APUSH Semester Review

1. Why did King James 1 oppose the Separatist? - He realized that if they separate from the Church of England
than they could also separate from him and his rule. Concerned about Separatists challenging laws of the Church of
England, Might lead to challenging the crown

2. Richard Henry Lee-(Virginia)-Motioned during the Second Continental Congress for the Colonies’
Independence from Great Britain. Richard Henry Lee’s Resolution of June 7, 1776, Stated that the colonies should be
independent and sever all political ties with Britain. It was adopted by Congress and was the first step towards
independence. Founding Father, signed the Declaration of Independence.

3. Ethnic make up of the Middle and New England Colonies- Middle col. diverse ethnically mostly western
European, New England Col. Mostly puritans and people from England.

4. Federalist economic programs- BEFAT

Bank of US
Excise Taxes
Funding at par
Assumption of stated debts
Tariffs

5. President Polk and the “Rio Grande”- The Rio Grande was the Southern boarder of Texas. In 1846 Polk tried
to negotiate the boundary with Mexico and to purchase California. In 1846, Mexican troops crossed the boarder and
attacked the dispute over southern border of TX. Grievances grow Mexico sent troops into American Territory U.S.
January 1846- Polk ordered Zack Taylor to march troops into disputed territories Nicknamed “Mr. Polk’s War” by the
Whigs

6. Triangular Trade- 17-18 Century’s. The slaves grew the sugar in the Americans, which was shipped to Europe
from which was brewed into rum, which was sent to Africa to use to trade for slaves and were taken to the America’s
where they grew sugar…

7. What group of people helped James K. Polk secure the nomination for President?- Expansionist
Democracy

8. Pools-(trust) Def. Informal organization of agreements among corporations. Reasons for creation. Divided
business among few corporations. Objections. Eliminated competition, fixed rates prices. Methods of Gov. Control.
Declare illegal by the interstate commerce act of 1887

9. Relationship between Native Americans and the British during the Revolutionary War- Indians sided with
Britain and helped them, Brits egged on the Indians to kill the Americans, Indians believed that in supporting the British
it would restrain Americans from expanding Westward.

10. Spoil System- Started by Andrew Jackson, an informal practice where a political party, after winning an
election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working towards victory and receive incentive to keep
working for the party

11. Why do tax measure start in the House of Representatives?- Start there because it has a better representation
of all the people

12. Congressional Republican concerns during Reconstruction- Southern generals were in house of
representation. For the southern states, Infuriated republicans who were apprehensive about embracing confed. Enemies
in congress, south would have more in house of rep. because slaves counted as whole people. They feared Lincolns 10%
plan for they believed that it might re-enslave slaves.

13. Nullification Crisis of 1832- (during Jackson Presidency) A way of preserving the Union while preventing
Southern succession, 2/3 vote. Attempt to nullify a federal law passed by congress. When faced with the protective Tariff
of 1828, John Calhoun presented a theory in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) that federal tariffs could
be declared null and void by individual states and that they could refuse to enforce them. South Carolina called a
convention in 1832, after the revised Tariff of 1828 became the Tariff of 1832, and passed an ordinance forbidding
collection of tariff duties in the state. This was protested by Jackson.

14. Nativism- 19th century- anti-immigrant sentiment and stereotype. Protestant hostility to European immigrants
Belief of Know-nothing party

15. Peace Document of the French and Indian War- Treaty Paris of 1763; Treaty between Britain, France, and
Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the
Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the
Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceding Florida to the British.

16. Four things done when building a new town in Colonial New England- Built a school, a church, a town hall,
and lay out streets

17. Why German’s immigrated to the U.S.-To search for religious freedom and freedom from military
involvement and political oppression. Bulk of them cause of crop failures, Collapse of democratic revolution of 1848

18. Why Congress attempted to remove Andrew Johnson for office-Was doing everything opposite of what
Lincoln was doing, Johnson went into office after Lincoln was assassinated , Congress passed “tenure of office” act ,
Limited presidents power to remove people from congress, Johnson broke act by relieving act , Ticked off congress,
Saved from conviction by 1 vote, but already convicted

19. New England Confederation-Political and Military alliance of the British Colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth
and Connecticut, was wakened in 1654. John Winthrop in 1643 Ct. in dispute between the colonies Defense provided for
4 north colonies

20. Lincoln’s actions towards the “boarder states”- It was a dilemma for Lincoln. Convinced they were the key to
victory he could not afford to lose them. Thought they remained Pro-Union, it severely divided Kentucky and Missouri.
Cautious so he could keep their allegiance during the civil war, Emancipation proclamation didn’t apply to them

21. Emancipation Proclamation- By Lincoln (during the Civil War) Freedom of all slaves in any state of the
Confederacy. Freed only slaves that the Union had no control over. Dual purpose was to injure the Confederacy and
prevent Great Britain from entering the war in support of the Confederacy. After the war no power to enforce cause
Martial Law no longer applied after civil war

22. Industries of the Border States- Boarder states had industries for building ships, grain, gunpowder, and iron

23. Why Confederates fired upon Fort Sumter- One of the two forts that still belonged to the Union in the south,
Running out of supplies so Lincoln sent provisions, South bombarded the fort when they heard about the provisions
thinking they meant reinforcements

24. Two battles fought on Union soil- Gettysburg & Antietam

25. Second Continental Congress met why? - Originally to draft new appeals to the British people and king, and
to adopt ways to raise money and to create both an army & a navy. Ended up drafting the Declaration of Independence
26. Canal Era- 19th Century. Beginning with the construction of the Erie Canal,

27. Salem Witch Trials- Trails that prosecuted those accused of witchcraft. 1692 Salem, Massachusetts. Many hung
or imprisoned. By Puritans because of strict religious beliefs, Directed toward property owning women

28. Indentured Servants- A trip from Europe to America in return for 7 years of labor. Many of these didn’t
survive the whole time period of servitude.

29. President Tyler position on the U.S. bank- Didn’t like the bank at all

30. Seventh of March Speech- given by Daniel Webster in 1850, his finest speech. This helped turn the tide in the
North towards the compromise if 1850 and strengthen the Union. Was especially appeasing to banking and commercial
centers of the north. Printed copies were so great that he mailed more than 100,000 saying that 200,000 would not
satisfy the demand.

31. Jamestown-1607 was founded, First successful colony in U.S.

32. Lincoln’s 10% plan- Never put into effect because of Lincoln’s assassination, Former confederate States
readmitted if 10% of the citizens took loyalty oath and state ratified the 13th amendment

33. Standard Time Zones and the Railroad- Time zones were set so that the trains could travel at set times and not
nd
clash, 2 Industrial Revolution

34. Wade-Davis Bill- Reconstruction of the south was legislative, not executive. Attempted to weaken the
presidential power, Lincoln vetoed. Davis said that Lincoln acted like a dictator

35. Spanish Armada- Spanish fleet of ships. Sailed and fought against England trying to take power, but later was
destroyed in a heavy storm. The rout of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the end of the Spanish imperial
dreams

36. Thomas Nast- (1873) Newspaper cartoonist, Created elephant and donkeys for the political parties, Invented
“uncle Sam”

37. Practicing of disenfranchising African Americans after the Civil War-created many barriers including poll
taxes, rule variation, literacy/understanding test, and residency proof. Disenfranchising led to a sever drop in voters/

38. Young Guard-a French elite military unit during the time of Napoleon Bonaparte, associated with Soviet Union
and Russia, group of new leaders from the North that hadn’t grown up with the Union.

39. Agricultural roles in colonial America- South: cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo; Middle: Wheat grain, “bread
basket”

40. Panic of 1819- Over-production and reduced demands for goods after the war of 1812, Generally blamed on the
National bank

41. Chinese Immigration issues in California- Lots of hate crimes, prejudiced against by most, “China towns”

42. Virginia House of Burgesses-1st legislative body in the colonies, Contributed to colonial self rule

43. Monroe Doctrine- (Era of Good Feeling) Policy of noninterference Monroe told Europe, “You stay out of the
west and we will stay out of your squabbled! Spain and France stayed out just because the powerful British navy made
sure they did.
44. “Corrupt Bargain”- was what they called Adam’s appointment of Clay as Secretary of State when he became
President. Demonstration by Clay that the government could become corrupt, Clay voted for Adams in exchange for
secretary of State

45. Alexander Hamilton’s Economic Program-Federalist economic program, BEFAT

46. Women’s Rights and abolitionism- Connected because women fought for other people’s rights because they
didn’t have any of their own

47. Britain’s advantage on the eve of the Revolutionary War- they had a navy, very powerful and very
functional, Britain United while US was diverse and disjointed, More advanced technology

48. Weaknesses of the slave plantation system- land only own by the very rich, no growth or innovation, depended
on one crop, slaves worked indifferently(slow production), relied on the North for manufacturing.

49. Economic difference between New England and Chesapeake-More than 30 million pounds of tobacco by the
end of the 17th century in Chesapeake. Chesapeake is Maryland and Virginia, New England had ship-building

50. What ended reconstruction-Compromise of 1877

51. Results of the Civil War- ended nullification, expansion of federal taxations, reconstruction, nation united
physically and politically, but not spiritually

52. What change in the relationship between British and American Colonies the precipitated the American
Revolutionary War?- Salutary neglect at the end of the French and Indian War, Britain asked for higher taxes, but the
colonist were already on the verge for going for their Independence. Americans lost all respect for the British after they
repealed the Stamp Act

53. Hamilton’s position on the National War Debt- Wanted wealthy to lend the government debt money

54. War of 1812 also called Second War for American Independence

55. Guarantees of the Bill of Rights- unalienable rights

56. England’s relationship with the colonies in early days-Mother country to colonies; salutary neglect

57. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Americans give money ($15million) to Mexico for California, New Mexico,
Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. The U.S. also claimed liability of damages in Rio Grange valley by Americans. This showed
appeasement. The land area gained in this treaty was bigger than the Louisiana Purchase.

58. Shays Rebellion- 1780(Massachusetts) impoverished farmers (revolutionary war veterans) were using
everything. Led by Captain Daniel Shay: demand for cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of property
takeovers. Showed that the Articles of Confederation wasn’t working and the government was too weak

59. Compare presidential powers of Lincoln and Jefferson Davis- Lincoln was well liked and lead public
opinion, less problems then Jefferson, Jefferson opposed public opinion, almost impeached

60. Financing the transcontinental railroad- government gave railroad land and railroad sold land (land grant) to
get enough money to build. Government gave grants

61. Economic impact on the North because of the Civil War- Industries were pretty well, 80% inflation, Bred a
class of millionaires
62. Mercantilist Doctrine- economic theory followed by most of Europe during the Colonial period. American
colonies were seen as markers for England. Stated that a country should have more outgoing then incoming from a
marketing standpoint

63. Why Jackson disliked the Bank of the U.S.-Over-monopolistic banking and oversized businesses, Referred to
as the “money monster”

64. Thomas Paine-Wrote Common Sense, Made people want to join the revolutionary war effort

65. “Popular Sovereignty”- General Lewis Doss (Veteran of War of 1812) People of a territory should themselves
determine if the state was a slave or a free state. This was a compromise between North and South over the matter.

66. Revolution of 1800- Jefferson’s election changed the direction of the government from federalists to democrats

67. Cult of Domesticity- Upper class and middle class for white women. 19th century: Perfect virtue in all senses.
Mother= wife, passive, delicate, piety, purity, submission, domesticity(house)=> industrial revolution

68. Irish Immigration-They were escaping poverty, mostly Catholic and had a harder time settling then the
Germans. They took low wage jobs, so they remained poor. Over time mobilized to upper-class by acquisition of
property and political involvement.

69. Henry Clay and the Tariff controversy of 1828- Helped lower tariff of 1816, high because of election( Tariff
of abomination from Adam)

70. Major Criticisms of the Constitution drafted in Philadelphia- Was in sort of secret, Supposed to be fixing the
Articles of Confederation, not completely rewriting the government

71. Annexing Texas- Major political issue of Presidential campaign, Tyler set up annexation, Annexed by joint
resolution (majority in both houses), Annexed in 1845 as the 28th state, Mexico claimed we took their territories

72. President Buchanan’s belief concerning the southern states-supported the South, didn’t see any reason in the
constitution to stop them from succeeding

73. 14th Amendment- (Post Civil War- reconstruction amendment) secured the citizenship of former slaves born in
America. Proposed on June 13, 1866 and ratified July 9, 1868. Reduced proportionately rep of a state in congress and the
Electoral College if denied blacks the ballot, Africans now citizens. Politicians in office who once swore “to support the
constitution of the US” were put out of office Guaranteed federal debt paid

74. Articles of Confederations Weaknesses- Federal government didn’t have enough power, No way to help
arguing states, Many different currencies, Each State acted like its own country, States did foreign affairs on their own,
Federal government couldn’t make the states pay taxes

75. Results of Shay’s Rebellion concerning structure of the government- need of a strong central government,
the farmer uprising caused many citizens to beg for a stronger central government because republicanism was too shaky;
some wanted to import European monarchs and many conservatives wanted to amend the articles of confederation. In the
end, it was less costly to create a new constitution.

76. Albany Congress of 1754- colony representatives went t Albany and adopted the plow development by
Benjamin Franklin- the effort of uniting the colonies failed. during French and Indian war; though the French wasted
most of their power in Europe, America was not unified; the British gov't summoned intercolonial congress to Albany
near the Iroquois land; only 7 of 13 colonies showed up; the short term purpose= keep Iroquois on the British side; long
term purpose = unify the states, -Ben Franklin was a leader; he proposed the colonial home rule plan which was accepted
by the congress but rejected by individual states(they thought it didn’t give enough liberty) and by the British( thought it
gave too much liberty)

77. Construction and location of railroad prior to the Civil War- mostly in the North and East, talks of a
transcontinental one, but nothing happened until after the Civil War with that. first railroad in the US = 1828; by 1860,
3/4 of the railroads were in the industrializing North; cheaper to construct than canals - at first the railroad faced
opposition for vested interests, especially canal backers; early railroads were considered a dangerous public menace;
flying sparks could set fire to nearby haystacks/houses; railway accidents; brakes were feeble; arrivals and departures
were conjectural; numerous differences in gauge=frequent changes in trains for passengers eventually all of the above
were improved and the Pullman "sleeping palace" was introduced in 1859

78. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- (174) it related the governing of the Old Northwest. The law grasped the
problems of house the nation should deal with its colonies, equally, - this was related to the governing of the Old
Northwest; it provided for temporary tutelage, then permanent equality- first, the are would be subordinate to the federal
government; when it had 60,000 inhabitants, it might be admitted into congress as a states; forbade slavery in the old
northwest

79. Middle Passage- (70) how slaves traveled to the Americas. the transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to
the new world; forced Africans to march to the coast and ended with a trek into the American interior- 10 million
Africans were carried out the new world in the 3 centuries following Columbus’s landing; only 400,000 landed in
America; most hauled to Spanish and Portuguese south America or west indies- the influx of slave trade and shipment to
America was caused by the Royal African company's loss of their monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies

80. Industrialization of the South-(300-301, 543-546)- Eli Whitney created the cotton gin in 1793; this separated
seed from the cotton fiber; 50 times more effective than the handpicking process; south became King Cotton; the
steamboat played a role in opening up the south to trade- 1880s- machine-made cigarettes; mass-produced "coffin nails" -
1890- American tobacco company was established; - at first the south was still behind the north, relying more on
agriculture than manufacturing; it was difficult to create a new south because of the paper barrier of regional rate-setting
systems imposed by the northern-dominated railroad interests; railroads gave better rates to manufactured goods moving
southward for the north, but the in opposite direction they discriminated in favor of southern raw materials; the south was
kept in servitude to the north; ex. Birmingham steel was charged a fictional fee- manufacturing of cotton textiles was
better; northerners erected textile mills in the south; cheap labor in the south; white families in the mills were paid less
than their northern counterparts; many southerners saw this as salvation

81. Andrew Johnson reputation concerning the “poor”-( 481)- because he had a humble background, Johnson
shone as an impassioned champion of the poor whites against the planter aristocrats, though he did own some slaves

82. British- American dispute over border of Maine-(373-374) British gave us land that had Iron mines on it that
became very valuable, - 1840s- the st. Lawrence river is icebound several months of the year, so the British were
determined, as a defensive precaution against the Yankees, to build a road westward from the seaport of Halifax to
Quebec; this road ran through disputed territory(Aroostook River valley), claimed also by Maine under the misleading
peace treaty of 1783; lumberjacks from Maine and Canada summoned the local militia (Aroostook war)- the crisis
deepened in 1842; the London foreign office sent to Washington a nonprofessional diplomat, Lord Ashburton, who
established cordial relations with Secretary Webster- the two agreed to compromise on the Maine boundary; Americans
got 7000 sq mi of the 12000 sq mi; the British got less land but they got the halifax-quebec route.

83. Scots/Irish- (85-86, 88-89) - in 1775 they numbered about 7% of the population; they were turbulent Scots
Lowlanders; they had been grudgingly transplanted to Northern Ireland, where they had not prospered; the Irish
Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians resented each other; Scots economic life was bad; earl 1700s=abandoned Ireland
and came to America, mainly to tolerant PA; occupied a lot of the frontier - pugnacious, lawless, individualistic; did not
like the British gov't; led the armed march of the Paxton boys on Philadelphia in 1764 protesting the Quaker's lenient
policy towards Indians; they also spearheaded the Regulator movement in NC; these insurrectionists, including Andrew
Jackson, joined the American revolutionist

84. American work-force in the early 19th century- (pre-civil war) before industrialization industry; textile, low
factory system women with children and no education

85. Puritan belief in the “purpose of government”- (79, 46) from England to the New world. Gods word at the
base of law - democracy in congregational church govt led logically to democracy in political government; town meeting
- Winthrop believed that he had a calling from God to lead the religious experiment; the settlers believed that they were a
"city upon a hill" and that they had a covenant with God, an agreement to build a holy society that would be a model for
humankind

86. 13th Amendment- abolishment of slavery legally through this, was ratified 8 month after the Civil War ended,
December 6, 1865, freed the slaves; one of the reconstruction-era amendment

87. Entangling Alliance-(199-201)- The Franco-American alliance of 1778 was to last "forever," it bound the US to
help the French defend their West Indies - Washington was not swayed by the clamor of the Jeffersonian Democrat-
Republicans who wanted to help France; he proposed the Neutrality proclamation of 1793; proclaimed the gov'ts
neutrality in the widening conflict (French-British war) but also warned Americans to be impartial towards both camps -
In his farewell address, Washington strongly advised the avoidance of "permanent alliances"; he favored only temporary
alliances for emergencies

88. Jefferson’s “embargo”- In 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act. It banned the exportation of any goods to
any countries. With the act, Jefferson planned to force France and England, who both depended on American trade, to
respect America and its citizens, who had been killed and captured by both countries. The embargo significantly hurt the
profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently hated by Americans. The act was repealed in 1809 and a substitute act
was enacted: The Non-Intercourse Act. It opened up trade to every country except France and Britain. The embargo
failed because Jefferson overestimated the dependence of the 2 countries on America's trade. Britain and France were
not as reliant on America as Jefferson had hoped. Britain was able to trade with the Latin American republics and France
had enough land in Europe to support itself. It failed and was repealed in 1809/10 after devastating what had been a
profitable New England shipping industry.

89. Battle at Saratoga- American Revolution, British wanted to capture the Hudson River in New York State,
British and German troops against Americans, Americans won  Ranks high among the decisive battles of both
American and World History, revived the faltering colonial cause, made foreign aid from France possible and helped
ensure American Independence

90. The Tenth Amendment- (193)- the tenth amendment reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by
the federal constitution "to the states respectively, or to the people" - last amendment of the bill of rights, which partially
swung the federalist "pendulum" back in the antifederalist direction

91. Tariff of 1816- First true protectionist measure. Issued for protection from British, not for revenue. Its rates-
roughly 20-25% on the value of dutiable imports.

92. Missouri Compromise-(244-46, 406-07)- Missouri wanted to be admitted into the US as a slave state, but the
House of Reps issued the Tallmadge amendment, which stipulated that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and also
provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. - in 1820, Henry Clay devised a
compromise; congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but free-soil Maine, which until then had been part of
Massachusetts, was admitted as a separate state; all future bondage was prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana purchase
north of the line of 36 30, the southern boundary of Missouri; congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territories -
neither north nor south was acutely displeased, but neither was completely happy - 1854- Douglas's kansas-nebraska act
negated the Missouri compromise; the only way to open up the Nebraska territory to pop sovereignty was to repeal the
compromise; the North regarded the repeal of the compromise as an intolerable breach of faith, and they would
henceforth resist to the last trench all future southern demands for slave territory - The Dred Scott decision of 1857
claimed that the compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional all along; congress had no power to ban slavery from the
territories

93. Presidential Election of 1840- Martin Van Buren for reelection against an economic depression, Whig party
unified for the first time behind William Henry Harrison, slogan: “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”, Harrison defeated Van
Buren

94. Washington’s Farwell Address- (at the end of Washington’s Presidency) He declined to run for a third term.
He wanted future presidency to steer clear of particular alliance with ally portions of the foreign world= neutral. his
choice to retire set the precedent for the two-term presidency in 1796- he printed his farewell address in the newspaper;
Washington strongly advised the avoidance of permanent alliances like the Franco-American treaty of 1778; favored
only temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies- his presidency established a strong central gov't; the west was
expanding, Washington kept the nation out of both entanglements overseas and foreign wars

95. Plessey vs. Ferguson- landmark U.S. Supreme court decision where the U.S decision handed down by a vote of
7 to 2. Doctrine of “separate but equal”

96. “Waving the Bloody shirt”- the practice of politicians referencing the bloodshed of heroes to inspire support or
avoid criticism support for getting revenge on the enemies

97. Issues surrounding the Pacific Coast territories and the transcontinental railroad- Indians didn’t want to
move and didn’t secure loans. Major issue with the gaining of California and Oregon after the Mexican War. Sea Route
too and from the Panama Canal and around South America were too long. Covered wagons slow and dangerous.
Railroads only solution, but very expensive. Only had enough money for one line, and choose the South due to less
mountains and organized territory and because of the Gadsden Purchase.

98. Issues with John Adams and the elections of 1800- Believed that Hamilton’s influence weighed heavily on the
eventual outcome, Adams runs for re-election against both Jefferson and Aaron Burr, was the first election with
campaigns, Adams lost elections for he didn’t poll any votes from New York. Was the last Federalist President of the
U.S.

99. “Cement” and Andrew Jackson- integrating of the second party system, hate for Andrew Jackson and his
“executive usurpation” was its only apparent cement in its formative days, keeping the Whigs together

100. Trail of Tears- Jackson committed to western expansion. Passed Indian Removal Act in 1830, for the Indians
were in the way of westward expansion. For the next couple of years countless Indians died on the forced march to new
Indian Territory. Jackson proposed the bodily removal of the remaining eastern tribes--chiefly Cherokees, creeks,
Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles--beyond the Mississippi; emigration was supposed to be voluntary, - uprooted
over 100,000 Indians; in 1830 congress passed the Indian removal act; countless Indians died on the marches to Indian
Territory; the bureau of Indian affairs was est. in 1836 to administer relations with America’s original inhabitants and
gov't guarantees went up in smoke; the "permanent" frontier lasted about 15 years -Black Hawk, who led Sauk and Fox
braves from Illinois and Wisconsin, resisted the eviction. The Seminoles in Florida retreated to the Everglades, fighting
for several years until they retreated deeper into the Everglades.
101. Major Contributions of George Washington’s administration- precedent for two-term presidency;
establishment of the cabinet; sec. of state Jefferson, sec. of treasury Hamilton, and sec. of war Knox - bill of rights;
Hamilton’s assumption plan, national bank, strengthened national government, political parties, Washington’s neutrality
proclamation

102. Why Jefferson saw Navy less dangerous than an army- army could march throughout countries, fight better
than navy

103. The Founding Fathers and the issue of slavery- egalitarian sentiments unleashed by the war challenged the
institution of slavery; Quakers founded the first antislavery society; continental congress in 1774 called for the complete
abolition of the slave trade; several northern states went further and either abolished slavery outright or provided for the
gradual emancipation of blacks - no states south of PA abolished slavery; abolitionists did not go further and cleanly blot
the evil of slavery from the fresh face of the new nation because the fledgling idealism of the founding fathers was
sacrificed to political expediency - a fight over slavery would’ve fractured the fragile national unity that was so
desperately needed

104. Why “tax supported publication” was essential- wealthy people could pay for their children’s education. Tax
support public education made the government more stable. Allowed the poor to get an education and move up. By
education to the mass=>creation the mass=> industrialized period.

105. Slave Christianity- most slaves became Christians but fused elements of African and western traditions and
drew their own conclusions from scripture - white Christians might point to Christ’s teachings of humility and obedience
to encourage blacks to stay in their place, but black Christians emphasized god's role in freeing the Hebrews from slavery
and saw Jesus as the messiah who would deliver them from bondage; they also saw heaven alas a place where they
would reunite with ancestors - black Methodists often combined their African rainspouts with other Christian themes;
African practices also persisted in the "responsorial" style of preaching, in which the congregation frequently punctuates
the minister's remarks with assents and amends-an adaptation of the give-and-take between caller and dancers in the
African ring shout dance - Christian slaves also used outwardly religious songs as encoded messages about escape or
rebellion

106. 1864 Election- -Fearing defeat, the Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party in the
election of 1864. Lincoln's running-mate was Andrew Johnson, a local War Democrat. The Democrats, including the
Copperheads, nominated General McClellan was their presidential candidate. - Lincoln was accused of lacking force,
being over ready to compromise, of not having won the war, and of having shocked many souls by his ill-timed and
earthy jokes - Lincoln received the "bayonet vote" and won by a safe margin The Northern Democrats lost the election of
1864. This was one of the most crushing losses suffered by the South. The removal of Lincoln was the last hope for a
Confederate victory.

107. Whig party and public education- Whigs vs. democrats in 1840; Whigs preferred society and the value of
community, including public schools, internal improvements, protective tariffs, and moral reforms

108. Cleveland’s relationship with the business community- Cleveland favored a lowered tariff; lower barriers meant
lower prices for consumers and less protection for monopolies; it would also mean an end to the Treasury surplus
-Grover Cleveland again ran for the presidency in the election of 1892 and won, beating out the divided Populist Party
and the discredited Republican Party.

109. Knights of Labor- 19th Century- 1869 demanding an end to child and convict labor, -succeeded the national
labor union; sought to include all worker in one big union; welcomed skilled and unskilled, underprivileged blacks, men,
and women; barred nonproducers like liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers -refused
to go into politics; campaigned for economic and social reform instead - campaign for the 8hour workday - wages
successful strike against Jay Gould's Wabash Railroad in 1885; membership increased to 3/4 of a million workers -
REASONS FOR DOWNFALL: - many may day strikes failed, the Haymarket incident; unskilled labor could be
replaced by strike-breaking "scabs," high-class craft unionists could not be supplanted and had an advantage over other
workers; the skilled deserted and went to the American federation of labor

110. Andrew Jackson’s inauguration symbolized what?- represented the ascendancy of the masses

111. Native American’s and Diseases- A majority of the Native American population was wiped out from diseases
that the colonist brought from overseas(smallpox, bubonic plague, pneumonia and influenza) Some tribes lost 90% of
their members(Atlantic Coast mostly)

112. Treaty of Paris- - Treaty of Paris 1763; during the French and Indian War, the Battle of Quebec caused the
French to be defeated; the French flag fluttered in Canada for the last time; this treaty ended the battle and threw French
power off north America- Treaty of Paris 1783; after the battle of Yorktown during the American Revolution; Britons
were weary of war and had suffered in India and the West Indies, also; Lord North's ministry collapsed in 1782,
temporarily ending the rule of George 3; a Whig ministry that was more favorable to the Americans replaced the Tory
regime

113. Why did New England oppose the War of 1812?- They saw it as a battle between parties, a way to give
Democrat/Republican party dominance, feared that it would give Napoleon power in America, saw it mainly as an
offensive war mainly aimed at conquest of Canada, saw it as sacrilegious and was going against God.

114. Popular sovereignty- The idea that the people decide their position by voting in a given region

115. 1852 election demonstrated the end of what? the end of the Whig party; Pierce ( democrat) vs. Winfield Scott
(Whig)

116. Manifest Destiny- 1800’s Americans so blessed from God. A desire to exist from coast to coast. Was
expansionist policy- Jacksonian westward.

117. Purpose of the Declaration of Independence- Getting reluctant colonist on board, explaining the colonists
position on the purpose of government, listing the colonists grievances against king George III to show the legitimacy of
their actions.

118. Neutrality for the U.S. was made difficult during the 1790’s why? - French revolution erupted; war declared
by Spain and Holland, the French had helped the Americans during their revolution, U.S. wanted to stay neutral for they
didn’t have enough resources.

119. Location of harshest slavery conditions- Missouri the #1 slavery State

120. “Compact Theory”- (Jefferson and Madison) National government was created by the choice if 13 colonies

121. Fugitive Slave Laws-Slaves who escaped to the North had to be returned back to the South. These laws weren’t
really enforced. In Compromise of 1850, stricter fugitive laws were made. Also those slaves could not testify for
themselves and they were denied a jury. Judges were paid $5 if the slave was freed and $10 if they were returned to the
South. Those who helped slaves were fined and thrown in jail. In reaction to the Kansa- Nebraska Act northerners
didn’t obey this law.

122. South’s possible asset at the begging of the war-Best leaders and existing food supplies, could export cotton
for money, they could fight defensively, they were bred to fight; tough men, high morale
123. Free Soilers-(366, 391-92)- formed in 1848- antislavery men in the North who distrusted both Cass and Taylor
organized the Free soil party; they supported the Wilmot proviso and was against slavery in the territories; they
broadened their appeal by advocating federal aid for internal improvements and by urging free gov't homesteads for
settlers - attracted industrialists miffed at Polk’s reduction of protective tariffs, appealed to Democrats resentful of Polk’s
settling for part of Oregon while insisting on all of Texas; supported by northerners whose hatred was directed more at
blacks than at slavery and who gagged at the prospect of sharing the newly acquired western territories with blacks,
contained "conscience Whigs" influenced by abolitionists -condemned slavery not so much for enslaving blacks but for
destroying chances for white workers to rise up from wage-earning dependence to the status of self-employment - argued
that only with free soil in the west could a traditional American commitment to upward mobility continue to flourish-
first widely inclusive party organized around the issue of slavery ; foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican part 6
years later - their candidate was Van Buren; the election fired on personalities

124. Issues surrounding the control of the Ohio River Valley- Reason: fertile soil, rivers and great lakes. Britain
and France fought for control of Canada, and this was part of the 7 years war.

125. John Marshall- one of Marshall's cases; one of the "midnight judges," William Marbury, the justice of peace for
DC, learned that his commission was being shelved by the new secretary of state, Madison; he sued for its delivery -
Marshall new the Jeffersonian would not want to enforce a writ to deliver the commission to his fellow federalist
Marbury; he dismissed Marbury's suit - in explaining his ruling, Marshall said that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789
on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional; the act had attempted to assign to the Supreme Court
powers that the constitution had not foreseen; Marshall magnified the power of the Court; this promoted the idea of
judicial review--the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality

126. Whiskey Rebellion- Angered by an excise tax imposed on whiskey, tariff effectively eliminated any profit by
the farmers, attacks on excise agents

127. John Peter Zenger- 1734-35; legal case involved Zenger, a newspaper printer; arose in New York; his paper
assailed the corrupt royal governor; he was charged with seditious libel and hauled into court, where he was defended by
Hamilton - Zenger argued that he told the truth; swayed by his eloquence, jurors defied the judges and proclaimed him
not guilty - achievement for freedom of press and for the health of democracy; pointed the way to open public discussion

128. Union Party-Composed of former Whigs, Know-Nothings and other groups in the South. “No political
principal, but the constitution, the union of the states and the enforcement of laws”

129. Marbury vs. Madison- (1803) this case arose out of Jefferson’s refused to deliver the ____ to the judges
appointed by Adams “Midnight Appointment” Supreme Court stated that it was the final arbiter of the Constitution of the
United States.

130. Sanitary Conditions in the American Cities- slums grew more and more crowded, especially after the
perfection of the 1879 "dumbbell" tenement - the outline of this floor plan was shaped like a dumbbell; 7 or 8 stories
high, with shallow, sunless, and ill-smelling air shafts; several families lived on each floor of the barracks-like structures
and shared a malodorous toilet in the hall - ex. new York’s "lung block," "flophouses" abounded where the half-starved
and unemployed might sleep for a few cents on verminous mattresses - the wealthiest tried to leave the cities and headed
for semirural suburbs

131. British Manufactures response to the end of the War of 1812- Americans cut the British manufacturing goods
in the U.S, Americans learned to do it themselves, trade decreased

132. Thomas Jefferson’s support came from what part of the country- Republican South
133. Cause of economic strained relationship between the colonies and the British- All taxes- intolerable, Stamp,
Tea, Townsend, navigation, sugar

134. Second Great Awakening- 1800- series of religious revival based on Methodist and Baptist. Philosophy of
salvation. Women, blacks, and Native Americans, one of the most momentous episodes in the history of American
religion; left countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized churches, and numerous new sects- encouraged
effervescent evangelicalism that bubbled into areas of American life like prison reform, the temperance cause, the
women's movement, and the abolition of slavery- huge camp meetings; revivals boosted church membership and
stimulated humanitarian reforms; missionary work increased- Methodists and Baptists reaped the most abundant harvest
of souls; both stressed personal conversion, democratic control of church affairs, and emotionalism- feminization of
religion in terms of church membership and theology; women made up the majority of new church members

135. James K. Polk’s position on the Mexican Lands-Polk wanted California and the territory to the east of it; he
offered 25 million, but later got all of it after the war

136. What shaped the political developments of the 1890’s-(528) economic crisis of 1893? Capitalism
circumstance, depression, slow down, government-business entanglements; industrialization

137. “Civil Disobedience”- (341)- Thoreau's essay On the Duty of Civil disobedience exercised strong influence in
furthering idealistic thought in America and abroad- his writings encouraged Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule in
India and inspired mlk jr's thinking about nonviolence

138. Sherman Anti-Trust Act- the federal statue limited cartels and monopolies the apposition to the economic
power in large corporations and in combination of business ________ led by congress to pass Sherman Act. people
began to mobilize against monopoly; 1890 act signed it into law- forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without
distinction between good and bad trusts; bigness, not badness, was the sin- the law was ineffective b/c it only had baby
teeth or no teeth at all, and b/c it had legal loopholes- it was used, instead, to curb labor unions or labor combinations that
were deemed to be restraining trade

139. Charles G. Finney-(322) - greatest of all revival preachers; trained as a lawyer but became an evangelist- held
huge crowds spellbound w/ the power of his oratory - led revivals in Rochester and nyc in 1830 and 1832; devised the
"anxious bench" where repentant sinners could sit in full view of the congregation; encouraged women to pray aloud in
public - promised a perfect Christian kingdom on earth; denounced alcohol and slavery - president of the Oberlin college
in Ohio; helped make a hotbed of revivalist activity and abolitionism

140. Debate between supporters and the critics of the Articles of Confederation-(171-72)- discord over western
lands; six jealous states, including PA and MD had no holdings beyond the Allegheny mts; 7 were favored with
enormous acreage on the basis of earlier charter grants- the 6 land-hungry states argued that the more fortunate states
would not have retained possession of this prize if all the other states hadn’t fought for it also - also, land-blessed states
could sell their trans-Allegheny tracts and pay off pensions and other debts incurred in the common cause - states w/out
such holdings would have to tax themselves heavily to defray these obligations; they wanted to turn over the whole
western area to the cent govt -articles of confederation hobbled congress; each state had a single vote; all bills dealing
w/subjects of importance required the support of 9 states; any amendment required unanimous ratification- congress was
weak; it had no power to regulate commerce or enforce tax-collection- but the articles of confederation were a landmark
in gov't; they were for those days a model of what a loose confederation should be; significant stepping stone towards the
present constitution; kept alive the idea of union and held the states together
141. Election of 1876- (508-09) Hayes (republican) vs. Democrats. No one clearly one for no one got the required
amount of points, the House gave then Presidency to Hayes under the Compromise of 1876; which ordered the removal
of all union soldiers from the south. - Republican candidate: Hayes; he hailed from Ohio, an important "swing" state -
democratic candidate: Tilden; bagged boss tweed in NY; campaigning against democratic scandal, Tilden got 184
electoral votes - 3 states had irregular returns (SC, FL, and LA); candidates from both parties scurried down there; all
three states submitted two sets of returns, one democratic and one republican - if the returns were counted by the pres of
the Senate (a republican) then the republican returns would be selected; if counted by the speaker of the house
( democrat) the democratic returns would be selected - the compromise of 1877 (with the electoral count act) solved the
deadlock, as the senate and house met together, and by the partisan vote of 8 republicans to 7 democrats, the republican
returns were accepted - Hayes won under the condition that he withdraw intimidating federal troops for the two
remaining states, LA and SC - democrats were assured a place at the presidential patronage trough and support for a bill
subsidizing the Texas and pacific railroad's construction of a southern transcontinental line\- republicans abandoned their
commitment to racial equality

142. Economy of the Post War South-(478, 449)- agriculture creaked to a halt; banks an business houses had locked
their doors, ruined by inflation- transportation system had broken down, factories were smokeless- agriculture was
hopelessly cripples; slave-labor system had collapsed, seed was scarce, and livestock had been driven off by plundering
Yankees- not until 1870 did the south produce as much cotton crop as they did in 1860; much of that yield came from
new acreage in the southwest- planter aristocrats faced charred and gutted mansions, lost investments, and almost
worthless land; their investments of over 2 million dollars in slaves was gone

143. Jefferson’s position on white male’s right to vote-(208)- Jefferson favored government for the people, but not
by ALL of the people; he believed those white men who were literate enough to inform themselves and wear the mantle
of American citizenship worthily should be able to vote- universal education before universal suffrage, the ignorant were
incapable of self government- in 1860 they possessed 30% of the nation's wealth; in 1870 only 12%- average income was
2/5s of that of the north- large issues of confederate bonds were sold at home and abroad; increased taxes sharply and
imposed a 10% levy on farm produce

144. Transcendentalist- (331-32, 340-42) American Literature (1830’s) Thoreau and Emerson, enlightenment,
dismissing capitalism, went from materialism to nature. It was a challenge to church doctrine. - Margaret fuller edited a
transcendentalist journal, The Dial, and took part in the struggle to bring unity and republican gov't to Italy-
transcendentalism was especially fervent in Boston; 1830s; resulted in part for a liberalizing of the straight-jacket puritan
theology; foreign influences included German romantic philosophers/religions of Asia- rejected the theory that all
knowledge comes to the mind through the senses; truth, rather, transcends the senses and cannot be found by observation
alone; every person has an "Over soul"- individualism in religion and society; commitment to self-reliance, self-culture,
and self-discipline; humanitarianism- Emerson-poet and philosopher; enriched countless thousands of humdrum lives;
self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism, and freedom; his ideas reflected those of an expanding
America; critic of slavery- Thoreau-poet, mystic, nonconformist; wanted to reduce bodily wants to gain time for a pursuit
of truth through study and meditation- Whitman- gave free rein to his gushing genius w/ what he called a "barbaric
yawp" - Whitman disposed of all conventional themes of poetry and prose; published Leaves of Grass; though not
successful during his life, he was later titled "Poet Laureate of Democracy"

145. South advantage at the beginning of the Civil War- (438)- confederacy could fight defensively behind interior
lines; south didn’t have to win the war to win independence; fighting on their own soil for self-determination and
preservation of their way of life; most talented officers; southerners were bred to fight; accustomed to managing horses
and bearing arms

146. The interstate commerce act(536)- in 1887 created the interstate commerce commission to administer and
enforce the new legislation (prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates openly; forbade
unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one) -did not represent
a popular victory over corporate wealth; did provide an orderly forum where competing business interests could resolve
their conflicts in peaceable ways; the country could avoid ruinous rate wars among railroads - the act stabilized, not
revolutionized, the existing business system

147. Joint Stock Company- bunch of small investors combine money t invest, profits are shared, early colonization:
helped a lot of people migrate to the U.S.

148. Why Europe favored the civil war in the United States- Because then Europe could swoop in and save the
colonies and then have the colonies under their control.

Hypocrites