Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Charles Francis
The very earliest explorers sailing with the official sanctions of England, France
and Portugal reported evidence of earlier European presence on Maritime and New
England shores. For example, Giovanni da Verrazzano, who coasted these waters in
1524, reported the native population evidenced hostility when his men attempted to
land. The natives, Verrazzano noted, would gather on the shore and shout
derisively, shoot arrows and even bare their bottoms at the approach of his ship
or his ship's small boats. It would seem from these descriptions that native
inhabitants had some previous experience with Europeans. As to who they were or
where they came from is anyone's guess.
Now evidence has come to the fore that perhaps there was an even earlier attempted
settlement by Europeans in the Bay of Fundy region, in 1588. The source for this
conjecture originates from- of all places- the country of Uruguay and it suggests
that a ship or ships from the ill-fated Spanish Armada may have landed somewhere
in the Fundy region. The conjecture is based on the most extensive study ever
done on atmospheric and tidal conditions at the time of the Armada's defeat at the
hands of Sir Francis Drake and Admiral Lord Howard on July 28, 1588 and the
resulting flight of the surviving ships, some of which have not been accounted for
to this day.
In the latter part of the sixteenth century, Spain was a major international
power, exercising primacy over much of the then known world. Spain's ruler, King
Philip II, pledged himself to conquering the Protestant heretics of both England
and the Netherlands and converting them to Catholicism. Philip also had a personal
hatred for England's Queen Elizabeth as the ruler of a seagoing rival. In order to
subdue the English and the Dutch, Philip envisioned a two-pronged assault. 125
Spanish vessels would sail into the English Channel and anchor off Calais. Here
they would link up with the Duke of Parma, whose army would then be ferried across
the channel to attack and occupy England.
The Marquis de Bazan, Philip's chief naval officer, was a brilliant admiral. The
Marquis warned Philip of the folly of his plan. He said that the Netherlands
should be subdued before the Armada set out, for should storms and high winds come
up, the ships would have to seek shelter in Dutch ports. However, Philip would not
listen. Then the Marquis died. As a replacement Philip appointed as Grand Admiral
of the Fleet the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. The Duke was terrified. He was an elegant
grandee of incontestable lineage and blood and fabulously wealthy. But he was no
sailor and knew it. In a long pathetic letter to Philip, the Duke implored that he
be released of his command, saying he knew little of war, nothing of seamanship
and that he got seasick as soon as he set foot on the deck of a ship. His pleas
fell on deaf ears. The Armada now had at its head a golden admiral rather than an
iron one.
Reaching the English Channel the Armada found itself besieged by English vessels
which refused to properly engage at close quarters but rather harassed and picked
off stragglers. Finally the fleet reached Calais, where Medina-Sidonia chose to
wait for the Duke of Parma, who never showed up. The English saw this as an
opportunity. When the wind shifted to the appropriate quarter, they sent fire
ships into the tightly packed harbour. Medina-Sidonia then ordered his fleet to
attack. After an eight hour long struggle, the Duke, afraid of total defeat,
ordered the remnants of the fleet to flee. The harassed and harried Spanish
vessels sailed north up the North Sea and rounded the coast of Scotland. Then they
sailed down the coast of Ireland. All along the way ships were wrecked on
treacherous rocks or driven ashore. Some were driven out to sea never to be heard
from again. Finally the few that survived limped back to Spain.
It is from among those vessels that were driven out to sea that one or more may
have reached the Bay of Fundy. And it is with them that the study done in Uruguay
comes to the fore.
The Spanish vessels fleeing English sea dogs like Sir Francis Drake feared nothing
so much as another encounter with these vengeful and seeming unstoppable sea
raiders. Therefore, even the unknown waters of the North Atlantic were preferable
to coasting back to Spain. Moreover, these waters were not entirely a blank slate
to the Spanish. King Philip had recently occupied Portugal and all the Portuguese
possessions and knowledge of the world's oceans were now available to the Spanish
navy. Portuguese explorers like Corte Reale, Fernandes and Fagundes are known to
have explored Newfoundland, and Gomes coasted Nova Scotia and New England.
Spanish sea captains now had access to the charts of these intrepid navigators.
Fernandes, who is referred to as lavrador, is credited with the name for Labrador.
And some authorities cite Fagundes as establishing a short-lived colony in the Bay
of Fundy.
After all that these ships had gone through in their struggles with the English
and with their crossing of the North Atlantic, it is highly unlikely that they
could have made it back home to Spain. Therefore their crews would have had to
make do in their new surroundings.
Having made landfall, the Spanish would have come in contact with some of the
indigenous population and there is some evidence they did. The evidence relates to
wordings and intonations in the Algonkian language of the area's Native American
population that are closer to Romance language phonetics than Algonkian. One
example is the word Acadia, which was first used to identify the area around the
of the Bay of Fundy and adjacent region and later to identify the entire area
stretching from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to New Jersey.
The Algonkian phonetic system does not include phonemes or sounds for "cadie." The
closest approximation to "cadie" is found in "quoddy." Early Europeans first
thought "quoddy" a place name identifying Passamaquoddy Bay. There are other
examples like this and all seem to have entered the speech patterns of
northeastern Native Americans prior to 1600 when the French began coming in
contact with Mi'kmaq and other tribes inhabiting the region.
Early French settlers to the Fundy region like de Mons, who came less than two
decades after the destruction of the Spanish Armada, fail to record any indication
of a Spanish presence here. This can, in part be explained by Spanish attitudes
toward native peoples as well as the harshness of the climate.
The Spanish in the New World routinely made slaves of any natives they
encountered. The Armada seamen would undoubtedly have attempted the same thing,
thereby causing the local population to vent their hostilities on the unfortunate
survivors of Spain's great naval debacle. In fact, when de Mons attempted his
settlement on St. Croix Island, one of his greatest fears was attack by Indians.
Given the hostility of some Native Americans as well as the harshness of the
northern winter, it is little wonder that any remnants of the Spanish Armada,
which may have crossed the Atlantic, survived. Yet, it may be, if the Uruguayan
study is correct, that Armada seamen began one of the first European settlements
in the Fundy region.
Perhaps, at some future point in time, archaeologists and linguists will take this
possibility into consideration as they try to find explanations for discoveries
and theories which they cannot place in neat little niches.