE8wE TO ()MEPO a~iwlla, av epunveutei PEOAlOllKO. aV1lO101XEi amy anouoio «oxotxnnc» aVEpyiae;. 8a nEplypoljJoullE mv xcrcoroon oumvex «nAnpn» anaax6Anan, nrpou 1600 n ovepyio «lpl~ne;» 600 xm n «EKOOOla» aVEpyia EivOI BUV0l6vva ouvurropxouv ue mv «nAnpn» onaax6Anan, 6- nox mv opiooue, Am6, onoc 8a OOUIlE, lQlPlOl;ElIlE 6Ma XapaKmPl<J1lKO me; KAaOlKne; 8EWpioe;, n onoia unopsi KoMlO1a va xapaKmplO1Ei 8EWpio me; Blavollne; OE auv8nKEe; nAnpou<; onooxosnonc. Ll0V l3a81l6 nou 10 KAaOlKO a~lwllma 10XUOUV, nvepvio, n onoia IlE mv npoavacpEp8Eioa EWOlO EivOl aKOIJOIa, OEV urtopei va EIlCPavlOlEi. H napouOlm;6IlEVn ovepvlo nperra, we; EK lOU10U, va elvoi ro anolE'\wlla etre npootoprvnc anWAElae; me; epvoolnc YlO auYKuplaKou<; A6youe; n Blaxsxouusvnc znmonc lBlailEpa E~ElBlKEUIlEVWV n6pwv n, lEAOe;, me; miBpaone; nou OOKEi 0 anOKAElOIl6e;, ono mv nAEupo lWV Epyal1Kwv OW1l01Eiwv, oroueov nou BEV cvnxouv OE EpymlKo oroucretc an6 mv anaox6'\non. 'E101, auyypacpEie; nou aKoAou80uv rnv KAaOlKn nopoooon, napa!3AEnoVlO<; rnv ElBlKn un68wn me; 8Ewpiae; 10Ue;, EXOUV ovonoostncro Kala'\n~El 010 ouunepuouo, 10 onoio elver cnosuro '\0- YlK6 !3ooElme; un68wne; 10Ue;, 611 n rtopoomczouevn ovepvto (EK16e;

66

orto nc napaOEK1Ee; E~OlpEOEle;) npsna OE lEAIKn av6Auon va 0cpEiAElOl OE npvnon ana rnv nAEUpa lWV OVEPYWV OUVlEAE01:ciw va onoosxtouv inc allol!3n nou va ovnororxel omv opmxn napaYWYlKOmlOlove;. Evoc KAaOlKOe; oocovouoxovoc unopel va OUIJna8Ei LOve; EpyaC;0IlEvove; nou apVOUVlOl va onooextouv nepucorm lWV ovouoomcov 1l108Wv roue Kal va 0IlOAOYEi 011 loox OEV slvor OUVElO va unoxpEw8oUv 01 EpyaC;0IlEVol va an06£XLOuv nepiotdoac nou elvoi npoooprvsc, napa tmrm, n ernomuovucn lOU aKEpOlomlO 10V unoxpEWVEl va OnAWVEl 011 n opvnon mrrn, novtox, elvor EKEivn nou npOKaAEi 10 np6!3Anlla.

Ilpoonvdx, Aomov, av n KAaOlKn 8Ewpia unopei va ECPapllOOlEi 110- vo otnv nepirrnoon me nAnpOUe; anaoxoAnone;, elvoi ocpo.\IJa va tnv Ecpapll0C;OUIlE oro npo!3h.nllala me; cxouoroc cvepvicc - av !3E!3aiw<; unOPXEI K01I1ElOlO (KOl noioc 8a 10 apvn8Ei OpaYE;). 01 KAaOlKOi 8EWpntucoi 1l010C;OUV IlE 10Ue; EUKAEiOEIOUC; YEWIlElpEe; OE Eva un EUKAEiOElO KOOIlO, 01 ortolor, aVaKaAUmoVlae; 011 ru8EiEe;, napOMnAEe; ypallllEe; ouXVO OUVOVlloUVlal, EnlnAnnOUV nc voouuec nou OEV OlampouVlOl EU- 8EiEe; - WOOV 10 1l0VaOlKO cpOPllaKO vro uc oruxeic OUYKPOUOEle; nou oull!3aivouv. ~mv npOYllalIKomlo,!3E!3Ola, OEV unopXEl CPOPIlOKO 6AAO ana mv onoppupn lOU a~IWIlO1O<; lWV napaMMwv KOl rnv EnE~EPyooia 1l10e; un EUKAEioElae; YEWIlElpiae;. K01I nopOIlOIO onorteltor, 00- uspo, ornv OIKOVOIlIKTl. XPElOC;ElOl va anoppitjJoUj1E 10 &mEPO 8EWpnIJO me; KAaOlKne; 8Ewpiae; KOl va EnE~EpyaOlouIlE rn oullnEplcpopo EVOc; auomuctoc onou 8a eivor ouvom n unop~n oxooomc ovepvloc, uno m orevn me; evvoro,

v

~iVOVlae; EIlq>aon om olaq>oponoinoo Ilae; ono ro KAaOlKO oixrrnuc OEV npEnEI va nopo!3AEljJoullE Eva onacvnxo orureio OUIl<pWviae;. eo OlampnooullE onAaon 10 npcoro o~iWl1a, onwe; nponvoUJ.lEvwc;, uno rooc i&ove; nspioprouoix, ortox; ornv KAOOIKn 8EWpio. 8a noena, ouox, va Olallarnoooue EcSW Yla Aiyo KOl VO OOUIlE 11 orumiva mrro.

~nlloivElOll,IlE &001100 opyovwon, E~OnN.OIlO KOllE)(VlKTl, 01 npay- 1l0l1KOi 1l1080i xru 0 OYKO<; lOU nooiovroc (enousvox KOl me; anaoxoAnone) OUOXEliC;OVlOlllova&Ko, Wm:E, YEVlKO, ilIa a~non me; anooxoh.none; va EivOlOUVOlOV va npoKDljJEIlloVo we; onoreseouo rnc rmoonc lOU emnEOOU lWV npaYllallKWV 1l108Wv. ~EV allCPlo!3mw, En0IlEVW<;, 10 C;WllKO ouro YEYOVOc;, 10 onoio 01 KAaOlKOi oncovouosovo; EXOUV (0p8<i:Jc;) 8EWpnoa W<; aOIOIlCPlo!3nmlO. IE OEOOIlEvn xorcctcon opvavcxmc, E~OnAiollOU KallEXVIKne;, 0 npaYllallKOc; 1l1080c; uioc ll0vOOOe; epvoolac auOXEliC;ElOIIlOVOOIKO (KOI cvtlorpoec) IlE 10V OYKO me; cncoxoxnonc,

/I fEVIKn eEwpiu rns Anuaxo),nans, rou TOKOU KUI rou Xpnlluros 67

'ETOI, av a~n8Ei n onooxoxnon, 161E, I3paXunp68Eolla, n OJ.101l3n avo uovaoo epvcoioc OE opouc aya8Wv Yla roue 1l10800uvnipmou<; nproEI, y£VtKO, vo IlEIw8Ei Kalla KEpOn va a~n80Uv. 9 Airm EivOl npocpavWc; n OAAn 6q,n me; yY(lXJl11e; npotoonc, 611 KavovlKo n 1310llnxavia EPYOC;ElOl I-lE cp8ivoUOEe; onooocac am I3paxuxp6vla nepiooo, onou 10 npaYIlOlIKO KECPOAOIO 8EWPEilOl Ola8Ep6. 'E 101,10 oplaK6 npoiov moue; KAOOOue; IlOpaywyile; aya8Wv Yla roue IlI08OOUVlTi.pmoue; (nou Ka80pic;ouv roue IIpaYIlOlIKOUe; 1l1080Uc;) unoxpEWllKO EAanWVElal Ka8ci>c; a~OVElOl n ormoxoxncn. LlOV l3a81l6, Aom6v, nou IOXUEI n noornon oirm, Kci8£ IlE- 00 au~nane; me; anaox6Anane; noena rouroxpovc va oonYEi OE IlEiwan IOU opicxou npoiovroc KOI, enouevox, OE rmoon lOU mmEOOU lWV 111- a8Wv, 6nw<; IlElPOUVlOl OE 1l0Vo&e; lOU nooiovroc ouroo,

Orov 61lW<; EXOUIlE nnoppnpa ro OEUlEPO a~iwlla, ilia rmocn ornv anaoxoAnan, nv KOI unoxpEwllKO OUVOEElOlIlE mv anoooxn ono rooc epvczouevouc 1ll080u nou EivOI iOD<; OE a~ia IlE ilia IlEYaAUlEpn n006- rrrm aya8Wv VIa IlI08O<JUVt1ipmou<;, &v oqlEiAElOl unOXPEWlIKO am ?,nman IlEYaAlrrEpne; nooomtnc aya8ci>v an6 rnv n.\rupO lWV Epyac;oIlEvtov, H 130uAnon lWV Epyac;ollEvwV vo anooEXloUV xallnA61EpOue; ovouocrncoix; 1l1080Uc; &v EivOI, Kerr' aVOYJ(Tl, 10 cpQpllaKo me; aVEpyiae;. Evtoirroic, n 8Ewpia lWV Illo8WvOE OXEan IlE rnv anaox6Anan, noocrnv anoia KOlEU8uvollaOlE EOW, OEY unopsi va orroooenwrrel Mnpwc; npolOU CP1000UIJE 010 KECPOAOIO 19 KOI 010 nap6pmllo lOU.

VI

An6 mv ertoxn lOU Say K0I10U Ricardo, 01 KAaOlKOi OIKovolloA6yOl oiOOOKav 011 n npoocpopO onllloupYEi m olKn me; znmon - EVVoWVlae;, IlE «moro orumvmcn aAAO 6XI oacpci><; OPIOIlEvn EWOIa, 61110 oUvOAO lOU xoorouc napayu)yile; noena cnooolmtc va cSo.navn8Ei, ollEOa n EIlIlEOa, ornv ayopa lOU npoiovtoc,

9, To EntXEipnl-lO 01.110 oVOmOOO£lOl W<; E~i\(;: AnooxoAoUv101 n QVliPE<;, OlEAEl.I1oio<; ono 01.11011<;, 0 ovlipo<; n, npoo9tIEI om OUVKol-lllili evo I-lnoooEA rnv nuepo KOl nOYOPOOlIKn liw0l-ln lWV I-llo8Wv EivOI eve I-lnoooEA rnvnuepc, nOlO- 00,0 n + 1 ovopo<; 80 npo09£lE I-l0VO O,91-lnOooEA rnv nl-lEpo KOl EnOI-lEvW<; n cnooxoznon &v urtopsi vo oul;n9Ei OE n + 1 OVliPE<;, E1<1O<; uv n Ill-ln lOU OilOU au~n9Ei OE OXEon us roue 1-l109011<; EW<; OlOU1O nl-lEpol-li0910 vo onoemoow avoPOOlIKn OW0l-ln O,9I-lnOOOEA. TOlE 01 OUVOAIKOi I-llo90i Sa OVEPXOVlOV 010 9 110 (n + 1) I-lnoooEA OE aUYXPlon I-lE 10 n I-lnoooEA nponYOWEVW<;, H onooxoAnon, Aomov, EVO<; npoo9Elou Ol0I-l0U, uv oul-ll3Ei, OUVEnOY£lOl unoxpEwIIKO ueto(popa EIOOOnl-lOlO<; uno EKEivoue; 01 ortoiot nponyoUl-lEvW<; EPyoi;OV1OV otoix ernXElpnI-lOliE<;.

68

Tzov Mervupvr KEIV<;

~10 PlpAiO Principles of Political Economy (ApXES InS nO)./TlKnS Otxovouiasi lOU J.S. Mill n 8E(opia 61aWnWVElOl prrto:

«To IlEOa nAnpwllne; lWV eunopsououov EivOl anAWc; to eunopeoucro. Ta IlEOa nou 61a8E1El K08E 010110 VIa mv nAnPWlln me; nopovovnc oMwv av8pciJnwv elvcn exelvo nou KalEXEl 0 i6l!l<;. 'GAOl 01 nWAnlEe; elvoi ovonopeucro, aMo KOl oUllCjlWVa lIE rnv i61a rnv EWOla me; AE~ne;, uvopoorsc. Av ~acpvlKollnopouoous va 6mAaOlooouIlE nc napaYWYlKEe; OUVOIlEle; me; XWpuc, 8a ertpene va omAaOloooullE tnv npooqiopo lWV eunoPEUIl01WV OE Ko8E cvopo, aMo, lIE tnv i61a npofn, 8a enpene va omAaOloooullE rnv ovopaorucn 6walln. Ka8Evae; 8a omAaoia<;E tn znmon Ka8we; xm tnv npoooopc Ka8Evae; 8a nrov ucovoc va cvopcoa omAOOla, EnElon 8a EiXE va npoooepa 61- nAOOla we; aVIoMawa». 10

'Eva noproun rnc 8Ewpiae; cnrrnc elvorro aK6Aou80: EXEl olawnw8Ei n un68wn 611 Ko8E orouncn npO~n cnomc an6 rnv KOlavOAwon unoXf)EWllKO txEl we; anOlEAWlla n IOoOuvallEi lIE 10 va O1PECPOVIOllO EPYOllK6 ouvalllK6 Kalla eurropaamro nou anoOWIlEUoVIOlIlE 10V tpono outov ono mv npoopopo KOlavaAWllKWV aya8Wv OE EnEv6uon ornv napaywyl't KEcpaAaiou. To aK6Aou80 urrooncouo ono ro Pure Theory of Domestic Values (Kaeapn Gecoaia rwv EYXWP1WV T1P.Wv) II lOU Marshall onoouqmviza mv napa6oo1aKn npoosvwm:

«To oUVOAO lOU ElOOOnl101OC; EVOe; av8pciJnou oanav010l ornv ayopo urmpeouov KOl EllnopEUIl01WV. OpaYIlOllKO, AEYElOl 01)vJi.8WC; 611 evoc ov8pwnoe; oanavo xcrroio IlEPoc; lOU aooonuoroc lOU KOl ortoroureua xortoio QAAo. EiVOl, 61lWC;, vveoro OlKOVOlllK6 a~iWlla 611 svoc ov8pwnoe; ayopO<;El 16011 epvaoio KOl sunopeuucto lIE EKEivo 10 runuu lOU aooonuoroc lOU 10 onoio unotmneua 6011 KOlIlE EKEivo nou AtYElOl 611 oonavo. AEyElOl 611 oonavo, orov EnlOlWKEl va onoicmoa nopoixm uccvonotnon ono nc urmpeolec xorto EllnOpEUllOla nou ayopO<;El. AEYElOl611 onotcuneua, otov OIOXElEUEl rnv Epyaoia KOl to eunopeouoro nou ayopO<;El ornv napaywyI't nAoulOu an6 10V onoiov npooOOKO va unoxouioa ro IlEOa IlEMoVIlKne; ucovonolncnc».

10. Principles of Political Economy, Blj3No III, KEq>. XIV. nap. 2.

11. BA., OEA. 34.

/I t'evtxn eEwpia InS Anaoxoknons, IOU TOKOU xat IOU Xpnuatos 69

Eivm aAn8E1a 6TI OEV 80 mnv EUKOAO va napa8Eaw avoAoya nrroonoouoro an6 LO IlETaYEvEaTEpo Epyo12 LOU Marshall n an6 LOV Edgeworth n LOV Ka8nymn Pigou. H 8Ewpia onuepo OEV 61OTun<i>vETOl IIOTE IlE tooo WIl6 tpono. OOVTW<;, aK61ln KOI aT1IlEpa, anOTEAEi ouormpn un68mn oA6KA.npm; rnc KA.aUlKn<; 8Ewpia<;, n onoia xwpi<; mrrn 80 KOTEppEE. LUYXPQVOI OIKOVOIlOA6YOI, nou ioox olotczov va UUIlCPWvnoouv IlE LOV Mill, OEV olmol;ouv va ortooextouv uullnEpOallOTa nou uner- 10UV W<; npotin68mn m 8Ewpia TOU Mill. H nmoi8nan n onoia, napaOEiYllOTD<;XOptV, &anEpvo OXEOOV oA6KA.npo TO EPYO lOU Ka8nymn Pigou, 011 TO xpnlla OEV onllloupYEi npaYllOTIKO KallIo Olaq>apO, EKTD<; TOU 6TI npoKaAEi TPlj3E<;, K0l6TI n 8Ewpia rnc napaywvn<; Kal rnc onooxosnonc urtopei va olawnw8Ei (onox omv neplrrnoon LOU Mill) ern j30an TWV «npaYIlOTIKWV» aVTaAAayWv -00 aoova TO xpnlla, IlE tponorumco KOI a610cpopo, oe IlETaYEVEmEpo KEq>6AOIQ- anOTEAEi m aUvxpovn EKOoxn me KA.aUlKT1<; nap6ooan<;. H aUyxpovn UKE41n EivOi oxoun j3a810 PIl;Wuevn ornv Iota 6TI av 01 ov8pwnol OEV ~ooruouv TO xpnllOTO TOtJC; IlE TOV svov tporto 80 TO ~OO£410UV IlE TOV QAAOV.13 01 IlETanOAEIlIKoi OIKOVO- 1l0A6yoI, npOYIlOTI, onavm KOTOp8<i>vouv va olampnaouv rnv ono41n com IlE ovvtttna: H UKE41n TOtJC; onuspo OlanvEETal unEpj30AtKO an6 rnv aVTi8Em roon KOI an6 EllnElplKO YEYov6m OAoq>OVEpa ouverm IlE rnv npOYEVEmEpn ono41n.14 Ilopo mum, OEV EXOUV aKOAou8naEI rn AOYIKn mrrnv W<; TI<; eoxorec UUVEnEIE<; me KOI OEV EXOUV ava8EwpnaEl rn 8EIlEAI<i>6n 8Ewpia LOtJC;.

12.0 J.A. Hobson, O(jlOU OVO(jlEPEI oro Physiology of Industry "(0 ortoonoouo 0lJ10 uno TOV Mill, emonuclva 0"(1 0 Marshall "(0 axot\iooE roc OKOAou8~ cro Economics of Industry, OEA.154. «A,\,\OOVKOI 01 ov8pwnOl Ex0uvmoUv0llnvo ovopozoov, unopei va EntM~ouv va unv rn xpnOlllonoITioouv». «A,\,\o», ouvsxli;EIO Hobson, «&v KO"(Op9WvEI va OU'\'\O~EI tnv xploum onunotn TOU VEVov6"(0<; 0lJ10U KOI EIl(jlQvii;E101 va nEplopii;EI rn opOan "(OU OE nEplOOoU<; "KpioECuv"». IlpoKEnOl, rnotaxo, Via OiKOIO axONO EV oljJEI"(ou llE1oVEVEenEpou EPVOU"(ou Marshall. 13. BA. Alfred KOI Mary Marshall, Economics of Industry, OEA. 17: «!'lEv OUIl(jlEPEl oro sunopto va K01QOKruQi;OV101 EVOUIlQ10 ono UAIKO nou (jl8EipoV1Q1 VpTivopo. Av 01 ov8pwnOl &v ~6&uav "(a EloooTiIlQ10 LOU<; amy OVopo VEWV EVOUIlO"(WV, 80 TO ~OOEUQV IlE KonOIOV o,\,\OV rpono Via va OWaouv onoax6Anan amy rpvoolo». 0 ovoYVWame; 80 npooE~EI 0"(1 nOAI nop08£Lw unoortoouo uno tov npWlllo Marshall. 0 Marshall reov Principles EiXE KmaATi~EI va EXEI OpKE1Ee; ou(jl1~ot\iEe; cixn:E va EivOI noAU npooEK1IKOc; KOI eocene, 01 naAIEe;, Oll~, IOEEe; outiEnOlE onoKnplix8nKov OmE KOI ono!3ATi8nKov ono ttc ~OOlKEe; un08EOEIe; me; OKEljJne;LOU.

14. EivOI XQjJQKmplenlKoTOu K08nvmTi Robbins 011 0lJ10c;, UXE06v 1l0VO<;, OUVEXiC;EI va olompEi Eva OUVEnE<; oXTiIlO oxapnc, EVW 01 npcicnxec LOU npotacac nvnxouv oro iOlo mxrmuo IlE rn 8Ewpio "(OU.

70

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KaT apxoe;, to OUjlm::p<i0llma oirro unopd va EXOUV £cpapIlOOl£i 010 £i6oc; me; oxovouloc ornv onoia npaYllmlKo l;0\11l£ KOla ilia WCPaAllEvn aVaAoyia npoc xonoro £i60e; un aVlGMaKllKne; OIKOVOlliae; runou PoJ3lvowva Kpouoou, ornv onoia 10 £Iooonlla nou KOlavaAWvouV to mope n 61aKpal0Uv w<; an01EAEolla me; napaYWYlKne; roue 6pamnp16- rntoc £ivat, npaYllOlIKO Kat anOKAEI01IKO, 10 npoiov OE ei 60S me; 6paomoiotrrmc oumc, :::Exwpo 61lW<; ono ouro, 10 OUllnEpaOlla 611 TO KOOTOSlOU nooiovtoc KaAUmflat novrote, ornvoxomrc lOU, an61aEOoOO lWV nWAnO£WV nou npoKUmouv uno 10 znmon, cpaiVflat noAU AOYlK6, En£lon aMWc; EiVat 6DoKoAO va 10 6laKPivoUIl£ ono KonOla OMn, nopouom npotnon, n onoia £ivat a6IaIlCPI0J3nmm, 6Ma6Ti 611 n a~ia lOU £1- OOOnI1OlDc; nou napciYflat a8poI011KO uno 6Aa 10 IlEAn uioc KOlvwviae; nou OUllllflEx0UVO£ ilia napaYWYIKnopamnpI6mlO£ivat, KaT aVOYKn, aKPIJ3ci>c; ion 11£ rnv aria me; napaywyfte;.

Ilopouoiox; £ivat cpuoIK6 va un08EooUIl£ 611 n npo~n evoc av8pci>non, nou 10V Mom:il;£1 xwpie; va acpatpEi, cpatVOIlEVIKa, rlnors an6 onoiovonnore OMov, npsna va Mom:il;£1 rnv xorvovio roc oUvOAO, 11£ onolEA£Ol1a (onox 010 onoonoouo nou 1l0Ne; napa8EOGll£ onorov Marshall) ilia np<i~n OlOIlIKTie; cnorouiaxmc va oony£i, avanOcp£UKla, O£ napOAAMn np<i~n EnEv6uone;. Ae; 10 EnaVaAoJ3oull£ aKolln ilia cpop<i nox eivor a6lallCPl0J3nmlO 01110 a8poi0lla lWV Ka8apci>v au~no£wv lOU nsoorou lWV mOIlWV npEn£1 va £ivat aKPIJ3ci>c; loo 11£ 10 ouvoaxn Ka8apn a~non lOU Momou me; xorvovicc,

nap' OAa am:a, £KEivOI nou OKECP10Vlat 11£ 10V tpono mrrov nAavci>vror cnouio ocp8aA1lanam n onoia KaV£1 ODo 6IacpopflIKEe;, ouoicotuci, 6pamnploml£e;va qxilvovror OIlOlEe;. Eo~Eva un08t1ouv 011 ucpi01alat evoc 6Wll0c; nou £Vci>VEllle; onoeooac onoxnc uno mv nopouoc xnlavOAwon 11£ lie; anocp<ioEle; nou noooeepouv IlEMoVlIKn KOlav6.Awon, £Vci> ro jdvmpo nou npoooropkouv rnv l£A£UlOia 6£v 6laouv6EoVlat 11£ aMOlpOno 11£ 10 xlvrrtpo nou Ka80pil;ouv rnv npdrm,

Auto Aomov nou npena va 8Ewpn8Ei 10 «a~iWlla lWV napaMMwv» me; KlIaOlKne; 8£wpiae; dvoi n un08£on me; 100mlOe; Ilfla~U me; rumc znrnonc me; napaywyfte; OUVOAIKa Kat me; nunc npootpopnc rnc, !J.£OoIlEVOU ourou, oAa to unoAoma aKoAou80uv -10 KOIVWVIKa nA£ov£xmucm me; al01llKne; Kat E8v1Kne; OAlyapKElae;, n napaOoOlaKn 0100n evovn rou emroxlou, n KlIaOlKn Oaoplo me; uvspvloc, n nooonxn 8£wpia lOU xpnllalDc;, ro unspropiorn nA£ovEKlTiIlOla lOU lais se z -fai re O£ OXEon 11£ 10 E~W1EPIKO surropro Kat noMa ilia nou 8a npsner va la aIlCPloJ3mnooull£·

/I fEVIKn eEwpia InS AnaaxoAnans. TaU TOKOU Kal IOU Xpnparos 71

VII

I.E OIOCPOpa onuao lOU rrooovroc KECPaAoiou E~OpmOOl.JE mv KAOOlKn !:lEwpio. OIOcSoXIKO. ono nc oKohou8E<; un08EoEI<;:

• 0110 TTpaWOlIK6<; 111086<; IOOUrOl noocrnv optoKti OUOapEOKEIO rnc UCP10101lEVTl<; onooxolmon<;.

• 011 &v unOPXEI OK01.XnO oVEpyio IlE rn 0100 ewoio, KOI

• 011 n npoocpopo onllloupyEi m OIKn rnc znmon.ue rnv evvoio 011 n 111ln rnc OUVOAIKti<; znmonc IOOUrOl npoc mV111ln me 00- vohlKn<; nooocopcc OE oho 10 EninEOO nopovwvn<; KOI unooxoAnon<;.

001600. KOI orrpac coree un08EOEI<; KOlaAnyouv 010 iOlo npOwo.

IlE tnv EWOIO 011 OAE<; loxUoUV n xotoopsouv 1l0i;i. ETlElon K08EIlio uno oursc ooVOEElOl hOYIKOIlE 11<; 6ME<; OlIO.

KEq>OAOIO 3

XPElQ(;Ol1amE' VIa va ~EKlvtiOOUI1E, I1EPlKOU<; opoix, TOU<; onoiooc 80 OpiOOUI1E I1E onenvao opvotepc, LE OEOOI1Evn xorooroon reXVlKn<;, nopeov KOl KOm:OV<;, n xpnOll1onoinon OEOOI1EVOU OVKOU EPvaoia<; ana svov EntXElpnl10lia 10V unoxpHiwEl va avaMpEl 000 Eion oanavwv: npWTOV, 10 noon nou nAnpWVEI croix OUVlEAEmE<; rnc napaywyit<; (OXlOI1W<; OE aMou<; EnlXElpnI1OliE<;) VIa 11<; WExOUOE<; ormoeOiE<; 10U<;, nou 80 anOKaAOUI1E xoatos ouvteseouov VIa m OEOOI1Evn anaoxoAnon, KOl OEmEpov, 10 nooo nou KOlapaMEl OE aMou<; ernxapnl1OliE<; VIa 11<; nvopec nou KaVEl ana ourooc l1a<;i I1E rn 8uoia omv onoia unopaMElOl nnooxoscovmc 10V E~OnAl0I1610U nvti va 10V acpnVEl axpnouionoirrro, nou 80 anOKaAOUI1E «ootos xpnatn me OUYKEKPlIlEvn<; anaoxoAnon<;.1 To nAEOVaOl1a me a~ia<; lOU npoiovroc nou nooxorrra novw an010 a8pol0l1a lOU xoorooc OUVlEAEmwv KOllOU KOm:OU<; xpnom elver 10 KEPOO<; n, onox 80 10 anOKaAOUI1E, 10 Ewo{mlla lOU srnxapn- 1100ia. To xooroc OUVlEAEOlWV elver, cpUOlKa, 10 i&IO npaVl1a, 8EWPOUI1EVO ono tnv orruxn vwvia lOU ElllXElpnl1Olia, I1E EKEivo nou 01 OUVlEA.EmE<; rnc rtopovovnc 8EWPOUV El066nl1a 10U<;. 'E101, 10 xooroc OUVlEAEmwv KOllO KEp&O<; lOU ernxapnuatlo ouviorouv, a8polmlKa, auto nou 80 OpiOOUI1E w<; 10 auvoAIKO eiooonua, 10 onolo npoxurrm ana rnv onooxoxnon nou OiOEl 0 ElllXElpnI1Olia<;. To KEpOo<;, Aomov, lOU emxapnucno, otov opizemure 10V rpono aUlOV, elver, onox 80 EnpmE

I. AKpl(3n 0PIOIl010U xoorous xpnotn BivoUIl£ 010 K£cpOAQIO 6.

74

Tzov MEIVapVl KEIVC;

va elver, 10 IlEvE8a<; nou 0 £TlIXElpnllmiae; £TllOlWKEI va IlEYKJ'TOflOlEi OlOV anoq>aoil;El rnv nooomrn me; cnooxosnonc nou 8a npooospa, MEPlK€e; q>op€e; EivOlI30AlKO, OlOV 10 E~ElOl;OlJIlE uno rn oxornc lOU £TlIXElpnuctio, va anOKaAOUIlE 10 OUVOAlKO aooonuo (OnAaon. 10 xooroc lWV OUVlEAEOlWV OUV 10 K€POoc;) nou npoxurrra ana OEOOIl€vn nOOOmlQ anaaxoAnane; Kaeapn ttpooooo me; onooxosnonc oumc, Ano mv 6AAn nAEUpO, n rum me; ouvoAlKne; npoooopcc' me; napaywyile; OEOOIl€vne; nooomtoc anaaxoAnane; EivOl n npooooKia Ka8apne; npoo6cSou nou 8a Ka81010 OUIlq>€pouaa Yla 10V £TlIXElpnllmia m onllioupyia me; auYKEKPlll€vne; onooxosnonc.'

'EnE10l, Aomov, 011 OE OEOOIl€Vn xcroorcon rexvncnc, rropeov KOI KOa-rOUC; OUVlEAEOlWV aVOIlOVOOO onooxosncnc, n nooomro me; anaoxOAnone;. 1000 OE Ko8E IlEIlOVWIl€vn emxapnon KOI KAOOO 000 Kal 010 oovoxo, E~apl0lOl ana mv nooomto rnc Koflapnc; npoo6cSou nou flPOOOOKOUV 01 EmXElpnllmiEe; 0118a nnoxouioouv ono mv nvrkrtomt

2. t1Ev npena va OUYXEElat (Pi\. rno xrrno) IlE rnv 111lit npoceopoc Illae; 1l0VOOOe; npoiovtoc, IlE tn ouvit8n EWOIa lOU opou,

3. 0 uvnvvdxrtnc 8a ncpcmpnca 011 atpatpW 10 xooroc lOU xpitam 1600 ana tnv Ka8apir ttpooooo 600 Kal ana rnv Illlft InS ouvOAlKirS nooocooas &OOIlEYOU O\'l<OU nopcvovnc, Enouevoc, Kat olliUo mrtoi OPOI 8a nptnEI va epunveoovtni we; Ka8apoi. linA. we; nooo nou &v nEptAallPOVOuv 10 xootoc xpnam. 00 10 OUVOluKO rtoon nou KGlapOAAoVlat urto touc uvopnorsc elvrn aKa8<ipIOTa.linAaM nEptAallPOVOUV 10 KOO1oc; [lOU] xpit01n. 01 MyOi nou EntPOAAouv K0111E- 1010 8a E~nyn80uv 010 KEtpaAatO 6. To oUOla01IKo znmuc EivatOl110 oUVOAO me; Ka8apite; npoo600u Kat n 111lit me; ouvoluKite; npoorpopcc, alpQlpoUIl€vOU lOU KOmoue; lOU xpnam. IlflOPOUV va Opi010Uv KGlO tpono 1l0ValilKO Kat alilalltplopnmro, EVW. atpou 10 xooroc lOU xpnam E~apl0101 npolpavWc; orro rov pa81l0 me; oAoKA.itpwone; lOU KA.oliou Kat ana rnv EK10an ornv ortolo 0 €vae; EnIXEtpnllaliae; cvopoza ana 10V 0AA0. liEV urtopel va unop~EI OPIOIlOc; lWV OUVOluKWV nooov nou nA.npWvouv 01 cveocorec, ovunsouautiavouevou lOU KOmOue; [lOU] xpnam, aVE~opmlOC; uno touc OUVlEAE01Ee; mnouc, Ilopouom liUOKoAia aVlIIlElWni<;Elat Kat 010V OPIOIlO me; nunc npooeopoc IlE m auvit8n evvoio Yla €vav utoIlIKO napaywyo. Enionc, ornv nepirrroxm me; nunc rnc m ,voAIKne; noooooocc me; rrapaywyirs cos OUVOAOU avaKUmouv oopapEC liIIOKO'\iEe; lim'\ne; uetpnonc nou liEV EXOUV novro aVlIIlElWnt01Ei. Av 0 opoc npoxatru va epunvanei oouneptAGIlPaVOIlEvou lOU xootoix [lOU] xpitam, tc npoPAilIla1O aUlO IlnopoUv va ~EnEpa010Uv IlE EllilKEe; un08EOEIe; OXElIKO IlE rnv EVowllOlwon lWV EnIXElpnllallWVOE 01l0&e;. av6Aoya IlE 10 av nap6youv KmovcW.mKO aya86 n KEtpaAOIOUXIKO aya80. nou Ka8aUlo Eivat 80M Kat nEpinA.oKO Kat &v aVlI0101XOUv 010 YEYOVOtu. EOv, coctcoo, n rum me; OUVOAIKite; noooecooc opi<;Elat onox; npoovceep- 8nKE. atpalpoUIl€vOU linAaM lOU xoorouc [lOU] xpnam. olliUOKoAiEe; outec &v avaKUmouv. EIlEie; OUIlPOUAEUoUIlE, cxnooo, 10V cvovvoxrm va nEplll€vEI rnv nA.npE01Epn otznrnon 010 KEtpMatO 6 Kat 010 DapOpmllo lOU.

H TEVIKn eEwpia rns ArraaxoAnanS, TOU TOKOU Kal rou Xpnllaros 75

napaywyn.4 01 ernxapnuortec 8a Emol~ouv va opioouv mv nooornto me; cnooxoxncnc 010 EninEOO exslvo onou npOOOOKOIJV all 8a IlEVlotonomoouv 10 nAEovaOlla me; Ka8apne; npoo600u novw ana 10 KOmoe; lWV OUVlEAEOlWV.

Ae; un08EooullE all Z Eivat n rum me; ouvoAtKile; npoocp0p6e; me; napaywyne; ana mv cnooxosncn N avop<i>v Kat all n OXEon IlEla~u Z Kal N onaxovketor we:; Z = cp(N). mv onoia anOKaAOUIlE auvaptnon auvo)"Kns noooeooas» Ouokoc, oc un08EoouIlE 611 D Eivat n Ka8apn np6- 0000c; nou npooOoKo va ElonpO~El 0 EnlXElpnllaliae; ana mv anaoxoAnon N m:OIlWV xcron n OXEon IlEla~u D Kal N anElKOviC;Elat coc 0 = [(N). rnv onoia anOKaAOUIlE ovvaotnon auvoA1Kns zmnons.

Trope, av VIa OEOoIlEvn a~ia TOU N 01 cvouevouevec Ka8apEe; npo- 00001 EivatIlEVaAUTEpEe; ana rnv rum me; ouvoAlKne; npooeopdc, on."aM, av D EivatllEVaAUTEPO lOU Z, 0 EmXElpnllaTiae; 8a EXEl xlvrrrpo va au~nOEl rnv cncoxoxnon nspo ana TO N Kat, av Eivat avaYKaio, va au~noEl TO xootoc Myw TOU cvrcwoviouou VIa roue OUVTEAEOlEe; me; napavwyne; <i.>c; tnv rum TOU N VIa mv onoia TO Z E~IOWVElalIlE 10 D. 'ETOl, o OVKoe; me; cnooxoxnonc oiOElat ana TO onuao me; rounc IlEla~u me; ouvcprnonc OUVOAtKne; zrrmonc Kat me; ouvoomonc ouvoaxnc npooeopcc, LTO onueio aUTO, aKpll3<i.>c;, 8a IlEVlOlOnom8Ei n npooooidu KEPOOv TOU ernxapnuutlo. H rum TOU DOlO cnuao me; ouvoomonc me; ouvosncnc znrnonc, onou TEIlVElat ana m ouvopmon ouvoAtKile; nooocopoc, 8a anOKaAEiTat EVCPYOS zmnon. Ecp600v oum Eivat n ouoia me; r EVlKne; 8Ewpiae; me; AnaoxoAnone;, nou Sa Eivat TO aVTlKEillEVO TO onoio 8a ava~oullE EOO, ro KEcpOAata nou aKoAou8ow 80 acplEpw8oWOE IlEVOAO J3a81l0 ornv E~ETaon Twvolacp6pwvnapavoVTwv ana roix onolooc E~apTWVTat 01 000 aUTEe; ouvopmoac,

Ana mv OMn nM:upo, n K.\aolKn 8Ewpia. n onoia EKCPpoc;oTav Karnvopnucmcd ornv nporoon: «n npooeooc onllloupVEi m olKil me; zntnon» xm n onoia E~aKoAou8Ei va olEnEl oMK.\npn mv op8~n OIKOvouucn 8Ewpia, ornpkeror OE uto ElolKn un08wn roc npoc rn OXEon

4. Evac EmXElpnllalia\, nou npena va nOpEl npaK1IKE\ anoqxioEI\ UX; npoc mv KAij.laKa napavwyn\ TOU, &v olaK01EXE101 ana j.lla llovaolKn O1ClAOV1El1ll1 npoooOKia ux; nooc 10 118a eivm n Ka8apn np60O&X; ana mv nci>h.non OEOoj.lEvn\ nopavwyn\, ClAM aV1i8E1a olaK01EXE1at ana nolli\un08E1IKE\ npaoOoKiE\ IlE notKih.ou\ ~a8j.lou\ m8av01n1wv xm OpI01IKOmla\. ME npooooido VIa Ka8apn Ilp600c5o evvoeo, enouevox, EKEivn mv npooeoido Ka8apn\ npao6c50u nou, av um'lPXE j.lE ~E~atOm1O, 8a oc5nVOUoE ornv iOla OUj.lnEplcp0p6 onux; KOVEll0 ooj.lnh.EVlla oooqxov Kat nEpI0001Ep0 nOI1<1h.Oj.lOp<pWv ouv0101l'nwv nou ouv8ETEI npaVj.101IKO 11\ nocoooidec lOU 010V h.all~ovElllla an6<paon.

5_ ITO KEcp6.h.atO 20 ilIa ouvoptnon nou OXE1ii;E1Q1 O1EvOllE mv avwlEpw Sa ovoucoret ouvoprnon anaoxoAnon\.

76

Tzov Mervoovr KEIV<;

IlETa~u TWV 600 aUT(i)V OUVapTrlOEwV. H cPp60n «n npoocpop6 6nllloupYEi m 6um rnc znrnon» npena va onuoiva on[(N )KOl q>(N ) avor iOE~ Yla KcifJE rum TOU N, 6nA.aM, ym Ka8E enlneoo napaywyr'l~ KOl anaoxoAnone, KOl nox omv unoPXElllla au~non TOU Z ( = <p(N)) nou va aVIlOTOIXEi OE um a~non TOU N, TOTE TO D ( = [(N)) a~ovETOl unoxpaornco ue TO i610 nooo onox TO Z. H KAaotKn 8Ewpia,IlE 6Ma AOYla, un08tTElOTl n Tllln rnc auvoAlKn~ znmonc (n 01 npoooooi) npooopuozetor rrovto omv nun me ouvOAlKn~ noooeopoc, 'Etoi, onoio KOl av avor n Tllln TOU N, 01 npOOOOOl D naipvouv um rum ion IlE mv tum rnc ouvoAlKn~ npoocpop6~ Z, n onoio avrlOTOIXEi OTO N. Enoll~, n EVEPY~ znmon, uvtl va EXElllla 1l0Va61Kn rum toopponloc, EivOl Eva ortapo cpOolla TlllWV, nou OAE~ Eival E~ioou napa&KTE~, 000 oVK~m~anaoxoAnon~ EivOl anpoo- 610PlOT~, EKT~ ana rnv neplrrtoxm ornv onoio n opmxn 6uoapEOKEla me epvcotoc 8tm avWTOTo OplO.

Av aUTO iOXUE, TOTE 0 uvrovcoviouoc IlETa~U TWV EnlXElpnllOTlwv 80 oonvooce novrots OE cnactocn rnc cnooxoznonc, IlEXPl TOU onuelou onoo n npoocpop6 rnc napaywyr'l~ OUVOAIKO nona va EiVOl EAaOTIKn, onAaM, onou 1110 neperterxo a~non ornv a~ia rnc EVEPYOU znrnonc 6EV 80 ouvooeoercn nAEov ana onoioonnore a~non rnc napaywyr'l~. IlpoKEnaI, OUOlaOTIKO, vto um KOToOTaon nou 6EV dvcr TinOTE 6M0 nap6 n nA.npn~ anaoxoAnon. ITO nponvouusvo KEcp6AOlO 6<iloallE evov OPlOIlO rnc nA.npo~ anaoxoAnon~ IlE poon rn oullnEplcpop6 TOU EpYOTIKOU 6uVOl.llKOU. 'Eva EVaAAaKTlKO, av KOllooouvallo xprmpio, Eival EKEivo OTO onoio EXOUllE CPTOOEl tropn, 6nA.aM 1110 KQTOOTaon ornv onoio n auvoAlKn anaoxoAnon sivor aVEAaOTIKn onevovn OE 1110 a~non rnc EVEPYOU znmonc Yla mv napaywyr'l rnc, Etot, 0 VOIl~ TOU Say, oUllCjlWVa IlE TOV onoiov n runt rnc ouvoAlKn~ znrnonc TOU npoiovtoc coc auvoAou Eival looouvalln npoc mv Tllln me ouvosnotc noooeopoc, rooouvcuel IlE rnv npomon onoevunepxa Ellnoolo OTOV OPOIlO npoc rnv nA.npn onooxoAnon. Av, oxrrooo, aUT~ OEV EivOl 0 aAn81V~ VOIl~ nou OUOXETiC;El nc ouvopmoac mcouvoasnc znmonc KQl mcouvosnotc ncooeopcc.ueVEl va ypacpEi Eva C;WTlKO onuovnxo KECPOAOlO oucovouucnc 8Ewpia~, XWplcro onoio OAE~ 01 ouc;nmoEl~OXETlKOIlE TOV OVKO m~auvoAlKn~ anaoxoAnon~ EivOlllomlE~.

II

MIa ouvtoun nEpiAnlpn m~8Ewpia~m~anaoxoAnon~, rnv onolo Sa avaAUoOUIlE OE enouevo KEcpOAOla,llnOpEi, kxoc, va pon8itoEl TOV avayvcilam OTO OTOOIO aUTO, EOTW KOl av OEV EivOl nA.n~ xatovonrn. 01 xpnolllonolouIlEVOIopol8a 0PlOTOUV npooacuxotspc ornvcopo TO~. Imv

H TEVIKn C9HAJpia rns Anaaxo}.nans. IOU TOKOU xa: IOU XpnllOIOS 77

nEpiAmjm oum 8a Un08EOOUj.lE 011 0 OVOj.la011KOe; j.ll080e; Kat to ciAA.a 0101XEia lOU KOmOUC;1<IlV OUVlEAE01WV Eivat O1a8EpO aVOj.lOvo&i )(pnouiortoroixrevnc epvcolcc, 001600, n ortsonomon otrm, rnv onoia apY01Epa 8a EYKOlaAEh.jJoUj.lE, ElOOYElat j.lOVO Yla va cSlEUKOAUV8Ei n ovarrnxn lOU 8Ej.lOlOC;. 0 OUOla011K6c; xapaKUipae; lOU EnlXElprij.lOloc; slvoi aKpl~Wc; 0 icSloc;, aVE~opmla ana 10 av j.lEla~ciAA.ov101 n OXI 01 ovouo- 011KOi j.ll080i K.An.

To neplvoouuo me; 8Ewpiae; ucc unopsi va EKcppa01Ei we; aKoAou- 8wc;: 'Olav a~ovEl n anaaxoAnan, a~OVElOll0 ouvomco npaYj.lOllKO aooonuo, H q,uxoAoyia me; KOlvwviae; EivOlltrOla WOlE, orov a~OVEl 10 OUVOAIKO npaYj.lOllKO aooonuo, va aU~OVEl KOI n OUVOAlKri xctovoAwan, aMo OXll000 600 10 ElOOOnj.la. 'E101, 01 EpYoOO1Ee; 8a Eixav 01- j.110 av 10 aUVOAO me; a~nj.lEvne; anaaxOAnane; acplEpwvolOV amy ncovonoinon me; a~nj.lEvne;Oimane;Yla oueon KOlav6Awan. On01E, Yla va EivOl cSlKOlOAOVOj.lEvn j.lla onomonnote nooornro onooxosnonc, npena va txpkrmtor evoc OYKoc; lpExouoae; EnEvcSuane; enooxnc Yla va anoppoonca to nAEOVaOj.la me; ouvouxnc napaywyrie; novw ana sxeivo nou EntAtYEl n xorveovlo va KOlaVaAWaEl, orov n anaaxoAnan ~piOKElOl OE cSEOOj.lEvO EninEoo. Av &v ExOUj.lE mrro ro j.lEyE8oc; EnEvcSuane;, 01 aonpa~Ele; lWV EnlXElpnj.lOllWV 8a Eivat AlY01EpEe; uno EKEivEe; nou ana110UVlOl Yla va napaKlvn80uv KOI va npooespouv 10 cSEOOj.lEVn nooormn anaoxoAnane;. Eneror, Aomov, nwe; otov EiVOl cSEcSOj.lEvO ouro nou 8a ovoj.lOOOUj.lE porm me; KOlvwviae; npoc rnv KOlav6Awan, 10 snineoo 100Pponiae; me; cnooxosncnc, cSnAacSri 10 EninEOO 010 onoio 01 spvooorec we; aUVOAO cSEV EXOUV jdvrrtpo eirs va enexrelvouv EilE va nepropizouv mv anaaxOAnan, 8a E~apl0101 ana rnv rtooornto me; lptxouoae; ensvSuonc, H rtoootmo me; lPEXOUOae; anaaxOAnone; ue In OEIPO me; 8a E~apl0101 ana ouro nou 8a OVOj.lOOOUj.lE nopotpuvon Yla EnEVcSuan. H ncpotpuvon Yla EnEvcSuan, onox 8a cSlant01WaOUIJE, E~apl0ml ono 10 oxeon j.lEla~U lOU mvoxo me; oplaKrie; unooonxomtnc lOU KEcpaAaiou KOll0U OUj.lnAEyj.lOloc; lWV srutoxkov lWV &ivEiwv nOlKiAWV Ari~EWV KOI KlVcSUVWV.

ME cSEOOj.lEva, Aomov, 10 pam npoc; KOlav6Awan KOll0V pu8j.10 me; veoc EnEvcSuane;, 8a ucpi01a101j.lOVO Eva EninEOO cnooxoxnonc, onou 8a Enl1UVXOVElOllOOpponia, acpou Ko8E ciAA.0 EninEOO 8a oonYEi OE aVlOOrmo j.lEla~U me; 11j.lrie; me; auvOAlKrie; npoocpopOe; me; napaywyrie; KOI me; 11j.lrie; me; ouvosnotc znrnonc, To EninEcSO ouro cSEV urtopei va EivOl uljJn),(jrEpo ana rnv nAripn anaaxoAnan, cSn}.acSri, 0 npaYllOllK6c; j.ll086c; cSEV unopel va EivOlj.llKP01EPOC; ana mv opunot cSuoaptOKEla me; spvoolcc, rEVlKO, ouox, cSEV unoPXEl A6yoc; va npooOOKOUj.lE 011 8a EivOl iaos j.lE mv nAripn anaaxoAnan. H EVEPY6c; znmon nou OUVcStElOlj.lE rnv nAripn oncoxoxncn eivor ElcSlKri neplrrtcoon, n onoia unOPXElj.lOVOV 010V n

78

TI;OV MEIVapVl KEIV<;

porm nooc KOlOVOAwon KOI n nap61puvon VIa EnEv6uan j3piOKOVlOI OE , . .110 E1611<Tl OXEon IlElO~U lOU<;. H EI61Kn mrm OXEon. n onoio OVlI010lXEi 011e; napaooxEe; me; KJ\oOlKne; 8Ewpioe;. EivOI. KOla ukrv evvoio, 1110 OPIom OXEon. 'OJ.Jwe;.llnopEi va uno~El1l6vov Olav. lUxoio n OXE61001lEvo, n lPEXOUOO EnEv6uan nOpEXEllllO nooormo znrnonc OKpIj3<ix; ion npoc 10 nAE6vOOil0 me; nunc me; ouvoAIKne; noooeopoc me; nopoywyile; nAiIpou<; cnooxoxnonc novw on610 IlEyE8oe; exelvo nou n KOlvwvio 80 EnIM~EI va oonovnoEI OE K010vciAwon 610V onooxoAEilol nAnpwc;. H 8Ewpio oumunooet va OUVOtVlO1Ei 011e; oK6'\ou8Ee; nootooac

(1) LE 6EOOllEvn K0100100n lEXVIKile;. n6pwv KOI xootouc, 10 EI- 000"110 (OV01l0011K6 KOI npaYllOlIK6) E~apl0l01 on610V 6VKO me; onoox6Anone; N.

(2) H OXEon OVOIlEOO 010 aooorum me; KOIVWvioe; KOI OE exelvo nou unopooue va OVOIlEvOUIlE 611 n xorveovic 80 oonovnoEI OE K010vciAwon. rnv onoio noplO1ovOUIlE IlE D,. 80 E~opm- 8Ei on610 tVux0AOYIKO XapaKmPI01IKO me; KOIVWvioe;. nou 80 OVOIlOOOUIlE potm npos KaravdAwan. t,n.\oM. n KOlovciAc..r on 80 E~0P10101 on610 EninEOO lOU OUVO'\IKOU aooonuctoc KOI, enouevox, on610 EninEOO onoox6'\none; N, EK16c; OV noPOUOlOO1Ei xortom IlEloj3o'\n om porm npoc KOlovciAwon.

(3) H rrooomro spvooinc N, nou cnoecclzouv va cnooxoxnoouv 01 ernxapnuortec, E~apl0101 on6 10 o8poI01l0 (D) Duo nooornrov, 6n.\oM, me; D, me; nooomrnc nou OVOIlEVElOl va oonovnoEI n KOlvwvio OE KOlovciAwon, KOI D2, me; n006- mtoc nou OVOIlEvElOl va OCPIEpWoEI OE VEO enevouon, H nooomro D EivOI outo nou onOKaAEOOIlE nponvouuevcx EVEPyo?Tirnan,

(4) AcpouD, +D2 =D=cp(N), 6nou qJEivOl n ouvoprncn ouvcsrKne; noooeopec, KOI ocpou. onox EXOUIlE 6EI om (2), D] EivOI ouvopmon lOU N, mvonoio IlnopaullE va ncooornooous we; x(N), E~Op1(i>IlEVn on6 m porm npoc KOlovciAwon, EnElOl 611 CP(N) -x(N)=D2·

(5) 'E101, 0 6VKoe;me; onoox6'\none; OE ioopponlu E~apl0101 on6 (i) m ouvopmon ouvoluKile; noooocooc qJ, (ii) tn porm npoc KOlovciAwon, x, KOI (iii) 10V 6VKO me; EnEv6uane;, D2• AU1I1. eiVOl n ouoio me; rEVIKne; 8Ewpioe; me; Anoox6'\none;.

(6) flo Ko8E 111ln lOU N unoPXEllllO cvtlcronn opioxn nopoywYIK6mlO me; epvaoluc 010V KJ\ooo lWV oy08wv nou uvopozouv 011 . .II0800UV1li.pmol KOI EivOI OKpII3<ix; oum nou npoo- 610pi~Ell0V npoYllol1K61l1086. Enouevcx, n (5) un6KEI101 om ouv8iIKn 61110 N 6EV unopsi va unEppaivElmVlllln nou

H fEV1Kn ecwpia InS AnaaxoAnans, IOU TOKOU xa: IOU Xpnllaros 79

€~IOWV€110V npaYIlolIK6 111086 Il€ rnv opunot OOOap£OK€IO rnc €pyooio<;. AUl6 anlloiv€I 611 &v €ivOI 6A€<; 0I1l€l0J30A£<; 010 D OWJ301£<; Il€ rnv npooeoprvn 110<; oo68€an, 011 01 OVO- 1l00llKOi 1l1080i €iVOI 0l08€poi. EiVOI, AOmOV, OOOl00llK6 O€ nAnpn olownWGn me 8€Wpio<; 110<; vo e:yKOlaA€itPOUIl€ rnv un68€an oum,

(7) rmv KAOOIKT1. 8€Ulpio, aUIlqxoVO Il€ mv ortoio D = qJ(N )y10 Ka- 8Elllln lOU N, 0 6YKO<; me onoax6Anan<; J3piOK€lOI O€ 000£repn ioopponlc Ylo Ko8€ nun lOU N K01W uno m IlEvtam 11- Iln lOU. It' OUlO,llnopoUIl€ vo OVOjlEvOUIl€ 611 01 OUVOIl€I<; lOU OVlaYWVIOIlOU Il€lO~U lWV €TlIX€lpnIlOllwv 80 mv w8noouv am IlEylam lllln lOU. rmv KAOOlKn 8€wpiO,1l6vOOlO anll€io outourtopel vo uno~€1 €OOl08n<; toopponlo.

(8) 'Orav aVfaVEl n anaoxoknon, TO D, 8a avfn8Ei, aUa OXl ro- 00 000 TO D, ocpou otov 0ut;OV€110 €IOOOnIlO 110<; Out;OV€1 enlone KOI n KOlOVaAwanIlO<;, aAAa 6XI ov6Aoyo. To KA€loi 010 npaK11K61l0<; np6J3Anll0 J3piOK€lOl O€ oorov OKPIJ3W<; 10V IjruXOAOYIK6 VOIlO. Ano 0Ul0 auvaY€lOlOll 600 Il€YaAUl€po<; €iVOl 0 6YKO<; me onoax6Anan<; 1600 ll€yaAUl€PO 80 €ivOI 10 XOOIlO OVOIl€OO ornv nun rnc auvON.Kn<; noooeopcc (Z)m<; ovuoronnc napaywvn<; KOI 010 o8poI01l0 (D], nov 01 rnIX€Ionuorlec unopouv va npooooxouv VO nOpouv niow,ll€ m 00- novn lWV KOlOVaAwlWV. E 101, OV OEV 1l€l0J3An8€i n porm nooc K010VaAWOn, n onooxoxncn O€V Ilnop€i vo 0ut;n8€i, €K10<; €OV av~n8€i laUlOXPOVO 10 D2 W01€ vo KaAucp8€i 10 XOOIlO Il€lO~U ZKOI D,. 'E 101 -ov €~OIpe:80Uv 01 €IOIK£<; oo08£o€l<; me KAOOlKT1.<; 8€wpio<;, aIijlqxovo Il€ 11<; onolsc opIOIlEv€<; ouvall€l<; opouv Il€ lElOIOV lpOnov W01€, orov n onocxosncn Out;OV€I, 10 D2 VO out;OV€I novto rnapKW<; YIO VO KaAUtP€110 OlruPUV6- IlEVO XOOIlO Il€lO~U Z KOI D,- 10 OIKOVOllIK6 oixrmuo unopsi vo J3pe:8€i O€ €OOlo8Ti. ioopponlo Il€ 10 N O€ EvO rnin€Oo KOlW ono mv nAnpn onoax6Anan, OnAoon, 010 eninsoo nou oi- 0€l01 nno mv roun me ouvopmonc me auvoAIKn<; zmnonc Il€ m ouvopmon rnc avvoAIKn<; noooeooac,

Etoi, 0 6YKO<; rnc onoax6Anan<; O€V npooolopil;€lat uno rnv OPIOKT1.

OOOapEOK€IO me €pyaaio<;, ll€lpoUIl€vn<; O€ ooouc TlpaYllOlIKWV IlIa8Wv, napQ 1l0VO OlOV J3081l6 nou n npoacpopa rnc 0108£0IIln<; €pyooio<; O€ &OoIlEvo npaYIl0lIKOlll086 opka tva J.I£YIOTO rnin€Oo omv onoax6Anan. H porm npoc K010VQAwan Kat 0 pu8IlO<; rnc V£O<; rnEvouon<; npooolopil;OUV Il€lO~U 10U<; 10V 6YKO rnc unooxoxnonc, Kat 0 OYKO<; tnc onoax6Anan<; ax€lil;€latIlOVOOIKO Il€ O€OoIlEvO rnin€Oo npaYIlOlIKWV

80

TI;OV MEIVapvt KEIVC;

1l108c.i>v - KOl6XI ovtkrtporpo. A v n porm npoc KOlov6Awon KOI 0 pu8IlO<; rnc VEO<; rntvcSuon<; KOlaAt1.yOUV OE OVrnOpKt1. eveovoznrnon, 10 npoy- 1l01lK6 rninEOO onoox6Anon<; 80 unoAEinElOl rnc cSuvmlKo cS108EOIlln<; npoooopoc epvooluc <nov tJq>1<noIlEVO npoYil0lIK6 111086 KOI 0 npov- 1l00lKO<; 111080<; rooppornnc 80 EivOI JlEyaAtm:poson6 rnv OPIOKt1. cSuooPEOKEIO lOU rnmEOOU Onoox6Anon<; OE iooppornn,

H ov6Auon oum 110<; cSicSEllllO E~nynon lOU nopOcS~ou rnc qnwXElo<; EV IlEOW 0Q>80vio<;. H OnAt1. unop~n KonOIO<; OVrnopKEIO<; me EVEPYOU znmonc unopsi va oonvnoa, KOI OUXVO oonvel, mv o~non rnc onooxoAnon<; OE ctoouromro, nootoo EnllEUx8Ei 10 enlneoo rnc nAt1.pou<; onoox6Anon<;. H uverropxao tnc EVEPYOU znrnonc 80 ovoK6q,EI rn cSIOcSIKOoio me nopoywyTi.<;, napa 10 YEYOVO<; 611 n o~io lOU 0PIOKOU npoiovroc tnc epvootoc unEp!3oivEI oxoun rnv o~io rnc OPIOKt1.<; cSUOOPEOKEIO<; rnc onoox6Anon<;.

EmnAEOV, 600 nsotxnotepn EivOI n xorvovki 1600 EUPUlEPO 80 EivOI 10 XoOIlO IlElO~U npaYilOlIKTi.<; KOI ouvnnsnc napaywyTi.<; KOI, enouevoc, 1600 EIlQ>OVE<nEpa KOI unEp!30AIKo 80 Eiv0I10 IlEIOVEKmllOlO lOU OIKOVOIlIKOU oixmumroc, Mia Q>lWXt1. xorvcovio 80 EXEI mv roon va K010VOAWVEI tva Kala nOAU IlEYaAUlEpo turum me rropovovnc rnc, Wo1:E 1110 noM IlElPIO ensvooon va EivOI enopxnc ylO va cSnilioupyn8Ei nAnpn<; 0- noox6Anon, EVW ilia nAOUoIO xorvovlo 80 npena va OVOKaAUq,EI nOAu IlEYaAUlEPE<; EUKOlpiE<; rntvcSuon<; YIO va EivOI 01 onOloIlIEUlIKE<; 100El<; lWV nAouol61EPWV IlEAWV rnc OUIl!3OlE<; IlE rnv onooxoxnon lWV Q>lWX61EPWV IlEAWV rnc, Av OE 1110 cSUVnllKo nAOUoIO xorvovlo n noporpuvon YIO snevoucn EivOI ocSUvolln, 161E, nopO 10 cSuvmlK6 me nAoUlo, n cSpoon me opxn<; me EVEpyOU znrnonc 80 rnv unoxpaooa va IlEIWoEI 10 npOYllOlIK6 npo'i6v rnc, EW<; 61OU, nopO 10 cSuvmlK6 rnc nAOUlO, yiVEl 1600 Q>lWXt1. Wo1:E 10 nAE6vOOll0 ncvco on6 rnv KOlov6Awon me va IlEIw8Ei rnopKW<; YIO va OVlI<nOlXEi ornv OcSUVOllio me noporpuvonc YlO rntvcSuon.

Yrtcpxouv 61lW<; KOI XElp01Epa. LE 1110 nAoUolo xorvovio 6XI1l6vo elVOl rno ocSDvolln n OPIOKt1. pomi. npoc KOlov6Awon,6 aMo, A6yw lOU 611 n ouooropaxm lOU KEQ>aAoiou EivOI t1.cSn IlEYaAUlEpn, 01 EUKOlpiE<; YlO neporrspco rntvcSuon EivOI Aly61EpO EAKUOlIKE<;, EKlO<; EoV 10 ernroxro neOEIIlE rnopKW<; lOxU pu81l6. 'E 101, EPX61l0<nE om 8EWpio lOU erntoxlou KOI orouc A6you<; YIO lOU<; onolouc OUl6 cSEV nEQ>lEI OUl61l010 oro KOlOAAnAO enlneoo -1;Ti.mIlO nou 80 110<; onooxoAnoEI <no Bl!3Aio IV.

Enouevox, n ovoAuon tnc pormc YIO KOlovoAwon, 0 OPlOIlO<; me OPlOKt1.<; cnooonxomtcc lOU KEQ>aAoiou Kat n 8EWpio lOU erntoxlou elvoi 10 rplo !300lKo KEVo one onusprvec VVWoEl<; 110<;, 10 onoio elvoi

6. 0 OPIOIlCx; rnc svvorcc OiVElOI <TIO KECPOAQlO 10.

II rEVIKn eEwpia rns Anaaxo).nans, IOU TOKOU Kal IOU Xpnparos 81

cvovxolo va KaAUq,OUIlE. 'Olav npaYIl0l0nom8Ei onto, 8a OoUIlE all n 8Ewpia lWVllllWV (3piOKEI m ooxrm me 8€on w<; znmuo OEUlEPruOV Yla rn YEVIKn 8Ewpia uoc, ea avaKaAuq,ouIlE, oxrrooo, on to xpnlla noka oixnoouxo POAO om 8Ewpia uoc Yla ro mllOKIO Kat 8a mlXElpnooullE va evrornoopue ro 10IailEpa xapaKmplOlIKo lOU xpnllalOe; nou to olaxpivouv ana OMa npaYIlOla.

III

H lo€a all olvouoo unopooue va napa(3A€q,ouIlE m ouvoprnon OUVON.Kn<; zmnonc avor 8EIlEAlwon<; om pncopvurrvn oucovouucn -ilia 100a novw ornv onoio omoksnn 0,1I €XOUIlE OIOOXlEi enl €Yav Kat nA€OV ouovo, o Malthus, npoVllall, aVlIlox8nKE o8Evapo, aAM unrom, om 8Ewpia lOU Ricardo, all mov aoUvOlov va aver avmapKn<; n EVEPV6<; znrnon. Eeooov 0 Malthus OEV unoooooe va E~nvnoEI oacpWc; (n€pa ono mv snlKAnon VEVOVOlWV xorvnc nopornpnonc) nWe; Kat YIOli n EVEPy6<; znrnon unocouoe va Eivat uvsnopsnc n nAEOVOC;OUOa, anhuXE va OlallOpcpWoEI ilia EVaAh.aKlIKn 8Ewpnon' Kat 0 Ricardo Kal€KmOE mv AVVAia IlE lOY iOlo aKP113Wc; tpono nou n IEpa gtIaon KOl€KmOE rnv lonavia. H 8EWpia lOU 0XIIlOVO €YIVE onooocm ono ro Iill, rooc nOAIlIKOUc; xorrov oxoonlla"iKO KOOIlO, aAh.0 orouomoe Kat K08E allq>lo(3nmon, OIOlaq>opEllK€<; anoq,E1e; E~aq>aviomKav anOAUlW<; Kat Enaq,av va oiznuouvtcr, To IlEYOAO aivlYlla me EVEPYOU znmonc, Yla lO onoio 0 Malthus EiXE aywvlora, E~aq>aviomKE nrto mv oncovounot 8Ewpia. !:J.EV8a lO (3PEiTE va avaq>€PElat €OlW Ilia cpopa oro €Pya lWV Marshall, Edgeworth Kat lOU xoBnvrrm Pigou, ono to XEpia lWV onoiwv n KAaOlKn 8Ewpia €XEI M(3Ella ropurorepa otoxeto me, Ent(3iwoE 1l0VO, KAEq>lO, KOlW ana rnv Entq>6- vao, oro OKOlEIVa onuao lWV EPYWV lOU Karl Marx, lOU Silvio Gesell n lOU mYIlOlOPxn Douglas.

H nAnpomm me; pucopvturvr«; vixnc avor neplspvn xounxrmpicoone;. OprnEI va Oq>EiAElat OE Eva oUVOAO npooopuowov me; 8Ewpia<; 010 nEpl(3OMov 010 onoio npo(3aAh.omv. To YEyov6<; on €q>laoE OE oixmepcoucro EVlEAWe; OlacpoPElIKO ono uc npocooxlec lOU ouvn8101l€YOU, anai6EUTou OlOIlOU, un08tIw nox; EViOXUOE to nvEUIlOlIKo rnc Klipoc;. To all n oloaOKaAia me, 11Elaq>paOIl€Vn OE npoxuxn, nrov uuornpn Kat OUXVO OlEYKln, rnc npOO€&ooE aiyAn. To 011 npocopuocrmcs Via va q>€pElllla repaono Kal ouverm AOYIKn urtepooun, me npOO€&ooE OIlOPq>10. To ouunopouos va E~nvnOEIIlEYOAO uspoc me; KOlvwvlKne; aOIKia<; Kat rncnpoqxrvooc oonpOlma<; roc cvonopeucmc oovsnacc me noooOOU, 8EwpWVla<; all n cnonapo IlEla(3oAn<; lWV npaYllolwV ounov eiVat m8avo va npOKaA€OEl OUVOAIKO neprooorepn l;n1l10 napa KaAO, rnv

82

Tzov MEIVapV1 KEIVC;

EKaVE cpeorn one ApxEe;. To 011 OIKaiwVE lie; EAEIi8EpEe; opaOlTl(JlOmlEe; lOU utouncou KanllaAlam E~aO(p6AlOE mv unOOll'tpl~n me; KUpiapxne; KOlVWVna1e; cSUvallne; niow ana rnv E~ouoia.

'~we;. aVKOl n 8Ewpia Ka8mmi. ExEl noocuetva aOlOJlq>lol3nmm ana toix op80o~oue; OlKOVOIlOAOYOue; Ewe; lEAEUlOia. la onlloola onoruxiae; me; Yla oxonouc rrnomuovscnc np6I3AEqme; EXOUV onllaVllKo unoVOIlEUoEI. Ola)(pOVlKO. 10 KDpoc; lWV EQ>OPIlOO'l(i)V rnc, 01 rnaYYEAI1OliEe; OIKOVOIlOA6YOI. IlElO 10V Malthus, euavcv npoecwoc aOUYKiVmOI ana rnv anouoia ovnorohnonc IlEla~u lWV onorexeouctcov me; 8Ewpiae; 10Ue; KOllWV YEYOV01WV me; nopcmpnonc - xoolla nou 0 KOlVOe; ov- 8pwnoc; aVllAnq>8nKE. IlE onotexeouc rnv a~avollEVn anpo8ullia lOU va ExEl Yla roue OIKovolloA6youe; 10V iOlO oEl3aollo nou anocSic5El OE 6AA£e; Olloc5Ee; ernomuovov, ro 8EwpmlKo anOlEAEollOla lWV onokov, Olav EQ>OPIlO<;OVlal oro VEYOVOla. rnll3EI3OlwvoVlOl uno mv noprmonon.

H ovoucorn alolOljofia me; ncouoooioxnc oucovouuctc 8Ewpiae;. nou EXEl ocSnyitoEI coore 01 oncovouoxovoi va 8EWPOUVlOl «aya80uAnOEe;»*. ov8pwnOl. omacSn. 01 onolot, ExoVlae; EYKalaAEiq,EllOV KOOIlO oirtov Yla mv KaA.AlEpYEla lWV Knnwv 10ue;. OIOOOKOUV 011 OAa aUla EiVOl Yla 10 KaAUlEPO O'lOV KaAUlEPO uno OAOue; toix ouvalOUc; KOOIlOue;. apKEi va unv rnElll3aivouv OMOI. npena eruonc -moraxo- va ovoznm- 8Ei 0'l0 YEYOVOc; 011 OEV Aalll3oVElOl unoum n entrrroxm nou unooel va EXEl ornv amueplo n avrnopKEla me; EVEpyOU znmonc, Ilpoqxrvdx; 8a um'tPXE ilia q>UOlKn roon Yla oprom anaoxoAnon lWV norxov OE ilia KOlvwvia nou Sa AEllOUPYOOOE 1300EllWV a~IWIl01WV me; KAaOlKile; 8Ewpiae;. nl8avc.i>c; n KAaOlKil8EWpia va EKq>pOi;EllOV tpono IlE 10V onoio 8a em- 8uJ.1oooallE va AEllOUPYEi n oncovouia uoc, To va un08EoOUIlE. ouox, 011 mrto npOYllOlI oulll3aivEl elvoi ro iOlO oav va KAEivOUIlE 10 1l011a Ilae; unpoorc cue oUOKoAiEe;.

• Candides: Ano ro q>lAooO<pIKo ooKi~IO Candide (0 aya8ou).ns) lOU BOA1Oipou. (I.l.M.)

,

KEq>6AOI04

ITO nopov Kat oro enousvo rpio KEq>clAata Sa sruxapncooue va onoooqmviooullE OPlOIlEvE<; nOAunAoKomlE<; nou OEV EXOUV IOlailEpn n onoKAElenlKn owOq>Ela IlE tn npo(3AriIlO1a nou OKonruoullE ElOlKO va E~ElOOOUIlE. Ta KEq>OAata ouro, Aomov, ouviorouv Eva Ei6o<; napEKKAlon<;, nou Sa Ila<; eunooloa, Via OPlOIlEvO oloamlla, va auyKEVlpw80lJIlE oro KUPlO SElla uoc, Ta OXElIKO ;;mnl101a ovorrruooovror EOO:> 1l0VO mElOri OEV truXE va aVaAUoVlat aMou K0101POnO nou va E~UnnpElEi mopKW<; 11<; aVOYKE<; me OUYKEKpIIlEvn<; EPruvO<; 1l0U.

Ta rolo npo(3AnllOla nou KUpiUX; EllnOOloav rnv npoooouou KOTO m auyypaq>n lOU nooovroc (31(3Aiou, roore va unv unopeo va EKq>paenw QVEtn EUX; OlOU (3pw KonOla Auon, sivou npWTOV, n EntAOyri lWV Km6MnAWV nOOOllKWV 1l0V06wv Via 10 npo(3AnllOla lOU OIKOVOlllKOlJ otxrm- 11010<; ux; auvOAou· cSanEPOV, 0 p6Ao<; lWV npooooxuov ornv OlKOVOlllKn avclAuan· Kat, tplrov, 0 0PlOIlO<;TOU aooorumtoc,

II

"On Olllov60E<; IlE 11<; ortolec EPVO;;OVlat auvri8w<; 01 OIKOVOIlOA6VOI elvor cvenopxeic, unopel va ViVEI qxivepo ono nc EvvOlE<; lOU E8vlKOU aooon- 11010<;, lOU npaYllOlIKOU KEq>aAaiou Kat lOU VEVlKOU ernneoou lWV llIlWV:

(i) To ESVlKO aooonuo, aUllq>Wva IlE 10V 0PlOIl010U Marshall Kat lOU KaSnvmn Pigou, lllElpQ10V OYKO lOU lp(xOVlO<; nooiovtoc

1. BA. Pigou, Economics of Welfare. passim. KOIl6lOiu:pa 10 Mtpo<; I, KE<p.III.

86

Tzov MEIVapV1: KEIV<;

n 10 npaYIlOllK6 aooonpo K0I6Xl mv a~ia lOU npoiovroc n 10 OVOllaOllK6 Elooonlla. 2 EmnMov, E~aplCllOl, onoukrv EvvOIa, an610 KafJap6np6i6v - onA.aM an6 mv Ka8apn au~non lWV nopcov nou ola8E1El n xorvorvlc Yla KalOvoAwon rt Yla 010- J<p6mon an08EIlOlO<; KEq>aA.aiou, A6YW1WV OlKOVOlllKC.i>v opacmprormrov KOI 8UOlWV omv lpExouoa neplooo, IlElO mv aepaipEon me ep80p6<; lOU an08EIl0l0<; lOU npaYIlOllKOU KEepaAaiou nou unnpXE ornv apxn me nEplOOou. Lm ~oon auIn vivettn nooormsero onllloupyia<; nooouxnc eruomunc. L10V OPlOll6, 61lUX;, oirrov unOPXEl oo~apn cvtlppnon, To npoiov, onA.aon, lWV aya8wv KOI urmpeouov rnc xorvovioc OEV eivor 0IlOIOYEVE<; oUvoAo KOI OEV unopei va IlElpn8Ei, av 8EAoUllE va auoore aKpl~Ei<;, nooo uovo OE 0PlOIlEVE<; ElOlKE<; nspumooac, ornoc, napaoEiYllOlo<; XOPlV, otov 6Aa 10 OlOlXEia EVa<; nooiovtoc oullnEplAall~ovoVlOl ornv iOla avaAoyia OE 6M0 npo'i6v.

(ii) H oUOKoAia EivOl oxoun IlEYaAmEpn 6lOV, npoxauevou va unoAoyiooUIlE 10 Ka8ap6 npoiov, npocnououue va uetpnoouue mv Ka8apn a~non lOU KEepaAOIOUXlKOU E~OnAlOIlOU, opou npsna va ~POUIlE xonom ~oon noooruoic oUYKPlon<; IlEla~u lWV VEWV ctorxekov lOU KEq>aA.aiou nou napnx8noav am OEoollEvn nepiooo K0I1WV naA0I61EpwV oronekov nou Exouv xa8Ei A6yw cp80p6<;. 0 Ka8nymn<; Pigou, 3 npoxauevou va eplOOEl 010 Ka8ap6 E8vlK6 aooonun, aepOlpEi tn ep80po EKEivn K.An., «rtou unopouue AOYlKO va 8EwpnooullE "xovoVlKn", £V<i> 10 npcncmco xprmpto rnc KaVOVlK6mlO<; EivOI 011 n ep80p6 EivOIl60o ouvnsnc WOlE va unopa va npo~AEeplEi, av 6Xl AEmoIlEpW<;, lOuA6XlOlOV Y£VlKO». '01100<;, aepou n aepaiPEon mrm OEV EivOI OE xpnllOllKE<; 1l0VOOE<;, 0 Pigou avaYKO- 1;ElOl va un08EOEl 611 unopel va Un~ElIlEla~oAil am epUOlKn nooomrn, xwpi<; va EXEl uno~El epuolKn IlEla~oAn, onA.aM, ElOOYEl OUYKEKaAullllEva IlEla~oAE<; OE afia. EmnAEov, aouveta va EeproPEl onoiovonrrots ucavonomuxo wn04 Yla rnv

2. MOAOV011 EivQI EVo<; !30AIKO<; OUJl!3I!300JlO<;, 10 npOYJlQ1IKO EIOOOnJlO nou AOIJ!36VE1Q1 w<; E8v!KO EIOOOnJlO nEplopi<;E101 auvn8wc; OE acetvo 10 ov086. K0111<; ormPWiE<; nou unopoev va cnoxrnsoov JlE )(pilJlo.

3. Economics of Welfare, MEpa<; I, KE<p. V, 010 «What is Meant by Maintaining Capital Intact» (TI EWOOUJlE !\EyOV1:0<; 01110 KEcpQAOIO t110mpEi101 ASIK10), onox tpononomsnxe OE EVO noooeoro <'tp8po 010 Economic Journal, IOUvla<; 1935, OE"- 225.

4. BA. rnv Kpl1lKil10U KOS. Hayek, Economica, AUYOU01a<; 1935, OEA. 247.

H fEVIKri Oeoxna InS AnaaxoAnans, IOU TOKOU «at IOU Xpnuatos 87

o~loA6ynon LOU VEOU npaVIlOlIKOU KECPaAoiou EvOVTll0U noAOI01EPOU, ocpou A6yw 1lE10(30AWV rnc lEXVIKn<; 10 OUo OUlO IlEVE8n OEY1OUliC;OV101, Ihotaxo 011 n evvoic ornv orrokioroXEUEI 0 Ko8nynm<; Pigou EivOI n OW<J11l KOI n KOlaMnAn VIO OIKOVOlllKn OVOAuan. Eox 010U ouox UI08Em8Ei EvO IKOVOnomnxo ouornuo 1l0V06wv, oot<pI(3n<; opiouocmc EivOI OOUVOlQ<;. To np6(3Anllo me oUyt<plon<; EYO<; npaWOlIKoU npoioV10<; IlE EVO 0'\'\0, K08w<; KOI exelvo lOU unOAOVIOIlOU lOU K080pou npoiovtoc, OUlltVncpiC;0V10<; 10 VEO 010lXEio lOU KECPaAOIOUXIKOU E~OnAIOIlOU IlE m cp80pO naAOIWV 010lXEiwv, on01EAOUV Vpicpou<;, nou IlE OIVOUPIO IlnOpOUIlE vo nOUIlE 011 OEV Enl1pEnOUV AUon,

(iii) T pitov, 10 woxrro aMo ovon6cpaJJcro 010lXEio OOOcpEIO<; nou OIlOAOVOUIlEvc..x; OUVOOEUEI mv EvvOlO lOU VEYIKOU EnlnEOOU lWV 111lWV K081010 10VOPO OUlOV EMXI010 IKOVOnOlnllKO VlO 1110 ol1lwon OVOAuan, n onoio ocpEiAEI vo EivOI ot<pI(3n<;.

01 OUOKOAiE<; OUlE<;, novnoc, olKoic..x; 8EWPOUV101 «Vpicpol». Elver ouOKOAiE<; «K080pO 8EWPnlIKE<;», uno rnv EWOIO 011 OuOEn01E EllnAEKOV101IlE onoiovonrtote rpono IlE 11<; EnIXElpnIlOlIKE<; onoeccac KOI OEY EXOUV OUVOCPEIO IlE rnv orruoon aMnAOUXio lWV OIKOVOIlIKWV VEVOVOlWV, nou EivOI oocpn KOI K080PIOllEvO nopO rnv nooouxn nnpoooropiOlio lWV EWOIWV OUlWV. EivOI, EnOIlEVW<;, CPUOIKO vo OUllnEpOVOUIlE 011 OXIIlOVO O1EPOUV101 Ot<pi(3EIO<;, aMo EivOI KOIlln OVOYKOiE<;. npocpovW<; n nOOO1IKn 110<; OVOAuan npena vo EKcppa01Ei xwpi<; tn xpnon nOOO1IKO OOPI01WV EKcppOOEWV. KOI npOVIlOll, 1l0AI<; KOVEi<; 10 EmXElpnOEI, ViVE101 OOCPE<;, onex EAnic;w vo OEi~w, 0111lnOPOUIlE vo npoxwpnOOUllE noAU KaAtrrEPO xwpi<; OUlE<;.

To VEVOVO<; 011 OUo OoUllllE1PE<; OU'\'\OVE<; nOIKiAwv OV1IKEIIlEvwV OEY unopouv onOIlOVE<; lOU<; VO nopooxouv 10 UAtKO VIO nOOO1IKn OVOAuon OEY XPEIOC;E101, CPUOIKO, VO 110<; eunooioa vo KOVOUIlE KOlO npooEYVlon O1OlI01IKE<; OUYK(JiOEI<;, am (3oon OPIOIlEvWV VEVIKWV t<piOEWV KOI OXI Ot<pIJ3Wv unOAOVIOIlWV - OUYK(JiOEI<; 01 onoiec 80 noena, CPUOIKO, vo elVOl 010l1011KO onuovuxec KOI EYKUPE<; IlEOO OE 0PIOIlEVO OpIO. H KOlaMnAn 8Eon EWOIWV, onox ro K080p6 npaVIlOlIKO npo'iov K0I10 VEYIKO EninEOo lWV 111lWV, (3piOKE101 010 nsolo me 1000p1Kil<; KOI O1OlI01IKil<; nEplYPocpn<; Kat 0 oxonoc lOU<; 80 enpene vo eivor n rxuvortoinon rnc 1000p1Kn<; rt KOlvwvlKn<; nEpIEpVElO<;. no 10 oxono OUlOV, ouox, n lEAEIO Ot<pi(3EIO -lElOIO onox EKEivn nou cncrrel n ol1lwon<; OVOAuan 110<;, OVE~opm1Q uno to OV n VVWon 110<; VIO 11<; npaVIlOlIKE<; 111lE<; lWV OXE1IKWV nooornrcov EivOI nAilpn<; n OXI- OEV EivOI oirre ouvil8n<; oirte uvovxolo, To vo nooue 011 onuepo 10 K080po npoiov EivOIIlEVaAtrrEPO, aMo 10

88

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III

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H FCV1Kir ecwpia InS Anaoxosnons, rou T6KOU xat rou Xpnuatos 89

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5. Av 10 X QnElKOviC;EI Ko8E nooormn IlElPOlJIlEVll oe xpnllallKoix; OpOlJ<;. 8a uoc OIEUKOAUvEI auxvo va yp6CPOUIlE x" Yla mv iOla rtooormo IlElPOullEvn oe opotx Ilovooo<; IlI08ou.

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ouornpdx aVaAoya IlE rnv onooonxomro me; am OUYKEKPIIlEvn anaox6'\non me; (npaYlla nou elver PEQ'\10lIK6. 0'1Ie; nEp1O'o61EpEe; rtspnrnooac, va un08iOOUllE). n q>8ivouoa unooonxomrc me; cnocxoxoouevnc Epyaoiae; Eival Eva E~QIp€lIK6 napac'iEIYlla a~aV6IlEVne; rumc npooocpcc IlE a~avollEVo npotov, nou BEv Oq>EiffiOl OE WW1EpIKEe; apvnllKie; OIKOVOlliEe;.

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H revlKn Oecooia rns Arraax6Anans, roll T6KOV Kal rou Xpnuatos 91

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sivor n ouvit8nc; Kaj..lnUAn npooeopac, ortou U /N,J elvorro npOOOOKWj..IEVO xootoc xpnom, to onoio aVlIOlOlXEi OE snlneoo cnooxosnonc N.

'ElOI, ornv nepirmoon Ko8E OJ..lOlOYEVOUc; Ej..InopElJj..tmoc;, Yla 1:0 onoio 0, = rjJ,(N,J EXEI OPIOj..lEvn EVVOIa, unopoous va unoAoyioOUj..IE rnv Z, = rjJ r(N ,J j..IE lOV ouvit8n rpono, OJ..lW<; j..InOpOUj..IE va a8poiooUj..IE 1:0 N, j..IE rpono nou 6EV j..InOpOUj..IE va a8poiooUj..IE 1:0 Or acpou LOr 6EV EivOl ap18- j..In1:IKn nooomtu Ernrtssov, av j..InOpOUj..IE va unoeeoooue 01:1, OE 6EOOj..IEVO nEpll3OMov, OEOOj..lEvn ouvoAIKn onooxosnon 80 KmaVEj..In8Ei j..IE j..IOVa6lK01:pOno j..IEla~u 61acpopElIKWV KAOOwV, ElOt roore N r va stvor ouvopmon lOU N, 1:01:E Eival6uvmEC; KOI OMEC; orrsonomoac,

KEq>OAOIO 5

I

O MKA.npn n nopoywyr'l unooxortsi TEAlKa ornv txuvortolnon TOU KOTOVaAWm. LUVli.8w<;. 6j.1W<;. nopEPXETOl xpovoc -KOlj.lEPlKE<; q>OPE<; nOAlJ<; xpovoc- on6 m cnvpn nou 0 nopoywy6<; (npoal'AEnovTO<; orov KOTaVaAwm) OVaAaj.ll'aVEI TO KOmO<; EW<; tnv ayopa tnc nopowovnc an6 TOV TEAlK6 KOTaVaAWTrl. EVTWj.lETa~U. 0 EntXElpnuorlcc (EVVoWVTa<; TOV napoywy6 KOI TOV ensvoum) noena va Olaj.lOpqxOOEI nc 600 TO ouvOT6v KaAUTEPE<; noooooxlec' W<; npoc TO Tl8a EivOl OlOTE8Elj.lEVOI va ru\npWaouv 01 KmOVaAWTE<;. 6TOV oinoc 80 EivOl ETOIj.IO<; va TOU<; noooeepa (oueoo n euueoc) TO npoiovm TOU.j.IETa mv noPEAEUOl1 j.I1a<; nt8avcil<; j.IaK¢<; nepiooou, 0 emxaonuorloc OEY EXEl Q,\An ouvm6mTO napa va K08oonYEiTOl on6 nc npoeooxlec QlJIE<;. 6TOV np6KElTOl va nopovovaue oloolKaaiE<; nou onortouv xp6vo.

1. flo m I1E8060 oooAO\'l0110() EVO<; IOOOUV0l10U 1WV npooc'ioKlwv mmov OE opoix; WOOwV on611<; nWAnOfl<;. ~A. unoo, 41Dl) KEqJ. 3.

94

Tzov MEIVQPV1: KEIV<;

01 npooooidec mrrsc, ana uc onoiec E~aptWvtOl 01 rnIXElpnIJO'TIKE<; unoecoac, eunirrtouv OE Mo OlJaOE<;, KOI OPlOIJEva orouo it ernxaonOEl<; E~ElolKruOvtal am opoornpromto OlalJOpqxoon<; tOU npeotou runou npooooxuov KOI 6M0I am opaamplOmta OlalJOp<p<oon<; tOU ow- 1EpOUTUnOU. 0 nodrtoc nmocopopc omvtum, rnv onoia 0 napaywy6<; unopei va npooooKa va Elonpa~El Yla 10 «tEAlKO» npoiov tOU rnv rtepto- 00 KO'Ta mv onoia apxiC;El m olaolKaoia napaywyit<; tOU, 8EW(.Xi:lvta<; «tsAlKO» nootov (ono rnv nnoqm tOU napaywyou) EKEivO nou EivOl ElOllJO va xpnolIJonom8Ei it va nWAn8Ei OE 6Mov. 0 &UtEpo<; ronoc acpop6 OE exelvo nou 0 smxapnucrlcc unopei va EAniC;El va KEpOioEI uno uopen IJEMovtlKWV onooooaov, av ovooooa (it, iococ, uerortomca) «tEAtKO» npo"iov roc np008itKn OlOV KEcpaAalOUXlKO E~OnAtOIJ010U. MnopaUIJE va ovolJaOOUIJE tOY npeoto rono I3paxunp6eEalln ttpooboxia KOI to orutepo paKponpOeEapn noooboxia.

Etot, n OUlJnEplcpop6 Ka8E XWPlom<; rnlXEipnon<; Yla mv an6cpaon rnc nuspnotoc napaywyit<; m<;2 80 npoooropicrel ana nc I3paxunpoeEOIlES nooatoxiesw«; - npooooidec W<; npocto K6Ola<; me napaywyit<; Yla uc OlacpopE<; nt8avE<; KNlJaKE<; KOI npooooxtec W<; npoc 11<; npoooOOU<; ana nc nwAitoEl<; me napaywyit<; come, av Kal, otnv rreplrmoon npoo8nKCi>v OlOV KEcpaAOlOUXlKO E~OnAtOlJO KOl, mkmc, nwMoEwv 0l0U<; OIOVOIJEi<;, 01I3paxunp68wIJE<; coree npooooxlec 8a E~apm80uv OE IJEy6Ao l3a81J0 ana nc lJaKponp68WIJE<; (it IJwonp08WIJE<;) npooooidec 6Mwv IJEpWV. AKpII3W<; ana tl<; nOlKiAE<; curse npooooxlsc 80 E~apm8Ei o OVKa<; me anaoxoAnon<; nou npoorpepouv 01 ernxapnoac, To npavuauxa cnotexeoucto rnc napaywyit<; KOI nWAnon<; tOU npoiovtoc 8a elval ouvoon npoc rnv onaoxoAnon, OlOV l3a81J0 nou npOKaAOUv rpononolnon tWV OUVOKOAou8wv npOOOOKlWV. Ano rnv aMn nArupa, OUtE EivOl ouvoeeic 01 apXlKE<; npooooidec nou oonvnocv rnv EntXEipnon va anOKtTtOEl10V KEcpaAOlOUXlKO E~OnAlOIJO KOI to an08EIJa tWV ev<'51aIJEowv nooiovnov KOI nlJlKO'TEpyaOIJEvwV UAWV nou <'51a8ElEl, otov npena va onoeootoa mv napaywyit me rnOIJEVn<; nuepuc, Etot, OE Ka8E rtspimwon, n unoeoon 80 Ancp8Ei npaYIJa11Ka IJE avacpopa OlOV OEOOIJEvo E~OnAlOIJO KOI 010 &OoIJEVO an08ElJa, aMa uno to npiouo tWV toexouowvnpooOoKlwv tOU PEAAOVTIKOV K6Ol0u<; Kal1WV wOOwv ana 11<; nwAitoEl<;.

Tropn, YEvlKa, uro pEral30ATl 011<; npooooidec (l3paxunp08wIJE<; it lJaKponp08WIJE<;) 80 EK<'5nAWoEI to nAitpn anOtEAEOIJa1a rnc Yla rnv onocxosnon am <'51apKEla IJla<; onuovnsnc nEpl600u. H IJEtal30Ait ornv

2.06po<; nllEpizara EOO> aV1:IUTOIXEi UTO rno I3paxD BIOO'Tl1jlQ Um:EpG an010 onoio n ETIIXEipnon EivQI EAEOOEpn va ava8Ewpri.oEI rnv cnoeoon me oc npoc 10 I.lEvE- 80<; me nooooepouevnc anaO)(oAnon<;, npOKEl1Q1 Yla tnv EAoXIUTn onotessouonxri l.l0vo6a OIKOV0I.lIKOU xpovou.

H fEV1Kn Oecooia InS AnaaXOAnanS, rou TOKOU «a: rou Xpnparos 95

anaoxoAnoo Myw ll£Taj3oMI(; OlI<; npooooKiE<; OEV 8a Eival n iOla rnv npdrm IlE rn OEtnEpn uspo, oore rn oarrspn IlE rnv rpitn Kat ouuo Ka- 8E~Ti.<;, EOlW Kat av OEV mEA8EIOMn ll£Taj3oATi. OlI<; npooooidec, rmv nepirruoon LWV j3paxunp68WIlWV npOOOOKIWV, curo oullj3aivEI mElon. olll£TafjoAE<; OlI<; noooooidec OEV eivoi, KOla xovovo, apK£Toj3iaIE<; n ypTi.YOPE<;, E1:OI WmE, av Eivat Yla LO XEIP01:EPO, va npoKaAEOOUV EYKa- 10AEIlvn spvoouov OE OAE<; 1:1<; napaYWYIKE<; OlaOIKaoiE<; 01 onoisc, uno 10 npiouc 1:WV ava8EwpnllEvWV npOOOOKIWV, Ti.LQV ocpo,\tJa nou OPXIoov, A v, aVli8£Ta, Eival Yla LO KaAln:EPO, XPEIOl;£Tat va napEA8E1 xcnoioc xpovo<; npoetoipooiuc npotou va IlnOpEOEI n anaoxoAnoo va CP1:00El oro snlneoo nou 8a nrov, av 01 npooooxlec Eixav ava8Ewpn8Ei VWphEpa. r1:nv neplrruoon 1:WV llaKPonp08EollWV npooooxuov, E~onAloll6<; nou OEV 8a ovrucrrooroaa 8a E~aKoAou8Ti.oEI va OiVEI onooxosnon EUX; 01:0U ana~Iw8Ei. Av, 1:wpa, n ll£Taj3oATi. 1:WV llaKPOnp68wllwv npooooKIWV Eivat Yla LO KaAln:EPO, n anaoxoAnoo pnopei va Eivat OE UtVnA01:Epo eninsoo apXIKO, napa apY01:Epa nou 8a unoPXEI Katp6<; Yla npooapuovn LOU E~orwollou am vee xorooruon.

Avun08EooullE 01:1 ilia xoroctoon npooOOKIWV E~aKoAou8Ei vaun6pXEI ern apK£TO wQvo, WmE n £Oi6paoo ornv anaoxoAnoo va Eivat1:000 anOlEAEoIlOlIKTi. Kat oAOKAnp<UIlEvn nou va unv unoPXEI, VEVIKO, Kallia ernnpoosern anaoxoAnoo uno Don Uq>iOlOlat oro nap6v, Kat avn vee xorooroon 1:WvnpooooKlwvunTi.pXE nOVlOlE, 1:01:E 1:0 Ola8EpO £OinEoo anaoxoAnoo<;nou EnnuyxoV£TatllE LOV1:pOno ourov unopsi va anOKAn8Ei uaKPonp68Wlln anaoxoAnoo3 nou aVlIOlOIXEi OE exavn mv xctcoroon npooooiccov, Enetor, Aomov, 01:1 av Kat 01 npooooxlec unopa va ueroj36MOVlat 1:600 6uxvo, Wm:E1:0 npaWOlIKo£OinEOOanaOXOAnOO<;va unv EXEI wQVO va CP1:00EI rn llaKpowQvla anaoxoAnoo nou aVlIOlOIXEi otnv Uq>IOlOIlEvn xorootoon npooooxnov, Ko8E xntuoroon npocooxuov ExEI 10 Ka80pIOIlEvO rnc ovrloroxo £OinEOO llaKpowQvla<; onooxosnonc,

A<; E~£TOOOUIlE, npcoto an' oAa, rn olaolKaoia ll£Toj3aoo<; OE uoKPowQvla 8EOO, Myw ll£Taj3oATi.<; npooooxuov, n onoia OEV OUYXE£Tat Ti. olaKom£Tat ono xnnom neportqxo ll£Taj3oATi. OlI<; npooooKiE<;. Sa uno- 8EoOUllE nponn 01:1 n ll£Taj3oATi. Eivat1:ELOIOU xapaKmpa WmE n vee ucKpowQvla onooxosnon 8aEivalllEVaAln:Epn anomy naAato. TciJpa, ornv opxn, KOla KOVOVO, 80 srmpeacta 1010hEpa LO IlEYE8o<;m<; EIOPOTi.<;, onAooTi., 0 OYKO<; Epyooio<; 1:WV npOYEVEOlEp<UV CPOOEWV 1WV VEWV 01001- KOOlWV napaywyTi.<;, EVW n napaywyTi. KOlOVaAWUKWV oyo8Wv Kat 0 OYKO<;

3. toEV EivOl cnopclmro 10 minEOo rnc l.IaKpo)({JOvm; anaoxo'\nan<; va EivOl ara- 8EPO, OnAaOTl. 01 ucxoonooaeouec OUv8TlKE<; OEV EivOl crmpormtcoc orcnxec. napa&iYl.lalO<; XOPIV .jno Ola8EpTl aUl;nan lOU nAOln:OU n lOU nAn8uo1.l0u unopEi va OUVIOlO 11.1Tll.la lWV al.lE1oj3'\mwv npooooxaov, H uovn ouv8liKn elvoron 01 U<pIOlOI.lEVE<; npooooidec Sa fnpEnE va Eixav npoj3i\E<p8Ei apKE10 vwpi1Epa.

96

TI;OV Mervopvr KEIVC;

me anaoxoAnon<; Of ueraveveorepc 01:0010 TWV OlaOlKaOlWV, nou upXloav npiv ana rn IlfTa~oM1., 80 ncpouetvouv Of IlfYOAO ~a8llo iOla oncoc npiv. ITOV ~a8llo nou urmpxov an08EIlOla IlfPlKW<; xcrepvcouevorv aya8Wv, TO oounepoouo mrrounopel va rpononomset.uoaovon fivOl m8avo va f~aKoAou8ti.Ofl va aAn8f1Jfl OTI n apXlKti. au~non otnv ana- 0xoAnon 80 fivOlIlEtpla. 001:600, KaeW<; OlIlEPf<; nepvouv, n onooxoAnon, ~a81l1aia, 80 au~n8fi. Ernnssov, slvcu EUKOAO va OKfqnoullf ouv- 8ti.Kf<; nou, Of xnnoro 01:0010, 80 oonvnooov Of a~non Of IJl/mA6n:po minfOO ana rn VEa uoxpoxpovm anaoxoAnon. 0 oxonoc onllloupyia<; KfcpaAaiou nou va ucovonorst uc VEf<; noooooxlec urtopsl va oonvnca OE nEplOOOTEpn cncoxosnon KOl, ernonc, OE neprooorepn TpExouoa KOlavoAwon ana sxeivn nou 80 npoKtitVElOTQV mlTrux8fi n llaKpoX(.>6- vin 8Eon. 'ETOl, n IlfTa~oAti. 01:1<; npooooidec unopel va oonvnoa OE ~a8- uiolo ~non TOU mmEOou anaoxoAnon<; 1l£XP1 evocxopixpoiou onueiou, ana TO onoio ootepo Sa unOxwpti.OEl 01:0 ernnsoo tncvsoc llaKP6xpovn<; rtsprooou, To iOlO urtopel va OlJIl~Ei xrn OTOV TO enlrreoo TOU VEOU uoxpoxpovou eruneoou EivOl TO j(j,o Ilf TO naAalO, av n IlfTa~oAti. uvnnpooonazuno IlfTa~oAti. omv KOlru8uvon m<;KOlavCiAwon<;, n onoia axpnO1:EUEI 0PlOIlEVE<; UCPlO1:0llfVE<; olaolKaoif<; KOI TOV f~OnAlOIlO TOU<;. H. nOAl, av n veo llaKpoxpovla cncoxoxnon slvor uuqxrrepn ana rnv naAOlO, TO enineoo rnc onooxoxnonc KOla rn IlfTO~aon unopel va nsoa Yla xonoio xpOVO Kuru> ana TO snlnsoo nou 80 slvor n vee llaKpoX(.>6vla anaoxoAnon. 'ETOl, ilIa anAti.llfTa~oAti. 01:1<; npooooxlec, KOla rnv f~EAl~ti. rnc.unopet va npOKaAEOfl TaAOVlwon rnc iOla<; 1l0PCPti.<; Ilf ilIa KUKAlKti. xlvnon, AKPl~W<; auTOU TOU Eioou<; xrvnostc otzrrmon ornv Treatise on Money, OE ouvouoouo ue m onllloUpyia ti. avoAwon ano- 8EIlOllKcI>V KEcpaAaiwv xivnonc n paxrtcov A6yw KonOlU>v IlfTa~OAwv.

MIa aOlOAEmm olaolKaoia IlfTO~aon<;, ortox; mrm nou avacpEpallf ruo novo. OE uro veo llaKpoX(.>6vla 8Eon unopei va Eival nepiooorepo rtspinAOKn 01:1<; AflTIOIlEPEIE<;. 001:600, n npaYIlOllKomTa Eival oxoun mo noAunAoKn. 01 npooooxlec onoxervror OE O1:a8EpE<; aMaYE<;, EVcI) VEE<; npooooxlec avaMoVlOl noM npotou n noonvoouevn IlElQ~OAti. E~EAtX8Ei nAti.pw<;. 'ETOl, n OlKovolllKti.llnxavti., OE K08E OEOOIlEvn 01:1YIlti., 0- naoxoAEiTOlIlE EmKaAUmOIlEvE<; opaomplomTE<;, nou n unap~n TOU<; O<pEiA.fTOl OE OIOCPOPE<; napEA80UoE<; KOla01:00El<; npooooxuov,

II

Elver qxivepn, Aomov, n ouvoqiac me ouormonc come npocrov OUYKEKPlllEVO oxono uoc, LUllcvwva IlE 600 EinallE rno rtovco, TO snlneoo me anaoxoAnOll<; OE K08E XPOVlKtl cp60n E~apTOTOl, uno Ilia evvoo, OXI artAW<;