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Abstract –
Nanotechnology is technic to design, characterization, production, and application of
structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the
nanometer scale (nearly100nm) that produces structures, devices, and systems with at least
one superior characteristic or property. with two different approaches, bottom-up and top-
down. Atomic force microscopes (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) are
basic tools use to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. nanotechnology use to improve
existing products by creating smaller components and better performance materials with vast
a range of areas of physics (such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and
nanophotonics),chemistry (nanofiltration, nanocomposites), biology (bionanoscience,
nanobiosensors ) etc.Nanotechnology has wide range of applications in medicines, energy,
communication,cosmatics, aerospace,environment.
1meter=100cm
1cm=10milimeter
1milimeter=1000micrometer
1micrometer=1000nanometer & 1meter=10-9
By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a
molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2
nm. Nanotechnology is exciting emerging science & technological field. It is all about
building things atom by atom & molecule by molecule. Manufacturing products made from
an atom, the property of those products depends on how those atoms are arranged. Goal of
this technology is to make tiny devices called ‘Nanomachines’.
Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology are the "bottom-up" approach &
“top-down”.
Bottom-up - approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which
assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition.
Top-down - approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level
control.[2]
Top-down refers to making nanoscale structures by machining and etching techniques,
whereas bottom-up, or "molecular nanotechnology," applies to building organic and inorganic
structures atom-by-atom, or molecule-by-molecule.
The atomic force microscope (AFM) and
the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(STM) are two early versions of scanning
probes that launched nanotechnology.
There are other types of scanning probe
microscopy, all flowing from the ideas of
the scanning confocal microscope
developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and
the Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM)
developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers
in the 1970s, that made it possible to see
structures at the nanoscale.[3]
III. Nanomaterials
[A] Fullerene –
IV. Nanoparticles
In nanotechnology, a particle is
defined as a small object that behaves as a
whole unit in terms of its transport and
properties. It is further classified according
to size: in terms of diameter, fine particles
cover a range between 100 and 2500 fig. Colloidal crystal composed of
nanometers, while ultrafine particles in amorphous hydrated colloidal silica
range of 1 and 100 nanometers. (particle diameter 600 nm)
Iron Nanoparticles, Iron Oxide Nanopowder, Cobalt Nanoparticles, and several other
elemental nanoparticles and alloys form a group of "Magnetic Nanoparticles" with promising
application in medical treatment of cancer, magnetic storage and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline
silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by
fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles , zinc nanoparticles
and silver nanoparticles , are used for many applications, including as an anti-microbial, anti-
bacterial, anti-biotic and anti-fungal agents when incorporated in coatings, fibers, polymers,
first aid bandages, plastics, soap and textiles.[4]
V. Nanorobotics
where they might be used to identify cancer cells and destroy them. Another potential
application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations,
in the environment.[4]
VI. Nanoelectronics
Molecular electronics is that branch of nanotechology, which deals with the study and
application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components,both
passive and active.Molecular electronics area is the use of molecular building blocks for the
fabrication of electronic components, both passive (e.g. resistive wires) and active (e.g.
transistors). molecular scale electronics focuses on single-molecule applications
[B] Nanolithography –
[A] Nanotoxicology –
Nanotoxicology is a branch of bionanoscience which deals with the study and application
of toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, even when made of inert elements like gold,
become highly active at nanometer dimensions. Nanotoxicological studies are intended to
determine whether and to what extent these properties may pose a threat to the environment
and to human beings. For instance, Diesel nanoparticles have been found to damage the
cardiovascular system in a mouse model. Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of
nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area, nanomaterials have
unique properties compared with their larger counterparts.
[B] Nanosensor –
Nanosensors are any biological, chemical, or sugery sensory points used to convey
information about nanoparticles to the macroscopic world. Medicinal uses of nanosensors
mainly revolve around the potential of nanosensors to accurately identify particular cells or
places in the body in need. By measuring changes in volume, concentration, displacement and
velocity, gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces, pressure, or temperature of cells in a
body, nanosensors may be able to distinguish between and recognize certain cells, most
notably those of cancer, at the molecular level in order to deliver medicine or monitor
development to specific places in the body. In addition, they may be able to detect
macroscopic variations from outside the body and communicate these changes to other
nanoproducts working within the body. One example of nanosensors involves using the
fluorescence properties of cadmium selenide quantum dots as sensors to uncover tumors
within the body.[4]
3.Textiles – The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-
repellent or wrinkle-free. Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less
frequently and at lower temperature..
4.Novel optoeletronic devices – Two promising examples are photonic crystals and quantum
dots. They offer a selectable band gap for the propagation of a certain wavelength, thus they
resemble a semiconductor, but for light or photons instead of electrons. Quantum dot lasers
are cheaper and offer a higher beam quality than conventional laser diodes.
5.Memory storage – Electronic memory designs in the past have largely relied on the
formation of transistors. However, research into crossbar switch based electronics have
offered an alternative using reconfigurable interconnections between vertical and horizontal
wiring arrays to create ultra high density memories.
X. Conclusion
XI. References
[1] "Nanotechnology Basics: For Students [4] "Nanotechnology Basics: For Students
and Other Learners." Center for and Other Learners." Center for
Responsible Nanotechnology. World Care. Responsible Nanotechnology. World Care.
11 Nov. 2008. 11 Nov. 2008.
[2] Rodgers, P. (2006). "Nanoelectronics: [5] "Applications/Products". National
Single file". Nature Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology Initiative.
doi:10.1038/nnano.2006. http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/appsprod.
[3] "Nanotechnology Introduction Pages". html.
Nanotech-now.com