:

".i; i1'' rr,I

#fs":
S3. Biolognr tlrid6erru Eerdeur Sheerb { v
':i
Chapter 5 The $tructure and Function of Macromolecules (62-84\
*You should be able to recopize all of the macromolecules (sugars, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins)
* You should be able explain region and property of the amino acids basic components including the central carbon,
- amino group, carboxyl group andRgroup.
* You should be able to explain why an R group likes water or not and also if it is acidic or basic
*You should know primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure
*You should be able to figure out which amino acid's R groups would combine to form hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds,
hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds. You should also know the order ofsfength ofR group interactions.
*You should know Table 5. I on page 72 which provides examples of all the types of proteins and gives multiple
examples.

Chapter 6Introduction to Metabolism (87-103)

*Understand the following terms catabolic, anabolic, kinetic energJ, pot€ntial energy, entropy, free energy,
-
endergonic &exergonic
*Be able to distinguish between the main components of ATP and explain how ATP can provide energy

Enzymatics .*
*Understandfigure 6.12.and 6.13 on pagefr."* 'qq*\,\
*Be able to explain how pH, temp, subs@te cgnfinlasion, en|4pne concentration can affect reactions
*Be able to distinguish between cofact$r, coenffne, vitamin an&mineral. Also know examples of minerals and
vitamins (hint - they are important for both plants and animals!!)
'' i(Be able to explain how competitive and noncompetitive inhibiion can aflect enzyme action
. xUnderstand how many enz).rnatic pafhways work including how feedback inhibition/activation may affect the whole
pathway.

rapter 8 Membrane Structure and Function (138-154)

*Know the componeflts ofthe fluid mosaic semi-permeable phospho-bilipid selective membrane that makes up OH so
. many components of living organisms.
*Be able to explain all ofthe following . . . osmosis, diffirsion" facilitative diffirsion, active transport protein pumps,
r exocytosis, endocytosis, concentration gradient, electrochemical gradient, membrane potential, and phagocytosis.
* Be able to explain which of the following can travel through a phospholipid bilayer or a protein embedded withina
membrane. . . HzO, I{,C6IL12O6, O2,CO2, amino acids, proteins, starch, sucrose, lactose, maltose, galactose, fructose,
Na*, K*, cf, ca2*, etc.
*KNOW WHAT IT MEANS TO BE POLAR OR NONPOLAR DAG NABBIT! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration (f 5$,175)

*Know the overall reaction ofcellular respiration. Be able to explain what reactants are being oxidized or reduced and
the resultant products
*Be able to compare and confiast the following, fermentation/respiration; oxidation/reduction ; oxidative/substrate
level phosphorylation
*Be able to explain the enerry in and energy out phases of glycolysis ; appreciate the coolness ofphosphofructokinase
& dehyrogenase -- also know ATP'sA.IADH's used/ produced
*Know how many ATP's , NADH's and FADHz's are created in pynrvate entry/Krebs cycle
*Know the electron transport chain and how certain enzymes caphrre redox energy to pump [fions
*Know the different parts of the mitochondrion and where each major respiratory action takes place (Glycolysis,
Pyruvate entry, Krebs, and ETC
*Know the shape and orientation of ATP synthase. Also understand hgw it converts chemical energy into usable
chemical enerry.
* Be able to explar4 what chemiosmosis is and where is occurs
*Know how differeirt food sources can be utilized for energy conversion (aka Figure 9.19)
*Know the order thirt organisms use the food sources above and be able to provide a reason why
*Know how sellular respiration is regulated feedback inhibition/activation ---- AMP, ATP, Citrate
-
 Chapter 10 Photosynthesis (176 - 196)
*Know the overall reaction of photosynthesis. Be able to explain whatreactants are being oxidized or reduced and
the resultant products.
*Know the sfructure ofthe chloroplast and where the major processes occur such as light harvesting, electron
Transport, Calvin cycle, water splitting . . .
*Know the names /colorsl purpose of the four different pigments found in the ligbt harvesting complex and be able to
explain that a special chlorophyll a - Big Kahuna is the first pigment where a chemical reaction occurs.
*Be able to explain what a photosystem is and compare/contrast photosystem II and photosystem I
*Be able to explain how the products of photosystem IVI are the reactants for the Calvin cycle and also be able to
explain the firnctions of sunlight and water for the photosysterr/s.
*Know the electromagnetic specfum what are the wavelengths of blue/green/red ligbt. Also know the Action
-
spectrum and absorption spectrum ofa generalized plant and specific pigments (figure 10.8 on page 183)
*Be able to compare and contrast noncyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation. Realize that both are needed to complete
the Calivin cycle because more ATP is needed that NADPH.
*Know alternative mechanisms for carbon fixation. Be able to explain C+and CAM photosynthesis compared to C3
Photosynthesis.
*Be able to explain what photorespiration is and why it occurs in hot /arid climates

Chapter 35 Plant Structure and Growth (720-738,

*Know the general makeup of a plant (roots/shoot
- stem, leaf)
+Be able to explain the difference in the function between a root and the shoot system
*Know that the roots and shoots need each other !! What do the roots give to the shoots and visa versa
*Be able to explain the tlree types oftissues found in plants (Dermal, Vascular, Ground)
*Know representative cells found within each of the tissue categories (epidennal, guar{'t'idiltimes, vessel elements,
tacheids, sieve-tube members, companion cells, parenchymal cells found in root cortex; spongy/palisade parenchymal
cells in leaves, bundle sheath cells, fiber cells, endodermal, etc.)
*Know the cross sections of roots, stems, and leaves (dicot & monocot) be able to identify all the different types of
-
cells/and tissues involved and also be able to explain their purpose.
* Be able to explain the purpose of the Casparian strip and the waxy cuticle
*Know secondary growth of stems due to vascular cambium
i,*Know the functioi of the pericycle
*Know how to figure out the age ofa woody dicot by looking at it's annual growth rings (primary and secondary
xylem)
*Know the general dif;lerences in monocots and dicots (figwe 35.1 on page 721)

,r 36 Transport in Plants (748:/65)

*Be able to explain how different types of proteins found on membranes facilitate diffrrsion, or actively transport
ror/molecules into plant cells. More specifically, know ion punps, proton pumps, cotransport proteins, aquaporins

\I . ork together to ensure proper transport ofmaterials into plant cells.

.fuow the definition of osmosis
Know passive transport through phospholipids and proteins. Give slamFles of molecules/ions that travels through
each.
*Know the concept of water potential including pressure potential and solute potential. Be able to explain how positive
and negative pressure affects water potential as well as how the ionization construrt, tempetrature, and concentration
affect solute potential (-iCRT) as well as water potential.
*Know the following terfirs. . . flaccid, turgi4 turgor pressure, tension, plamolysis
*Be able to explain in detail how root hair cells, cortex cells, endodennal cells pump specific ions into the xylem in the
root which eventually leads to osmosis and positive pressure oopushes" xylem sap up the rooVstem
*Know the molecules and ions found in xylem sap
*Know how capillary action occurs within the xylem tubes (be able to explain how adhesion and cohesion are involved)
*Be able to explain how tension is created in xylem due to transpiration from leaves
*Know how fanspiration is controlled by the opening and closing of guard cells. (Pumpage of K) Know the
mechanism that controls opening and closing --- light vs. dehydration
*Know how the difference in water potential is the driving factor in xylem sap movement and also be able to explain
hodwhy different fypes of environment can affect the rate of transpiration (humidity, light, wind, etc.)
*Be able to explain how phloem sap moves through tubes. Source to sink! ! ! ! Proton prmps and cotuansport of sucrose.

Chapter 37 Plant Nutrition (769)

*Know the importance of the following atoms, rnacronutrients and micronutrients . . .

C, H, N, 0, P, S CO2,H2O,NO3', SOa2-, H2PO4-, K*,C**,Mg2*, Fe2*, Mn2*,2n2*,C**

Chapter 40 Aninal Structure and Function (8[]4-848)
*Know the 4 major arimal tissu€s
- @pithelial, Cdri'flective, Muscle and Nervons)
*Know the main functions of the four different types of tissues
*Know specifics conceming the following tissues also know where they can be found
-
(Epr) Simple squamous, sfiatified squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified colum'
(CT) Loose irregular, Dense inegular, Dense regular, Adipose, Bone, Blood, Blood forming -
(Musc) Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
(Nerv) Neuron, Glial cells

Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition and Digestion (850-869)

*Hey boys and grls know the homeostatic regulation of sugars (figure 41.1) I love the pancreas!!l!!
-
1,*Know the 8 essential amino acids (figure 41.4 page 853)
. *Know the four main stages of food processing, including ingestioq digestion, absorption, and elimination
*Be able to compare and confiast mechanical and chemical digestion
*Know all ofthe structures in the digestive system (alimentary canal hey, and accessory structures)
-
*Know all of the substrates and products of the enzymes involved in the complete digestion of fats, proteins, nucleic
acids, and carbohydrates. Also know which organ/cell produces them and where they are active.
* Know all of the different types of cells found in the gastric pit and also know what they produce
*Know all of the different types of cells found on a villus in the small intestine. Also know what they produce.
*Know what causes gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin to be produced and also know what target cells they activate.
Also know what the target cells produce in response to each hormone.

Chapter 48 Nervous System (1022-1041)

*Know the motor neuron and atl of the different types of membrane proteins that you ean find in different regrons
*Know the internal and external concentrations of ions and molecules found in an excitable cell
*Be able to distinguish between action potential and graded potential
*Know different types of neurotransmitters and their purpose
*Know a simple circuit x"--
*Be able to distinguish multipolar, unipolar an{lipqlarneurons
*Know the action potential gaph and all of the
froteins involved.
*Know the following . . . threshold potential, resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization,
undershoot, electrochemical gradient, active transport, facilitated diffirsion, calcium mediated exocytosis, reuptake

Chapter 49 Muscle Contraction (1080-1086)

*Know every concept covered in the muscle contraction skit

Chapter 42 Cardiovascular System (871-886)

*Know all of the anatomy of the heart
*Know the micro-anatomy of cardiac muscle cells and nodal cells. Know what depolarizes each.
*Know the self conduction system of the heart and how it contols the correct rhythmic pumping of the heart
*Compare and contrast elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
*Be a-ble toexBla.ltt an EKG srECG
*Know how blood pressure and osmotic presilre affeets capillary exchange
*Know the role of tfre lymphatic system in returning extra fluid back to the cardiovascular system
*Be able to recopiTe the different types of blood eells and also know their main function

Know Specifics about the following labs

*Diffirsion and Osqosis (1)
*Enzyme (2)
*Photosynthesis (4)
*Cellular Respiratiqn (5)
*Transpiration (9) '
*Know Experimentpl design know it well ! !!!!
-