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CHAPTER- 1 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 1. What are resources? What are its charac
teristics? Every thing available in our environment, which can be used to satisf
y our needs if it is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and cult
urally acceptable, is termed as resource. [Or Resources are the means available
for the development of a country. These are the natural or human made materials,
which help to create goods or provide services].
Its characteristics are the following: a) It has utility: Resources can be used
to make a variety of goods and services. It satisfies human wants. b) They are n
ormally available in limited quantity: Most of the resources are scarce. They ar
e exhaustible. We have to use it wisely. c) Can t be used as it is: Most of the re
sources are in crude form. We have to put effort on it to get utility or maximum
satisfaction. d) It should be technologically accessible. 2. Examine the interd
ependent relationship among nature ,technology and institutions in the economic
development. [ in the resource transformation] a) Human beings interact with nat
ure through technology and create institutions to accelerate economic developmen
t. b) They transform material available in our environment in to resources by us
ing technology and use them. 3. Name the essential component of resources. What
is its role in the resource transformation? Human beings are the essential compo
nents of resources. Human beings interact with nature through technology and cre
ate institutions to accelerate economic development. They transform materials av
ailable in our environment into resources by using technology and use them.
4. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic resources. a) Biotic resources have or
had living characteristics whereas abiotic resources are composed of non living
things. b) Biotic resources are normally obtained from the biosphere where as a
biotic resources obtained from the lithosphere.
c) Examples of biotic resources are human beings, flora, fauna, fisheries and li
vestock
d) Examples of abiotic resources are rocks, metals, minerals etc.
5. Distinguish between renewable and non renewable resources. a) Renewable resou
rces are those resources, which can be regenerated in a given period of time whe
reas non renewable resources cannot be re generated. b) Renewable resources are
abundant and replenishable where as non renewable resources are scarce and non r
eplenishable. c) Renewable resources are non exhaustible whereas non renewable r
esources are exhaustible. d) Solar and wind energy, water, forest and wild life
are examples of renewable resource and minerals and fossil fuels are examples of
non renewable resources. ISB 54 6. How are resources classified on the basis o
f origin? a) Biotic resources b) Abiotic resources ( Explain points) 7. How are
resources classified on the basis of exhaustibility? a) Renewable resources b) N
on renewable resources ( Explain points) 8. How are resources classified on the
basis of ownership? a) Individual resources: These are privately owned resources
. Village people own land and cattle whereas urban people own plots, flats or ot
her property. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in the wells are individua
l resources.
b) Community owned resources: These are resources accessible to all the members
of the community. Grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, public parks,
play grounds, picnic spots etc are community owned resources.
c) National Resources: All the minerals, water resources, forests, wild life, al
l the resources with in the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nauti
cal miles from the coast belong to national resources. Roads canals, railways an
d properties of public character belong to national resources.
d) International resources: The oceanic resourcesbeyond 200 nautical miles of th
e Exclusive Economic Zone belong to international resources. No individual or co
untry can claim it. There are international institutions to regulate these resou
rces.
9. How are resources classified based on the status of development? a) Potential
resources: Resources, which are found in a region, but have not been utilized,
are potential resources. These resources will be widely used shortly. Wind and s
olar energy potential in Rajasthan and Gujarat have not been developed and explo
ited properly so far.
b) Developed resources: These are the resources surveyed; quality and quantity h
ave been measured and have been determined for utilization. c) Stock Resources:
Resources in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but
do not have the appropriate technology to have an access come under this catego
ry. We haven t so far developed the technology to make inflammable gases like hydr
ogen and oxygen on a large scale from water . So it is considered a stock.
d) Reserve resources: These are the subdivision of stock resources and can be pu
t into use by applying the existing technology but their use has not yet been st
arted. These can be used to meet our future requirements.
10. What is meant by Exclusive Economic Zone? a) The UN Convention of the Law of
the Sea, 1982, allowed coastal nations to claim a territorial sea of up to 12 n
autical miles. b) It also allowed jurisdiction over resources, control over fish
ing right, scientific research, and environmental protection in a zone up to 200
nautical miles (370.4 km) offshore. It is known as Exclusive Economic Zone. Bey
ond this zone, seabed mineral development will be regulated by an international
body.
ISB 55 11. What are the major problems developed out of exploiting resources in
discriminately? ( State any to effects of indiscriminate exploitation of resourc
es.) a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. b) A
ccumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn divided the society in to r
ich and poor. c) It has led to ecological crisis such as global warming, ozone l
ayer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 12. What is sustai
nable development? The development that takes care the needs of the present gene
ration with out compromising the needs of future generations is termed as sustai
nable development. It emphasizes on prevention of pollution and avoidance of was
tages. The development that takes place with out damaging the environment is ter
med as sustainable development.
13. What is resource planning? Why is it essential? ( Explain any three reasons
responsible for making resource planning in India. ) i) Resource planning is a t
echnique or skill of proper utilization of resources. ii) An equitable distribut
ion of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global
peace. iii) If the present trend of resources depletion by a few individuals an
d countries continues, the future of the planet is in danger. There fore resourc
e planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life. Or
Since the resources are limited and unevenly distributed, effective and efficien
t planning is necessary. Resource planning includes conservation of resources to
o. We have to exploit resources in such a way that future generation will not su
ffer. Resource planning is essential to prevent environmental pollution and to a
void wastages in the exploitation of resources. 14. Examine the diversity in the
availability of resources in India. Give examples. Or Why is a balanced resourc
e planning essential in India? ( Why is it necessary for a balanced resource pla
nning at the national ,state regional and local levels?) a) There are regions in
India which are rich in certain type of resources but are deficient in some oth
er resources. There are some regions in India which can be considered self suffi
cient in terms of availability of resources and there are some other regions whi
ch have acute shortage of some vital resources.
b) The states of Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals
and coal deposits. c) Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lac
ks in infrastructural developments. d) Rajasthan has a lot of solar and wind ene
rgy potential but lacks in water resources. e) The cold area of Ladakh has very
rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water, infrastructure and minerals. 1
5. What are the processes ( stages) involved in the resource planning? i) Identi
fication and inventory of resources across the regions of the country: This
involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation, and
measurement of resources.
ISB 56 ii) Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional setup for implementing resource development plans. iii) Matching
the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 16. Mere
availability of resources will not bring economic development . Give reasons. i) A
long with the availability of resources corresponding changes in technology and
institutions are required for economic development. ii) There are many regions i
n India that are rich in resources but are economically backward. Some other are
as have poor resources but they are economically developed.
iii) It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colon
izing countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and estab
lish their supremacy over the colonies.
17. What was Gandhiji s opinion about conservation (or over exploitation) of resou
rces? i) Gandhiji said, There is enough resources in India for every body s need an
d not for any body s greed . ii) He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and ex
ploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion
at the global level. iii) He was against mass production and wanted to replace i
t with the production by the masses. 18. Why is it important to use the availabl
e land with careful planning? i) We live on land , perform all economic activiti
es on land and use it for variety of purposes. ii) Land is a natural resource of
utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, trans
port and communication systems.
iii) 95% of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from lan
d
iv) Land available is limited in quantity compared to the size of the population
and
hence it requires careful planning 19. Assess the land in India under important
relief features. i. Plains: About 43 % of the land is plain which provides facil
ities for agriculture and industry. ii. Mountains: It accounts for 30 % of the l
and and ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and
ecological aspects. iii. Plateau: About 27 % of the land is plateau. It possess
es rich reserves of minerals fossil fuels and forests. 20. Give two reasons why
we are not able to utilize the total geographical area of India. i) The land use
reporting for most of the north- eastern states except Assam has not been done
fully. ii) Some areas of Jammu & Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have not
been surveyed. 21. What is the land utilization pattern in India? Total area of
land in India is 3.28 million sq.km., but only 93 % is available for use.
i)The Net sown area in India is 43.41% in 2002-03.
ii) The Forest share in the land use pattern is 22.57% in 2002-03.
iii) Area under non agricultural use is 7.92% in 2002-03.
ISB 57 iv) Permanent pastures and grazing land is 3.45 % only. v) Culturable Wa
ste land is 4.41% in 2002-03. vi) Fallow Land : The share of the current fallow
land is 7.03% in 2002-03. Fallow other than current fallow is 3.82. 22. What are
the most satisfying features of the land use pattern in India? a) About 54 % of
the total land area is under cultivation in India. It is the highest percentage
in the world. b) Land under the forests has increased from 18.11% in 1960-61 to
22.57% in 2002-03. (Any One) c) Culturable Waste land has reduced from 6.23% in
1960-61 to 4.41% in 2002-03. 23. What is land degradation? Explain any three ca
uses for land degradation. Land degradation is the process of losing the fertili
ty and productivity of land and turning it unfit for proper use. It is otherwise
lowering the quality of land. Deforestation, careless management of forests, ov
ergrazing by animals, soil erosion, surface mining and industrial effluents caus
e land degradation.
At present there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India .28 %
of it belongs to forest degraded area, 56 % water eroded area, 10 % wind eroded
area and the rest 6% is affected by saline and alkaline deposits.
24. State two natural and human activities that lead to land degradation. a. Nat
ural : Soil erosion, land slides, torrential rain b. Human : Mining and industry
. (Explain all) 25. How does surface mining and industry lead to land degradatio
n? o. The mining sites are abandoned after excavation is completed. p. Processed
soil or waste materials are dumped unscientifically causing the land used and t
he land nearby unfit for any use. q. The mineral processing, like grinding of li
mestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry gener
ates heavy amount of dust and releases in the atmosphere. It settles down in the
surrounding areas, affecting infiltration of water and crop cultivation.
r. The industrial effluents released to the air causes acid rain and air and wat
er get polluted. 26. How is man responsible for degradation of land? a) Cutting
of trees (deforestation). b) Unscientific disposal of industrial wastes. c) Unsc
ientific industrial processing. d) Construction of houses and buildings. (Explai
n any one) 27. What measures can be adopted for preventing land degradation? a.
Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes, preparation of shelterbelt
s for plants and control over grazing of animals are some methods of controlling
land degradation in arid areas.
ISB 58 b. Moisture conservation and weed control in agricultural lands, regular
ization of grazing and proper management of wasteland and control of mining acti
vities are the methods for semi arid areas.
c.Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatme
nt can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas. 28. W
hat are soils? How are they formed? Or ( Describe the factors that contribute to
the formation and fertility to the soil.) i. Loose and fragmented uppermost lay
er of the earth s crust, which is useful for plants, is called soil. It is the bas
ic resources of agriculture. ii. It consists of both organic and inorganic subst
ances. iii. The factors that contribute the formation and fertility of soil are
rocks, climate, plants and animals, local topography, chemical and organic chang
es which takes place in the soil and long period of time.
1. Soils are formed by the disintegration and decomposition of rocks under the p
rocess of weathering and erosion. Climate determines the rate of weathering and
the type of vegetation. Time provide maturity to soils.
29. Describe the characteristics of alluvial soil. (What type of soil is found i
n the river deltas of the eastern coasts? Give three main features of this type
of soil. Or Which is the most widely spread and important soil in India? )
a) Alluvial soil is confined to northern plain, coastal strips, Rajasthan and Gu
jarat. It is the most widely spread and important soil in India. b) It consists
of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. c) As we move inlands to wards th
e valley soil particles appear some what bigger in size. In the upper reaches of
the river valley the soil are coarse. Such soils are common in piedmont plains
such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
d) Alluvial soil as a whole are very fertile Mostly these soil contain adequate
proportion of potash , phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth o
f sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
e) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper
treatment and irrigation. f) Alluvial soil is divided into Bhangar and Khadar a
ccording to their age. ( Continue..) 30. Differentiate between Bhangar and Khada
r. i)The Bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar.
ii. Bhangar is older alluvium and is found away from rivers and Khadar is new a
lluvium found closer to the rivers. iii. Bhangar is clayey and dark while Khadar
is sandy and light in colour. iv. Bhangar is less fertile compared to Khadar. K
hadar is renewed frequently in the flood plain. 31. What are the characteristics
of Black soil?( Regur soil) a) It is good for cultivation of cotton and also kn
own as cotton soil. c) It is rich in potash, calcium carbonate, magnesium and li
me and poor in phosphoric content. d) It has the ability to retain moisture. ISB
59 e) On drying these soil develops large and deep cracks and becomes sticky w
hen wet. f) Climatic condition along with the parent rock material is the import
ant factors for the formation of black soil. g) This type of soil is typical of
the Deccan trap spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flow
s. 32. Describe the major features of Red soil. Where is it found? a. Red soil d
evelops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and
southern parts of the Deccan plateau. b. It is red in colour due to the diffusi
on of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs
in a hydrated form.
c. Red soils are highly porous and fertile and they are fine grained and deep.
d. It is deficient in phosphoric acid, organic matter and nitrogen and rich in p
otash.
e. They occur in parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Jhar
khand.
33. What are Laterite soils? What are its features? a. Laterite soils are intens
ely leached soils of the monsoon climate. b. The humus content of this soil is l
ow because most of the micro organisms particularly the decomposers like bacteri
a get destroyed due to high temperature. It has low value for crop production.
c. They are red in colour with high content of iron oxide. d. It is poor in nitr
ogen and lime and has high contents of acidity. e. It doesn t have the ability to
retain moisture. f. It is composed of little clay and much gravel of red sand st
ones. g. These soils develop in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall. Th
ey occur in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and part of Assam and Meghalaya. (Why are
laterite soil less fertile? Ans points a and b above) 34. Describe the character
istics of forest (mountain) soil. a. These are the soils found in the mountainou
s region of India like Meghalaya, Arunachel Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. b. Th
ese soils are characterized by deposition of organic materials derived from vege
tative cover.
c. These are heterogeneous in nature and vary from place to place.
d. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slop
es.
e. In the snow covered areas of Himalayas these soils experience denudation and
are acidic with low humus content. 35. What are arid (desert) soils? a. These ar
e the soils found in the arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. b. These s
ands are partly of local origin and partly have been blown from the Indus Valley
. c. In some areas, the soil contains high percentage of soluble salt. d. It is
sandy, coarse and porous and poor in organic matter. e. These soils can be used
for cultivation with irrigation facilities. 36. What is meant by soil erosion? H
ow is it caused? Removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agent
is called soil erosion. It is the process of taking away or washing away of soi
l cover by wind or water flow. ISB 60 Soil erosion is caused by deforestation,
heavy rains and running water, overgrazing, winds and slope of the land. 37. Wha
t are ravines? Where is it found? Ravines are bad land, turned unsuitable for cu
ltivation by soil erosion. If the outer cover of the soil is removed by wind or
water, bad Lands are formed. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
38. What is sheet erosion and contour ploughing? a) When water flows as a sheet
over large areas down a slope, top soil is washed away. It is known as sheet ero
sion. b) Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour ploughing. It is
a method of controlling soil erosion. 39. Suggest a few measures of controlling
soil erosion. ?????U33.I?????U??ff?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????????
?????????????????? ? ? ? ?????????????????? ? ? ? ??????????????? ??????????????
???????????????????????? ????????? ? ???????????????????????????? ??????????????
????????? Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines is known as conto
ur Ploughing, which reduces the flow of water. (hilly areas)
b) Terrace farming: It restricts soil erosion in hilly areas.
c) Strip Cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are
left to
grow between the crops. a) Shelter belts and planting thorny bushes: : Planting
lines of trees reduce wind
force and stream flow. Planting of thorny bushes help stabilize sand dunes
in the desert areas.
40. Explain the six major land use categories of our country along with the chan
ges that have occurred recently. Total area of land in India is 3.28 million sq.
km., but only 93 % is available for use.
i) Net sown area : In 1960-61 its share was 45.26% which has decreased to 43.41%
in
2002-03. It has decreased due to using of agricultural land for other purposes.
ii) Forest : Its share was 18.11% in 1960-61 and it has increased to 22.57% in 2
002-03.
It has increased due to massive afforestation and government policies. iii) Area
under non agricultural use: Its share in 1960-61 was 4.95% and it has increased
to 7.92% in 2002-03. iv) Permanent pastures and grazing land: Its share in 1960
-61 was 4.47% and it is reduced to 3.45 % in 2002-03. This shows tremendous pres
sure of livestock population on agricultural land.
v) Culturable Waste: Its share was 6.23% in 1960-61 which has reduced to 4.41% i
n 2002- 03. The reduction in this category is mainly due to its conversion into
net sown area. vi) Fallow Land : The share of the current fallow land was 3.73%
in 1960-61, which has been increased to 7.03% in 2002-03. Fallow other than curr
ent fallow has increased from 3.50 to 3.82.
41. How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resou
rces? i) It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the c
olonizing countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and e
stablish their ISB 61 supremacy over the colonies. ii) Technical development le
d to mechanization and over exploitation of resources. Economic development led
to invention of modern machineries which accelerated over exploitation of resour
ces.
iii) Economic development increases the standard of living of the people. It hel
ps them to enjoy a number of facilities and use more resources. 42. Prove by giv
ing examples that the pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to
another. Net sown area in Punjab and Haryana is over 80 % and in Arunachal Prade
sh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar Islands it is less than 10 % 43. Wh
at is the importance of resources? Why is it necessary to conserve them? Resourc
es are vital for any developmental activity. Economic development of a country i
s depended on the availability of resources. Resources are in limited quantity.
Most of them are non renewable. Irrational consumption and over-utilization of r
esources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome thes
e problems, resource conservation at various levels is important. It helps in th
e sustainable development. It helps to conserve the resource for the future gene
ration. It also helps in avoiding wastages and preventing pollution.
Additional Questions: 01. Draw a neat diagram showing the soil profile.02. On wh
at grounds are soils classified? i. Soils are classified based on colour, thickn
ess, texture, age, chemical and physical properties.
03. What is the main purpose of resources? ( to satisfy basic needs of mankind)
04. Which mineral is mined in the Indian Ocean? (Manganese nodules)
05. What is the ill effect of accumulation of resources in few hands?
(The society will be divided in to rich and poor) 06. What was the aim of Rio de
Janeiro Summit?(Achieve global sustainable development) 07. Name four ecologica
l crisis:global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land
degradation. 08. What were the two aims of first earth summit? (Environmental p
rotection and economic development) 09. Name two river valleys in South India wh
ere black soil is found. ( Godavari valley and Krishna valley)
10. What do you mean by Deccan trap? It is the plateau formed by deposition of B
asalt lava.
11. Why are yellow soils yellow in colour? (Due to the presence of iron in hydra
ted form)
12. Despite enormous potential solar power is not developed in Rajasthan and Guj
arat. Why ? ( Due to lack of technology and demand) 13. When and where was the f
irst international earth submit held? It was held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in
1992 14. What is meant by Agenda 21? i) It was the declaration signed by the wo
rld leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Developm
ent, which took place at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992.
ii) It was an agenda to combat environmental damage , poverty, diseases through
global cooperation on common interests mutual needs and shared responsibilities
in the 21st C. ISB 62 iii) One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every l
ocal government should draw its own local Agenda 21. 15. Name any two books that
advocate resource conservation. Small is beautiful written by Schumacher and Our C
ommon future 16. Name any two types of piedmont plains where alluvial soil is fou
nd. Duars, Chos and Terai. ( any two) Chapter 3 WATER RESOURCES 1. How does wate
r become a renewable resource? Explain. Fresh water is obtained from surface wat
er and ground water. It is continuously renewed and recharged through the hydrol
ogical cycle. All water moves in the hydrological cycle and ensures that water i
s a renewable resource.
2. How does water threaten human welfare? Or Why is it necessary to conserve wat
er resources? Give reasons. a)Scarcity of water: Due to high population, increas
ing urbanization and rising standard of living, there is a growing scarcity of w
ater felt all over India. b)Use of degraded water: In many areas, people are for
ced to drink and use polluted water which causes various water borne diseases. c
) Lowering the water table: Increased use of tube wells in recent years has lowe
red the water table and has caused depletion of underground water resources. d)I
nadequate supply water for irrigation; Two third of the cropped area in India is
still rainfed , which is uncertain and irregular which affects agriculture. 3.
What are the causes of growing water scarcity in India ? i. Variation in the ann
ual rainfall: The rainfall in India is unequally distributed. The desert areas o
f Rajasthan receive less than 20 cm of annual rainfall and hence is drought pron
e. ii. Rapidly growing population: A large population needs more water not only
for domestic use but also for production of more food. iii. Over exploitation of
water resources: For more food production, water resources are over exploited w
hich leads to its scarcity. iv. Industrialization and urbanization: Industries r
equire a lot of water for processing and as a cleaning agent. Much of the energy
for industrial use is obtained from hydro electricity. Urbanization changes the
life style of people and demand of water increases. It leads to water scarcity.
4. What are the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water scarcity in India?
i. Quantitative aspects: A large part of India is facing the problem of shortag
e of fresh water. Variation in the annual rainfall makes these areas drought pro
ne. Rising population, makes the situation worse.
ii. Qualitative aspects: A number of villages and cities in India are facing the
problem of pure drinking water. Water in these areas is polluted due to domesti
c and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides, and fertilizers.
5. Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim the dams as the temples of modern India? ISB
63 Dams would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy wit
h rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy. Therefore, Jawaharlal
Nehru proclaimed the dams as the temples of modern India.
6. Why are dams now referred as multipurpose projects? Dams are now used for num
ber of purposes at a time. They are a) Flood control b ) Irrigation c) Navigatio
n d ) Electricity
e) Soil conservation and preservation of wildlife through afforestation
f)Tourism or recreation (F.I.N.E.S.T. ) Hence they are called multipurpose proje
cts.
(Explain points)
7. Why do the dams in India come under great scrutiny and opposition? ( What are
the arguments against large dams?) i. Regulating and damming of river water aff
ect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at
the bottom of the reservoirs, resulting in rockier streambeds and poorer habita
t for the river s aquatic life.
ii. Dams prevent the migration and spawning of aquatic fauna. iii. Construction
of dams leads to submergence of land and vegetation leading to its decomposition
over a period of time. iv. It leads to loss of livelihood to many tribal and vi
llage people and find it difficult to rehabilitate them. v. Dams did create conf
licts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water. In
Gujarat the Sabarmati-basin farmers agitated against the higher priority given
to water supply in urban areas particularly during drought.
vi. Inter-state dispute also becoming common over sharing the cost and benefit o
f multi purpose river valley projects. (Give example) 8. Compare the advantages
and disadvantages of multi purpose river valley projects. ( Explain the above tw
o answers) 9.What is meant by rainwater harvesting? Mention a few traditional te
chniques of rain water harvesting. i. It is a technique of increasing the rechar
ge of ground water by capturing and storing rainwater. ii. Roof top rainwater ha
rvesting was commonly practiced to store drinking water particularly in Rajastha
n. iii. In the flood plain of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to ir
rigate their fields. iv. In arid and semi arid regions of Rajasthan agricultural
fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water t
o stand and moisten the soil. 10.Discuss how rainwater harvesting is carried out
in semi arid regions of Rajasthan. ISB 64 i Almost all the houses in these reg
ions had traditional underground tank or tankas for storing drinking water. ( Defi
ne the term Tanka) ii The tanks could be as large as a big room. iii The tanks w
ere part of the well-developed roof top rainwater harvesting system and were bui
lt inside the main house or courtyard. They were connected to the slopping roofs
of the houses through a pipe.
iv The rainwater, falling on the roof would travel down through the pipe and is
stored in the underground tanks. 11. Describe how modern adaptations of traditio
nal rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store wat
er. i Today in western Rajasthan the practice of roof top rainwater harvesting i
s declined due to availability of ample supply of water from the Rajasthan canal
. ii In Gendathur, a remote village in Mysore, nearly 200 houses have installed
roof top rain water harvesting system. iii In Tamil Nadu, the roof top rainwater
harvesting structure is made compulsory to all houses across the state. There a
re legal provisions to punish the defaulters. iv In some areas, the ground water
is recharged through hand pumps or using abandoned wells. 12. Name any two soci
al movements against multi purpose river valley projects. i. Narmada Bachao Andol
an ii. Tehri Dam Andolan These resistance movements are started against large scale
displacement of local communities. 13. Who are the people benefited by multi pu
rpose river valley projects? i. Land owners and large farmers. ii. Industrialist
s and a few urban centres. 14. How does river valley projects transform social l
andscape? Give an example. i. River valley projects increase the social gap betw
een the richer landlords and land less poor. ii. It creates conflicts between pe
ople wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources. iii. In
Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over
the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during d
roughts. 15. What is the Krishna Godavari dispute raised by the Karnataka and An
dhra Pradesh Governments? It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna b
y the Maharashtra Government for a
multi purpose project. This would reduce down stream flow in their states with a
dverse
consequences for agriculture and industry.
16. Prove by giving examples that river valley projects fail to achieve the purp
ose for which they were built. i. The dams were constructed to control floods bu
t it has triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and due to dam f
ailure. Release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situa
tion in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006
ii. Multi purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and p
ollution resulting from excessive use of water. 17. What is the ecological conse
quence of irrigation and changing of cropping pattern? Salinization of soils.
18. Name two structures built to harvest water in hilly areas. Guls, Kuls.
19. Name two water harvesting system in Rajasthan. Khadins- and Johads.
ISB 65 20. What is meant by hydraulic cycle? Movement of water in different for
ms from ocean to atmosphere and from atmosphere to ocean. 21. Define the term mat
kas . These are the earthen pots used by Rajasthan women for collecting and storin
g water. 22. Why did the Sabarmati basin farmers agitate and almost cause a riot
in Gujarat? It was over the higher priority given to water supply in urban area
s CHAPTER- 4 AGRICULTURE 1. India is an agricultural country. ' Comment.Or Why is
agricultural development a precondition for our national prosperity? Or What is
the importance of agriculture in India?
1) India is an agricultural country. Nearly two-third of its population depends
directly on agriculture for its livelihood. 2) Agriculture is the mainstay of In
dia's economy. It accounts for 26 % of the Gross Domestic Product.
3) Agriculture provides 10 % of our total exports and a source of fodder for ani
mals.
4) Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population is 63 per
cent in 2001.
2. Define the term agriculture. The term agriculture is derived from two Latin w
ords 'ager' meaning land and 'cultur' meaning cultivation. Agriculture thus mean
s land cultivation. However, it includes animal husbandry, forestry, horticultur
e and pisiculture.
3. State any two reasons for the change in the methods of cultivation. i. Change
in the physical environment ii. Change in the technological know-how iii. Chang
e in the socio cultural practices. (Explain) 4. Differentiate between net sown a
rea and gross cropped area. 1) The total land cultivated in a year is called net
sown area. The net sown area and the land in the net sown area cultivated more
than once together make gross cultivated area. 2) The net sown area in India at
the present is 143 million hectares. It is about 46.6 % of the total geographica
l area. 5. Mention in brief, the various limitations from which the Indian agric
ulture suffers presently. (Drawback of Indian agriculture) I. Agriculture is not
generating sufficient employment opportunities in the country. The growth rate
in agriculture is decelerating which is an alarming situation. II. Today, Indian
farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and our gover
nment is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agriculture sect
or particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanization.
III. Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of prod
uction. Moreover, reduction in import duties on agricultural products have prove
d detrimental to agriculture in the country.
ISB 66 IV. Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a
downfall in the employment in agriculture. 6. What is primitive subsistence farm
ing? Why do majority of Indian farmers follow it? i. Subsistence farming is the
cultivation of crops for domestic use and not for sale. It is practiced in small
patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, digging sticks and f
amily labour.
ii. This type of farming depends on monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and s
uitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown. iii. Majority o
f Indian farmers practise subsistence farming because they have scattered land h
oldings and they use only primitive tools. iv. They are poor farmers and they ca
n't use fertilizers and machinery. Facilities like electricity and irrigation ar
e not available to them. 7. Name any two local names of primitive subsistence fa
rming. i. It is Jhumming in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
ii. In Manipur it is Pamlou.
iii. It is Dipa in Bastar districts of Chattisgarh and Andaman and Nicobar Islan
ds.
What is shifting agriculture? What are its features? a) Shifting agriculture is
the old type of agriculture. In this system, forestland is cleared to cultivate.
Crops are grown for two or three years. When the fertility is reduced the farme
rs move to another area to cultivate by clearing forests again. It allows the la
nd to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
b) Dry paddy, maize, and vegetables are grown in this farming. The per- hectare
yield is low. It is, other wise known as slash and burn agriculture. Features: a)
It is a subsistence type of agriculture. c) The rotation of field is practiced.
d) Simple implements are used. e) Per capita or the per-hectare production is lo
w. f) It is practiced in the region of low density of population 9. What is inte
nsive subsistence farming? Why do the farmers follow this type of farming? i. It
is a type of farming practiced in the areas of high population pressure on land
. It is a labour intensive farming, where high dozes of bio-chemical inputs and
irrigation are used for obtaining high production.
ii. The farmers follow this type because their holding of land is very small due
to continuous family partition and the right of inheritance and the absence of al
ternative sources of livelihood.
10. What is commercial farming? What are its characteristics? It is the type of
farming practised mainly for sale. So they produce more than what they
require for domestic consumption. Plantation agriculture is an example of commer
cial
farming. Its characteristics are the following:
ISB 67 i. Modern inputs like High Yielding Varieties of seeds, chemical fertili
zers, insecticides, and pesticides are used.
ii. The yield per hectare or productivity is very high.
iii. It is a mechanized farming system in which modern machinery is used.
iv. Irrigation facilities are available to this farming technique.
11. What are the features of plantation agriculture? Plantation agriculture is b
ush or tree farming. The British introduced it in the 19th Century. Its features
are the following: 1) It is a single crop farming in a large area. It includes
tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut, apples, grapes, oranges etc.
2) It is a capital-intensive agriculture and requires good managerial ability.
3) It requires technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilizes, irrigati
on and
transport facilities. 4) It is normally developed in hilly areas of northeastern
India, Nilgiri, Aanamalai and Cardamom hills. 5) Since the production is on lar
ge quantity processing factory also is built with in or close to it. 6) All the
produce is used as raw material in respective industries and has an interface of
agriculture and industry. 12. What are the factors that play an important role
in the development of plantations? i. A well-developed network of transport and
communication system is an important factor since the plantation agriculture is
market-oriented. ii. Processing industries with in the estate and the technical
know-how play an important role in its development. 13. Which are the different
crop seasons in India? i. Kharif Crop season: The ' Kharif ' season starts with
the onset of monsoon and continues till the beginning of winter i.e. from June J
uly to September -October. Crops like rice, maize, millet, cotton, groundnut, mo
ong, urad etc. are grown in Kharif season.
ii. Rabi Crop Season: Rabi season starts in winter from October to December and
harvested in summer from April to June. Crops such as wheat, barley, grain, lins
eed, rapeseed and mustard seeds are grown in rabi season.
iii. Zaid season: It is a crop season between Rabi and Kharif seasons practised
during the end of summer in March to May. Crops like watermelon, muskmelon, cucu
mber, vegetables, and fodder crops are grown during this period.
14. State any two reasons for the success of rabi crops in wheat producing areas
. i. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate
cyclones helps the growth of these crops. ii. The success of Green Revolution i
n Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan helped a lot in
the growth of rabi crops. ISB 68 15. Why is the extension of green revolution n
ecessary in India? ( Growing population and declining trend of food production-
for food security- For making use of abundant natural gas to manufacture fertili
zers- to have a favourable land use pattern and to increase the net sown area) .
(Explain points)
16. Name an important staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Or Describe the temperature and rainfall conditions necessary for the growth of
rice. Name the major areas of rice production.
Or What are the features of rice cultivation in India? Rice is the most importan
t staple crop in India. It is a tropical plant. It requires high temperature and
high humidity for its successful growth. The mean monthly temperature of about
25°C, with minor variations during, sowing, growing and harvesting seasons, is ide
al for its cultivation.
It grows well in areas of 100 cm of rainfall. In the areas of less rainfall, it
is grown with the help
of irrigation. The most important rice producing areas are Bengal, Uttar Pradesh
, Punjab, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu ( BUPAT)
17. Into how many heads can we group the varieties of crops conveniently? (Cerea
ls, pulses, oilseeds, fibre crops, beverage crops and cash crops. (Give examples
.) 18. Describe the temperature and rainfall conditions necessary for the growth
of wheat. Name the major areas of wheat production. India is the second largest
producer of wheat after China. It is a rabi crop. The ideal temperature at the
time of sowing wheat is 10 to 15° C and at the time of harvest, it is 20 to 25° C. T
he crop grows well in areas where rainfall is 50 to 75 cm. It requires well-drai
ned fertile lands. This crop requires cool growing season and a bright sunshine
at the time of ripening. It grows well in two wheat growing zones in India viz.
the Ganga Satluj plains in the north-west and the black soil region in the Decca
n.
The major areas of wheat cultivation is Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajastha
n and Bihar. (PHURB) 19. What are millets? Why are millets a very important food
crop in India? a) Millets are the third most important food crops in India, aft
er rice and wheat.
Jowar, bajra and ragi are some of the important millets grown in India. They hav
e high
nutritional value. Ragi is rich in iron, calcium and other micro nutrients.
b) Jowar is produced in many states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh. c) Rajasthan is the largest producer of Bajra. I
t is also produced in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. d) Ragi i
s produced mainly in the drier parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. e) Rice and Wh
eat cannot provide the total food of India. So millets are important to support
the food requirements. ISB 69 20. State the importance of ragi crop in India. i
. It belongs to the millet group. Rice and Wheat cannot provide the total food f
or India. Therefore, millets are important to support the food requirements.
ii. Ragi has a high nutritional value. Ragi is rich in iron, calcium and other m
icronutrients.
iii. It is a crop of dry region and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy, and
shallow black soils.
iv. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu.
21. Describe the characteristics of maize and its cultivation. (a) Maize is a co
arse grain and used as both food and fodder.
(b) It is grown under varied soil and climatic conditions.
(c) It grows well in areas of 50 to 100cm of rain and in areas of less rain it i
s grown under
irrigation.
(d) It grows well under temperature between 21 and 27°C and grows well in old allu
vial soil.
(e) It requires well-drained fertile soil.
(f) It is cultivated mainly as a kharif crop.
(g) Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, B
ihar and
Andhra Pradesh(KUMBA) 22. Describe the importance of pulses as a food crop and i
ts cultivation. State any two important pulses and mention the states producing
it. (a) Pulses are the major sources of protein in a vegetarian diet.
(b) These are grown all over the country except the areas of heavy rainfall.
(c) Pulses like Tur, Arhar and Urad are kharif crops and Moong and Masur, Peas a
nd Gram
are rabi crops. (d) Plants of pulses help in restoring fertility of the soil and
hence they are grown in rotation with other crops. (e) Two important pulses are
Gram and Tur. Gram is produced in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan(M
UR) and Tur is produced in Maharashtra, UttarPradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
and Madhya Pradesh(MUKAM).
23. What is the importance of oil seeds in India? Describe any one and its distr
ibution. (a) Oil seeds are used to make vegetable oil, which is an important ite
m of Indian food.
(b) Oil cake, the residue after oil is extracted from the seeds, is an important
cattle feed.
(c) India is the largest producer of oil seeds in the world.
The major oil seeds are the following:
(a) Groundnut: It accounts for about half of the major oil seeds produced in the
country.
It is a kharif crop.Its major producers are Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andh
ra Pradesh and Maharashtra.(TG.KAM). The other oil seeds are Sesamum, Rapeseed a
nd Mustard seed and Lin seed: 24. Name an important beverage crop and specify th
e geographical conditions required for its growth. Tea is an important beverage
crop in India. (1) Tea cultivation in India is a classic example of plantation a
griculture. It is a tropical as well as a sub-tropical plant. ISB 70 (2)Tea gro
ws well in deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
(3) It requires warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
(4) It is a labour intensive crop and requires cheap and skilled labour.
(5)The ideal temperature for its growth is 20 to 30°C and annual rainfall of 150 t
o 300 cm.
(6) High humidity is good for the rapid development of tender leaves.
Major tea producing states are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. 25. Wh
at is the importance of rubber production as a cash crop? (1) Rubber is produced
from the latex of a number of different species of rubber tree.
(2) It is used for manufacture of a number of industrial products like tyres and
tubes.
(3)India is the fifth major rubber producing country in the world.
(4) About 97% of the country s demand for natural rubber is met from domestic prod
uction.
(5) The tree requires moist and humid climate with rainfall more than 200cm. and
temperature
above 25°C. (6) Kerala produces about nine-tenth of the total production of rubber
. The other rubber producing states are Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam and Tripura
. ( Write the temperature and rainfall conditions required for rubber cultivatio
n. Explain point 5) 26. Which are the important fibre crops in India. Mention th
e major producing areas of any two crops. i) Cotton, Jute, Silk and Wool are the
important fibre crops of India. Cotton is grown in tropical and sub-tropical ar
eas. ii) It requires at least 210 frost-free days. It is grown well in black and
alluvial soils. iii) It requires 6 to 8 months to mature and it is a kharif cro
p. It requires a lot of cheap and efficient labour at the time of plucking of co
tton balls. At the time of harvest, the weather should be fine to maintain the l
uster of cotton.
iv) The main cotton producing states are Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Andhra Prades
h and Maharashtra.
Jute is a crop of hot and humid climate. The crop takes 8 to 10 months to mature
.
The fibre is obtained from the retting of the plant.
c) It is used in making bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts. d)
It is produced in Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, and Meghalaya. 27. How hav
e the technological and institutional reforms been able to improve the condition
s of Indian agriculture? Explain with suitable examples. Technological Reforms.
a) Modern machineries are used in agriculture for ploughing, sowing, harvesting
and thrashing. b) Indian farmers have started to use chemical fertilizers on a l
arge scale. c) High Yielding Varieties and early maturing quality seeds have bee
n introduced to increase the agricultural production. d) Irrigation facilities h
ave improved with the constructions of canals and the introduction of motor pump
s, drip irrigation and use of sprinklers. Institutional Reforms . ( Enlist the v
arious institutional reform programmes introduced by the Government in the inter
est of farmers. ISB 71 a) The govt. abolished the Zamindari system to protect t
he interest of the farmers. b) The Govt. encouraged the consolidation of smallho
ldings of land to make them more profitable. c) The widespread use of radio and
television acquainted farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation. d)
The crop insurance against drought, flood, fire, cyclone and diseases was anothe
r set up to protect the farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation. e
) Easy availability of capital or investment, through a well-knit network of rur
al banking like Grammen banks was introduced. f) Special bulletins for farmers wer
e introduced in T.V. and radios to take precautionary measures. g) Minimum suppo
rt price for various crops is introduced to remove uncertainty of prices and sal
es. h) Issue of Kissan Credit Cards and introduction of Personal Accident Insura
nce Scheme are some other measures taken. 28. Suggest the initiative taken by th
e Government to ensure the increase in the agricultural production. i. The Gover
nment of India started a number of agricultural reforms to improve Indian agricu
lture in the 1960s and 1970s. The Green revolution based on the use of package t
echnology and the White Revolution were some of the strategies adopted.
ii. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Agricultural Universities, Vete
rinary services, Horticulture Department, research and development in the field
of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority to modernize agriculture
and to improve it.
iii. Comprehensive land development programmes, which included the institutional
and technological reforms, were introduced in 1980s and 1990s. iv. ( add releva
nt points from answer 27 ) 29. The land under cultivation has been reduced day b
y day. What are its consequences? i. It affects the food security in India. Ther
e will be acute shortage of food grains in India since the population is increas
ing. ii. A major part of our foreign exchange will have to be spent for importin
g food grains. iii. Majority of the population in India will have to find altern
ate occupation since agricultural activity is declining. iv. It affects the depe
ndent cattle population in India and even affects the ecological balance. 30. Ex
plain any four features of the comprehensive land development programmes initiat
ed in our country during 1980s and 1990s. i. Comprehensive land development prog
rammes, which included the institutional and technological reforms, were introdu
ced in 1980s and 1990s. ii. The widespread use of radio and television acquainte
d farmers with new and improved techniques of cultivation. iii. The crop insuran
ce against drought, flood, fire, cyclone and diseases was another schemes to pro
tect the farmers against crop failures. iv. Easy availability of capital or inve
stment through a well-knit network of rural banking like Grammen banks were introd
uced. ISB 72 v. Special bulletins for farmers were introduced in T.V. and radios
to make precautionary measures and to get the farmers acquainted with modern te
chniques of farming. vi. Issue of Kissan Credit Cards and introduction of Person
al Accident Insurance Scheme are some other measures taken. vii. The government
also announced minimum support price for important crops to check the exploitati
on of farmers by speculators and intermediaries. (any four) 32. Name a commercia
l crop of Punjab and Haryana, which is a subsistence crop in Orissa. Ans: Rice 3
3. Name any two types of paddy grown in Assam, West Bengal and Orissa. Ans: Aus,
Aman and Boro. 34. Name the inputs in commercial farming. (HYV seeds, fertilize
rs, insecticides, irrigation, modern technology) 35. What are the challenges fac
ed by India farmers today? i. Today Indian Farmers are facing a big challenge fr
om international competition and our government is going ahead with reduction in
public investment in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rura
l roads, market and mechanization.
ii. Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of produ
ction. iii. More over reduction in import duties on agricultural products have p
roved detrimental to agriculture in the country. iv. Farmers are withdrawing the
ir investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in agricultu
re. 36. Why is the declining share of agriculture in the GDP a matter of serious
concern? Because any decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a decli
ne in other spheres of the economy having wider implications for society. ISB 73
CHAPTER-5- MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES 1. What are minerals? What is its imp
ortance? i) Minerals are natural chemical compounds uniform in composition and s
tructure and are constituents of rocks and ores.
ii) These are homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable interna
l structure.
iii) These are formed through various geological processes taking place in the e
arth.
iv) Minerals are naturally found in solid, liquid and gaseous states ranging fro
m the hardest diamond to the softest talc. iii) Minerals are one of the most imp
ortant resources of a country. It provides sound base for economic and industria
l development. Importance: a) Minerals are indispensable part of our lives. Almo
st everything that we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship,
all are made from minerals. b) The railway lines and the pavements of the roads
, our implements and machinery too are made of minerals. c) Cars , buses, trains
, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived f
rom the earth. d) Even the food that we eat contains minerals. In the stages of
development, human beings use minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festiva
ls and religious and ceremonial rites. 2. What are the properties of minerals? i
. Minerals are in wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, luster and den
sity, because, these are formed from, a certain combination of elements depends
upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms.
ii. Minerals are naturally found in solid, liquid and gaseous states ranging fro
m the hardest diamond to the softest talc. (any other points from answer 1) 3. W
hat are the different types of formations of minerals? OR Where do different for
ms of minerals generally occur? i. In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals oc
cur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are calle
d VEINS and the larger are called LODES. They are ISB 74 formed when minerals i
n molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth s
surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. ii. In sedimentary rocks, a number
of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of depos
ition, accumulation, and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms
of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of great pressure for a long per
iod. Another group of sedimentary minerals is gypsum, potash salt and sodium sal
t. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions.
iii. Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rock, and t
he removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered materia
l containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
iv. Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors an
d the base of hills. These deposits are called placer deposits and generally conta
in minerals which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are
most important among such minerals.
v. The ocean water contains vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are t
oo widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesi
um and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds too are ric
h in manganese nodules.
4. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks? (Ans. Point i above
) 5. Describe the diversity in the distribution of mineral resources in India. S
tate an important reason for this diversity. i. The peninsular rocks contain mos
t of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non metallic m
inerals. ii. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern sides of the peninsula
in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits. iii. Rajasthan has re
serves of many non-ferrous minerals. iv. These variations exist because of the d
ifference in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the format
ion of minerals. 6. Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous metals. i. Ferro
us metals are those metals, which have iron content in it where as non-ferrous m
etals do not have iron content in it. ii. Normally ferrous metals are available
in plenty whereas non ferrous metals are available in limited quantity. iii. Iro
n ore, manganese ore, chromate, pyrite, tungsten, nickel, and cobalt are some ex
amples of ferrous metals. Copper , bauxite, lead, zinc, and gold are examples of
non ferrous metals.
iv. Ferrous minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical
industries. Non ferrous minerals play an important role in a number of metallurg
ical, engineering and electrical industries.
7. Which are the important iron ore belts in India? ISB 75 i. Orissa Jharkhand
belt: High-grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and
Kendujhar districts of Orissa. It is found in Gua and Noamundi mines of Singhbh
um districts of Jharkhand too.
ii. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt in Chhatisgarh: Very high-grade hematite is foun
d in the Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhatisgarh. It is f
ound in Durg and Dantewara districts of Chhatisgarh.
iii. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka: It has the largest
reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karna
taka are known to be one of the largest in the world.
iv. Maharashtra Goa belt: The iron ore of the North Goa district of Goa and Ratna
giri district of Maharashtra are not of high quality, yet they are efficiently e
xploited. 8. Differentiate between magnetite and hematite. These are the two imp
ortant types of iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high con
tent of iron up to 70 %. It has excellent magnetic qualities and is valuable in
the electrical industry. Hematite is the most important industrial iron ore in t
erms of quantity used. It has a lower content of iron from 50 to 60 %.
9. What are the uses of manganese as a mineral? Name any two states producing ma
nganese ores. i. Manganese is used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manga
nese alloy. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides, and
paints. ii. Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It accou
nted for one-third of the country s production in 2001. 10. State any two uses of
copper. Name the states where it is produced. i. Copper is used in electrical ca
bles, electronics and chemical industries. ii. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Prad
esh produce 52 % of copper .Copper is produced in Singbhum district of Jharkhand
and Khetri mines in Rajasthan. 11. What are the advantages of bauxite as a meta
l ore? Where is it found? i. Bauxite is the ore from which aluminium is obtained
. Aluminium is a light metal used in manufacture of airplanes, utensils and othe
r household goods. ii. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the s
trength of metals like iron with extreme lightness and with good conductivity an
d malleability. iii. Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state with 45 % of
the country s total production in 2001. Panchpatmali in Koraput district is the im
portant bauxite producing centre in Orissa.
12. What are the properties of mica as a mineral? What are its uses? Where is it
found? i. Mica is made up of a series of thin plates or leaves. ii. Mica has in
sulating properties and has the quality to withstand high voltage and temperatur
e. Hence it is used in electrical and electronic industries iii. It is clear, bl
ack, green, red yellow or brown. ISB 76 iv. Mica is found in northern edge of C
hotanagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading pro
ducer of mica. Ajmer in Rajasthan and Nellore in Andhra Pradesh are the other ar
eas, producing mica.
13. Name an important rock mineral. What are its uses? Where is it found? Limest
one is an important rock mineral. It is found in association with rocks composed
of calcium carbonates or calcium or magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedime
ntary rocks of most geological formations. It is used as a raw material in cemen
t industry . It is used in the blast furnace in the smelting of iron ore. It is
produced in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
14. Why is conservation of minerals necessary? Suggest a few measures to conserv
e minerals. i. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is only one per cen
t of the earth crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that requires m
illions of years to be created and concentrated. The rate of replenishment is ve
ry slow but the rate of consumption is very fast. So conservation is necessary.
ii. Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Rich mineral deposits are sh
ort-lived possessions. So conservation is necessary. iii. Continued extraction o
f minerals leads to increasing costs as it comes from greater depths along with
decrease in quality. Therefore, we have to conserve it.
Measures:
a)
A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a pla
nned and sustainable manner. b) Improved technologies need to be constantly evol
ved to allow use of low-grade ores at low costs. c) Recycling of metals, using s
crap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving it for future. 15. Wha
t is the significance of energy resources? Energy is an indispensable requiremen
t in modern life. It may be manual or animal and mechanical or electrical. Avail
ability of energy is a pre-requisite of modern economic activities. Economic dev
elopment of a country depends on the energy sources available in a country. It i
s needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to run vehicles and to drive machin
eries in industries.
16. How are the sources of energy categorized? The sources of energy are classif
ied into two: (a) Conventional source of energy: These are the sources of energy
, which have been in use for a long time. Coal Petroleum, natural gas, and therm
al and hydro electricity are conventional sources of energy. These are non-renew
able sources of energy.
(b) Non-conventional source of energy: These are the new sources of energy devel
oped recently. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy are non-
conventional source of energy. These are renewable sources of energy.
ISB 77 17. Name the two common sources of energy in rural areas. Why is its use
discouraged? Firewood and cattle dung are the common sources of energy in rural
areas. About 70 % of
energy requirements in rural areas is met by these two.
Since forest area is decreasing, the use of firewood is discouraged to prevent f
urther
decreasing of forests. The use of cattle dung is discouraged because it consumes
most
valuable manure which could be used in agriculture.
18. How is coal formed? What is its use? a) Coal is formed due to the compressio
n of plant material over millions of years. It is found in a variety of forms de
pending on the degrees of compression, depth, and time of burial. It is found in
sedimentary rocks beneath the earth s surface.
b) Coal is the main source of power in India. It is used for power generation, t
o supply energy to industries as well as domestic needs. c) It is also used as a
raw material in chemical industries. It is used in Iron and steel industries as
a raw material to reduce its temper. Coal is so useful that it is called black g
old .
19. What are the four different types of coal? (Black gold) Write its characteri
stics. (a) Anthracite is the best quality coal. It is hard black and compact. (b
) Bituminous is the most popular coal for commercial use. High grade bituminous
coal is the metallurgical coal which has a special value for smelting iron in bl
ast furnaces. (c) Lignite is a low-grade brown coal, which is soft with high moi
sture content and is used for generating electricity. (d) Peat has low carbon an
d high moisture content and low heating capacity. It burns like wood and gives m
ore smoke and less heat. 20. Differentiate between peat and bituminous. i. Peat
has low carbon and high moisture content where as bituminous has high carbon and
low moisture content. ii. Peat has low heating capacity. It burns like wood and
gives more smoke and less heat
where as bituminous has high heating capacity, it gives more heat and less smoke
.
iii. Peat is not widely used where as bituminous is the most popular coal for co
mmercial use.
High grade bituminous coal is the metallurgical coal which has a special value f
or smelting iron in blast furnaces. 21. Name the main rock series of geological
ages where coal occurs in India. Or ( Name the main rock series of coal found in
India) a. Gondwana coal, a little over 200 million years in age , is found in D
amodar valley in West Bengal and Jharkhand. b. Tertiary coal, only about 55 mill
ion years old, is found in north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal P
radesh, and Nagaland. 22. State the importance of petroleum production in India.
Where does it occur in the rock formations? i. Petroleum is the second major en
ergy source after coal. ii. It provides fuel for heating and lighting, lubricant
s for machineries and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. ii
i. Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilize
r and a numerous chemical industries. ISB 78 a) Most of the petroleum occurrenc
es in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formation
s of the tertiary age. b) In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs
where oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold. c) The oil-bearing layer is a
porous limestone or sand stone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented
from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. 23. Describe the distri
bution of petroleum in India. i. About 63 % of India s petroleum production is in
Mumbai High off shore in Maharashtra.
ii. About 18 % is from Gujarat . The most important oil field in Gujarat is Anke
leshwar.
iii. About 16 % is from Assam. It is the oldest oil producing state in India. Di
gboi,
Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in Assam. 24. What a
re the advantages of petroleum as a fuel? a) Petroleum oil emits very little smo
ke compared to coal.
b) It does not leave any ash or residue.
c) It can be used up to the last drop.
d) It has low ignition point and catches fire easily
25. Why is natural gas considered as the fuel for the present century? ( environ
mentally fuel) Where are the natural gas reserves located in India? i. Natural g
as is an important clean energy resource found in association with or with out p
etroleum. ii. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw mate
rial in petrochemical industry. ii. It is an environment friendly fuel because o
f low carbon dioxide emissions, hence it is considered as the fuel for the prese
nt century. Natural gas reserves are found in Krishna Godavari basin. It is foun
d in Mumbai High and Gulf of Cambay. Andaman and Nicobar islands have large depo
sits of natural gas. 26. What are the two main ways by which electricity is gene
rated? i. Hydro electricity: Hydro electricity is produced by running water, whi
ch drives hydro turbines. Water is released at a great force from a high place o
n water wheel and turbine, which is connected to a powerful generator. Thus, ele
ctricity is produced. For this purpose, dams are constructed across rivers to st
ore water.
ii. Thermal electricity: Thermal electricity is generated by burning coal, petro
leum or natural gas. The steam produced by burning coal is used to operate turbi
nes and generators. Nowadays diesel, petrol, or natural gas also used to generat
e electricity. Diesel engine is connected to generators so steam is not required
.
27. How is nuclear energy produced? Where are the nuclear power plants located i
n India? i. Nuclear electricity is produced by altering the structure of atoms.
When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and
this heat is used in the generation of electric power.
ii. Uranium and thorium are used to generate atomic power. ISB 79 iii. There ar
e six nuclear power plants in India. They are, Tarapur in Maharashtra, Kalpakkam
in Tamil Nadu, Rawatbhata near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh, Kakr
apara in Gujarat and Kaiga in Karnataka.
iv. The gross electricity produced by nuclear power is 2720 MW per year, which i
s less than 4% of the total production of electricity. 28. What is solar energy?
Why do you think solar energy has a bright future in India? Photovoltaic techno
logy converts sunlight into electricity. It is solar energy. It can be used for
cooking, pumping, and heating of water, refrigeration and street lighting. Solar
energy has a bright future in India because of the following:
a) India is a tropical country and ample sunshine is available. It has the poten
tial to generate 20 MW electricity per sq. Km. b) At present 70% of our energy r
equirement comes from thermal power and the fuel used like coal and petroleum ar
e non-renewable resources, which are going to exhaust soon. So solar energy has
a bright future.
c) More over it is pollution free, eco friendly, renewable, and abundant.
The largest solar plant in India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat and
is used to
sterilize milk cans.
29. What are the advantages of solar energy? i. It is a renewable source of ener
gy and it will not be exhausted.
ii. It is pollution free and eco friendly.
iii. Use of solar energy will minimize the dependence of rural house holds on fi
re wood or
dung cakes, which in turn will contribute adequate supply of manure in agricultu
re. 30. Distinguish between natural gas and biogas. 1) Natural gas is found asso
ciated with or without petroleum. It is naturally made. Bio-gas is man made by d
ecomposition of organic matters. Shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human wastes ar
e used to produce bio-gas.
2) Bio-gas has more thermal efficiency than Kerosene and charcoal. However, it h
as lower thermal efficiency compared to natural gas. 3) Natural gas is a commerc
ial energy where as bio-gas is used for domestic purposes. 4) Biogas ( Gobar gas
) has a twin advantage of getting energy as well as improved quality of manure.
( What are the advantages of bio gas?) 31. How is tidal energy generated? Oceani
c tides are used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets
. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is
closed. After the tide falls out side the floodgate, the water retained by the f
loodgate flows back to the sea through a pipe that carries it through a power-ge
nerating turbine. A 900 mw. tidal power plant is set up in Gulf of Kuchchh by th
e National Hydro Power Corporation.
32. How is geo thermal energy produced? It is produced by using the heat of the
interior of the earth. The earth grows progressively hotter with increasing dept
h. High temperature is found even in shallow depth where geothermal gradient is
high. Ground water in such areas absorbs the heat from the rocks and becomes hot
. It turns into steam when it rises to the surface. This steam is used to drive
turbines to generate electricity. Two experiment projects have been set up in In
dia in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other in the
Puga Valley at Ladakh.
33. Suggest a few measures to conserve energy resources. ISB 80 (1) Use more an
d more public transport system and less of individual vehicles, (2) Switch off e
lectricity when not required, (3) Use power saving devices, (4) Check the power
equipments regularly, (5) Emphasis on greater use of non-conventional sources of
energy are some measures to conserve energy resources. 34. India is fortunate t
o have fairly rich and varied mineral resources. Explain. i. Peninsular rocks co
ntain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non m
etallic minerals. ii. Sedimentary rocks on western and eastern flanks of the pen
insula in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits. iii. Rajasthan
with the rock system of the peninsula has the reserves of many non-ferrous miner
als. iv. The vast alluvial plains of north India is devoid of economic minerals.
Additional Questions: 1. Why is mining called a killer industry? Mining causes
health hazard to people working and environment due to dust and
poisonous fumes. Accidents are common in mines like inundation, fire, collapse o
f mine roof
etc.
2. Name any two minerals obtained from veins and lodes. ( Tin, Copper, Zinc, Lea
d) 3. What are placer deposits? Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits
in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These are called placer deposit
s. 4. Name any two minerals obtained from ocean waters. Common salt, Magnesium,
Bromine 5. Name the iron ore which has magnetic properties. (Magnetite) 6. Sugge
st any two measures to prevent mining from becoming a killer industry. Follow sa
fety regulations strictly. Implement environmental laws effectively. 7. State an
y two factors affecting the economic viabilities of mineral reserves. Concentrat
ion of mineral in the ore, the ease of extraction and closeness to the market pl
ay an important role in affecting the economic viabilities of mineral reserves.
8. Which is the nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and chemical in
dustries? Petroleum refineries. 9. Where is the largest wind farm cluster locate
d in India? In Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. 10. Where is the largest so
lar plant located in India?At Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat. 11. Name the two ex
perimental projects set up to harness geothermal energy. Parvati valley near Man
ikaran in Himachal Pradesh ii) Puga valley at Ladakh. 12. Name the most popular
coal in commercial use.( Bituminous coal) 13. Which is the hardest and softest m
ineral? Hardest- Diamond- : Softest- Talc 14. What is rat hole mining? It is a l
ong narrow tunnel dug to extract minerals. It is a type of mining owned by commu
nities in North Eastern states. 15. Name any two minerals formed as a result of
evaporation. ISB 81 (Gypsum, Potash salt, Sodium salt.) CHAPTER 6 MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES CHAPTER 6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 1. What is manufacturing? What is t
he importance of manufacturing? Or Why is manufacturing considered the backbone
of economic development of the country? (i) Production of goods in large number
by using machines is called manufacturing. (ii) Raw materials are converted into
usable goods in this process. (iii) We manufacture cloth from cotton, sugar fro
m sugarcane, paper from wood etc. The importance of manufacturing is the followi
ng: (i) Industries play an important role in the economy of a country. The econo
mic strength of
a country is judged by the development of manufacturing industries.
(ii)
Industries provide employment opportunities and reduce poverty in India. Thus, s
olve unemployment problem. It helps reduce dependence of people on agriculture a
nd provide them job in secondary and tertiary activities..
(iii) Industries bring foreign exchange. Export of manufactured goods expands tr
ade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange. (iv) It provides to
ols and implements for agriculture. (v) It brings down regional differences by e
stablishing industries to tribal and backward areas. 2. How are industries and a
griculture complimentary to each other? i. The industries in India have given a
boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. It supplies irrigation pumps,
fertilizers, insecticides, machines and tools, and pipes to farmers, thus increa
ses its efficiency.
ii. Agriculture provides raw materials to agro based industries. It provides jut
e for jute industries, cotton for cotton textile industries, and sugar cane for
sugar industries. 3. Examine the growth rate of industries in the past few decad
es. i. In the last two decades the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated t
o 17 % of the Gross Domestic Product whereas in some other East Asian countries
it was 25 to 35 %. ii. The growth rate of industries in the last decade was 7 %
per year. The desired growth rate in the next decade is 12 %. iii. Since 2003, t
he industrial growth rate has increased to 9 to 10 % per year. 4. Name the physi
cal and human factors that affect location of industries. Or Explain any four fa
ctors which influence the industrial location. i. Availability of raw materials,
power resources, water facilities, and favourable climatic condition are the ph
ysical factors that affect the location of industries. ISB 82 ii. The human fac
tors that control the location of industries are labourers, transport facilities
, market, capital, banking facilities and government policies. iii. Many industr
ies tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban cen
tres known as agglomeration economies. iv. Least cost of production, Government
policies and availability of specialized labour also influence location of indus
tries. 5. On what bases are industries classified? Industries are classified on
the following basis: (i) Number of labourers employed or on the bases of capital
investment - large scale or small scale industries. (ii) Source of raw material
used-agro based or mineral based industries. (iii) Nature or type of raw materi
al used. Or based on the bulk and weight of raw material and
finished goods- light or heavy industries.
(iv)
Ownership of industries- public, private, joint, or co-operative industries (v)
According to their main role in the economy basic industries or consumer industr
ies. 6. How are industries classified based on ownership? Based on owner ship, i
ndustries are classified as the following: (a) Private companies: It is complete
ly owned and controlled by private individuals. e.g. Bajaj Auto, Tata Iron & Ste
el Company, Maruti Udyog Ltd., Bata Shoe Company (BSC), Bombay Dyeing, Mahindra
& Mahindra etc.
(b) Public sector industries: These are owned and controlled by the government.
e.g. Bhilai Steel Plant, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited(BHEL) , H.M.T (Hindust
han Machine Tools) , Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) etc. .
(c) Joint sector industries: These are owned and controlled by both government a
nd private individuals jointly on a share basis. e.g. Oil India Ltd. (d) Co-oper
ative sector industries: These are owned collectively by people on voluntary mem
bership. Democratic set up, service motive, and equality of opportunity are its
features. e.g. Milk marketing federations and sugar industries are normally unde
r co- operative sector.
7. How are industries classified based on capital investment? (i) Industries are
classified into small scale and large scale industries based on the capital inv
estment. (ii) Large-scale industries employ large number of labourers where as s
mall-scale industry employ a small number of people. (iii) Large-scale industrie
s produce both capital goods and consumer goods. But small-scale industries gene
rally produce consumer goods only. (iv) Latest machines, tools and equipments an
d huge capital are used in large-scale industries where as in small-scale indust
ries small capital less than one crore and simple machines are used.
(v) Manufacturing of cotton textiles is a large-scale industry and preparation o
f Gur and Khandsari is a small-scale industry. 8. Differentiate between heavy an
d light industries. (i) Heavy industries are those in which raw materials used a
nd the finished products are heavy and spacious where as in light industries raw
materials and finished products are light in weight.
(ii) Normally women labourers are not employed in heavy industries where as they
are employed in light industries. ISB 83 (iii) Iron and Steel Industry, Heavy
Machines Industry and Cement Industry are heavy industries. Textile Industry, Te
lephone Industry, and Ceiling Fan Industry etc. are light industries.
9. Differentiate between ago based and mineral-based industries. Agro based indu
stries are those industries in which agricultural products are used as raw mater
ials. e.g. cotton, jute, silk, sugarcane and vegetable oil industries are agro-b
ased industries where as Mineral-based industries are those industries in which
minerals are used as raw materials. Iron and Steel, Cement and Chemical industri
es are mineral-based industries.
10. How are industries classified according to their main role in economy? i. Ba
sic or key Industries: These industries provide basic materials for other indust
ries like iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting. ii. Consumer i
ndustries: These industries produce goods for direct use by consumers. E.g. suga
r, toothpaste, paper, sewing machine, fans etc. 11. Describe the importance of t
extile industries in India. The textile industry occupies a unique position in th
e Indian industry .Explain. i. It contributes 14 % of the total industrial produc
tion. ii. It provides employment to 35 million people directly and it is the sec
ond largest after agriculture. iii. It earns 24.6 % of foreign exchange. It cont
ributes 4% of the GDP. iv. It is the only industry in India, which is self-relia
nt and complete in value chain from raw material to the highest value added prod
ucts. (any two) 12. Describe the importance of cotton textile industries in Indi
a? Where is it distributed? Importance: (a) It is the largest industry in India.
It gives employment to over 1.5 million people, which is about 20% of the indus
trial labour force in India. (b) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibr
e textile mills in the country, of this 79% are in the private sector, the rest
in the public and co- operative sectors. (c) This industry support many other in
dustries like chemical and dyes, packing material and engineering works. Distrib
ution: (a) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the
country, of this 80% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and co-
operative sectors. (b) Cotton textile industries are spread over 80 towns and ci
ties in India, but most of them are concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, West B
engal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
(c) While spinning continued to be concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tam
il Nadu weaving is in decentralized sector. 13. State any two factors contribute
d towards the localization of cotton textile mills in India. Examine some of the
problems faced by the cotton textile industries today. (a) Wide demand or marke
t and it is one of the traditional occupation.
(b) Better transport facilities including accessible port facilities,
(c) Adequate banking facilities and moist climate,
ISB 84 (d) Availability of raw cotton, electricity, labour and capital contribu
ted towards the localization of cotton textile industries in India (d) There are
about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 80
% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and co- operative sectors. P
roblems faced by the cotton textile industries: (a) Scarcity of good quality of
cotton, (b) Obsolete machinery, (c) Erratic powers supply, (d) Low productivity
of labour and (e) Stiff competitions with synthetic fibre industry are the probl
ems faced by the cotton textile industries in India. 14. Why are the jute textil
e mills concentrated along the Hughli River? Explain by giving four examples. Wh
at are the challenges facing jute industry in India? (a) Jute producing areas ar
e located at the bank of the river Hughli and the textile mills should be closer
to the producing areas. (b) Hughli River is used for inexpensive transportation
supported by a good network of railways and roadways to help movement of raw ma
terials and finished products. (c) Jute mills required a lot of water for proces
sing jute. It is available here. (d) Cheap labor is available in West Bengal and
the neighbouring states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. (e) Banking facilit
ies are adequate. (f) Port facility and banking facilities are also available in
West Bengal. Challenges of jute industries: (a) Demand for jute carpets and pac
king materials declined in the international market. (b) Cost of production has
increased. (c) Stiff competition in international markets especially from Bangla
desh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand reduced over all demand for Indian
jute products. (d) Synthetic substitutes also posing threat to jute industry. 1
5. What are the steps taken by the Government to protect jute industry in India?
or What is the new trend in the demand for jute products? i. The National Jute
Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving q
uality, ensuring good prices to jute farmers, and enhancing the yield per hectar
e. ii. The internal market has been increasing due to the Government policy of c
ompulsory use of jute packaging and to prevent the use of polymers or polythene
bags. iii. The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable ma
terials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products. 16. Why are sug
ar industries located near to sugarcane producing areas? Why are sugar industrie
s migrating to South India? Name the sugar producing states in India. Sugar indu
stries are based on sugarcane as the raw material, which is very heavy. So indus
tries are close to its producing areas. More over sugarcane is a perishable and
weight losing products. It should be processed without delay to prevent losing o
f sugar content. Therefore, industries are located very close to its producing a
reas.
Sugar industries are migrating to South India due to the following reasons: ISB
85 i. The sugar content in the sugarcane in south India is more than that of no
rth India. So it is more profitable there. ii. The cooler climate in this region
ensures a longer crushing season. iii. The co operative societies are more succ
essful in south India. iv. Sugarcane requires a lot of water for its processing.
It is available in south India. v. Sugar industry is a labour intensive industr
y it requires a lot of cheap labour, which is available in south India. Hence, s
ugar industry is migrating to south India. (a) There are over 460 sugar mills in
the country. About 60% of them are located in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Maharash
tra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya
Pradesh also produce sugar.
17. Why are iron and steel plants located in the north eastern and southern part
of Indian Peninsula? Or What are the relative advantage of the Chotanagpur plat
eau for the development of iron and steel industry?
Iron and steel industry requires low cost iron ore, high-grade coal, limestone a
nd manganese ore as raw materials. It also demands cheap labour and wide market.
These are available in the north eastern and southern part of Indian peninsula.
Since raw materials and finished products are heavy good transport system is req
uired for its distribution. These areas have inland waterways and good network o
f roads. Except Vishakapatanam steel plants, all steel plants are located to in
the mineral rich northeastern and southern part of Indian peninsula. These indus
tries make use of sea ports of the Indian peninsula like, Haldia, Paradip, Visha
kapatnam, Chennai etc. (Where should the steel plants be ideally located ? Selec
t points from the above answer) 18. State any two reasons for the low productivi
ty of iron and steel in India. Or Why are we not able to perform to our full pot
ential though India is an important iron and steel producing country?
a) High cost and limited availability of coking coal, b) Lower productivity of l
abour, c) Irregular supply of energy, d) Poor infrastructure. (Explain points) 1
9. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What proble
m does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the pro
duction capacity? i. Mini steel plants are smaller and have electric furnaces, u
se steel scrap and sponge iron. ii. They have re-rollers that use steel ingot as
well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications. iii. An integr
al steel plant is large and handles everything related to smelting of iron. Raw
materials are converted in to iron . Rolling and shaping is done here and steel
bars are made. iv. Coal is used as a major source of fuel in integrated steel pl
ants. The problems faced by the iron and steel industries are the following: a)
High cost and limited availability of coking coal,
b) Lower productivity of labour,
c) Irregular supply of energy,
d) Poor infrastructure. (Explain points)
Recent developments: i. We import good quality steel from other countries. ISB 8
6 ii. Liberalization and privatization has given a boost to this industry. iii.
Foreign Direct Investment increased in India, which helped to absorb new techno
logy at work. 20. Why is aluminium smelting gaining popularity? It is gaining po
pularity due to the following reasons: i) It is the second most important metall
urgical industry in India. Bauxite from which aluminium is obtained is widely av
ailable in India. India has vast reserves of bauxite. ii) Aluminium is used as a
substitute to steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. iii) It i
s light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes
strong when mixed with other metals. iv) It is used in manufacturing of airplan
es, utensils, electrical wires and other equipments, house fabrications etc. Hen
ce its demand is increasing. India produces 620,000 tonnes of aluminium per year
.
iv) It is a cheap metal compared to copper, bronze and iron. For all these reaso
ns aluminium smelting is gaining popularity. (any two) (Which is the second impo
rtant metallurgical industry of India? Why is it getting popularity? (Write the
answer above) 21. State two prime factors that determine the location of Alumini
um industry. Name the states where aluminium plants are located. a) Availability
of regular supply of cheap electricity b) Availability of bauxite. (Explain poi
nts) The aluminium plants are located.in Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal (C.T. KUMB) 22. Name any two heavy organic
and inorganic chemicals produced in India.. What is its use? Where is it manufa
ctured? i. Petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals, which is used for manufac
turing of articles
like synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceu
ticals.
The organic chemical industries are located near oil refineries and petro-chemic
al plants.
ii. Sulphuric acid is a heavy inorganic chemical, which is used for the manufact
uring of fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, paints and dyestuffs. Soda ash
is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents. Other inorgani
c chemicals are nitric acid and alkalis. 23. How has chemical industry gained an
important position in the Indian economy? Explain any six points in this regard
. i) Chemical industry is growing fast. Rapid growth has been recorded in both o
rganic and inorganic chemical industries. ii) Petrochemicals are heavy organic c
hemicals, which is used for manufacturing of articles like synthetic fibres, syn
thetic rubber, plastics, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals. iii) Sulphuric aci
d is a heavy inorganic chemical, which is used for the manufacturing of fertiliz
ers, synthetic fibres, plastics paints and dyestuffs. i) Soda ash is used in the
manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents. Other inorganic chemicals are
nitric acid and alkalis. ii) Production of pesticides has contributed much to a
griculture by controlling harmful insects and weeds. ISB 87 iii) In the product
ion of pharmaceuticals India leads in the developing countries. It contributes 1
4 % of production of entire manufacturing sector and its share in export is also
14% 24. Name the different varieties of fertilizers produced in India. Name the
states where it is produced. i. Nitrogenous fertilizers like urea: India is the
third largest producer of nitrogenous
fertilizers. There are 57 fertilizer industries in India producing nitrogenous a
nd complex
nitrogenous fertilizers in which 29 industries produce urea.
iv. Phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate: There are 9 ammonium sulphate
plants as a by- product and 68 other small plants produce single super phosphat
e in India. iii. Complex fertilizers, which have the combination of nitrogen, ph
osphate, and potash . As a result of Green Revolution the demand for fertilizers
increased thus the industry spread to several parts of India. Gujarat, Tamil Na
du, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala produce more than half of the total fertili
zer production in India. 25. Why is cement a raw material oriented industry? Whe
re and when was the first cement industry set up in India? Manufacturing of ceme
nt requires heavy materials like limestone, silica. Alumina and gypsum. Hence it
is a raw material oriented industry. The first cement plant was set up at Chenn
ai in Tamil Nadu in 1904. There are 128 large and over 332 mini cement industrie
s in India at present. 26. State any two reasons for the rapid growth of cement
industries in India. i. Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other
policy reforms by the government helped its growth in India. ii. Large demand o
f good quality cement produced in India by the countries of East Asia, Middle Ea
st, Africa and South Asia apart from the domestic demand boosted this industry.
27. Write a short note on the automobile industry in India. i. Trucks, buses, ca
rs, motor cycles, scooters, three wheelers, and multi utility vehicles are produ
ced in India. ii. This industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 y
ears. Foreign Direct Investment brought new technology to India and aligned the
industry with global developments. iii. At present, there are 15 passenger car a
nd multi utility vehicle industries, 9 commercial vehicle industries and 14 two
and three wheelers industries in India. iv. The industries are located at Delhi,
Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkatta, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpu
r and Bangalore. 28. Describe about information technology and the electronics i
ndustries in India. Products : (1) India produces a wide range of electronics ra
nging from a small transistor set to television sets. (2) India produces telepho
ne exchanges, cellular phones, pagers, computers and various other equipments, w
hich are used in various fields of life. Importance: (1) This industry looks aft
er the needs of defence equipments, railways, airways, space and meteorological
equipments. (2) The IT industry provided employment to one million persons by Ma
rch 2005 out of which 30 % are women. ISB 88 (3) It has revolutionized the life
of people and changed country's economy and the quality of human life. (4) The
electronic goods bring a fair amount of foreign exchange to India. 29. Which is
the electronic capital of India? Name the major electronics goods producing cent
res in India. (a) Bangalore is the electronic capital of India. (b) Other electr
onic good producing centres are Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kanp
ur, Pune, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 30. How does industrial pollution degrade envi
ronment? OR How do manufacturing industries contribute to polluting and environm
ental degradation? Manufacturing industries are responsible for environmental de
gradation and pollution. There are four types of pollution created by these indu
stries. (a) Air pollution: It is caused by the smoke or gases emitted by industr
ies which contain poisonous gases like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. Air-
borne particulate materials consist of both solid and liquid particles. Dust, fu
me, mist, spray and smoke contain both types of particles. Air pollution affects
human health, animals, plants, materials and the atmosphere.
(b) Water pollution: The industrial effluents are discharged into rivers. They c
ontain both organic and inorganic materials. Coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fert
ilizers, plastics and rubber are the common pollutants of water. The principal i
ndustries, which create water pollution are paper pulp, textiles, chemical, petr
oleum, refining, tannery and electroplating. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and
steel stags are the major solid wastes in India.
Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal powe
r plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling (c) Land and soil pollu
tion: Industrial wastes containing toxic metal, glass, and harmful chemicals pol
lute land and soil. Unscientific processing in many industries like ceramic indu
stry and cement industry create a lot of dust containing chemicals, settle down
the land which causes pollution. Industrial effluents even cause acid rain, whic
h degrade the land.
(d) Noise pollution: Unwanted noise arise from industry and transport vehicles c
reate a lot of problems. The noise from mechanical saws and pneumatic drills is
unbearable and it may cause impairment of hearing (deafness) 31. Suggest a few m
easures to control environmental degradation and pollution that is caused by ind
ustries. Or Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation
by industries.
(a) There should be proper planning in the selection of industrial sites. It sho
uld not be in a congested area. (b) Equipments used in industries should be desi
gned better to prevent smoke. (c) Avoid using coal in industries and use of oil
as fuel to prevent smoke. (d) Equipments like inertial separators, fabric filter
s, smoke stags, electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers should be used to cont
rol particulate matter in the air. (e) Discharge the industrial effluents after
proper treatment. (f) Equipments or generators should be fitted with silencers.
32. Suggest a few measures for reducing industrial pollution of fresh water. ISB
89 (a) Minimizing the use of water for processing by re using and recycling it
in two or more successive stages. (b) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water req
uirements. (c) Treating of water and effluents before releasing them in rivers a
nd ponds. 33. How is the treatment of industrial liquids done? Name the three ph
ases of treatment of industrial wastes. (1) Primary treatment: It is a mechanica
l process. It includes screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (2)
Secondary treatment: It is a biological process. It involves use of biological m
ethods. (3) Tertiary treatment: It is combination of biological, chemical and ph
ysical processes. It includes recycling of wastewater. 34. Distinguish between c
otton textile and iron and steel industry. i. Cotton textile is a light industry
, since the raw material used and the finished products are light where as iron
and steel is a heavy industry. ii. Cotton textile is an agro-based industry sinc
e the raw material used is an agricultural product whereas iron and steel is a m
ineral-based industry. iii. The former one is a consumer industry where as the l
atter is a basic industry. iv. The cotton textile is a labour intensive industry
where as iron and steel is a capital-intensive industry. v. Cotton textile is i
n decentralized sector where as iron and steel is in centralized sector. 35. Why
did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasize on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? i) It supp
orted millions of cotton textile workers and through this Gandhiji wanted to rem
ove their poverty. ii) It was a powerful tool to protest against the British sin
ce he advocated boycotting foreign clothes. 36. Why is it important for our coun
try to keep the mill sector loomage lower than the power loom and handloom? i) M
ill sector loomage should be kept lower to avoid competition to the handloom clo
thes. ii) Development of mill sector will not help to solve the problems of mill
ions of population since
they are in powerloom and hand loom sector. Development of mill sector helps onl
y a few
capitalists where as millions of people are benefited by the development of powe
rloom and
hand loom.
37. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as an index of a count
ry s development. Why? i. The strength of an economy will be depended on the stren
gth of the basic industries. Iron and steel is a basic industry. It supplies raw
materials for manufacturing machineries and other industries. Hence production
and consumption of steel indicates the development of secondary sector and terti
ary sector.
ii. The profit margin in this industry will be much more than any other industry
and it contributes a major share in the GDP. 38. What are the mismatches of tex
tile industry in India? i) We have a large share in the world trade of cotton ya
rn, accounting for ¼ of the total trade. However, our trade in garments is only 4
% of the world total. ISB 90 ii) Our spinning mills are competitive at the glob
al level and capable of using all the fabrics we produce. However, the weaving,
knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is p
roduced in the country.
iii) There are some large and modern factories but most of the production is in
fragmented small units, which cater to the local needs. 39. How did the partitio
n of the country in 1947 affect the jute industry? i. Bengal was famous for jute
production. It was partitioned into East and West Bengal in 1947 along with the
partition of India.. East Bengal became part of Pakistan and later an independe
nt country called Bangladesh. Accordingly, we lost some of the major jute indust
ries like the one in Agarthala.
ii. Now one of the problems faced by jute industry in India is international com
petition especially from Bangladesh. Additional Questions: 1. Name two gases cau
sing air pollution. Sulpher dioxide and carbon monoxide. 2. Name two industries
causing water pollution: Tannery, textile industry, electroplating industry. 3.
With what objective was The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council ( NMC
C) formed? To improve industrial productivity and achieve the targeted growth ra
te with appropriate policy
interventions by the government the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Counc
il ( NMCC)
was formed
4. What is the key to decision of the factory location? Least cost. 5. Where wer
e the manufacturing units located in the pre-independence period in India? These
were located in places from the point of view of overseas trade such as Mumbai,
Kolkatta and Chennai. 6. Which is the only industry in India, which is self-rel
iant and complete in the value chain? Textile Industry. 7. State any two reasons
for the success of the IT industry in India. i) The continuing growth in the ha
rdware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India. ii) This
industry has been a major foreign exchange earner because of the Buisiness Proce
sses Outsourcing sector. 8. Mention any two solid wastes in India, which cause p
ollution. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel stags 1. Why is cotton texti
le industries located in Maharashtra and Gujarat?
2. Why is iron and steel industries concentrated in Chotanagpur region?
3. Account for the fact that iron and steels industry is mainly in public sector
in India.
4. Whys is jute industry declining in India? What measures would you suggest to
improve it?
5. Why is there a growing concern for shifting industry from urban areas?
6. Compare and contrast cotton textile industries and jute textile industries in
India.
7. Compare and contrast cotton textile and iron and steel industries in India.
8. In which sector does the Jamshedpur steel plant fall with reference to owners
hip? Why is it located in Jamshedpur.
9. What is the importance of sugar industry? Explain the development of sugar in
dustry in India
10. The jute industry in India has been passing through difficult times. Explain
.
ISB 91
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