Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Official Publication of the Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy Sections of the American Physical Therapy Association
Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is a standard operative treatment for a variety of disorders of the In the early 1990s approximately
glenohumeral joint. Patients, who have continued shoulder pain and loss of function in the 5000 TSAs were performed in the
presence of advanced joint pathology, despite conservative management, are often managed by United States annually.108 The suc-
CLINICAL
undergoing a TSA. The overall outcomes that are reported after surgical intervention are quite cess of a TSA procedure is predi-
good and appear to be primarily determined by the underlying pathology and the tissue quality of
cated on several factors, including
the rotator cuff. The current Neer protocol for postoperative TSA rehabilitation is widely used and
based on tradition and the basic science of soft tissue and bone healing. The purpose of this paper
prosthetic design, etiology and se-
is to review the indications for TSA, focusing on the underlying pathologies, and to describe the verity of the underlying pathology,
variables that impact the rehabilitation program of individuals who have had a TSA. A surgical technique, and postopera-
postoperative TSA rehabilitation protocol and algorithm, founded on basic science principles and tive rehabilitation.34 Many factors
tailored toward the specific clinical condition, are presented. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther have an impact on the outcome of
2005;35:821-836. patients who have had a TSA; they
COMMENTARY
Key Words: physical therapy, protocols, shoulder rehabilitation include preoperative health status,
preoperative shoulder function,
age, gender, and social environ-
T
he first total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) was performed by
ment.22,32,37 To ensure optimal re-
Jules Emile Pean in 1893 for the purpose of treating
lief of pain and restoration of
tuberculous arthritis of the shoulder.68 Neer81 developed a
function, it is imperative to inte-
humeral prosthesis for the treatment of 4-part fractures in
grate preoperative, intraoperative,
1955, and in the mid-1970s he refined his prosthesis for the
and postoperative factors when
treatment of the degenerative humeral head.82 TSA is a standard
planning rehabilitation after TSA.
treatment intervention for patients with underlying advanced joint
Unfortunately, many of the pub-
pathology who have persistent pain and loss of function despite
lished studies on TSA focus on
conservative management. These pathologies include osteoarthritis
surgical complications and have
(OA), 7,13,30,32,39,41,43,44,64,71,74,82,86,88,89,100,101 rheumatoid arthritis
not specifically assessed functional
(RA),6,34,35,38,52,61,64,76,91,102,106 cuff tear arthropathy,5,33,64,94,95,107,111
outcomes or described in detail
osteonecrosis, 26,48,49,64,70,79 and fractures of the humeral
postoperative rehabilitation.
head.2,3,6,21,42,62,69,85,90,93 Over the last 25 years, surgical techniques and
The purpose of this paper is to
prostheses have advanced greatly. However, there is still considerable
outline how underlying patholo-
variability in surgical techniques, particularly the use of cement for
gies impact the rehabilitation pro-
fixation and the type of prosthesis. Despite these significant variations,
gram following TSA, with the
the overall reported outcomes for patients that have undergone TSA are
intent to optimize functional out-
good.31,49,64,99,104 Self-assessed health status reports of individuals who
come. Maybach and Schlegel75
have undergone TSA are comparable to those of individuals who have
support the notion that the rate of
undergone a total hip arthroplasty or coronary artery bypass graft.11
progression for a patient following
TSA should be based on underly-
1
Clinical Supervisor, Outpatient Services, Department of Rehabilitation Services, Brigham and Women’s ing pathology in conjunction with
Hospital, Boston, MA; Fellow, Center for Evidence-Based Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. the type of surgical technique used
2
Director, Department of Rehabilitation Services, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. and the patient’s overall tolerance
3
Associate Surgeon, Director of Shoulder Surgery, Steadman Hawkins Clinic, 181 West Meadow Drive, to exercise and activity. A better
Vail, CO.
Address correspondence to Reg B. Wilcox III, Department of Rehabilitation Services, Brigham and understanding of these factors
Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: rwilcox@partners.org should enable the physical thera-
CLINICAL
cuff tear in conjunction with the TSA procedure is a
occurrence of postoperative TSA complications. They
challenge for the surgeon and has very significant
found through a review of 41 studies that included
implications for postoperative rehabilitation as well.
1858 patients who had undergone TSA from 1975 to
Stewart and Kelly102 state that previous studies have
1995 that the average follow-up was only 3.5 years.
reported some early controversy or misgivings about
They reported that there are no long-term studies of the outcomes of unconstrained TSA in patients with
TSA comparable to those on lower extremity joint RA. They reported that most of the previous research
replacements. We agree that a follow-up of only 3 to focused on short-term results and that longer-term
COMMENTARY
4 years does not allow for proper assessment of results needed to be established. In their own series,
postoperative complications such as component loos- they found rather high incidence of lucencies around
ening, glenohumeral instability, rotator cuff tear, and the components (62% of the glenoid components,
failure of the implant. We recommend postoperative 57% of the humeral components, and 25% of both
follow-up of at least 10 years to allow for better components together). The presence of lucency can
assessment of prosthetic longevity, long-term rate of indicate prosthetic loosening. But, in this study the
complications, and clinically relevant outcomes that presence of such lucencies did not lead to premature
occur after therapeutic intervention. loosening, with only 8 of 37 components being loose
Patients that have undergone a TSA for OA should at a mean follow-up of 9.5 years. The authors further
progress through a postoperative rehabilitation pro- reported that only 5 of 37 components in 3 shoulders
gram that emphasizes early ROM and a gradual lead to pain and declined functional status significant
progression of strength and restoration of function. enough to warrant revision. They concluded that TSA
As long as an individual’s rotator cuff is intact, the for individuals with RA provided reliable long-term
individual should expect to achieve overhead ROM pain relief with ROM and functional improvements,
that is functional (defined as greater than 140° of which seems reasonable and justified. Unfortunately
forward flexion). It has been reported that one needs their study only measured 4 functional tasks to assess
150° of forward flexion and abduction to comb one’s the patient outcomes. Had they used an outcome
hair without difficulty and a functional internal scale, such as the SST, their study could be better
rotation reach behind one’s back to thoracic level 6, compared to others. The outcomes were primarily
in conjunction with shoulder external rotation of 55°, focused on the surgical results, specifically the inci-
to be able to wash one’s back without difficulty.105 dence of loosening following TSA. This is very
The table outlines common outcomes for patients commonly found with most published studies of TSA
who have undergone a TSA. Primary rehabilitation for patients with RA.61,64,65,102 Few studies effectively
considerations for patients who have a TSA secondary measure functional outcomes or postoperative reha-
to OA are to allow for adequate soft tissue healing bilitation of these patients.38,76,106
and ensure proper glenohumeral mobility with pas- Often the primary indication for TSA for patients
sive ROM exercises prior to starting isometric with RA is for pain control. The expectation of better
strengthening exercises at 4 to 6 weeks postsurgery.52 ROM or function postsurgery is not appropriate.
Patients with an intact rotator cuff should be able to Typically ROM outcomes following surgery are much
easily transition from the initial passive ROM exercise less than for those who had a TSA secondary to OA
TABLE. Reported outcomes of patients who have had a total shoulder arthroplasty based on underlying pathology.
Mean Mean
Active Active Mean
Flexion Abduction Active
Underlying Number of Range of Range of External Functional
Pathology Shoulders Motion (°) Motion (°) Rotation (°) Score Authors/Date
Osteoarthritis 33 133 113 55 94/100* Levy et al 200164
储
37 147 39 91/100† Orfaly et al
200389
储 储 储
134 75/100‡ Matsen et al
200072
储 储 储
124 83/100‡ Goldberg et al
200141
储
Osteonecrosis unspecified 4 133 118 81 Levy et al 200164
Osteonecrosis due to 52 138 125 66 72/100† Hattrup et al
steroids 200049
Osteonecrosis due to 46 107 86 49 66/100† Hattrup et al
trauma 200049
储
Rheumatoid arthritis 27 104 80 44 Levy et al 200164
储 §
24 81 51 Friedman et al
198938
储 §
37 75 38 Stewart and Kelly
1997102
储 §
140 90 40 Barrett et al
19897
储 储
Proximal humerus 27 88 38 Antuna et al
fractures 20023
储 储
50 102 35 Antuna et al
20022
储 储
23 92 27 Norris et al
199585
储 储
Cuff deficiency/ 12 115 41 Arntz et al 19934
arthropathy
储 储
21 120 46 Williams and
Rockwood
1996107
储 储
16 100 30 Field et al 199733
储 储
33 91 41 Sanchez-Sotelo et
al 200194
储
15 86 29 22/35 Zuckerman et al
2000111
8 73 64 47 613/100* Levy et al 200164
储
14 88 37 80/100† Sarris et al
200395
* Constant score (range, 0 to 100, with the higher the value the better functional status per patient report).
†
American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon’s Shoulder Evaluation (range, 0 to 100, with higher score representing less pain and greater shoulder
function).
‡
The Simple Shoulder Test (range, 0 to 100, with higher score indicating greater reported shoulder function).
§
Reported, but not with a standardized measure.
储
Not Reported.
¶
University of California Los Angeles Shoulder Score (range, 3 to 35, with higher score indicating increased shoulder function).
CLINICAL
arthropathy would only develop in about 4% of
sufficiently restored, so that a strengthening program
patients who have a complete cuff tear.84 Typically,
patients that have developed a cuff tear arthropathy can be safely initiated without irritating the rotator
have an irreparable rotator cuff. cuff. Certainly, this 10- to 12-week time frame needs
ROM and functional outcomes of patients with cuff to be adjusted based on the evaluation of the
tear arthropathy following humeral head replacement patient’s original rotator cuff tear size, intra-
are typically less than for patients having TSA for OA; operatively inspected soft tissue quality, and overall
a return of forward flexion ROM of around 90° is rehabilitation progress as specifically indicated by the
COMMENTARY
typically the outcome for these patients.64,94,95,111 quality of active movement and tolerance for exer-
Because of high rates of glenoid loosening, some feel cise.
that a TSA is contraindicated with an irreparable
rotator cuff and that a hemiarthroplasty procedure to Osteonecrosis
resurface the humeral side of the joint provides pain
relief and is the preferred method of treat- The collapse of the articular surface of the
ment.4,33,94,95,107,110,111 Generally pain relief is good humeral head can result from osteonecrosis and lead
with this approach, although some patients still have to painful degenerative changes.25 Corticosteroid use,
pain from the unresurfaced glenoid. Unfortunately, alcohol abuse, Caisson’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome,
because there is no rotator cuff, functional outcomes and systemic lupus erythematosus are potential causes
are somewhat unpredictable. Recently, the introduc- for osteonecrosis.25,27,53,56,58,63,78 TSA is frequently
tion of the reversed prosthesis, such as the Delta indicated for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the
prostheses (Depuy, Inc, Warsaw, IN), has been re- humeral head; however, functional outcomes follow-
ported as a potentially better treatment option for ing surgery vary, possibly based on the etiology of
these patients.28,57 osteonecrosis.49 Those individuals who have a TSA
The indications for TSA for patients with cuff tear due to osteonecrosis from steroid use seem to have
arthropathy may be similar to those with RA as the better ROM outcomes than those who have
underlying pathology. Because the underlying pathol- osteonecrosis from trauma (Table). Based on the
ogy is similar to RA, the progression of these patients potential variations in outcomes, a clinician that is
through a postoperative rehabilitation program devising the postoperative rehabilitation program for
should be somewhat similar to those who have RA. a patient who had a TSA due to osteonecrosis should
Soft tissue healing time needs to be considered take into account the underlying etiology.
when progressing the patient who has had a rotator
cuff repair in conjunction with a TSA. Stretching, Proximal Humerus Fractures
joint mobilization, and ROM activities should be
gradually progressed because the patient with cuff TSA is a reasonable treatment option for patients
tear arthropathy may have poor bone quality and that have a nonunion3 or malunion2 of the proximal
poor cuff integrity. In addition, the rotator cuff may humerus. However, few reports2,29,51,80,85 regarding
or may not have been surgically repaired, based on functional postoperative outcomes exist. Antuna et al3
the status of the rotator cuff tissue quality. Typically found that patients who had significant functional
CLINICAL
of 41 patients. At a mean follow-up of 1.9 years, the procedure relies heavily on the soft tissue vari-
shoulder internal rotation was assessed by the use of ables and the postoperative management. There is
the lift-off40 and belly-press103 tests. Abnormal find- consensus among the surgical community regarding
ings were found in roughly 66% of these patients. the importance of effective and appropriate postop-
Diminished subscapularis function was identified in erative rehabilitation management. Nearly every ar-
92% of the 25 individuals with a positive lift-off test. ticle in the literature about TSA states that the
In all cases, passive ROM was initiated on the first success of TSA is dependent upon rehabilitation.
postoperative day for forward flexion and shoulder Charles Neer II has stated, ‘‘Shoulder replacement
COMMENTARY
external rotation at 0° of abduction. External rota- will fail without adequate rehabilitation.’’14 Hughes
tion ROM was limited to between 30° and 40°, based and Neer52 published the first TSA protocol in 1975.
on the intraoperatively determined safe zone of the The experience of one of this paper’s authors
subscapularis. Gentle strengthening was initiated at (L.E.A.), who worked closely with Dr Neer when his
postoperative week 6 and full resumption of activities protocol was first developed, is that the progression
was allowed between 3 and 4 months. More recently, of exercises and the timelines outlined in his 4
to protect the tendon, our surgical group has been phases were continually modified based on the clin-
using a lesser tuberosity osteotomy to remove the ical presentation of the patient and their underlying
subscapularis. Biomechanical testing has shown this pathology. This experience is not necessarily dis-
to be twice as strong as soft tissue repairs and the cussed or outlined in most published TSA protocols.
surgical author has noted a very low incidence of The clinical experience of protocol modification
subscapularis dysfunction postoperatively. Neverthe- based on clinical presentation and underlying pathol-
less, we believe that clinicians should be aware of the ogy is the basis of much of the information offered in
risk of subscapularis dysfunction following TSA. It this manuscript.
may be the result of tendon pull-off, poor tissue Most programs appear strictly structured with regu-
quality, inappropriately progressed external rotation lar supervision by the therapist and primary surgeon.
stretching/ROM activity, or oversized components However, Boardman et al10 challenged this traditional
leading to excessive tissue tension. Aggressive exter- treatment process by looking at the effectiveness of a
nal rotation stretching and/or too vigorous internal home-based therapeutic exercise program following
rotation strengthening should be avoided. TSA. Overall, their results were reported to be quite
favorable in that 70% and 90% of patients main-
REHABILITATION tained ROM in forward flexion and external rotation,
respectively, over a 2-year follow-up period. Average
Because TSA surgery primarily involves soft tissue forward flexion was found to be 148° in the group
reconstruction, a large factor in the success of the with OA group and 113° in the group with
procedure is postoperative rehabilitation. It is widely osteonecrosis. One of their study’s goals was to
reported that postoperative rehabilitation is crucial to evaluate the standard rehabilitation program for TSA.
the overall functional outcome of individuals that Unfortunately, they only briefly discussed their overall
have undergone a TSA.15,17,52 Overall recovery may postoperative protocol, which was stated to be based
take up to 1 to 2 years and outcomes are primarily on the principles first outlined by Hughes and Neer
CLINICAL
Sledge CB. Nonconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty Revision of shoulder replacement with a reversed shoul-
in patients with polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis. der prosthesis (Delta III): report of five cases. Acta
J Arthroplasty. 1989;4:91-96. Orthop Belg. 2001;67:348-353.
8. Beaton D, Richards RR. Assessing the reliability and 29. Duralde XA, Flatow EL, Pollock RG, Nicholson GP, Self
responsiveness of 5 shoulder questionnaires. J Shoulder EB, Bigliani LU. Operative treatment of nonunions of
Elbow Surg. 1998;7:565-572. the surgical neck of the humerus. J Shoulder Elbow
9. Beaton DE, Richards RR. Measuring function of the Surg. 1996;5:169-180.
shoulder. A cross-sectional comparison of five question- 30. Edwards TB, Kadakia NR, Boulahia A, et al. A compari-
naires. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:882-890. son of hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty
COMMENTARY
10. Boardman ND, 3rd, Cofield RH, Bengtson KA, Little R, in the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis:
Jones MC, Rowland CM. Rehabilitation after total shoul- results of a multicenter study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg.
der arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16:483-486. 2003;12:207-213.
11. Boorman RS, Kopjar B, Fehringer E, Churchill RS, Smith 31. Engelbrecht E, Siegel A, Rottger J, Heinert K. [Experi-
K, Matsen FA, 3rd. The effect of total shoulder ences with the use of shoulder joint endoprosthesis].
arthroplasty on self-assessed health status is comparable Chirurg. 1980;51:794-800.
to that of total hip arthroplasty and coronary artery 32. Fenlin JM, Jr., Ramsey ML, Allardyce TJ, Frieman BG.
bypass grafting. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:158- Modular total shoulder replacement. Design rationale,
163. indications, and results. Clin Orthop Relat Res.
12. Boyd AD, Jr., Aliabadi P, Thornhill TS. Postoperative 1994;37-46.
proximal migration in total shoulder arthroplasty. Inci- 33. Field LD, Dines DM, Zabinski SJ, Warren RF.
dence and significance. J Arthroplasty. 1991;6:31-37. Hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder for rotator cuff
13. Boyd AD, Jr., Thornhill TS. Surgical treatment of arthropathy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6:18-23.
osteoarthritis of the shoulder. Rheum Dis Clin North 34. Figgie HE, 3rd, Inglis AE, Goldberg VM, Ranawat CS,
Am. 1988;14:591-611. Figgie MP, Wile JM. An analysis of factors affecting the
14. Brems JJ. Rehabilitation following shoulder arthroplasty. long-term results of total shoulder arthroplasty in in-
In: Friedman RJ, ed. Arthroplasty of the Shoulder. New flammatory arthritis. J Arthroplasty. 1988;3:123-130.
York, NY: Theime Medical Publishers; 1994:99-111. 35. Figgie MP, Inglis AE, Figgie HE, 3rd, Sobel M, Burstein
15. Brems JJ. Rehabilitation following total shoulder AH, Kraay MJ. Custom total shoulder arthroplasty in
arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;70-85. inflammatory arthritis. Preliminary results. J Arthroplasty.
16. Brenner BC, Ferlic DC, Clayton ML, Dennis DA. 1992;7:1-6.
Survivorship of unconstrained total shoulder 36. Franklin JL, Barrett WP, Jackins SE, Matsen FA, 3rd.
arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:1289-1296. Glenoid loosening in total shoulder arthroplasty. Asso-
17. Brown DD, Friedman RJ. Postoperative rehabilitation ciation with rotator cuff deficiency. J Arthroplasty.
following total shoulder arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North 1988;3:39-46.
Am. 1998;29:535-547. 37. Friedman RJ. Prospective analysis of total shoulder
18. Cameron B, Galatz L, Williams GR, Jr. Factors affecting arthroplasty biomechanics. Am J Orthop. 1997;26:265-
the outcome of total shoulder arthroplasty. Am J 270.
Orthop. 2001;30:613-623. 38. Friedman RJ, Thornhill TS, Thomas WH, Sledge CB.
19. Carpenter JE, Thomopoulos S, Flanagan CL, DeBano Non-constrained total shoulder replacement in patients
CM, Soslowsky LJ. Rotator cuff defect healing: a who have rheumatoid arthritis and class-IV function.
biomechanical and histologic analysis in an animal J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:494-498.
model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1998;7:599-605. 39. Gartsman GM, Roddey TS, Hammerman SM. Shoulder
20. Checchia SL, Santos PD, Miyazaki AN. Surgical treat- arthroplasty with or without resurfacing of the glenoid
ment of acute and chronic posterior fracture-dislocation in patients who have osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg
of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1998;7:53-65. Am. 2000;82:26-34.
CLINICAL
87. Noyes FR, DeMaio M, Mangine RE. Evaluation-based The belly-press test for the physical examination of the
protocols: a new approach to rehabilitation. Orthope- subscapularis muscle: electromyographic validation and
dics. 1991;14:1383-1385. comparison to the lift-off test. J Shoulder Elbow Surg.
88. Nwakama AC, Cofield RH, Kavanagh BF, Loehr JF. 2003;12:427-430.
Semiconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty for 104. Torchia ME, Cofield RH, Settergren CR. Total shoulder
glenohumeral arthritis and massive rotator cuff tearing. arthroplasty with the Neer prosthesis: long-term results.
J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9:302-307. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6:495-505.
89. Orfaly RM, Rockwood CA, Jr., Esenyel CZ, Wirth MA. A 105. Triffitt PD. The relationship between motion of the
prospective functional outcome study of shoulder shoulder and the stated ability to perform activities of
COMMENTARY
arthroplasty for osteoarthritis with an intact rotator cuff. daily living. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:41-46.
J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:214-221. 106. Waldman BJ, Figgie MP. Indications, technique, and
90. Pritchett JW, Clark JM. Prosthetic replacement for results of total shoulder arthroplasty in rheumatoid
chronic unreduced dislocations of the shoulder. Clin arthritis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1998;29:435-444.
Orthop Relat Res. 1987;89-93. 107. Williams GR, Jr., Rockwood CA, Jr. Hemiarthroplasty in
91. Rittmeister M, Kerschbaumer F. Grammont reverse total rotator cuff-deficient shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg.
shoulder arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthri- 1996;5:362-367.
tis and nonreconstructible rotator cuff lesions. J Shoul- 108. Wirth MA, Rockwood CA, Jr. Complications of total
der Elbow Surg. 2001;10:17-22. shoulder-replacement arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg
92. Romeo AA, Mazzocca A, Hang DW, Shott S, Bach BR, Am. 1996;78:603-616.
Jr. Shoulder scoring scales for the evaluation of rotator 109. Yamakawa H, Hamada K, Gotoh M, et al. Gene
cuff repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;107-114. expression of procollagen alpha 1 (I) and alpha 1 (III) in
93. Rowe CR, Zarins B. Chronic unreduced dislocations of partial-thickness tears of the deep pectoral tendon in
the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:494-505. chickens. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2000;25:135-139.
94. Sanchez-Sotelo J, Cofield RH, Rowland CM. Shoulder 110. Zeman CA, Arcand MA, Cantrell JS, Skedros JG,
hemiarthroplasty for glenohumeral arthritis associated Burkhead WZ, Jr. The rotator cuff-deficient arthritic
with severe rotator cuff deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg shoulder: diagnosis and surgical management. J Am
Am. 2001;83-A:1814-1822. Acad Orthop Surg. 1998;6:337-348.
95. Sarris IK, Papadimitriou NG, Sotereanos DG. Bipolar 111. Zuckerman JD, Scott AJ, Gallagher MA.
hemiarthroplasty for chronic rotator cuff tear Hemiarthroplasty for cuff tear arthropathy. J Shoulder
arthropathy. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:169-173. Elbow Surg. 2000;9:169-172.
Late Phase I
• Continue previous exercises
• Continue to progress PROM as motion allows
• Begin assisted flexion, abduction, ER, IR in the scapular plane
• Progress active distal extremity exercise to strengthening as appropriate
CLINICAL
• Achieves at least 45° PROM ER in plane of scapula
• Achieves at least 70° PROM IR in plane of scapula measured at 30° of abduction
(Not to begin before 4 to 6 weeks postsurgery to allow for appropriate soft tissue healing.)
COMMENTARY
Goals:
• Restore full passive ROM
• Gradually restore active motion
• Control pain and inflammation
• Allow continue healing of soft tissue
• Do not overstress healing tissue
• Re-establish dynamic shoulder stability
Precautions:
• Sling should only be used for sleeping and removed gradually over the course of the next 2 weeks, for
periods throughout the day
• While lying supine, a small pillow or towel should be placed behind the elbow to avoid shoulder
hyperextension/anterior capsule stretch
• In the presence of poor shoulder mechanics avoid repetitive shoulder AROM exercises/activity against
gravity in standing
• No heavy lifting of objects (no heavier than coffee cup)
• No supporting of body weight by hand on involved side
• No sudden jerking motions
Early Phase II
• Continue with PROM, active assisted range of motion (AAROM)
• Begin active flexion, IR, ER, abduction pain-free ROM
• AAROM pulleys (flexion and abduction), as long as greater than 90° of PROM
• Begin shoulder submaximal pain-free shoulder isometrics in neutral
• Scapular strengthening exercises as appropriate
• Begin assisted horizontal adduction
• Progress distal extremity exercises with light resistance as appropriate
• Gentle glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joint mobilizations as indicated
• Initiate glenohumeral and scapulothoracic rhythmic stabilization
• Continue use of cryotherapy for pain and inflammation
CLINICAL
COMMENTARY
Treatment Algorithm for Progressing the Rehabilitation Program for a Patient That Has Had a Total Shoulder
Arthroplasty
Abbreviations: AROM, active range of motion; ER, external rotation; IR, internal rotation; OA, osteoarthritis; PROM, passive range of
motion; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RC, rotator cuff; TSA, total shoulder arthroplasty.