Review Sheets

1) Enlightenment
2) French
World Studies II Revolution
Review Packet 3) Industrial
Revolution
Mid Term 4) Imperialism
5) World War I
6) Russian
Enlightenment (Chapter 6 & 8) Revolution
1) Enlightenment: 18th Century movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and
the scientific method to all aspects of life.

2) Hobbes’ View of Government:

a) Role of Government: Monarchy.
b) Absolute Monarchy: Monarch has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of
life.

3) Locke’s View of Government:

a) Natural Rights: The rights people are born with – Life, Liberty, and right to own
property.
b) Role of Government: Self Government.

4) Montesquieu’s View of Government:

a) Separation of Powers: Division of power among branches of govt.
1) Executive
2) Legislative
3) Judicial

b) Checks & Balances: Each branch of government should serve as a check on the other
two branches of government.

5) European Rulers and Enlightenment Thinkers:

a) Why was the French Government against the Enlightenment?
They thought it would cause a uproar within the peasants thinking that everyone is equal. This cause
fear and the government thought they would revolt

b) Why was the Catholic Church against the Enlightenment?

The Catholic church was against the enlightenment because it brought forward irreligion and unbelief

c) Serfdom: Economic system in which peasants were granted land to live on while
working for the wealthy nobles who owned the land.
d) Why did many monarchs NOT end serfdom in their countries?
If they ended serfdom they would lose the support of the nobles who protected them from the peasants

6) Britain and its American Colonies:

a) Constitutional Monarchy: Monarchy in which the ruler’s power is limited by law.
b) Parliament: A body of representatives that create legislation.

c) Stamp Act of 1766: A law passed by parliament forcing colonists to pay a tax on all
printed material. The colonists protested and was later repealed

d) Import Tax on Tea: A tax on tea that would lead to the Boston Tea Party that was a
reaction to the excessive demand of the tax.
 e) Declaration of Independence: A statement of the reasons for the American colonies to break
free from Britain. (p184)
1. Author: Thomas Jefferson.
2. Enlightenment Influences (Person & Influence)
John Locke – Said everyone had the right to revolt on an unjust government
John Locke – Natural Righs

7) Americans Create a Republic:

a) Articles of Confederation: Document that established the U.S. as a republic, a
government in which citizens rule through elected representatives.
1. Main Weakness: Created a weak national government. It made state government
Documents have all power and had the power to reject national government

2. Problem concerning taxation: If the national government needed tax the state could
Page 184 decline the demand.
&
Page 187 b) Constitution: Document that established the U.S. as a federal system, a government in
which power is divided between a central authority and the states. (p187)
1. System: Federal

2. Enlightenment Influences (Person & Influence)

Montesquieu – Separation of powers

Rousseau – Direct Democracy
Voltaire – Free speech, religious toleration
Beccaria – Accused have rights no torture

c) Bill of Rights : The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which protects citizens
basic rights and freedoms.
1. Enlightenment Influences (Person & Influence)

French Revolution (Chapter 7)

8) Social Classes under the Old Regime:
a) First Estate: Clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.
b) Second Estate: Nobility.
c) Third Estate: Bourgeoisie, urban lower classes, and farmers.

9) Bourgeoisies: Middle class.

10) Impact of the Enlightenment on the Third Estate: Since it made up 98% of the population they began to
question the social classes

11) Royal Family of France:

a) Describe King Louis XVI: Indecisive and very inattentive

b) Marie Antoinette: Queen of France.

12) The Forces of Change:

a) Estates - General: Assembly of representatives from all three estates.
b) How did the Estates-General work? Each Estate had to vote on whether to pass a law
 c) National Assembly: French Congress in 1789 established by the Third Estate to enact
laws and reforms in the name of the French Government.
d) Decision of the National Assembly: Each delegate from every delegate would have 1 vote.

e) Significance of the Bastille: It spread the idea of revolution meaning that the French people could
take over their country

f) Great Fear: A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the
“storming of the Bastille.”

13) Declaration of the Rights of Man:

a) Declaration of the Rights of Men: A statement of revolutionary ideals adopted by France’s
National Assembly in 1789.

b) Rights: Everyone has the natural rights

c)SLOGAN: Life, Liberty, Fraternity

14) The Reign of Terror:
a) The Guillotine:
I. Creator: Joseph Gulliton.

II. Why the Guillotine: It was a humane way of executing people then.

b) Reign of Terror:
I. Leader: Maximillen Robespierre.

II. Reign of Terror : The period from mid-1793 to mid-1794 in France in which thousands of
political figures and citizens were executed.

III Most Famous Victim of the Guillotine: Marie Antoinette.

IV What happened to Robespierre? He got killed by the guillotine ironically lol

15) Napoleon Rules France:

a) Napoleonic Code: Comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by
Napoleon.

b) Blockade: A forcible closing of ports.

c) Continental System: Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental
MistakesEurope in hopes of destroying Great Britain’s economy.

d)
1) Continental System Negative impact of the Peninsular War: It angered the Spanish people causing them to start
guerilla warfare killing over 300,000 French troops

2) Peninsular War

e) Guerrillas: A member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy
forces.
3) Invasion of Russia

f) Negatives of Napoleon’s Grand Army that invaded Russia in 1812: Napoleon lost and was
exiled.

g) Scorched Earth Policy: The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that
enemy cannot live off the land.
 16) Napoleon’s End:
a) Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon’s last battle in his famous 100 days return where later he is defeated
and exiled to Saint Helena

b)Congress of Vienna: (1814-1815) European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security
after the defeat of Napoleon.

Industrial Revolution (Chapter 9)

17) Industrialization: The shift, beginning in England during the 18th Century, from making goods by hand to
making them by machine.

18) The Industrial Revolution Begins:

a) Enclosures: Increase in landholding enabled owners to cultivate more fields, using new seeding
and harvesting methods.
b) Crop Rotation: System to use different fields yearly to preserve the soil.

c) Impact of a developed Banking System: It let entrepreneurs to take out loans to create factories
and build machines
d) Factors of Production: The resources that are needed to produce goods and services. (Land –
Labor – Capital Resources)

e) Entrepreneur: Person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

19) Industrialization Changes Ways of Life:

a) Urbanization: The growth of cities and the migration of people into them.

b) Why were the Living Conditions in the cities so poor?

The living conditions were so poor there were no sanitary codes and no plan whatsoever about the growing
population

c) How did Factory Owners maximize Profits:

1) Workers: Keep workers young and old for 14 hours a day 6 days a week with little pay

2) Conditions: Dirty, dangerous and no safety

d) Middle Class: Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and
wealthy farmers.

20) Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe:

a) Events that slowed the spread of Industrialization in Continental Europe:
French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars slowed the spread

b) Railroads: Vital to link pockets of industrialization in Continental Europe.

21) The Philosophers of Industrialization:

a) Laissez faire: The economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions
without government intervention.
 b) What did thinkers like Adam Smith argue against? Why?

Adam Smith argued that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. He claimed the government
shouldn’t interfere with economy

c) Capitalism: An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of
making a profit.

d) Socialism: An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and
operated for the welfare of all.

e) What did Karl Marx predict? That every worker in the Industrial Revolution would revolt and destroy
industrialization

f) Communism: An economic system in which the people own all means of production, private property
does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally.

22) Union Movement:

a) Unions: An association of workers formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.
b) Collective Bargaining: Negotiations between workers and their employers.
c) Strike: To refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain standards demanded by
workers.

d) Group that started Union Movement: Middle Class

Imperialism (Chapter 11 & 12)

23) Nations Compete for Overseas Empires:

a) Impact of the story of Stanley & Livingstone:
It made Africa an interest to colonize

b) Imperialism: A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries

politically, economically, or socially.

c) Why did European Nations follow a policy of Imperialism?

The European nations followed it because they all wanted to have control of a barbarian
territory

d) Racism: The belief that one race is superior to others.

e) Social Darwinism: The application of Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest”
to human societies.

24) Berlin Conference:

a) Purpose: To prevent fighting and how to claim a colony

b) Countries present: 14 European countries

c) To claim colony: Must inform other nations that you have control and you must show
dominance over the colony
25) South Africa:
a) Shaka Zulu:
I. What African Tribe did he lead? Zulu Empire

II. What could Shaka be credited with?

b) Cape Colony:
I. Boers: Name given for the descendants of Dutch settlers.

II. What changes did the British make to the Cape Colony?

They made it a slave colony

III. Boer War: (1899 to 1902) A conflict in which the Boers and the
British fought for control of territory in South Africa.
IV. Total WAr: A conflict in which the participating countries devote
all their resources to the war effort.

26) Forms of Imperialism:

a) Colony: A country or a region governed internally by a foreign power (Direct Rule).

b) Protectorate: A country or territory with its own internal government, but under the
control of an outside power (Indirect Rule).

27) Patterns of Imperialism:

a) Paternalism: Imperialist policy of treating people as if they were children, providing for their
needs but not giving them rights.

b) Assimilation: Imperialist policy based on the idea that in time a local population would be
absorbed in to European culture.
28) China Resists Foreign Influence:
a) Chinese view of Foreigners: They looked down on foreigners

b) Opium: Habit forming narcotic made from the poppy plant.

c) Opium War: (1839) Conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain’s
trade of Opium in China.

d) Extraterritorial rights: An exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a country.

e) Society of Harmonious Fists was frustrated with?

Their Empress and the privileges of foreigners

f) Boxer Rebellion: A 1900 rebellion in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

29) Japan Ends Its Isolationism:

a) U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry:
Took a fleet of four ships into the Japanese harbor to impress them
 b) Japanese reaction to foreign influences:
They were angered and thought that they would become an imperialistic colony for us so
instead they started imperialism

30) Japanese Imperialism Grows:

a) Why did Japan become Imperialistic?
They felt threatened by the surrounding nations becoming industrialized and imperialistic,
their fear was they didn’t want to become a colony

b) Significance of Sino-Japanese War (1894):

It gave Japan its first colonies making it an imperialistic country

c) Significance of Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

It proved that Japan was now a major power country and is now fully industrialized and can
fight and win wars

d) Annexation: The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.

e) First country to be annexed by Japan: Korea

31) MAP: Asia ((Page A16-A17)

 Identifications
(Page A16-A17)

1) Russia 5) Myanmar 9) Cambodia 13) Philippines

2) Mongolia 6) Thailand 10) Taiwan 14) Japan
3) China 7) Laos 11) North Korea 15) Pacific Ocean

4) India 8) Vietnam 12) South Korea

World War I (Chapter 13)
32) Factors that contributed to World War I:
a) Alliance System:
• Explanation: A tangled ally system where countries become friends over
time and bring power to a nation of allies

• How can an alliance system lead to war?

It brought fear that one ally system could be more powerful than the other which
brought clashes.

b) Militarism: Policy of glorifying war and readying the armed forces for conflict.
c) Nationalism: The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation.

33) Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand:

a) Where was he from? Austria -Hungary

b) Who assassinated him and where was the assassin from?

Gavrilo Princip of Serbia

34) Events that lead to World War I:

a) Ultimatum: List of demands that if not met, will lead to serious consequences.

b) Mobilization: Organizing, preparing, and moving military.

35) Escalation of the War:

a) How did the following nations get pulled in to the conflict?
1) Germany: Germany was Austria-Hungary’s ally and Russia put troops on their
border which angered them and they declared

2) France: Was declared upon by Germany

3) Britain: Germany invaded Belgium, a friend of Great Britain. Great Britain was
angered that Germany disrespected them and the rules of warfare and wanted
revenge.

b) Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s military plan at outbreak of WWI, according to which German troops
would rapidly defeat France and their move east to attack Russia.

36) Western Front:

a) Stalemate: Neither side could move.
b) Trench Warfare: A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the
battlefield.

37) Battle of the Atlantic:

a) Blockade: The forced closing off of a city or other area to traffic and communication
through the use of ships or land forces.
b) Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: The use of submarines to sink without warning any ship found in
enemy’s waters.

38) United States entry in to the War:

 a) Lusitania: A passenger ship of Great Britain sunk by the Germans carrying 130 United
States citizens

b) Zimmerman Telegram: A message intercepted by Great Britain from Germany sent to Mexico
stating that if Mexico helped them win the war back they would get in return the land they lost from the U.S.

c) Impact of U.S. soldiers on the Western Front: It made the allies have the advantage and win that side
of the border

39) War Affects the Home Front:

a) Propaganda: Information or material spread to advance (influence) a cause or to damage
an opponent’s cause.
b) Armistice: Agreement to stop fighting. (November 11, 1918)

40) Allies Meet at Versailles:

a) Fourteen Points: A series of proposals in which U.S. President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for
achieving “a lasting peace” after World War I.

b) Self- Determination: The freedom of a people to decide under which form of government they wish to
live.

41) Treaty of Versailles:

a) Between: Germany & Allied Forces.
b) Punishment of Germany:
I. Territory: Germany had to return Alsace- Lorraine back to France and they had to

also surrender all colonies in the pacific and Africa

II. Demilitarized: Limits set on their army size, prohibited to have any submarines or

war materials; no exceptions

III. War-Guilt: Germany was blamed for the war

IV. Reparations: Forced to pay 330 Billion dollars back in reparations

League of Nations: International association whose goal would be to keep peace among
nations.
 MAP
(p. 382)

1) Ireland
2) Great Britain
3) Spain
4) France
5) Belgium
6) Germany
7) Switzerland
8) Italy
9) Poland
10) Czechoslovakia
11) Austria
12) Hungary
13) Yugoslavia
14) Norway
15) Sweden
16) Finland
17) Estonia
18) Latvia
19) Lithuania
20) Soviet Union

Russian Revolutions (Chapter 14)

42) _________________________________: Government in which one-person rules.

43) Revolutionaries:
a) _________________________________: German philosopher who argued that power should
be held by the workers instead of the wealthy.

b) Marxist Groups:
I. __________________________________________: Wanted broad support for
revolution.
II. __________________________________________: Supported a small
number of revolutionaries to get the revolution started.

c) Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:

44) Crises at Home and Abroad:

a) _________________________________: Russia’s first parliament.
b) ______________________________________________: Monarchy in which the ruler’s
power is limited by the law.

c) Russo-Japanese War (1904-05):

d) Rasputin:

45) The March Revolution:

a) _________________________________: To give up a powerful position.
 b) ______________________________________________: The parliamentary government that took
control of Russia after the March Revolution (1917).
c) Leader of the Provisional Government: ____________________________________________.
d) Poor Decision:
Revolutions
46) The Bolshevik Revolution:
a) Seized Power: ________________________________________________________. 1)
b) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:
2)

3)
47) Civil War Rages in Russia:
a) White Army: ___________________________________________________________.
b) Red Army: ___________________________________________________________.
c) Outcome:

48) Lenin Restores Order:

a) ______________________________________________: Lenin’s plan to place government control of
major industries and the rest of the businesses under private ownership.

b) Russia’s new name: _______________________________________________.

c) Bolshevik’s new name: _______________________________________________.

c) ______________________________________________: An economic system in which the people

own all means of production.

e) Lenin’s choices:
I. Leon Trotsky:

II. Joseph Stalin:

49) Stalin Becomes Dictator:

a) ______________________________________________: A state in which the government controls
every aspect of the lives of its citizens.
b) ________________________________: Set of beliefs.

c) Totalitarianism:
I. Primary Weapon:
__________________________________________________________.
II. _________________________________: This event saw some of the most
important enemies of the communists put on trial, real or imagined.
III. ______________________________________: Instruction in the government’s
beliefs, stressing the importance of sacrifice and hard work.
IV. ______________________________________: News and information designed
to influence people’s beliefs and actions.
V. ______________________________________________: The works of artists in
the Soviet Union were to back the communist party’s governmental policies.
VI. ________________________________: Controls placed on the freedom of speech
and press.

50) Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy:

a) ______________________________________________: Stalin’s plan to promote rapid
industrial development and to strengthen national defense.
b) _________________________________: Numerical goal.
 c) ______________________________________________: A large government-controlled
farmed formed by combining many small farms.
d) _________________________________: The more prosperous farmers that were targeted by Stalin.
e) Results for the peasants:

Between the Wars (Chapter 15)

51) GREAT PEOPLE:
Person Area of Expertise Ideas or Successes
Albert Einstein
Sigmund Freud
Friedrich Nietzsche
James Joyce
Charles Lindberg

52) Terminology:
a) _____________________________________: Ideas about the interrelationships between time and
space, and between energy and matter.
b) _____________________________________: Freud’s belief that this side of the brain was the
irrational side, which consisted of many drives such as pleasure-seeking drive.
c) _____________________________________: Philosophy based on the idea that people give
meaning to their lives through their choices and actions.
d) _____________________________________: A literary technique a writer uses to present a
character’s thoughts and feelings as they develop.
e) _____________________________________: Artistic movement that transformed
natural shapes into geometrical forms.
f) _____________________________________: 20th Century artistic movement that
focuses on the workings of the unconscious mind, creating a dream-like quality.
g) _____________________________________: 20th Century style of music developed
mainly by African-American musicians.
h) _____________________________________: Right to Vote.

53) Europe After the War:

a) STRONG ECONOMIES:

b) Why did so many democracies fail in Europe?

c) ___________________________________________: Government controlled by a temporary alliance of

several political parties.

d) Why could Coalition Government be bad for a country?

e) ___________________________________________: The republic that was formed in

Germany from 1919 to 1933.
f) ___________________________________________: $200 million loan from American banks to
stabilize German currency and strengthen its economy.
g) ___________________________________________: Agreement signed by nations that pledged “to
remove was as an instrument of national policy.”

54) The Great Depression:

a) Weaknesses of U.S. Economy:
 I. Uneven Distribution of Wealth:

I. Buying on Margin:

b) __________________________________: The day of the Stock Market Crash (October 29, 1929)
c) __________________________________: The severe economic slump of the 1930s.

55) The World Responds to Crisis:

a) __________________________________: President Roosevelt’s economic reform
program designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depression.
b) PROGRAMS:

56) LEADERS:
Country Leader (Nickname or Policies)
United States
Italy
Germany

57) Hitler Takes Control in Germany:

a) __________________________________: Political movement that promotes an extreme form of
nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.
b) __________________________________: German Fascist party based on totalitarianism, a belief in
racial superiority, and state control of industry.
c) Mein Kampf:
II. Writer: __________________________________________.
III. Stressed:

d) Hitler’s Organizations:
IV. __________________________________: Hitler’s secret police.
V. __________________________________: Hitler’s elite bodyguard. (SS)

e) __________________________________: Hatred of Jews.