A New Algorithm for Active Shunt Filters The total current vector is the sum of active and reactive

The total current vector is the sum of active and reactive current vec-
tors, i.e.,
Using Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
i = i p + iq . (6)
Mahesh K. Mishra, Avinash Joshi, Arindam Ghosh
Further properties of the quantities defined above have been discussed
Author Affiliations: Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian in detail in [1].
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. General Algorithm in Vector Form: In general, the active and re-
Abstract: This letter discusses a new general algorithm for shunt active powers have two components, i.e.,
active power filters using instantaneous reactive power theory. The gen-
eral vector expression for desired source current has been formulated. p = p + p~ (7a)
Proper choices of source power terms give different levels and types of
compensation.
Keywords: Generalized reactive power theory, reactive power q = q + q~ (7b)
compensators, shunt active filters.
Introduction: In [1], the active and reactive powers are expressed where over bar (–) and over tilde (~) refer to the average and zero mean
as the dot and the cross product of voltage and current vectors, respec- oscillating values of the powers, respectively. In the following discus-
tively. Based on these definitions, a general instantaneous vector for the sion, the subscripts “s,” “l,” and “f” denote the source, load, and com-
desired source currents is proposed. From this, a general algorithm for pensator (filter), respectively. The averaging of powers is usually
shunt compensation has been derived that compensates for both reac- carried out over one half cycle of the system voltage (10 ms).
tive and zero mean oscillating active powers. Using (5a), (5b), and (6), it is possible to write the instantaneous
For a three-phase, four-wire system (Figure 1), the instantaneous vector for source current in terms of source reactive power ( q s ) and ac-
voltage and current vectors v and i are tive power ( p s ) as

v = [va vc ] , i = [ia ic ] .
t t
vb ib (1)

Here, the superscript t denotes the transpose operator and a vector is de-
noted by lower case bold.
The instantaneous active and reactive powers are defined as follows:

p = v ⋅ i = va ia + vb ib + vcic (2)

 qa  t
v vc vc va va vb 
q = v × i =  qb  =  b
ib 
.
   ib ic ic ia ia
 qc  (3)

The Euclidean norm q = qa2 + qb2 + qc2 is often used as the scalar Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a three-phase, four-wire compensated system
representing the instantaneous reactive power. Alternatively, we define
the algebraic sum

qsum = q = ( qa + qb + qc ) 3 (4)

as the scalar representing the total reactive power that circulates in the
three phases. An advantage of this representation is that it can indicate
the polarity of instantaneous reactive power unlike q , which is always
positive.
The instantaneous active current vector, i p , and the instantaneous
reactive current vector, i q are defined as

[ ] p
t
i p = iap ibp icp = v
v ⋅v (5a)

q×v
[ ]
t
i q = iaq ibq icq = .
v ⋅v (5b)

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a three-phase, four-wire system Figure 3. (a) Load currents; (b) load active and reactive powers

56 0272-1724/00/$10.00©2000 IEEE IEEE Power Engineering Review, December 2000

 must be chosen appropriately. If β is the desired fraction of average re-
active power of the load ( ql ) to be supplied by the source, then source
power terms in (10)-(12) are chosen as

p s = pl , q sa = q sb = q sc = βql / 3. (13)

In (13) ql = qlsum is the average of scalar instantaneous reactive

power of the load as per (4). The relation between β and the desired
phase shift φ between source voltage and compensated source current is
given by

pl
β= tan φ.
ql (14)
Figure 4. Source voltage and currents (β = 0)

Simulations: Based on general algorithm, simulations are carried

out using MATLAB. The following system parameters have been con-
sidered for simulations
System frequency = 50 Hz
v sa = 360 sin100 πt
v sb = 360 sin(100 πt − 2 π / 3), v sc = 360 sin(100 πt + 2 π / 3).
The load consists of (i) unbalanced three-phase R-L load:
Za = 50 ∠ 60 ° Ω, Zb = 100 ∠ 30 ° Ω, Zc → ∞ (open); (ii) three-phase
full bridge converter with firing angle of 0°.
For given system voltages and load configuration, the steady state
load currents are computed and shown in Figure 3(a). Then, the power
terms pl and q l (whose components are qla , qlb , and qlc ) are computed
using (2) and (3), respectively. From q l , the scalar ql is computed as per
Figure 5. Source voltage and currents (β = 1) (4). The powers pl and ql are plotted in Figure 3(b). Using the samples
of pl and ql , we compute pl and ql using moving average filter over half
cycle [2]. Thus, the power terms, pl and ql , are known and are substi-
qs × vs p v
i s = i sq + i sp = + s s . tuted appropriately for p s , q sa , q sb , and q sc in (10)-(12) to generate filter
vs ⋅vs vs ⋅vs (8) reference currents. The two cases considered are: (a) unity power factor
operation, i.e., β = 0 and (b) nonunity power factor operation, i.e.,
General Expressions for Filter Reference Currents: The general β = 1.
schematic diagram of the compensated system is shown in Figure 2. For unity power factor operationβ = 0, the compensated source cur-
The compensator is realized with three ideal current sources i *fa , i fb* , i fc* . rents are plotted in Figure 4. It is seen from Figure 4 that the compen-
Applying KCL at three nodes of filter and load coupling and expressing sated source current and voltage (scaled down by a factor of 20) are in
currents in vector form, we get phase. For this case the source supplies only the average power of the
load, while the compensator supplies the total reactive power of the
i *f = i l − i s . (9) load. For β = 1, the load average active and reactive powers are supplied
by the source. The compensator supplies only the zero mean oscillating
We expand vector i s in (9) by applying (8) and definition of cross prod- active and reactive powers p~l and q~l . The phase lag between the source
uct similar to (3). This gives the following time domain expressions for currents and the source voltages as calculated from (14) is 18.8°, which
filter reference currents: is also seen from Figure 5. As β is varied from 1 to 0, the phase angle φ
varies from 18.8° to 0°. The source power factor can even be made lead-
1 ing by choosing negative values of β. In each case filter currents are the
i fa* = ila − i sa = ila − ( p sv sa + q sb v sc − q scv sb ) difference between load currents and source currents given by the com-
∑v
j=a ,b ,c
2
sj ponents of (9).
(10) Conclusions: In this letter, a general vector form of desired source
current has been formulated in terms of instantaneous active and reac-
tive powers. Based on this, a general algorithm (10)-(12) for filter refer-
1 ence currents has been derived. The power terms in this algorithm have
i fb* = ilb − i sb = ilb − ( p sv sb + q scv sa − q sa v sc ) been chosen as per (13) to obtain any desired level of compensation.
∑v
j=a ,b ,c
2
sj The compensation scheme in [2] is obtained by choosing β = 0. Other
(11) types of compensation can be obtained by suitable choice of power
terms in (10)-(12). For example, the compensation given in [1] can be
obtained by choosing p s = pl and q sa = q sb = q sc = 0. Similarly, the
1 compensations discussed in [3] can be obtained, by other choices of p s
i fc* = ilc − i sc = ilc − ( p sv sc + q sa v sb − q sb v sa ). and q s . This establishes the generality of the algorithm (10)-(12) pro-
∑v
j=a ,b ,c
2
sj posed in this letter.
(12) References:
[1] Z. Peng and J.S. Lai, “Generalized instantaneous reactive power
Considering filter current sources (Figure 2) to be ideal, the appro- theory for three-phase power systems,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.,
priate selection based on load powers of terms p s and q sa , q sb , q sc gives vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 293-297, Feb. 1996.
different kinds of compensation. The implementation of these schemes [2] A. Ghosh and A. Joshi, “A new approach to load balancing and
involves continuous measurement of system voltages and load currents power factor correction in power distribution system,” submitted for
and real time calculation of various active and reactive load powers. publication, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, pre-print PE-053PED (6-99).
Compensation Using General Algorithm: In general, if we desire [3] E.H. Watanabe, R.M. Stephan, and M. Aredes, “New concepts
a certain power factor from the source, the power terms in (10)-(12) of instantaneous active and reactive powers in electrical systems with

IEEE Power Engineering Review, December 2000 57

generic loads,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 697-703,
Apr. 1993.
Copyright Statement: ISSN 0282-1724/00/$10.00  2000 IEEE.
Manuscript received 28 April 2000. This paper is published herein in its
entirety.
2001 Cigré International Symposium
on Gas and Electricity Networks:
Complementarity or Competition
3-6 December 2001, Iguaçu, Brazil
Cigré and the International Gas Union (IGU), in cooperation
with the Brazilian National Committee of Cigré, Cigré Study Com-
mittee (SC) 37 on Power System Planning and Development, SC
38 on Power System Analysis and Techniques, and SC 39 on
Power System Operation and Control are organizing an Interna-
tional Symposium on Gas and Electricity Networks: Comple-
mentarity or Competition. The conference will take place in
Iguaçu, Brazil, 3-6 December 2001.
The electricity supply industry in each country has to adapt it-
self to a rapidly changing world: new institutional arrangements
are evolving almost everywhere, concern about the impact of its
activities on the environment is increasing, and technical
changes are taking place at a fast pace. The gas supply industry
is also undergoing dramatic changes with a very high growth in
demand and the opening of markets. With the increase in the use
of gas for power generation and the growing number of compa-
nies offering services in both the gas and electricity fields, the
question of complementarity and competition between gas and
electricity networks could shape the future of energy companies.
The objectives of the symposium are to:
● Gather information in order to establish the current state of
the art on the following topics: comparison of gas utiliza-
tion for producing electric energy with other types of pri-
mary energy; optimal location of the generating units using
gas (comparison between gas transport and electricity
transmission); comparison between large units and decen-
tralized solutions, taking into account generation technolo-
gies as well as gas and electricity networks; and
cooperation between gas and power utilities.
● Outline the perspectives from the next 10-20 years concerning
Power Quality Compensation Using
Universal Power Quality Conditioning System
Dušan Graovac, Vladimir Katic, Alfred Rufer
Author Affiliation: Institute for Power, Electronics and Telecom-
munications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Novi
Sad, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia.
Abstract: The aim of this letter is to present a universal power qual-
ity conditioning system (UPQS) named after unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC), which is extended by adding a shunt active filter
at the load side. Its main purpose is to compensate for supply voltage
and load current imperfections, such as sags, swells, interruptions, im-
balance, flicker, harmonics, reactive currents, and current unbalance.
Converter and control analysis is presented together with results show-
ing the UPQS modes of operation.
Introduction: Power electronics loads inject harmonic currents in
the ac system and increase overall reactive power demanded by the
equivalent load. On the other hand, development in the digital electron-
ics/communications and in process control have increased the number
of sensitive loads that require ideal sinusoidal supply voltages for their
proper operation [1]. The load/supply and supply/load influence is
listed in Figure 1. In order for power quality to meet limits proposed by
standards it is necessary to include some sort of compensation. Modern
solutions for active power factor correction can be found [2] in forms of
active rectification (active wave shaping) or active filtering. Such solu-
tions are suited for elimination of negative load influence to the supply
network. If there are supply voltage imperfections, none of them can
provide proper compensation. In last few years solutions based on flex-
ible ac transmission systems (FACTS) have appeared. FACTS convert-
ers have been modified to serve in distribution networks and through a
modification of a unified power flow controller (UPFC). Unified power
quality conditioners (UPQC) were presented during 1998 [3].
Topology of UPQS: As known, elimination of supply voltage im-
perfections can be done using a series filter [4]. Also, the series filter
can compensate load current harmonics in the case of voltage-type har-
monic producing loads (capacitively loaded diode rectifier). If such a
solution is implemented, voltage regulation demands dc bus capacitor
charging. If a diode rectifier is used for charging, then only voltage sags
can be compensated. If a voltage swell compensation is desired, then an
active rectifier should be used, leading to solution known as UPQC [5].

the development of gas and electricity transmission networks.

Technical, organizational, economic, and regulatory matters
will be considered. Figure 1. Power quality issues in a typical industrial installation
The conference is directed towards managers, technical people,
and financial experts who are involved in electricity generation and
transmission, as well as gas production and transportation. Partici-
pants may be involved in planning the construction of new plants,
managing assets or operating facilities in the energy market. Partic-
ipation of members from regulatory agencies is foreseen along with
managers from national and international organizations involved in
energy policy and planning. A large participation of new and pro-
spective investors in the power sector is awaited.
Registration forms and the symposium program will be sent out
by the Cigré National Committees in June 2001. All correspondence
should be sent to the symposium secretariat, Cigré, 21 rue d’Artois,
F 75008 Paris, +33 (0)1 53 89 12 90, fax +33 (0)1 53 89 12 99,
e-mail sales-meetings@cigre.org or registrations@cigre.org.

Figure 2. UPQS

58 0272-1724/00/$10.00©2000 IEEE IEEE Power Engineering Review, December 2000