NANOTECHNOLOGY

Girish N. Chaple Tushar P.Upalanchiwar

6th Semister B.E 6thSemisterB.E
Department Of Electronics Engineering Department Of Electronics Engineering
B.D.C.O.E Sevagram,Wardha B.D.C.O.E Sevagram,Wardha
Girish.gnc@gmail.com Tushuplanchiwar@gmail.com

Abstract –
Nanotechnology is technic to design, characterization, production, and application of
structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the
nanometer scale (nearly100nm) that produces structures, devices, and systems with at least
one superior characteristic or property. with two different approaches, bottom-up and top-
down. Atomic force microscopes (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) are
basic tools use to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. nanotechnology use to improve
existing products by creating smaller components and better performance materials with vast
a range of areas of physics (such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and
nanophotonics),chemistry (nanofiltration, nanocomposites), biology (bionanoscience,
nanobiosensors ) etc.Nanotechnology has wide range of applications in medicines, energy,
communication,cosmatics, aerospace,environment.

Keywords – Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Nanorobotics, Nanoelectronics, Nanomedicines.

I. Basic concept of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Is study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular

scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller
in at least one dimension.[1]

1meter=100cm
1cm=10milimeter
1milimeter=1000micrometer
1micrometer=1000nanometer & 1meter=10-9
By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a
molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2
nm. Nanotechnology is exciting emerging science & technological field. It is all about
building things atom by atom & molecule by molecule. Manufacturing products made from
an atom, the property of those products depends on how those atoms are arranged. Goal of
this technology is to make tiny devices called ‘Nanomachines’.

II. Approaches & tools use in Nanotechnology

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology are the "bottom-up" approach &
“top-down”.
Bottom-up - approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which
assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition.
Top-down - approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level
control.[2]
Top-down refers to making nanoscale structures by machining and etching techniques,
whereas bottom-up, or "molecular nanotechnology," applies to building organic and inorganic
structures atom-by-atom, or molecule-by-molecule.
The atomic force microscope (AFM) and
the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(STM) are two early versions of scanning
probes that launched nanotechnology.
There are other types of scanning probe
microscopy, all flowing from the ideas of
the scanning confocal microscope
developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and
the Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM)
developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers
in the 1970s, that made it possible to see
structures at the nanoscale.[3]

III. Nanomaterials
[A] Fullerene –

fig. Bucky Ball consists of 60 carbon atoms

[B] Carbon nanotube –
Carbon Nanotubes are Single-Walled,
Double Walled and Multi-Walled black
nano scale cylindrical tubes of graphitic
carbon with numerous application.
! " #$ % &
' fig.Carbon nanotube
Carbon Nanotubes are the stiffest and strongest known fibers and have unique electrical
properties. .Carbon nanotubes can behave like a conductive metallic or semiconductor
depending on their structure, which is useful for nanoscale electronic devices and in
electrically conductive films in coatings, plastics, nanowire, nanofiber and in certain
bioscience applications. Recently, carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to create the
"darkest" known material absorbing all wavelengths or "colors" of light which will prove
useful in solar and electronic applications.[4]

IV. Nanoparticles

In nanotechnology, a particle is
defined as a small object that behaves as a
whole unit in terms of its transport and
properties. It is further classified according
to size: in terms of diameter, fine particles
cover a range between 100 and 2500 fig. Colloidal crystal composed of
nanometers, while ultrafine particles in amorphous hydrated colloidal silica
range of 1 and 100 nanometers. (particle diameter 600 nm)
Iron Nanoparticles, Iron Oxide Nanopowder, Cobalt Nanoparticles, and several other
elemental nanoparticles and alloys form a group of "Magnetic Nanoparticles" with promising
application in medical treatment of cancer, magnetic storage and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline
silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by
fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles , zinc nanoparticles
and silver nanoparticles , are used for many applications, including as an anti-microbial, anti-
bacterial, anti-biotic and anti-fungal agents when incorporated in coatings, fibers, polymers,
first aid bandages, plastics, soap and textiles.[4]
 V. Nanorobotics

Nanorobotics is the technology of creating

machines or robots at or close to the .
microscopic scale of a nanometer (10−9
meters). More specifically, nanorobotics
refers to the still largely hypothetical
discipline of designing and building
nanorobots, devices ranging in size from
0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of
nanoscale or molecular components. The
names nanobots, nanoids, nanites or
nanomites have also been used to describe
Fig.Imagenary-Nanorobot
these hypothetical devices. An example is
a sensor having a switch approximately 1.5
nanometers across, capable of counting
specific molecules in a chemical sample.

where they might be used to identify cancer cells and destroy them. Another potential
application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations,
in the environment.[4]

VI. Nanoelectronics

[A] Moleculer Electronics –

Molecular electronics is that branch of nanotechology, which deals with the study and
application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components,both
passive and active.Molecular electronics area is the use of molecular building blocks for the
fabrication of electronic components, both passive (e.g. resistive wires) and active (e.g.
transistors). molecular scale electronics focuses on single-molecule applications

[B] Nanolithography –

Nanolithography is that branch of nanotechnology,which deals with the study and

application of fabrication of nanoscale structures like semiconductor circuits.
Nanolithography refers to the fabrication of nanometer-scale structures, meaning patterns
with at least one lateral dimension between the size of an individual atom and approximately
100 nm. Nanolithography is used during the fabrication of leading-edge semiconductor
integrated circuits (nanocircuitry) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). The most
common nanolithographic technique is Electron-Beam Direct-Write Lithography (EBDW),
the use of a beam of electrons to produce a pattern — typically in a polymeric resist such as
PMMA.[4]
 VII. Nanomedicines

[A] Nanotoxicology –

Nanotoxicology is a branch of bionanoscience which deals with the study and application
of toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, even when made of inert elements like gold,
become highly active at nanometer dimensions. Nanotoxicological studies are intended to
determine whether and to what extent these properties may pose a threat to the environment
and to human beings. For instance, Diesel nanoparticles have been found to damage the
cardiovascular system in a mouse model. Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of
nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area, nanomaterials have
unique properties compared with their larger counterparts.

[B] Nanosensor –

Nanosensors are any biological, chemical, or sugery sensory points used to convey
information about nanoparticles to the macroscopic world. Medicinal uses of nanosensors
mainly revolve around the potential of nanosensors to accurately identify particular cells or
places in the body in need. By measuring changes in volume, concentration, displacement and
velocity, gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces, pressure, or temperature of cells in a
body, nanosensors may be able to distinguish between and recognize certain cells, most
notably those of cancer, at the molecular level in order to deliver medicine or monitor
development to specific places in the body. In addition, they may be able to detect
macroscopic variations from outside the body and communicate these changes to other
nanoproducts working within the body. One example of nanosensors involves using the
fluorescence properties of cadmium selenide quantum dots as sensors to uncover tumors
within the body.[4]

VIII. Future Of Nanotechnology –

 IX. Applications of Nanotechnology –

1.Increasing the efficiency of energy production – Thin film deposition of Silicon

Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic cell
increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture.
2.cosmatics – One field of application is in sunscreens. The traditional chemical UV
protection approach suffers from its poor long-term stability. A sunscreen based on mineral
nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide offer several advantages. Titanium oxide nanoparticles
have a comparable UV protection property as the bulk material.

3.Textiles – The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-
repellent or wrinkle-free. Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less
frequently and at lower temperature..

4.Novel optoeletronic devices – Two promising examples are photonic crystals and quantum
dots. They offer a selectable band gap for the propagation of a certain wavelength, thus they
resemble a semiconductor, but for light or photons instead of electrons. Quantum dot lasers
are cheaper and offer a higher beam quality than conventional laser diodes.

5.Memory storage – Electronic memory designs in the past have largely relied on the
formation of transistors. However, research into crossbar switch based electronics have
offered an alternative using reconfigurable interconnections between vertical and horizontal
wiring arrays to create ultra high density memories.

6.Tissue engineering – Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair damaged tissue.

“Tissue engineering” makes use of artificially stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable
nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth factors. Tissue engineering might replace today’s
conventional treatments like organ transplants or artificial implants. Advanced forms of tissue
engineering may lead to life extension.[5]

X. Conclusion

Developments in nanotechnology are some of the most important scientifc developments in

recent years. despite views that nanotechnology is a far-fetched idea with no near-term
applications, nanoparticles, nanopowders and nanotubes already play a significant role in
industry, environmental remediation, medicine, science and even in the house
“The best way to predict the future is to invent it "

XI. References

[1] "Nanotechnology Basics: For Students
and Other Learners." Center for
Responsible Nanotechnology. World Care.
11 Nov. 2008.
[2] Rodgers, P. (2006). "Nanoelectronics:
Single file". Nature Nanotechnology.
doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.
[3] "Nanotechnology Introduction Pages".
Nanotech-now.com
[4] "Nanotechnology Basics: For Students
and Other Learners." Center for
Responsible Nanotechnology. World Care.
11 Nov. 2008.
[5] "Applications/Products". National
Nanotechnology Initiative.
http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/appsprod.
html.