4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

CHAPTER 11 : CARBON COMPOUND

11.1 CARBON COMPOUNDS

1. Carbon compounds are compounds that contain the ……………….. element.

These compounds can be classified into two groups :
(a) Organic compounds
(b) Inorganic compounds

2. Organic compounds  carbon compounds that are obtained from

…………………………... (plants and animals) such as sugar/glucose (C6H12O6), starch,
protein, vitamin, enzyme etc.

3. Inorganic compounds  carbon compounds that are usually do not contain carbon to
carbon bonds such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), calsium carbonate
(CaCO3) etc.

4. Most organic compounds contain the element ……………… and ……………….

Complete combustion of organic compounds produces carbon dioxide and water.

Activity 1:-

1. Complete the mind map below: Carbon compound

2. Group these following carbon compounds into organic compounds and inorganic compounds.

Name Formula Name Formula

Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Potassium cyanide KCN
Urea (NH2)2CO Amino acid NH2CH(CH3)COOH
Carbon dioxide CO2 Methane CH4
Glucose C6H12O6 Butanol C4H9OH
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

Chapter 11 1 Carbon Compounds

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11.2 A : HYDROCARBON
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon, C and hydrogen, H.

2. Hydrocarbons are classified into two groups :

(a) Saturated hydrocarbons  contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Example :

H H H
H H H H
H – C – C – C –– H
H–C–C–C–C–H
H H
H H H H
H–C–H

H
Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

(b) Unsaturated hydrocarbon  contains at least one double or triple covalent bond between
carbon atoms.
Example :

H H H H

H C C C H H C C C H

H H

Double covalent bond Triple covalent bond

between carbon atoms between carbon atoms

3. The main source of hydrocarbons is …………………. It is formed as a result of

decomposition of plants and animals that died million years ago.

4. …………………. is a mixture of different molecular size hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons

can be separated using ……………………………… of petroleum at different temperature in
an oil refinery. This process separates hydrocarbons with different molecular size depends on
the boiling points of the hydrocarbons. ( eg : petroleum gas, petrol, naphta, kerosene, diesel,
lubricating oil and diesel).

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11.3 ALKANE
1. It is classified as saturated hydrocarbons. (A saturated hydrocarbon contains only single
covalent bonds between carbon atoms).

2. Alkanes are hydrocarbons with the general formula :

CnH2n + 2 where n = 1, 2, 3, ……, ∞

3. Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms by single covalent bonds that is C – C.

Example : Formation of methane molecule

Molecular formula
Methane, CH4

Name
*Structural formula
H

H C H H C H

H
H

• ‘• x’ and ‘ – ’ represents one pair of electron  form a single covalent bond.

• *Structural formula  a chemical formula that shows how atoms are bonded to
each other covalently in a molecule.
• A carbon atom with proton number 6 and its electron arrangement is 2.4 must have a
total of four covalent bonds ( sharing 4 pairs of electron to achieve octet electron
arrangement)
 each carbon atom must have four ‘ – ’ in its structural molecule.

Chapter 11 3 Carbon Compounds

 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

Activity 2 :-
Draw the structural formula for ethane, C2H6 ; propane, C3H8 ; butane, C4H10 ;
pentane, C5H12 ; hexane, C6H14 and heptane, C7H16.

4. Naming of Alkanes
(a) The names of straight chain alkanes (all the carbon atoms are joined in a continuous
chain) are made up of two component parts :
(i) Stem / root
 indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon
chain.

The names of stems for the first ten straight alkanes are :

Number of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
carbon atom
Stem Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec

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(ii) Suffix / ending

 indicates the group (homologous series) of the compound.
 For alkane, the suffix is ‘ane’ because it belongs to the alkane group.

Activity 3 :-
Complete the table below :

Number of Molecular
carbon Formula, Structural Formula Name of alkane
atoms,
n CnH2n+2

1 CH4 methane

2 C2H6 ethane

3 C3H8

5 C5H12 pentane

7 C7H16 heptane

8 C8H18 octane

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 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

10 decane

5. Physical properties of alkanes

(a) Alkanes are molecular compounds (covalent compound) which consist of molecules.
The atoms in the molecules are bonded together by a strong covalent bond.
These molecules are held together by weak van der Waals forces (intermolecular forces).

Covalent bond //
Intramolecular force Hydrogen atom
van der Waals force // Carbon atom
Intermolecular force
Methane molecule

(b) Alkenes have physical properties similar to other covalent compounds.

Alkenes are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents, cannot conduct electricity,
low melting and boiling points and less dense than water.

Activity 4 :-
Complete the following table :
Physical state at
Name of Molecular Molar mass/ Melting Boiling
room temperature
members Formula g mol-1 point/°C point/°C
25°C
Methane CH4 16 -182 -162
Ethane 30 -183 -89
Propane 44 -188 -42
Butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5
Pentane 72 -130 36
Hexane 86 -95 69
Heptane 100 -91 98
Octane C8H18 114 -57 126
Nonane -54 153
Decane -30 174

• The first ………. members of alkanes exist as …… ……. at room temperature. Pentane to
decane are ……………….
• As the number of carbon atoms in a molecule of alkane increases :
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 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11
 The molecular size of alkane ………………., the intermolecular forces becomes
………………., more ………………. energy is needed to ………………. this forces,
the melting and boiling points ……………….
 The viscosity and density of alkane ……………….
 The alkane become ………………. to ignite.

6. Chemical properties of alkanes

(a) Alkanes only have single covalent bonds, C – C and C – H . They are saturated
hydrocarbon and chemically not reactive.

(b) Two chemical reactions of alkanes are :

I : Combustion Reaction
• Alkanes undergo complete combustion in the presence of sufficient/excess
oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water only.

Alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Activity 5 :-
Balance the equations :
(i) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O Tips! (Balancing the equations)
Step 1 : Balance C
(ii) C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O Step 2 : Balance H
Step 3 : Balance O
(iii) C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H(can
2O
use friction)

• Alkanes undergo incomplete combustion when there is insufficient oxygen to

form carbon dioxide gas, carbon monoxide gas, carbon (in the form of soot) and
water.
Example :

2CH4 + 3O2 → C + CO2 + 4H2O

or
2CH4 + 3O2 → 2C + 2CO + 2CO2 + 12H2O

• When alkanes are burnt, large quantities of heat energy are released. This makes
alkanes suitable for use as a fuel.
II : Substitution Reaction
 Occurs when an alkane is mixed with a halogen in the presence of sunlight (ultraviolet
light, u.v).
 In this reaction, each hydrogen atoms in the alkane molecule are substituted one by one
by halogen atoms.
UV
Example :
When methane reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of ultraviolet light, a variety of
substituted products are formed :
UV
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
(methane) (chloromethane)

UV
Chapter 11 7 Carbon Compounds

UV
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
(dichloromethane)

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 + HCl

(trichloromethane)

CHCl3 + Cl2 + HCl

( tetrachloromethane)

(c) The uses of methane in everyday life :

 Methane is the major component in natural gas (gas found together with
petroleum).
 Methane gas is produced when waste organic matter decompose in the absence of
oxygen. As methane is a combustible gas, it can cause fire in landfills and pit
swamps.

11.4 ALKENE
1. It is classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
 (An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains at least one double covalent bonds between
carbon atoms).
2. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the general formula :

CnH2n where n = 2, 3, ……, ∞

3. Every alkene has a carbon-carbon double covalent bond, C = C in its molecule.

Example : Formation of an ethene molecule

(a) Ethene, C2H4
H H
H H C C H
H
Structural formula for ethane, C2H4

H * The first
C member ofCalkenes has two carbon atoms in a molecule because
H
……………………. bond is formed between two carbon atoms.

4. Naming of Alkenes
(a) The name of straight chain alkenes are also made up of two component parts :
(i) Stem/root : indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon
chain.
 The names of stems for the first nine straight alkanes are :
eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non and dec

(ii) Suffix/ ending : indicates the group of the compound.

 For alkene, the suffix is ‘ene’ because it belongs to the alkene
group.

(b) Naming the straight chain alkene :

(i) Determine the longest carbon chain containing double bond.
 give the stem name according to the number of carbon atoms ;
Chapter 11 8 Carbon Compounds
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11
eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non and dec

(ii) Add the suffix “ene” at the end of the name.

(iii) Number the carbon atoms from the end nearer to the double bond and give the
double bond the smaller number.

Activity 6 :-
Complete the table below :
Number of Molecular
carbon Formula, Structural Formula Name of alkane
atoms,
n
CnH2n

2 C2H4 ethene
H H
C C
H H
3

Chapter 11 9 Carbon Compounds

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10

5. Physical properties of Alkenes are similar to alkanes.

Activity 7 :-
Complete the following table :

Name of Molecular Molar mass/ Melting Melting Boiling Boiling

Density
members Formula g mol-1 point/ °C point /oC point/ °C point /oC
Ethene C2H4 28 -169 -104
Propene -185 -47
But-1-ene -185 -6
Pent-1-ene -165 30
Heks-1-ene -140 63
Hept-1-ene -119 93
Oct-1-ene -104 122
Non-1ene -94 146
Dec-1-ene 87 171

• Physical state at room temperature (25 OC) :

Ethene, propene and but-1-ene are …………………..
Pent-1-ene to non-1-ene are ………………….. and dec-1-ene is …………………..
• Alkenes have ………………….. melting and boiling points because the …………………..
van der Waals forces (intermolecular forces) between small molecules need ………………
amount of heat energy to overcome the forces.
• As the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases, the molecular size of alkane
…………………., the ………………….. the intermolecular forces, more …………………..
energy is needed to ………………….. this forces, the melting and boiling points
…………………..

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6. Chemical properties of Alkenes

(a) Alkenes are chemically ………………….. reactive than alkanes because of the existence of
double covalent bond between two carbon atoms.
Almost all of the chemical reactions of alkene occur at the double bond.

(b) The chemical reactions of alkenes are :

I : Combustion Reaction
• Alkene burns completely in the excess oxygen to produce ……………………. and
……………

Alkene + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Activity 8 :-
1 Balance the following equations :

(i) C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

(ii) C3H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
(iii) C4H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

2 Write the balanced equation for combustion reaction of :

(i) Pentene :

…………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Hexene :

…………………………………………………………………..

(iii) Octene: …………………………………………………………………..

• However, alkene burns incompletely (in limited supply of oxygen) to form carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, carbon (in the form of soot) and water.
Example :

Chapter 11 11 Carbon Compounds

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11
2C2H4 + 3O2 → 2C + 2CO + 2H2O
or
C2H4 + 2O2 → 2CO + 2H2O

II : Addition Reaction
♥ As alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon, they undergo addition reaction.
An addition reaction is a reaction in which other atoms are added to each carbon atom of the
……………….. bond, [C = C ] to form ……………….. covalent bond product [ C - C ].

C=C + XY C C
X Y
(unsaturated) (saturated )

♥ Simple molecules like hydrogen, H2 ; hydrogen chloride, HCl ; water, H2O or halogens, [F2,
Cl2, Br2, I2] can be added to the double bond.

(i)  Addition of Hydrogen (Hydrogenation)

• Alkenes react with hydrogen at 180 °C in the presence of nickel/platinum as
a catalyst to produce alkanes.

• Hydrogenation is used to prepare an alkane (saturated compound) from an

alkene (unsaturated compound) in industry.

Example :

H H H H
Ni / Pt
H C C H + H2 H C C H
180 °C
Ethene H H
Ethane

(ii)  Addition of Halogen (Halogenation)

• Alkenes react with halogens such as chlorine,Cl2 and bromine, Br2 at room conditions.
(no catalyst or ultraviolet light needed)

Example :
Chapter 11 12 Carbon Compounds
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11
C2H4 gas
H H H H

H C C H + Br2 H C C H
Bromine
water
Ethene (bromine water) Br Br
1,2-dibromoethane

• When ethene gas is passed through bromine water, brown colour of bromine water is
decolourised // colourless solution formed.
• This reaction is used to distiguish a saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon.

(iii)  Addition of Hydrogen Halide [ HX  HCl, HBr, HI ]

• Alkenes react with hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride, HCl or hydrogen
bromide, HBr at room temperature to form haloalkane.

Example :

C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl

Ethene Hydrogen chloride Chloroethane

C3H6 + HBr →
Propene Hydrogen bromide ………………….

Activity 9 :-

☺ Complete the equation and draw the structural formulae for all the reactants and products in the
equation below :

1 (a) C3H6 + H2 → C3H8

(b) C4H8 + H2 → ……….

(c) ………. + H2 → C6H14

2 (a) C3H6 + Br2 → C3H6Br2

Chapter 11 13 Carbon Compounds

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

(b) C4H8 + Cl2 → ……….

(c) ………. + I2 → C6H12I2

(iv)  Addition of Oxidizing agent : (Oxidation reaction)

 Acidified Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution
 Acidified Potassium dichroromate(VI), K2Cr2O7
solution
• In this reaction, two hydroxyl, -OH groups are added to the carbon-carbon
…………………… in an alkene molecule.
• An alkene …………………… the ………………… colour of acidified
potassium manganate(VII) solution // the orange solution of acidified Potassium
dicrhoromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 turns to ……………………
• This reaction is used to distiguish a …………………… hydrocarbon and
…………………… hydrocarbon.

C2H6 gas

KMnO4(aq)
[Purple] KMnO4

Alkene Colourless

Example :

C2H4 + H2O + [O] → C2H4(OH)2

Ethene Ethan-1,2-diol

Activity 10 :-

☺Complete the following equation : Propan-1,2-diol

(a) C3H6 + H2O + [O] → C3H6(OH)2

H H Ethan-1,2-diol
H H
(b) H C=C H + H2O + [O] → H C C H
OH OH

Chapter 11 14 Carbon Compounds

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(v)  Addition of Water (Hydration)

♥ Alkenes react with water (in the form of steam) at high temperature and pressure in the
presence of phosphoric acid as a catalyst to produce alchohols.

H3PO4
Alkene + H2O 300 °C / 60 atm Alcohol

Example :
H3PO4
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
Ethene 300 °C / 60 atm ethanol

Activity 11 :-

☺Complete the following equation :

H3PO4
C3H6 + H2O
300 °C / 60 atm

H H

H C=C H + H2O H3PO4

300 °C / 60 atm

♥ Addition of steam to alkene is one way to manufacture alcohol in industry :

H3PO4
CnH2n + H2O(g) CnH2n+1OH
Alkene 300 °C / 60 atm Alcohol

Example :
H3PO4
C4H8 + H2O
Butene 300 °C / 60 atm

(vi)  Addition Polymerisation reaction

♣ In this reaction, small alkene molecules undergo addition reaction at a high pressure of 1000
atm and temperature of 200 °C. Thousands of alkene molecule join together to form long
chain giant molecules called …………………………

♣ The small repeating units of molecules that join together to form polymer are called
…………………………

Chapter 11 15 Carbon Compounds

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11
Example : Polymerisation of ethene

H H H H
n is large number up
H C C H C C to a few thousands
n
Ethene H H
n

Polythene

Activity 12 :-

☺Polymerisation of propene, C H 3 6

H H H

H C C C H
n
H
propene

☺Polymerisation of butane, C H 4 8

H H H H

H C C C C H
n
H H
butene

Chapter 11 16 Carbon Compounds

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

11.5 COMPARING PROPERTIES OF ALKANE WITH ALKENE (Using hexane and hexene in the laboratory)

Chemical Observation Explanation/Chemical Equation for

Procedure
properties Hexane Hexene reaction

Sootiness of flame

Chapter 11 Carbon
17 Compounds
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

Chemical Observation Explanation/Chemical Equation for

Procedure
properties Hexane Hexene reaction

Reaction with
bromine water

Chapter 11 Carbon
18 Compounds
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

Chemical Observation Explanation/Chemical Equation for

Procedure
properties Hexane Hexene reaction

Reaction with
acidified
potassium
manganate(VII)
solution

Chapter 11 Carbon
19 Compounds
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

11.6 Homologous Series

1. Homologous series are groups of carbon compounds that have the following general characteristics :
(a) Members having the same ………………………… properties because they have the same
………………………. (group that takes part in a reaction).

(b) Members of the series can be represented by a ………………………… formula.

(c) Members of the series can be prepared by the ……………… method.

(d) Two consecutive members in the series have a difference in relative atomic mass of 14,
 a difference of CH2.

(e) Members of the series have physical properties that ………………………… gradually as the
number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms in a molecule …………………………

2. Example of homologous series :

Functional Type of carbon

Homologous Series General Formula
group compound

Alkane CnH2n+2 C–C Saturated hydrocarbon

Single bond
n = 1, 2, 3, …

CnH2n C=C
Alkene Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Double bond
n = 2, 3, 4, ……

-OH
Alcohol CnH2n+1 OH Hydroxyl Non-hydrocarbon
n = 1, 2, 3, … group

-COOH
Carboxylic acid CnH2n+1 COOH Carboxyl Non-hydrocarbon
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … group

CnH2n+1 COO Cn’H2n’+1

Ester -COOC- Non-hydrocarbon
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
n’ = 1, 2, 3,…

Chapter 11 20 Carbon Compounds

 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

11.7 NAMING ALKANE AND ALKENE USING IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

1. Three parts in the naming of alkane and alkene.

(a) Prefix  shows the branch group (alkyl group) with general formula CnH2n + 1, attached to the
longest carbon chain.

H H H
  
H C H H C  C 
  
methyl H H
ethyl

(b) Stem  shows the number of carbon atom in the longest carbon chain.

Number of
carbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
atom
Stem Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec

(c) Suffix  shows shows the Homolog Series.

• Alkane : ‘ane’
• Alkene : ‘ene’
• Alcohol : ‘ol’
• Carboxylic acid : ‘oic’

2. Steps in naming alkanes and alkenes

S1: Identify the funtional group /homologous series of the compound. gives the name of the suffix
 Single bond - Alkane - ‘ane’
 Double bond - Alkene - ‘ene’

S2 : Identify the longest carbon chain,  the number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain gives
the name of the stem e.g : meth, eth, prop, but, pent…

S3: Identify the branch chain. Determine the prefix and numbered the carbon atoms in the longest
carbon chain beginning from the end of the chain nearer to the branch chain. The name
for the branch chain ends with ‘yl’

Number Name of
of carbon branch chain
1 Methyl
2 Ethyl
3 Prophyl
4 Butyl
5 Pentyl
6 Hexyl

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3. Method of writing the Name of organic compound using IUPAC nomenclature

Prefix Stem Suffix

(Branch) ( number of carbon atoms in the (functional group / homologous series)
longest carbon chain)*

 name and name “ write close together”

 number and name, write “ - ”
 number and number, write “ , ”

* for alkenes, the smallest number is given to the carbon with the double bond.

Example :
2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene

Prefix Stem Suffix

Branch Homologous series

Number of carbon
in the longest chain (alkene)
(4 carbon atoms)

Activity 14 :-
()a State the name the following compounds.
(i)
CH3

H3C  CH  CH2  CH2  CH3

Name : ………………………………………………..

(ii)
H3C  CH  CH2  CH2  CH3

CH2  CH2  CH2  CH3

Name : ………………………………………………..

(iii)

CH3

H3C  CH = CH  CH  CH3

Name : ………………………………………………..
Chapter 11 22 Carbon Compounds
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()b Draw the structural formula for the following molecules :

()i 2,4-dimethyloctane

()ii 2,2-dimethylhexane

()iii 3,3,4-trimethylhexane

()iv 4-methylpent-2-ene

()v 4,5-dimethylhex-2-ene

()vi 3-ethylpen-2-ene

Chapter 11 23 Carbon Compounds

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

11.8 ISOMERISM

1. (a) Molecular formula shows the type and number of atoms in a molecular compound.

(b) Structural formula shows the type and number of atoms for each element, and how the atoms
are bonded to one another in a compound.

2. Isomerism : phenomenon where a compound has the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae.

Activity 15 :-
Complete the following table :
Number of Number
Molecular
Structural Formula & IUPAC name structural of
Formula
formulae Isomers
CH4
methane

C2H6
ethane

C3H8
propane

C4H10
butane

C5H12
pentane

Chapter 11 24 Carbon Compounds

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

Number of Number
Molecular
Structural Formula & IUPAC name structural of
Formula
formulae Isomers

C2H4
ethene

C3H6
propene

C4H8
butene

C5H10
pentene

 *The isomers have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.

Chapter 11 25 Carbon Compounds