Page 1 of 6

ADVANCED REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY

Air refrigeration system

1. Explain basic concepts of refrigeration and develop expression for COP of Carnot refrigerator.
2. Explain any two different methods of refrigeration?
3. Refrigerator has to produce 1000 tons of ice at -30oc from water at 40oc in one day. Find the capacity of
the system, if the power input is 25kw (Cp for ice is 2.1 kJ /kgo - k, latent heat of ice=335kj/kg).
4. Derive expression for COP of Bell-Coleman air refrigeration cycle.
5. Explain working cycle of dry ice Refrigeration. List its advantages..
6. With a neat diagram explain “Boot-Strap” air refrigeration system and develop expression for its COP.
7. Explain necessity of cooling the aero plane?
8. Explain factor to be considered in selecting the refrigeration system for airplane.
9. With a neat diagram explain “Simple evaporative type aero plane air conditioning and develop
expression for its COP.
10. Explain advantages and Disadvantages of theair refrigeration system.
11. Compare different air Cooling system used in aircraft.
12. Explain regenerative cooling system with neat diagram.
13. Explain thermoelectric refrigeration system. List the advantages of thermoelectric refrigeration system.
14. Explain working principle of Vortex tube? List the advantages and application of vortex tube.
15. Explain neat sketch vapour compression and absorption solar refrigeration system.
16. A Carnot refrigeration system using R12 as working fluid operates between 35oC and 30oc. Determine
the work of compression refrigeration effect and COP of cycle.
If the actual COP is 45% of the Carnot COP when working between same temperature. Calculate the
power consumption and heat rejected per ton of refrigeration?
17. A refrigerator working in Bell-Coleman cycles operates between pressure limits of 1.05 bar and 8.5 bar.
Air is drawn from the cold chamber at 10o C. Air coming out of compressor is cooled to 30oC before
entering the expansion cylinder. Expansion and compression follows law PV1.35= Constant. Determine
theoretical COP of the system. Take γ=1.4 & Cp=1 kJ /kgo-k for air.
18. A boot-Strap cooling system is used for an aero plane to take 10 tons of refrigeration load. The
temperature and pressure conditions of atmosphere at 15o C and 0.9 bar. The pressure of the air is
increased from 0.9 bar to 1.1 bar due to ramming action of the plane. The pressure of the air leaving the
main compressor and auxiliary compressor are 32 bar and 4.2 bar respectively. Isentropic efficiency of
both compressors is 90% and isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 85%. 55% of the total heat of air
leaving the main compressor is removed in the first heat exchanger and 30% of the heat of air leaving
the auxiliary compressor is removed in the second heat exchanger using rammed air. Assuming the
ramming action is isentropic , find the following
a) KW – Capacity required to taking the cabin load.
b) COP of the system.

The required cabin pressure is 1.03 bar and temperature of air leaving the cabin Should not exceed 27oC.

19. Aircraft is flying at an altitude of 8000 m at a speed of 900 km/hr. The Pressure and Temperature of air
at this altitude are 0.34 bar and 263o k respectively. The air is compressed by an air compressor with a
compression ratio 5. The cabin pressure is 1.013 bar and temperature is 300ok. Determine the power
 Page 2 of 6

required for pressurization excluding ram work, Extra power required for refrigeration purpose and
refrigeration capacity of the system if the air flow rate is 1 kg/s. take the following data ηc=82%,
ηe=77%,ε(Effectiveness of H.E)=0.8 & ηr(ram efficiency)=84%.
20. A reduced ambient air refrigeration system used for an aircraft consists of two cooling turbines with heat
exchanger in between. The output of both the turbine is used to run the fan. The ambient air pressure and
temperature are 0.25 bar and -40oC. The air passing through heat exchanger is discharged to the
atmosphere with the help of fan. The compressed air is cooled to 50oC in the heat exchanger. The
pressure ratio of the main compressor run by turbine from which air is bled off for the refrigeration
purposes is 4. There is pressure loss of 0.05 bar at the supply air nozzle to the cabin. The cabin condition
is maintained at 1 bar pressure and 25oC. The air craft is moving at 1500 km/hr, Cp=1 kJ /kgo-c, γ=1.4
for air.
Assume following ramming efficiency=90%, Isentropic efficiency of main compressor=85%, Isentropic
efficiency of both turbines=80%,
Determine
a) Mass flow rate of air supplied to the cabin if the cooling load in the cabin is 25 tons.
b) Air flow rate of ram air passed over heat exchanger if the maximum rise in temperature is limited to
12oc.
21. A regenerative air refrigeration system is designed to take 30 tons of refrigeration loads of an aircraft
cabin. The ramming action increases the pressure from 0.8 bar to 1.2 bar. The air required for
refrigeration is bled from the main compressor at 4.8 bar. The effectiveness of heat exchanger-1 (where
ram is used) is 0.6. The air coming out of heat exchanger-1 is passed through cooling turbine and some
portion of the air coming out of cooling turbine is used in heat exchanger-2(Known as regenerative heat
exchanger) where refrigerating air is cooled to 50oC. The temperature of air coming out of heat
exchanger-2(regenerative heat exchanger) is 100oC. The cabin is maintained at 1 bar and 25oC, the
ambient temperature is 7oC.
Take the following ηct=90%, ηt=80%, Cp=1 kJ /kgo-k & γ=1.4 for air,
Consider ramming action an isentropic, Find the following.
a) The percentage of air extracted from the cooling turbine used in regenerative heat exchanger.
b) Power required to running the refrigeration system.
Assume that power developed by the cooling turbine is used for running of ram air exhaust fan.

Vapour compression refrigeration system

22. Derive an expression for COP from T-S chart vapour compression system with different vapour
condition.
a) When the vapour is dry and saturated at the end of compression.
23. Explain the effect of evaporation and condensing temperature on COP & refrigeration effect.
24. Explain the modification in Carnot vapour cycle to develop vapour compression refrigeration system.
25. Explain methods of improving performance of simple vapour compression cycle. Explain any one
method with neat sketch.
26. Give the layout of arrangement of a system with 3 evaporator multiple expansion valves compound
compression and single condenser with the help of (P-H) chart explain how to calculate power
requirement.
 Page 3 of 6

27. Explain multiple expansion valves and Dual compression system and derive expression of COP with the
help of (P-H) chart.
28. A Compressor refrigeration system using R-12 as refrigerant develops 15 tons of refrigeration. The
evaporation and condensing temperature are -15oC and 40oC respectively. Using P-H diagram, find the
following
a) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
b) Piston displacement and piston displacement per ton.
c) The theoretical power and power per ton of refrigeration to run compressor.
d) The heat rejected to condenser.
e) COP of the cycle.
f) Carnot COP if it works between the given temperature limits.
Assume the condition of R12 entering into compressor is saturated vapour.
29. A Refrigerant R-12 vapour compression system includes a liquid to vapour heat exchanger in the
system. The heat exchanger cools saturated liquids coming out of condenser from 32oC to 22o C with the
help of vapour coming out of evaporator at -12oC saturated. The Compression is isentropic.
Draw the line diagram of the component and find:
a) The COP of the system
b) Refrigeration capacity of the system if the compressor displacement is 1.2 m3/min and
c) COP of the system without heat exchanger.
30. A multi load system is shown in fig. (a) R-12 is used as refrigerant in the system. Find the following
a) Power required to the system
b) The COP of the system

40oC

31. In a theoretical single stage NH3 vapour compression system, liquid leaves the condenser at 12 bar and
20oC temperature. Evaporative pressure is 1.2 bar, Vapour leaves the evaporator at -20oC, Determine
a) COP of the system,
b) Piston displacement in m3/min per ton of refrigeration
c) Power required per ton of refrigeration.
32. Given layout arrangement of a three evaporation with multiple expansion valves, compound
compression & flash inter cooling with the help of (P-H) chart explain how to calculate the power
requirement.
33. A compound compression refrigeration with water inter cooling ammonia refrigeration system is used to
take a load of 50 tons at -25oC. The inter cooler and condenser pressure are 4.92 bar and 14 bar
respectively. The volumetric efficiency of the LP and Hp cylinder is 85% & 80% respectively. The
pressure losses in the valves are listed below.
Suction valve of LP cylinder=0.14 bar
Discharge valve LP cylinder=0.35 bar
Suction valve of HP cylinder=0.28 bar
Discharge valve HP cylinder=0.7 bar
The temperature of refrigerant at different points are listed below,
 Page 4 of 6

Temperature of the refrigerant leaving the intercooler=32oC,

Temperature of refrigerant leaving the condenser=30oC,
Temperature of refrigerant leaving the evaporator= -20oC,
Temperature of refrigerant entering the suction valve of LP cylinder= -18oC,
Law of compression in LP is isentropic,
Law of compression in HP is PV1.27=Constant,
RPM=300,
Assume both the cylinders are single acting & compression stroke is equal to diameter of LP cylinder,
Find the followings
a) The Rate of refrigerant circulation per min.
b) IP of the system in kW.
c) Diameter of the LP and HP cylinder,
d) Heat rejected condenser per min,
e) COP of the system on IP basis.

Vapour absorption system:

34. Explain aqua ammonia absorption refrigeration system and its analysis.
35. Derive an expression for theoretical vapour absorption refrigeration system.
36. Discuss the concept cascading in refrigeration system.
37. Briefly explain the factor to be considered in selecting a refrigerant for various applications.
38. Mention the properties and field application of
a) Freon-12,
b) Freon-22,
c) Freon-11,
d) Ammonia.
39. Explain with neat sketch steam jet refrigeration system with surface condenser.
40. Explain Lithium-Bromide absorption refrigeration system.
41. List the advantages of absorption refrigeration system over compression refrigeration system.
42. A 20 tons refrigeration load on an evaporator is taken by an ammonia absorption refrigeration machine.
The cooling is carried out at -30oC. The Refrigerant coming out of the condenser is at 20oC and its
leaves the evaporator at saturated condition. Assume following data.
Pressure in the generator=11 bar,
Temperature of strong aqua=70oC,
Temperature of weak aqua=100oC,
Heat of one kg of anhydrous NH3 leaving the generator=1930 kj/kg,
Concentration of the weak aqua=0.28,
Mean specific heat of aqua solution=4.7 kj/kgo k,
Take heat of aqua per kg at 0oC= 418 kJ/kgo k,
Heat absorption is given by Qa = 806 – 588 Xw – 5960(Xw) 2,
Neglecting heat loss to the surrounding from the generator. Find the quantity of steam required per hour
for heating the strong aqua solution in the generator if the steam is supplied at 5 bar and 0.9 dry and
condensate comes out at 130oC. Neglect pressure losses in the system.
 Page 5 of 6

43. One kg of saturated ammonia with C=1 at 2 bar is mixed with 10 kg of saturated liquid aqua ammonia at
2 bar & 40oC. If the mixture after mixing should come out at saturated liquid aqua ammonia at 2 bar.
Determine
a) The concentrations temperature and enthalpy of the mixture after mixing,
b) The heat removed from the mixture during mixing process in kj/kg. Consider steady state flow
conditions.
44. In ammonia- water absorption system for 40 TOR, Condenser pressure is 16 bar, evaporator pressure is
4 bar. The degassing range is 0.09. The condition at the entry to the condenser, inlet to the pump, inlet to
the generator and outlet to the generator are saturated. Heat exchanger is used between absorber and
generator reflux temperature is 65oC, Determine
a) Mass of strong solution handled by the pump in kg/s,
b) Heat supplied to generator per sec,
c) Heat removed in the absorber per sec,
d) Exergetics efficiency.
45. Derive an expression for the amount of motive steam required per kg of flash vapour in a steam jet
refrigeration system.
46. 8 X e 5 kj/hr refrigeration effect is brought about by 1200 kg of saturated steam supplied at 5 bar/hr. The
temperature of water maintained in the evaporator is 5oC and condenser pressure is 0.05 bar. The main
steam supply from boiler is at 32 bar and 400oC temperature and steam is bled from the turbine at 5 bar
which is used in steam jet refrigeration system. The turbine develops 1600 Kw. Find overall COP and
COP of thermo compressor refrigeration unit. Assume
Boiler efficiency=88%,
C v of fuel used in boiler = 40,000 kj/kg,
The Expansion in the turbine is isentropic. The condenser is common for power turbine and thermo
compressor.

Components

47. Discuss various condensers used in refrigeration systems.

48. List different types of evaporators? And what are the factors to be considered in designing evaporator.
49. Derive expression for volumetric efficiency of a compressor.
50. Explain briefly capacity control of reciprocating and centrifugal compressor.
51. Explain performance analysis of condenser and cooling towers.
52. Discuss the effect of refrigerant in environmental pollutions and write brief note on ozone depletion
potential.
53. Explain different methods of food preservation.
54. Explain automatic expansion valve used in refrigeration system.
55. The refrigeration plant works between evaporator temperature & 30oC condenser temperature.
Determine volumetric efficiency of the compressor if F-12 or F-22 or NH3 is used as refrigerant. In case
the clearance should be taken as 3% of the stroke volume.
56. An evaporative condenser is used in a refrigeration system to take heat load of refrigeration plant of 60
tons capacity. The heat rejection factor of the system is 1.4. The Water enters the condenser at 28oC
DBT and 21oC WBT and leaves the condenser at 26oC and saturated condition. Find
a) The quantity of air passed through the condenser in m3/min.
 Page 6 of 6

b) Make up water supplied per min.

Neglect the heat losses and carry over losses of the system.

-----------------------o--------------------------o----------------------o-----------------------o---------------o------------------