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Chem

 51LA    
Winter  ‘11  
Lecture  1:  Mel5ng  Point  
Organic  Chemistry  Techniques  
•  In  Chem  51LA  we  will  build  a  toolbox  of  techniques  in  
two  main  categories:  
–  Purifica5on:  separa5ng  mixtures  of  compounds  
based  on  their  chemical  or  physical  proper5es  
–  Iden5fica5on:  determining  the  iden5ty  of  a  
compound  through  physical  proper5es  or  
structure  elucida5on  
Experiment  1:  Mel5ng  Point  
Mel5ng  Point  (Iden5fica5on)  
•  The  mel5ng  point  of  a  compound  is  a  physical  
property  
–  Can  be  used  to  determine  iden5ty  and  purity.  

•  Mel5ng:  transi5on  from  solid  phase  to  liquid  


–  Requires  energy  to  break  up  crystal  laMce  
–  Solid  heated  to  point  where  vapor  pressure  of  solid  equals  
vapor  pressure  of  liquid.  
Lowering  the  Mel5ng  Point  
•  Mel5ng  point  of  an  impure  substance  will  
ALWAYS  be  lower  and  broader  than  the  pure  
substance!    Why?  
–  It  takes  less  energy  to  break  up  a  laMce  with  
contaminants.  
–  Vapor  pressue!  
Freezing  (Mel5ng)  Point  Depression  

•  Solid  and  liquid  are  always  in  equilibrium.  

•  For  mel5ng  to  occur,  the  vapor  pressure  of  the  solid  
must  equal  the  vapor  pressure  of  the  liquid.  

•  Vapor  pressures  of  solids  don’t  change  with  


composi5on  (no  real  mixing)  but  do  change  with  
temperature.  
Freezing  (Mel5ng)  Point  Depression  (II)  
•  As  some  solid  starts  to  melt,  the  contaminant  substance  (B)  
dissolves,  lowering  the  vapor  pressure  of  the  liquid  (solu5on,  A).  

Solid  B  

Liquid  A  +  Dissolved  B  

•  Remember,  solid  only  needs  to  be  heated  enough  to  reach  
vapor  pressure  equal  to  liquid’s  vapor  pressure.  

•  SO  .  .  .  As  more  contaminant  dissolves  in  liquid,  vapor  pressure  


of  liquid  decreases,  and  amount  of  heat  required  to  melt  solid  
decreases.  
Mel5ng  Point  Composi5on  Diagram  

Mel5ng  points  are  not  lowered  indefinitely.  


The  eutec5c  point  represents  the  lowest  possible  mel5ng  temperature  for  a  mixture  of  
two  substances.    

h[p://www.chem.arizona.edu/~salzmanr/480a/480ants/2comppd/2comppd.html  
How  Can  We  Use  Mel5ng  Point?  
•  Iden5fica5on:  Mel5ng  point  can  help  us  to  iden5fy  a  
compound  
–  Do  ALL  compounds  have  completely  different  
mel5ng  points?  
•  Ex:  o-­‐anisic  acid  (98  -­‐  100  ºC)  vs  4-­‐tert-­‐butylphenol  
(98  -­‐  101  ºC)  
•  How  can  we  tell  them  apart  (using  only  mel5ng  
point)?  
Mixed  Mel5ng  Point  and  Iden5fica5on  
•  Scenario:  Your  unknown  compound  melts  at  97-­‐100  
°C.  
–  Could  be  o-­‐anisic  acid  (98  -­‐  100  ºC)  (A)  
–  Or  could  be  4-­‐tert-­‐butylphenol  (98  -­‐  101  ºC)    (B)  
•  Try  a  mixed  mel5ng  point  experiment!  
–  Mix  unknown  +  o-­‐anisic  acid:  mel5ng  point  is  lowered  
–  Mix  unknown  +  4-­‐tert-­‐butylphenol:  no  change  

•  Your  compound  is  4-­‐tert-­‐butylphenol!  


What  You’re  Doing  in  Lab  
1.  Calibra5on  curve  (known  compounds)  
2.  Determine  mel5ng  point  of  unknowns  
3.  Try  a  mixed  mel5ng  point  (known  
compounds)  
4.  Use  mixed  mel5ng  point  to  confirm  iden5ty  
of  unknowns  
What’s  a  Calibra5on  Curve?  
•  Are  thermocouples  always  accurate?  

•  Determine  mel5ng  point  of  two  known  


compounds.  
•  Make  graph  comparing  theore5cal  mel5ng  
point  to  observed  mel5ng  point.  
•  Use  this  graph  to  adjust  all  temperature  
readings!  
How  to  Determine  Mel5ng  Point  of  an  
Unknown  
1.  Do  a  “quick  and  dirty”  run.  
•  Quickly  melt  a  sample  to  determine  approximate  mel5ng  
point.  
2.  Do  a  more  careful  run.  
•  Heat  quickly  un5l  ~20  °C  below  approximate  mel5ng  
point.  
•  Slow  hea5ng  to  1-­‐2  °  C  per  minute  and  WATCH  CLOSELY!  
3.  Do  it  again.  
•  You  need  at  least  2  determina5ons  where  mel5ng  
temperatures  agree.  
Tips  and  Tricks  
•  Grind  your  solid  with  a  spatula  on  a  watch  glass  
before  loading  into  capillary  tube.  
•  Use  the  “drop”  method  to  pack  sample  (TA  will  
demo).  
•  Mel-­‐Temps  have  3  slots,  so  do  more  than  one  
sample  at  a  5me!  
•  Start  with  lower-­‐mel5ng  samples.  
•  Use  a  fresh  sample  each  5me.  
•  Don’t  forget  to  let  your  mel-­‐temp  cool  between  
runs.  
•  USE  YOUR  CALIBRATION  CURVE!  

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