1) For the 1st JHON MARSHAL recognises thAt the harrapan civilization was the 1s

t civilization of india.(1924)
2) The Chronology of Re-Hareppan and Harappan Cultures
5500 B.C In Baluchistan and the Indus plains settlements
like Mehrgarh
. to Neolithic and Kili Ghul Muhammad came up. Beginning wi
th
3500 B.C. pastoralism with limited cultivation and seasonal
occupation
of the villages, permanent villages emerged. Knowl
edge of
wheat, barley, dates, cotton and sheep, goat and
cattle.
Evidences of mud houses, pottery and Craft-produc
tion
found.

Many more settlements established in the hills and the pl

ains.
3500 B.C. Early
to Harappan Largest numbers of villages occur in this period. Use of
2600 B.C. Period copper, wheel and plough. Extra-ordinary range of pottery
'
forms showing beginning of many regional traditions.
Evidence of granary, defensive walls, and long distance
trade. Emergence of uniformities in the pottery tradition
throughout the Indus Valley. Also, the origins of such mo
tifs
as Pipal, humped bulls, Cobras, horned deity etc.

Mature Emergence of large cities, uniform types of bricks, weigh

ts,
2600 B.C.
Harappan seals, beads and pottery. Planned township and long distance
to
Period trade.
1800 B.C.

Many Harappan sites abondoned. Interregional exchange

1800 B.C.' Late
Onwards Harappan declines. Writing and city life abandoned. Continuation of
Harappan Crafts and pottery tradition. The village cultur
es
Period
of Punjab, Sutlej-Jamuna divide and Gujarat imbibe the
Harappan crafts and pottery traditions.

3) The earliest evidence for the emergence of agricultural communities comes fro
m a
place called Mehrghar, near the Bolan pass in the Baluchistan province of Pakis
tan.
People in this place were growipg
wheat, barley. cotton and dates and tending sheep, goat and cattle.
4) PLACES FOUNDED MATERIALS
i)kot-diji early indus pottery,teracotta of mothr g
oddes.
ii)kalibangan(Rajsthan) early indus pottery,teracotta of mothr g
oddes.tin
iii)Mehargarh Lapis-lazuli, one of the percious stone.
iv)Rahman Dheri seals, tools made of stones,copper,& bro
nze
v) Tarkai Qila grains of wheat & barley ,lenthils & fei
ld peas.
tools for harvesting also found ,. in th
e same area
the site called LEVAN a huge factories f
or making stone tools
have also been found.
5) the proportin of bricks used by the harappan pepole is 4:2:1
6) Most of the time a Harappan site is identified by the use of a pinkish potter
y with bright red slip.
This pottery had standard representations of trees, animals, birds and geometric
motifs in black: These uniformities in the material features of the Harappan sit
es were
the characteristic traits of Harappan Civilization.
7)the exavation of harappa started in 1921 by JHON MHARSHALL & Sir MORRTIMAR WHE
LLER.
8)PLACES STATE
i)rupor punjab
ii)manda jammu
iii)Daimabad maharastra
iv)Bhagatrav gujrat
** The Harappans in Gujarat were familiar with rice and millet.
** MOHANJODARO was the biggest town of the harappan civilization whith populatio
n of 35,0000
9) during this time IRON was unknown.

IMPORTANT CENTER
A) HARAPPA :
-> HARAPPA was to be the 1st site to be exavated.From the 1920s onwar
ds archaeologists
like Dayaram Sahni, M.S.Vats and Mortimer Wheeler carried out excav
ations at harappa.
-> It is located on the bank of the river RAVI near punjab.
-> the ruin of the city cover the circuit of around 3 miles.there is n
o cluster site around the harrapa.
B) MOHANJODARO:
->Mohenjodaro, located in the Larkana district of Sind on the ba
nk of the river Indus
is the largest site of the Harappan Civilization.
-> Most of the information regarding the town planning, hbusing
, seals and sealings of this Civilization comes from MOHANJODARO.
-> Excavations beean at this site in 1922, with R.D. Banerjee a
nd Sir JHON MARSHALL. Later on MACKAY & GEORGE DALES carried out the
work.

C) KALIBANGAN(RAJSTHAN)
->The settelment in kalibangan in rajshthan was found on the dry
bed of river GHAGHAR.
->THIS area has largest concentration of human population in har
appan civilization.
->KALIBANGAN was exavated in 1960 under the guidance of B.K THAP
AR.

D) LOTHAL(GUJRAT)
->It is situated in the gulf of cambey.It's exavator was S.R RA
O claim to have a discover of DOCKYARD.

E) SUTKAGEN-DOR(ON PAKISTAN - IRAN BODER)

->This town has citadel surrounded by the wall of stones for def
ence.

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

** The citadal seem to have contained large structure which might been act as ad
minstrative & ritual centers.
** In Mohenjodaro and Harappa the citadel was surrounded by a brick wall. At
Kalibangan both the citadel and the lower city were surrounded by a wall, str
eets ran from north to south in the lower city and cut at right angles.
** The GREAT BATH was in mohanjodaro. The brick built structure measures by 12m
by 7m & is about 3m deep.
** Another important structure discovered in the citadel mound of Mohenjodaro is
the
granary. It consists of twenty seven blocks of brickwork crisscrossed by ventila
tion
channels. Below the granary were the brick loading bays from which grains were
raised into the citadel for storage. Though some scholars have questioned the
identification of this structure with a granary but it is certain that this larg
e structure
must have had some important function.
** In KALIBANGAN "fire altars" are found.
** The harappan people were familiar with the technique of casting of bronze & c
opper. they were poroduced in large scale in the factory like in
 SUKKUR in sindh.
** Bronze dancing nude figure is found in MOHANJODARO.
** harappan used IDEOGRAM in writeing & are written from right to left.
LIST OF ANIMALS FOUND IN HARAPPAN CULTURE:-
i)Bores ii) Elephant iii) camel
iv)deer v) Richenocerous

vi)Tortoise

** HORSE were unknown to the harappan civilization.

LIST OF AGRICULTRAL ITEM GROWN IN HARAPPAN CULTURE :-
i) Mustered ii) Sesumam iii) Peas
iv) Rice v) Cotton vi) millet

KEY WORDS:-
i)Artefacts :A thing made by human workmanship.
J
ii)Chute :A passage for sending down dirty water.
iii)Citadel : The fortress in the city.
iv)Eastern Domin of the Harappans : Specifically refers to the Harappan sites in
Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and U.P.
v)Excavation :The act of digging an ancient site.
vi)Granary :The storehouse for grains.
vii)Meander : Curve of a river, where it is flowing sluggishly with many twists
and bends
leading to deposition of silts.
viii)Plctographlc Scrlpt : The script which uses pictures as symbols.
ix)Plateau :An extensive area of elevated land.
x)Tenncottn : A composition of clay and sand used for making statues. It is bake
d in
fire and is brownish red in color.
---------- x -----------

CHAPTER 2
NATURE OF CONTACTS
LIST OF MINERAL KNOWN TO THE HARAPPAN PEOPLE:-
i) Gold ii)Silver iii) Bronze
iv) tin v) Copper

** The silver was supplied from Persian gulf & Mesopotamia. GOLD was imported fr
om karnatka.
** Balakot on the coast of Baluchistan and Chanhu-daro in Sind were centres for
shell-working and bangle making.
** Lothal and Chanhu-daro were producing beads of carnelian, agate etc.
** Some unfinished beads of lapis lazuli in Chanhu-daro might indicate that the
Harappans imported precious stones from faraway places and then worked them
before selling them.
** Mohenjodaro has yielded evidence for the presence of a large number of craft
specialists like, stone workers, potters, copper and bronze workers, brick-ma
kers,
seal-cutters and bead-makers, etc.

SOURCE OF RAW MATERIAL

->They acquired copper from the Khetri-mines of Rajasthan.

->The settlements Of Jodhpurs, Bagor and Ganeshwar in Central Rajasthan which ar
e generally considered coptemporary with the Harappans might have supplied coppe
r ore to them.
->In GaneshwaroGer 400 copper arrowheads, 50 fish-hooks and 58 copper axes were
found.
->Gold was most probably obtained from Kolar gold fields of Karnataka and Kashmi
r.
-> Gold washing is reported from Jaipur and Sirohi in Rajasthan, Hazara, Kangra
and Jhang in Punjab
and along Kabul and Indus rivers.
-> I Silver might have been imported from Afghanistan and Iran. Probably, the In
dus merchants also exchanged their goods with
the Mesopotamians for silver. Lead may have come from Kashmir or Rajasthan.Som
e minor sources were located from Punjab and Baluchistan also.
->The weights followed a binary system in the lower denominations: 1,2,4,8, to 6
4, then going to 160 and then in decimal multiples of 16,
320, 640, 1600, 3200 etc. Made of chert, limestone, steatite, etc. they are,ge
nerally cubical in shape.
The measures of length were based upon a unit of foot of 37.6 cm and a unit of
cubit of about 51.8 to 53.6 cms.
-> Harappan seals, have been found in the Mesopotamian cities like Susa, Ur, etc
.
->The inland transport was done with bullock carts.
KEY WORDS:-
i)Bead : A small piece of stone pierced in the middle for stringing.
ii)Hinterland : A region lying inland from a port of centre of influence.
iii)Mesopotamia : Ancient name of Iraq.
iv)Region : An area having specific characteristics of landscape which different
iate it
from other areas.
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'