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A seminar report on

DTH Technology

K.JAYA PRAKASH
10MT0817
DTH Technology
Abstract
Direct to home technology (DTH) refers to the satellite television broadcasting
process which is actually intended for home reception. This technology is originally
referred to as direct broadcast satellite (DBS) technology. The technology was
developed for competing with the local cable TV distribution services by providing
higher quality satellite signals with more number of channels.

In short, DTH refers to the reception of satellite signals on a TV with a personal


dish in an individual home. The satellites that are used for this purpose is
geostationary satellites. The satellites compress the signals digitally, encrypt them
and then are beamed from high powered geostationary satellites. They are
received by dishes that are given to the DTH consumers by DTH providers.

Though DBS and DTH present the same services to the consumers, there are some
differences in the technical specifications. While DBS is used for transmitting
signals from satellites at a particular frequency band [the band differs in each
country], DTH is used for transmitting signals over a wide range of frequencies
[normal frequencies including the KU and KA band]. The satellites used for the
transmission of the DTH signals are not part of any international planned
frequency band. DBS has changed its plans over the past few years so as to
include new countries and also modify their mode of transmission from analog to
digital. But DTH is more famous for its services in both the analog and digital
services which includes both audio and video signals. The dishes used for this
service is also very small in size. When it comes to commercial use, DBS is known
for its service providing a group of free channels that are allowed for its targeted
country.

In broadcasting center consist all the channels antenna which authorized by their
own channel, and we will receive the single from that channel provider. Collection
of all the signal transferring to the DTH service provider ,then DTH providers are
collect the those signal converts into the Digital signals with in range of
bandwidth transfer the signal to satellite and Satellite amplifies signals
Introduction
India is one of the biggest DTH service providers in the world. The requirement is
very high because of the high population and the increased number of viewers.
The low cost of DTH when compared to other local cable providers is also one main
reason for this substantial growth.

In India the DTH requirement is more than in any country as the population of
viewers is at very high rate.DTH is defined as the reception of satellite
programmes with a personal dish in an individual home.

Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the
consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has
ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a
set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.

India currently has 6 major DTH service providers and a total of over 20 million
subscriber households in 2010. Dish TV(a ZEE TV subsidiary), Tata Sky, Tata Sky
+, South India Media Giant Sun Network owned 'Sundirect DTH',Reliance owned
BIG TV,Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel Digital TV' and the public sector DD Direct
Plus.As of 2010, India has the most competitive Direct-broadcast satellite market
with 7 operators vying for more than 110 million TV homes. India is set to overtake
the USA as the world's largest Direct-broadcast satellite market,The rapid growth
of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to measure
viewership in this space is more than ever; the overnight ratings agency, has
mounted a people meter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement
in DTH homes in India
The idea of DTH was first provided to India in 1996. But it was not approved then
as there were concerns about national security. But the laws were changed by the
year 2000 and thus DTH was allowed. According to the new rule, DTH providers
are required to set up new stations within 12 months of getting the license. The
cost of the license is almost $2.15 million in India with a validity of 10 years for
renewal. The latest reports suggest that almost 25% of the total Indian population
use this facility while others use local TV connections.Some of the common DTH
providers in India are
1. TATA Sky

2. BIG TV

3. Sun Direct DTH

4. Dish TV

5. Airtel DTH

Working of DTH

For a DTH network to be transmitted and received, the following components are
needed.

• Broadcasting center

• Direct Broadcasting Satellite

• DTH Receivers
Broadcasting center
In broadcasting center consist all the channels anntea which authorized by their
own channel, and we will receive the single from that channel provider. Collection
of all the signal transferring to the DTH service provider ,then DTH providers are
collect the those signal converts into the Digital signals with in range of
bandwidth transfer the signal to satellite and Satellite amplifies signals.

Direct Broadcasting Satellite


It must be noted the channels that are broadcasted from the broadcasting centre
hare not created by the DTH providers. The DTH providers pay other companies
like HBO, Sony MAX and so on for the right to broadcast their channel to the DTH
consumers through satellite. Thus the DTH provider acts as a mediator r broker
between the consumers and the programme channels. In dth we use this protocol
Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)

The broadcast centre is the main part of the whole system. It is from the broadcast
station that the signals are sent to the satellites to be broadcasted. The broadcast
station receives the signals from various program channels.

The satellite receives the signal from the broadcast centre and compresses the
signals and makes them suitable for re-transmission to the ground.

The DTH providers give dish receivers for the viewers to receive the signal from
the satellites. There may be one or multiple satellites that send the signals at the
same time. The receiver receives the signal from them and is passed on to the Set
Top Box [STB] receiver in the viewer’s house.

The STB receiver changes the signal in a form suitable for our television and then
passes it on to our TV.

Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) Reception

Antenna shall be positioned with line of sight to the satellite.

Antenna shall be mounted on a proper foundation.


LNB is remotely supplied by RX.

Cable with a length of up to 50m mechanically protected.

Be aware of lightning protection.

Connectors at LNB shall be water-resistant by using shrink or rubber sleeves.

Broadcasting Satellite Working :-

Coverage INTELSAT 707

Coverage INTELSAT 707 FEC ½ Coverage INTELSAT 707 FEC 3/4

Coverage AsiaSat 2
Coverage AsiaSat 2

Coverage PAS-5

Coverage PAS-5

Coverage Eutelsat HOTBIRD 5


Coverage Eutelsat HOTBIRD 5

Coverage Astra 1A

Coverage Astra 1A

DTH Receivers
Antenna Principles

Satellite Broadcasting operates mainly on C-Band and KU-Band

Typical Antenna Types are Parabolic Antennas

On KU-Band also TVRO Panel Antennas (Dipole Arrays) are used

Efficiency of Antenna is important and depends mainly on surface roughness

Besides fixed Position Antennas also turning Antennas are used

Above a certain size/aperture tracking becomes necessary

Mechanical Stability is a expensive but guarantees long availability

LNB/Feedhorn/Polariser is normally part of TVRO Antenna (Outdoor Unit)

Prime Focus Satellite Antenna

Prime-Focus Antenna Prime-Focus Antenna

Offset Satellite Antenna


Offset-Antenna
Offset-Antenna

Feedhorn and Polariser

Feedhorn collects microwaves and feeds it into the LNB.

Feedhorn

LNB = Low Noise Block converter


Signal from Feedhorn

C-Band 3.800-4.200GHz Ku-Band 10.700-12.750GHz

fRX = fosc - fSAT fRX = fSAT - fosc

LNB-Practical Layouts and Specs

Typical Specification:

Input Frequency (GHz)

L.O. Frequency

Output Frequency

Noise Figure/Noise Temperature

L.O. Stability

C-Band W 275 L.O. Phase Noise

Conversion Gain
Output Level

Power Requirements (H/V)

Ku-Band W 75
Relation of Noise Temp. and Figure:
Outdoor-Unit consists of mechanically and electrically proper mounted satellite
dish with LNB and feeder directed without obstacles (line of sight) towards
satellite. A sufficant Figure of Merit (G/T) is important especially under bad
weather conditions.

The Figure of Merit (G/T) depends on:

size of dish (diameter)

antenna efficiency ( surface of dish)

proper mechanical alignment of LNA/LNB.

LNA/LNB with noise figure (< 1DB) OR NOISE TEMPERATURE (< 75°K)

Reliability and long lifetime are achieved by using heavy duty materials to
withstand high windload and aggressive environment.

Larger dishes need concrete foundation.

electrical connections outside have to be protected against water and dust.

Digital Satellite Receiver (IRD)

IRD (Integrated Receiver Decoder) also called Set Top Box (STB)

Receives and decodes signals compliant to DVB-MPEG-2 Standard.

Front-end: Tuner, ADC, Demodulator and FEC for DVB-S, -C, -T.

Back-end: MPEG-2 TS-demultiplexer, Audio/Video-decoder, Video-encoder.


LNB-Supply

IRD -
Connections Consumer

In this set of box we have a circuit chip which is called the Digicard in set of box
the digicard provides the author stream, similar to sim card provide strict
according to cost plan of the digicard provide the channel to you. Will do recharge
of that card similar as we do recharge as mobile phone
Conclusion

This technology is equally beneficial to everyone. As the process is wireless, this


system can be used in all remote or urban areas.

High quality audio and video which are cost effective due to absence of mediators.

Almost 4000 channels can be viewed along with 2000 radio channels. Thus the
world’s entire information including news and entertainment is available to you at
home.

As there are no mediators, a complaint can be directly expressed to the provider.

With a single DTH service you will be able to use digital quality audio, video and
also high speed broadband.

REFERENCES

1. Gagliardi R.M satellite communication CSB publisher

2. Rosie A.M information and communication theory Van Nostrand

3. Raja Roa K.N. satellite communication PHI 2004

4. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television
5. ^ Robertson, Lloyd (1972-11-09). "Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap". CBC English TV.
Retrieved 2007-01-25.

6. Bruce R. Elbert Introduction to satellite communication

7. S. Paul Bunea Dth: The New Cosmic Constant


8. http://pratyush.instablogs.com/entry/india-to-launch-insat-4b-tomorrow-from-french-
guyana-countdown-to-start-now/

9. http://www.indiandth.in/Thread-Cable-networks-to-get-digital-edge-countrywide-
reach-with-HITS

10.http://www.indiantelevision.com/perspectives/y2k4/dth_main.htm

11.http://www.watblog.com/2009/08/12/mnp-like-solution-for-dth-subscribers-may-
finally-get-inter-operable-boxes/

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