Chapter 14: Screws and Fasteners Screws

Fastening (more complex shapes = better function)

™ Non-permanent
¾Bolted

™ Permanent
¾Bolted
¾Welded
with several figures from:
¾Bonded MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 2ed by Robert L. Norton, Prentice-Hall 2000

Threads
Outline Thread is a helix that casuses the screw to advance into the workpiece
or nut when rotated

™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types Single thread

L=p
™ Power Screws Double thread
L = 2p
™ Stresses in Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear λ
p pitch : the distance between adjacent threads
d diameter (major)
dp pitch diameter
dr (root) minor diameter
L Lead: the distance the nut moves parallel to the screw axis when
the nut is given one turn.
λ Lead angle: the angle defining the inclination of the thread.

Table 14.2: Screw threads (ISO/ metric)

Screw Classifications Example: M4 x 0.7, implies 4 mm diameter and 0.7 mm pitch

Unified National Standard ISO (Metric)

Tolerance Thread Pitch

UNC –coarse coarse Table 14-2

UNF –fine fine
UNEF –extra fine

Class 1 several levels

Class 2
Class 3
d=12mm
fine
d=0.25” Class 2
metric
¼-20 UNF –2A M12 x 1.75
20 threads/in. A: external
B: internal
p=1.75 mm
**see Tables 14-1 and 14-2 for standard sizes**

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 Types of Screw Types of Screw
Fasteners Bolt Fasteners
Washer
Classification by Intended Use
Nut
The same fastener may take on a different
name when used in a particular manner.
For example, a bolt is a fastener with a head and
straight threaded shank intended to be used Machine (Cap)
with a nut to clamp an assembly together. Screw
However, the same fastener is called machine screw
or cap screw when it is threaded into a tapped hole
rather than used with a nut.

A stud is a headless fastener, threaded on both ends Stud

and intended to semipermenantly threaded into one-half
of an assembly. A hole in the mating part then drops
over the protruding stud and is secured with a nut.

Types of Screw Types of Screw

Fasteners Fasteners
Classification by Thread Type Classification by Head Style
All fasteners intended to make their own hole or make their own A) Slotted Screws: Head shape can be flat, round, oval, etc.
threads are called tapping screws. The head style can slotted or Phillips grooves.
We thread them into a hole using a screw driver.

Nuts and Washers

B) Socket-Head Cap Screws

These are extensively used in machinery.

The hex socket allows sufficient torque
to be applied with hexagonal Allen wrenches

Lock Nuts: eliminates loosening of nuts

Castle nut is used due to vibration
with a pin
to prevent loosening

Allen wrench

Standard Nuts Lock Washers: eliminates loosening

of standard nuts due to vibration

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 Outline Power Screw
Power screws, also called lead screw, are used to
™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types convert rotation to linear motion
™ Power Screws in actuators, machine tools, clamps, and jacks.
¾ Threads They can lift or move large
¾ Loads loads.
¾ Self-locking
¾ Efficiency
™ Stresses in Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear
Servo-motor driven lead screw

Power Screw Applications Where have you seen power screws?

Where have you seen power screws?
Material testing
jacks for cars
machines

C-clamps

machine tools

vises

Power Screw Types Load Analysis

A screw thread is essentially an inclined plane that
Square thread has been wrpapped around a cylinder to create helix.
™ Square
dp= d – p/2 ¾ strongest y P
dr= d - p ¾ no radial load
¾ hard to manufacture x f
™ Acme F
¾ 29° included angle N L
¾ easier to manufacture λ
¾ common choice for loading
in both directions πdp
™ Buttress LIFTING
¾ great strength
L
¾ only unidirectional loading tan λ =
πd p

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Load Analysis Load Analysis
1) Sum of horizontal forces = 0 The screw torque (Tsu ) required to lift load is
P
F − f cos λ − N sin λ = 0 dp Pd p (µ cos λ + sin λ )
f
TSu = F =
F
2 2 (cos λ − µ sin λ )
λ N
2) Sum of vertical forces = 0
N cos λ − f sin λ − P = 0 L = (tan λ )(πd p )
From Eqs 1 and 2:
Pd p (µπd p + L )
 µ cos λ + sin λ  TSu =
F = P  2 (πd − µL )
 cos λ − µ sin λ 
p

Collar Torque Load Analysis

LIFTING
P (
µπd p + L  )
Tu = TSu + Tcollar = + µc dc 
d p
2  (
πd p − µL  )
P  (µπd p − L )
LOWERING

Td = d p + µc dc 
power screw friction 2  (πd p + µL ) 
collar y P

collar friction µc x F

P f
P
[µ c d c ]
load
N L
Tcollar = Lowering
2 λ

πdp

For Acme Threads

The radial angle introduces an additional factor in the torque equations Self-Locking
Self-locking screw cannot be turned from applied load P. In other words,
self-locking screw will hold the load in place without any application of
torque (Tsu=0).

P  (µπd p − L cos α )
Tsu = d p =0 µπd p − L cos α = 0
2  (πd p cos α + µL ) 
Radial α
Angle

for self-locking:
L
LIFTING
P (
µπd p + L cos α  ) µ≥
πd p
cos α or µ ≥ tan λ cos α
Tu = TSu + Tcollar = + µc dc  since L = (tan λ ) ( π d p )
d p
2  (
πd p cos α − µL  )
If it is a square thread (cos α = 1):
LOWERING
P  (µπd p − L cos α )  L
Td = d p + µcdc  µ≥ or µ ≥ tan λ
2  (πd p cos α + µL )  πd p

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 Efficiency Outline
e= work delivered by the screw in one revolution/ work done on a power screw
™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types
W PL cos α − µ tan λ ™ Power Screws
e = out = =
Win 2πT cos α + µ cot λ ™ Stresses in Threads
¾ Body Stresses
» Axial
» Torsion
¾ Thread Stresses
» Bearing
µ e » Bending
λ e (0<λ<40 ¾ Buckling
degrees)
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear

Fasteners: Static and Fatigue Analysis Axial Tensile Stress

Static problem: Fixed pressure
• What size and material bolt to use?
• How much to tighten?
F
Fatigue problem: Varying pressure
• What size and material bolt to use?
• How much to tighten? F
• Predict life in cycles

Possible failure locations: F 2

σt = π dp d 
- Threads At =  + r 
- Body At 4  2 2 
- Neck
At also in Tables 14-1 and 14-2

Torsional Stress Outline

depends on friction at screw-nut interface ™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types
™ Power Screws
For screw and nut,
• if totally locked (rusted together), the screw experiences all of torque ™ Stresses in Threads
• if frictionless, the screw experiences none of the torque
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
¾ Proof Strength
¾ Spring Behavior
Tr 16T
τ= = ¾ Loading & Deflection
J πd r3 ¾ Separation of Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear
For power screw,
• if low collar friction, the screw experiences nearly all of torque
• if high collar friction, the nut experiences most of the torque

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 Preloading & Proof Strength Spring Behavior
™ Bolts and screws are typically preloaded and the proof strength is taken
as the reference for preloading (taking yield strength as reference for BOTH material being clamped and bolt behave as springs
preloading may cause a damage on the material): Sp is the stress at
σ = Eε
which bolt begins to take a permanent set and it is close to, but lower
F δ
than yield strength of the material.
AE A
=E
l
k= δ=
Fl

l AE
F AE
k= =
δ l
l = l s + lt for the bolt, threaded vs unthreaded have different spring
constants and are modeled as springs in series:
 2d + 6 mm l ≤ 150
lt =  threaded length of the

2d + 12 mm l > 150 length untreaded shank

1 lt ls
= +
Preloading kb At E b Ab E b
• static loading: preload at roughly 90% of Sp see Table 14-2 for At (tensile stress area)
use major diameter in calculating Ab
• dynamic loading: preload at roughly 75% of Sp applied load P

Loading & Deflection:

Affected Area of Material Preloading
For material, basic model is as follows: A preload Fi is applied up to 90 percent of the proof strength.
1 l F
= m
k m Am E Fi 0.9*Sp*At
Area is hard to define… from experiments, the following is accurate:
kb
km

π  d 2 + d 3  2 2
 δmaterial δbolt δ
Am ≅   −d 
4  2  
• Slope of the bolt line is positive because its length increases
 with increased force.
• Slope of the material is negative as its length decreases with
increasing force.
See Figure 14-31 for the • Bolt streches more than the material compresses.
definition of parameters !
• Material is typically stiffer than the bolt (km> kb since Am>> Ab )

Preloading
• static loading: preload at roughly 90% of Sp
Fi = 0.9*Sp*At Loading & Deflection
An external load P is applied later, which results
Proof strength depends on material.
See Table 14.7 in additional deflection ∆δ (same amount of
deflection in the bolt and the material).
Pb
P is applied

Pm Fi

∆δ ∆δ

• The external load P is split into two components:

one taken by the material (Pm) and one taken by the bolt
(Pb). Material takes most of the applied load (Pm> Pb).
However, if Pm>= Fi, the joint will separate.

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 Loading & Deflection Distribution of Applied Load
F Pb ∆δb= ∆δm
Fb P P
Fi
∆δ = b = m
Pm P kb k m
k kb
Fm Pb = b Pm = P
km km + kb
Pb = CP, where
δm δm1 P=Pb+Pm δb δb1 δ
kb
C=
MATERIAL BOLT k m + kb
Fm=Fi-Pm
Fb=Fi+Pb Pm = P − CP = P (1 − C )

Yielding Safety Factor Separation

Separation occurs when
Fm = Fi + Pm Fm = Fi + P(C-1) Pm-Fi >= 0
Fb = Fi + Pb Fm <= 0
Fb = Fi + CP Fi
Fi + P(C-1) <= 0 P0 =
1− C
P Fi
N separation = 0 =
F P (1 − C )P
σb = b
At • The seperation safety factor
increases linearly with increasing
preload
(i.e, tighting the bolt is good
for reducing separation)
Ny=Sy/σb • The yielding safety factor
decreases with inceasing preload
(i.e. tighting the bolt too much
increases the static failure)

Dynamic Loading of Fasteners Dynamic Loading of Fasteners

P is a function of time, varying some Pmin and maximum Pmax values,
™ Boltonly absorbs small % of P both positive. A very common situation is that of a fluctuating load such
as in a bolted pressure vessel that is cycled from zero (Pmin=0) to
™ Stresses maxiumum pressure.

¾Bolt is in tension For the general case (Pmin > 0, Pmax > 0)
¾Material is in compression Fbmax = Pbmax + Fi
Fbmin = Pbmin + Fi
™ Fatigue is a tensile failure phenomenon
™∴ Preloading helps tremendously in Fbmean = (Fbmax + Fbmin)/2
Fbalt = (Fbmax - Fbmin)/2
fatigue
where,
Pbmax = C Pmax
Pbmin = C Pmin

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 Dynamic Loading of Fasteners:
Dynamic Loading of Fasteners Goodman Diagram
For the special case (Pmin = 0, Pmax > 0) σ altD (σ meanD − σ i ) S e ( S ut − σ i )
N= = =
Pbmin = 0 (since Pmin = 0) σ altE (σ meanE − σ i ) S e (σ meanE − σ i ) + S utσ altE
Fbmin = Fi
Fbalt = Pbmax / 2 = (Fbmax – Fi) / 2
Fbmean = Fi + (Pbmax / 2) = (Fbmax + Fi) / 2
Fb alt
σa = Kf
At
Fb mean Take Kfm = 1 for preloaded fasteners
σ m = K fm
At
Fi
σ i = K fm
At
At : bolt’s tensile stress area (Table 14-1, 14-2)
Kf : fatigue stress concentration factor (Table 14-8, pp. 910)
Kfm : mean fatigue stress concentration factor

Outline Direct Shear

™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types
™ Power Screws
™ Stresses in Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear
¾What is Shear?
¾Straight Direct Shear
¾Eccentric Shear

Doweled Joints Direct Shear

“It is not considered good practice to use bolts or
F
screws in shear to locate and support precision τ=
machine parts under shear loads” Ashear
Norton
™ Shear can be handled by friction caused by
bolts… but, better practice is to use dowels
™ Bolts need clearances… at best 2 out of a 4 bolt
pattern will bear all of load

Ssy ???
0.577
S yS y
N= =
dowels support shear, but not tensile loads
τ ττ
dowels support shear, but not tensile loads bolts support tensile loads, but not shear
bolts support tensile loads, but not shear

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 Eccentrically Loaded Shear Primary Shear
Strategy P P

™Find Centroid F1A F1B

™Find primary shear F1
P
™Find secondary shear F2
™Find Moment about centroid M
™Find distances from centroid F1C
™Find secondary shear F2 and angles V
™Combine F1 and F2
™Decompose to x and y
P P
™Add F and F1 2
™Recompose into Fnet
V F1 =
n
™Identify Max Fnet, find τ, safety factor
M
M
n – number of dowels

Moment/Secondary Shear Finding Forces from Moment

P
the moment will add further shear F2A
B M=F2ArA+F2BrB+F2CrC
to the dowels, F2 rA
M A F2B
rB F2 A F2 B F2C
= =
rA rB rC
the moment is centered around the
rC
center of gravity of the dowels
n F2C C
A x + A2 x2 + A3 x3 ∑1 Ai xi
x= 11 =
A1 + A2 + A3 ∑n Ai Mri Mri
1
n F2i = =
A y + A2 y 2 + A3 y3 ∑1 Ai yi rA + rB + rC + L ∑1nr j2
2 2 2
y= 1 1 =
A1 + A2 + A3 ∑n Ai 1

Angles and Vectors Remaining Steps

F1A
F2A • Force is perpendicular to radial lines F1B
• From known dimensions and trig, calculate α F2A ™ Decompose F2i
αA B B into x and y
rA
A rA F2B A F2B components
rB rB
™ Add x and y
rC αA rC components of F2i
x−x to F1i
F2C C F2C C
y− y ™ Recompose x and
rA F1C y components into
y− y Fnet,i and determine
= tan(90 − α A ) angle of Fnet
x−x

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 Safety Factor Strategy Review
Calculate safety factor for most heavily loaded dowel ™Find Centroid
™Find primary shear F1
F
τ= ™Find secondary shear F2
Ashear ™Find Moment about centroid
™Find distances from centroid
™Find secondary shear F2 and angles
™Combine F1 and F2
Ssy 0.577 S y ™Decompose to x and y
N= = ™Add F1 and F2
τ τ ™Recompose into Fnet
™Identify Max Fnet, find τ, safety factor

Outline Revisited
™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types

™ Power Screws

™ Stresses in Threads

™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints

™ Fasteners in Shear

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