Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
“CHANGING INVESTMENT PATTERN IN LUCKNOW CITY”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of the Master of Business Administration
Under Supervision of Submitted by
Mr. Fahad Khan Warsi Pankaj Kumar
Deputy Manager, MBA IV Semester
AXIS Bank Ltd.
Lucknow
• Changing Investment Pattern
• Insurance
• Agriculture
• Mutual Funds
• Equity Shares
• Research Methodology
• Graphical Presentation
• Research Finding
• Limitations
• Conclusion
• Suggestion
• Bibliography
Acknowledgement
I have received a great deal of help from friends and faculty members,
while working on research work. I would like to thank to all the faculty
members whose valuable guidance and suggestions helped me to collect
information and data to present them systematically. My special thanks
are due to Mr. Fahad Khan Warsi for providing his esteemed guidance
and supervision, which helped me to keep up the tempo. It would not
have been possible to complete the research work without the help of these
personalities.
Finally, I would like to thank the department of business administration
who provided me an opportunity to work upon such research project.
Pankaj Kumar
MBA 4TH SEM
OBJECTIVE
The overall project and research is conducted keeping in mind following
aspects.
• Banking
• Insurance
• Mutual Funds
• Agriculture
• Equity Shares
Banking
Growth is mutual mechanism of every organization and system to which
Indian banking industry reveals that it has passed through various phases
of growth. Which may be studied under different phases together with
future projections? With the nationalization of the government of India,
which so now being fun by the boards of directors comprising persons of
eminence in field of industry, trade, agriculture, academics, banking and
social services etc. this phase was characterized by the phenomenal growth
in the number of bank branches covering the unbaked and remote areas of
the country thereby making the banks.
accessible to the common people by adding to the length, width and depth
of the banking services. Introduction of Lead bank scheme made further
inroads in expansion of the banking services uniformly throughout the
country by allocating all the districts services in the allocated districts. The
government policies were directed towards economiccumsocial banking
thereby diverting were certain percentage of credit towards the socially
desirable sectors of the economy, though less profitable than the
traditional sectors by imposing the targets of credit starved and in dire
need of funds. The policy prescriptions of the government coupled with
the green and white revolution of the seventies substantially. The easy
availability of credit kindled the spirit of entrepreneurship among the
masses leading to the phenomenal growth of retail trade, small businesses
professionals and self employed, transport operators, villages cottage and
small scale industries etc throughout the country. These developments, not
only increased the national income of the country, but also created huge
employment opportunities if the unemployed people coupled with the
decentralized development of the economy. The euphoric experience of
nationalized was so encouraging that the government of India decided to
set up regional rural banks 1976 for developing the rural economy
followed by the nationalized of six more banks in 1980 taking the tally of
the nationalized banks to twenty. All these developments could not ensure
balanced developments of all the regions; hence the concept of service area
approach was adopted in the decade of 1980’s wherein all the villages
were allocated to specific banks for easy accessibility of the banking
services. Another striking feature of this phase was dominance of social
consideration over commercial judgment, which led to compromise on the
quality of the credit leading to poor profitability of the banks resulting into
booking of loses by the nationalized banks in late eighties and early
nineties of the twentieth century. During this period Indian banks were
working in over protective environment coupled with little competition
among the nationalized banks themselves along with a few private and
foreign banks. The banks were working under administered price regime
reserve bake of India determined rate of interest, services charges, other
fees and charges in consultation with government of India. The
administered rate of interest on deposits and advance provided sufficient
leverage for profitability. Thus the nationalized banks were working more
or less like the government departments having bureaucratic attitude. The
banks experienced and achieved walk in business due to limited options
available to the customers during this phase. The early nineties of the last
century witnessed the air of changes in the national and organization
(WTO) and general agreement on tariff and trade (GATT) wherein
developing and underdeveloped countries were forced to liberalize their
economy in general and financial sector in particular. For making the
Indian banks competitive, profitable and vibrant in the run, financial
sector reforms were introduced in the early nineties of last century based
on the Narsimhan Committee recommendations of 1991 and 1998. This
phase witnessed the liberal of private and foreign banks, operational
freedom to the banks, deregulation of the interest rates, reduction in the
statutory reserve requirements of statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) and cash
reserve ratio (CRR). Introduction of international norms of according in
terms of capital adequacy, income recognition, asset classification, and
provisioning etc. these changes brought competitiveness in the Indian
banking industry and profitability became the core business objective of
the banking sector. Indian banks are passing through the phase of mass
computerization with twin objectives of handing the increasing volumes of
business effectively on one hand and improving the housekeeping
customer service on the other. This computerization will provide level
playing filed for nationalized banks in relation to foreign and provide
sector banks. Computerization has rendered the manpower surplus in the
banking industry, which led to introduction of voluntary the manpower.
The increasing competition among the banks with the entry of foreign and
private sector banks has increased the customer’s expectations on one
hand and the rationalization of rates of interest and service charge has
reduced the profit margins of the other because of the decreasing spreads.
The increasing competition has the banks more customers oriented. The
increasing competition and shrinking profit margins led to the voluntary
merger of the banks for gaining competitive edge, such as, merger of Bank
of Madura with ICICI Ltd. Times banks with HDFC bank etc. the proposed
merger of IFCI and IDBI with the nationalized banks is being actively
discussed in the financial circle. International according standards are
being introduced in a phased manner with a view to make the Indian
banks internationally competitive with sound capital base. The banks are
experiencing the pressure of competition in the form of changing customer
requirement, customer retention and thinking spreads. Two copes with
these pressures, the banks are becoming more and more customers
friendly by introducing the tailor made products suiting to various
segments of the population. For coping up with the problem of
profitability, banks are adopting two pronged strategy by diversifying
their activities to increase non interest income on one hand and
controlling the operational expenses by rationalizing their branch network
is poised for reaping the full benefits of the developments in filled of
knowledge and information technology, will be knowledge oriented and
technology driven banking, thus metamorphosing the entire Indian
banking scenario. The main features of “Banking Vision in Prospect” can
be briefly summarized as:
• This will be paperless banking era dominated by plastic money.
• The banks will be slim and in their physical size and structure and
not business volume, with emphasis on automation and outsourcing of
different services so that they can tackle the increasing of different services
so that they can tackle the increasing volumes of business effectively and
become competitive in relation to foreign and private sector banks.
• Customer banker contact will be reduced to the bare minimum to
be taken over by electronic banking, tale banking and card banking. This
can very well be expressed as “365 days 24 hours anywhere banking “or
alternatively as “anywhere anytime banking”
• Customer service and product innovation be the guiding
principal and the strength of the banks.
• Integration of financial services, such as insurance, hire purchase
and leasing, brokering, consultancy and banking, will take place thereby
making the banks a delivery channel for a hast of financial products and
services.
• Five to six nationalized banks will dominate Indian banking
scenario having global presence and sound capital base with a few all
India character private sector banks along with the small regional banks
suiting and catering to social requirements.
• With thanking of spreads on care banking business of credit and
deposit, banks have to search for alternative profit generating avenues in
the from of the float a fund management, thereby strengthening their
treasury operations, which will be thrust area in the emerging banking
envelopment.
• Risk management activates will be more pronounced in future
banking because of the liberalization, deregulation and global integration
of financial markets, which be adding depth and dimensions to the
banking risks. The risk are correlated and exposure to one risk may lead to
another risk therefore management of risks in proactive, efficient and
integrated manner will be the strength of the successful banks.
Innovations in Banking
Online banking goes by many names, such as online banking. Internet
banking, PC banking, home banking and electronic banking online
banking permits to pay bills online, transfer money between accounts and
access account information at any time. Since online banks don’t have all
the expenses that traditional do, they can typically offer better interest
rates. In recent years, as online banks tried to attract more customers, they
have frequently offered extraspecial rates and deals. There is various
degree of online banking. An account holder nay has traditional checking
account at a traditional bank, but if it offers some online services the
account holder might check his account online. One might move all his
money to an internetonly bank, and take care of all his banking needs
online and access it wherever he is from Delhi to Chennai. Security and
safety of online banking taken very seriously and use encryption
technology to protect customers.
Net banking
If you are tried to stand in stand in a ling queue waiting for a passbook to
be updates or wait for the next day for a demand draft to the prepared.
Internet technology has evaded the portals of our banking institutions and
everything is click away innovations like tale banking and automated
teller machines (ATM) have considerably put customers at ease in the
recent past but with net banking the customer will be able to transact with
the help of mouse and visit to the neighborhood bank will become a thing
of the past. Tough a modest start has been given in India; net banking has
still a long way to go, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank. Citibank have endeavored
to make real time banking a reality before this century closes. An average
customer will be interested to know whatever firstly, net banking offers
him/her a wide range of services, secondly show a history of transactions
made, thirdly transfer funds between accounts and most importantly
whether the services offered are well secured.
Few services offered in net banking are listed below.
• Net banking makes it easy to transfer one’s money from one’s
money from branch in a particular city to any other branch in another city.
• One can open FD account via net. One needs to provider data
regarding the amount and term of the deposit and also the branch in
which the account is to be opened.
• One can order for an issue of a Demand Draft or a banker’s
cherub. Draft will be delivered to the customer’s address and not to any
third party.
• One can inquire on the balance in one’s saving, current and FD
account and also on the tax deducted at source on one’s FD account and
also on the tax deducted at source on one’s FD account for current and
previous financial year.
• One can give instruction over the net for stopping payment on
cheques.
• One can request for a chequebook via Internet, which will take
three days to come.
• One can view all the transaction completed on an account for a
specified provide and get a copy via email.
Electronic Fund Transfer and Clearing System
The Indian banking association has launched the Electronic Fund transfer
(EFT) and the Electronic System (ECS) among member banks.
Electronic Fund Transfer
EFT is probable the safest and fastest way to transfer money from one
account to another individual in another city regardless of which bank on
uses. All the transfer needs is ones account number. A maximum of Rs.
0.1mn can be transferred for a flat fee of Rs. 25. The
Bank has discretionary powers to raise the limit for select customer. Or a
costumer can break up the transaction in to multiples of up to Rs.01 m n.
The money sent is credited overnight and can be withdrawn by the
receiver the day after transfer. The facility can be availed of even if the
branch from where you are sending the amount is not fully computerized.
The details of the transfer have to be sent to the RBI, which in turn notifies
the receiving bank to credit the individual with the mentioned amount.
The hitch, it is not well know and secondly, the facility is only available in
the four metros plus money sent from aboard con not be transferred
through EFT.
Electronic Clearing System
ECS has life easier for equity investors as far as dividend payment go all a
person has to do is to provide the company with details about the bank
where the deposit should be made. The firm can then directly deposit the
dividends into the shareholder’s account. The maximum that a company
can deposit is Rs. 1,000, thought here too; the bank has the discretion to
raise the ceiling. Apart from being a free services, from four metros the
facility cab now be availed of in 15 cities those that have regional RBI
office. The geographic spread, lacking in the EFT, has led the increasing of
ECS.
Private and Priority Banking
If you are a millionaire you are welcome into the world of personal or
priority banking, which holds out a bouquet of services not usually given
to the plebs. Private banking is received by invitation while priority
banking is a tad more democraticas long as one’s deposits average a “net
relationship value ” set by retail banks, the benefits of priority banking are
available to the accountholder. In India, private banking services can only
be purely advisory in nature according to government stipulations.
Abroad the customers get the total asset management services’ that
effectively combines the functions of stockbroker accountant and portfolio
manger in on entity in on entity .As for as priority. As for as priority
banking goes, relationship arises
Strictly according to pecking order. If you have the money then the retail
banks will waive all queues for banking transactions, offer financial
management, freebies and service. Private bankers “customized” but if
your bank, wants your cash sitting in their vaults, retail banks strenuously
argue that their attention to you can get pretty personal too.
Commercial Banking
Commercial Banks face challenges of globalization, consolidation and the
race to keep up with new technology as the industry rapidly evolves and
expands. Recently, most banks have fund themselves making another
fundamental strategic shift, moving from a cost reduction focus to atop
line growth focus Make more effective use of the existing asset based by
assessing different options for the supply of the products, pooling
resources into shared service centers and outsourcing non core business
processes. Integrate and standardize operations and technology platforms
following a merger or acquisition. Consolidate operations involving multi
vendor integration of custom legacy and third party applications aimed at
enhancing customer services and reducing operating costs.
SMS Banking
Do more on the more
Business is on the move and so ate the people who conduct it. For you to
enjoy banking convenience while on the move, IDBI is here with its SMS
banking facility. Our SMS banking initiative permit you to access your
bank account and carry out various banking transactions and inquires. No
need o vesting the bank time again.
NonWAP Enabled Mobile Phones
If you have a non –WAP enabled mobile phone; you can use the SMS
facility and conduct the following operations using the messaging services
of your service provider.
• Balance enquiry
• Last three transaction
• Cheque payment status
• Cheque book
• Statement request
• De matfree balance holding
• Dematlast two transactions
• Bill payment
WAP Enabled Mobile Phones
If you are WAP enabled mobile phone user you can do interactive
banking with us if you need to draw cash while you travel, your
mobile will indicate to you the nearest IDBI branch and its phone
number. Transactions using WAP are WAP WTLS complaint (meaning
you have the comfort of transacting at the highest level of security
standard available internationally.)
Bank on your kids
Some banks have started kid’s accounts that allow children to conduct
their own transactions. Today, several banks offer kid’s accounts that
allow conducting banking transactions by themselves, at the same time
letting parents keep table on their finances. These accounts are good
way of introducing children to the world of banking and teaching them
a little about managing personal finances. The kid’s account is basically
a saving/fixed/ recurring account, linked to the account of the parent.
There are certain advantages in opening a kid’s account is over the
traditional minor accounts. First, it gives your child to power to
withdraw money, within perspecified limits, through an ATM/debit
card for this; the banks issue a separate ATM /debit card the child also.
It allows parents to control their overall finances by setting a daily limit
on withdrawals. The accounts can be used for other purpose as well.
Say, you want to save 2 lacs in two years for child’s education. For this,
you want could give standing instructions to transfer a certain amount
every month from your account to your child’s account. Banks also
provide a faculty to convert the account into a saving –cum FD account,
where your money starts earning higher rate or return after crossing a
particular threshold. If you are opening a kind account. These accounts
are also useful in sending money to kids who reside away from home.
Minus the hassles of demand drafts, which has a cost element attached
by transferring money from your account to your kid’s account. This
could be done either through online transfer or by banking. ICICI bank
also gives limited online shopping power to children above 10 years of
age. So, gone are the days when the piggy bank was used to inculcate
saving habit among the young. Thanks to technology today’s young
ones are happier holding ATM cards and clicking a mouse to transact
through the Internet. Thus future banking can be compared with
hospitality management industry thriving on the tailor made products
suiting to the requirement of the individual customer where volumes
will be of primary importance. Accordingly the perceived as
“Technology driven enlightened employee with customer delight” with
the service objective of “Anywhere anytime banking”.
INSURANCE
An insurance agent well to sell a policy to a very busy executive who
tried to put him of by suggesting that he will call him after six months.
While leaving, the smart agent asked the disinterested executive, whom
I shall ask for, if you are not around here after six months?” That was it.
The executive immediately bought the policy.
Definition of insurance
Insurance is the pooling of fortuitous losses by transfer of such risk to
insurers. Who agree to indemnify insured for such losses, to provide other
pecuniary benefits on their occurrence, or to render services connected
with risk? Pooling is the spreading of losses incurred by the few over the
entire group, so that in the process, average loss is substituted for actual
loss. Pooling involves the grouping of a large is number of exposure unites
so that in the law of large numbers can operate to provide a substantially
accurate predication of future losses. Ideally, there should be a large
number of similar, but not necessarily identical, exposure units that are
subject to the same perils. Risk transfer is another essential element of
insurance. With the exception of selfinsurance, a true plan always
involves risk transfer means that a pure risk is transferred from the
insured to the insure, who typically is in as stronger financial position to
pay the loss than insured. From the viewpoint of the individual, pure risks
that are typically transferred to insured to insure to include the risk of
premature death, poor health disability, destruction and theft of property
lawsuits. A final characteristic of insurance is indemnification for loses.
Indemnification means that the insured is restored to his or her
approximate financial position prior to the occurrence of the loss. Insurers
normally insure only pure risks. However, not all pure risk is can be
privately. From the viewpoint of the insurer, there are ideally six
requirements of an insurable risk.
• There must be large number of exposure units
• There loss must be accidental and unintentional
• The loss must be determinable and measurable
• The loss should not be catastrophic
• The chance of loss must be calculate
• The premium must be economically feasible
Objectives of Life insurance
• Indemnification of loss of value
• Scientific approach to risk management
• Equitable distribution of the costs among the insured
• Protection of family
• Regular savings
• Tax benefits
• Annuities for regular income during retirement
Types of insurance
Insurance can be classified as either private or government insurance.
Private insurance, in turn can be classified into life and health insurance
and property and liability insurance. Government insurance can be
classified into social insurance programs and all other government
insurance plans.
• Private Insurance
Life and health insurance
Property and liability insurance
• Government Insurance
Social insurance
Other Government insurance
Private Insurance
1. – Life and Health Insurance: These insurance are extremely
• Fire insurance and allied lines: fire insurance and allied covers
the loss or damage to real estate and personal property of fire, lighting or
removal from the premises.
• Casualty insurance: casualty insurance is a board of insurance
and covers fire, marine and life insures do not cover.
Types of Insurance Policies
Whole life policies
Endowment policies
Joint life policies
Children’s policies
Annual plans
Whole Life Policies:
Whole life plans are called as such as these policies cover you up to age of
100.in fact, a whole plan is also known, as an endowment plan maturing at
the age of 100, should the insurer survive to that age. Whole life policies
are not sold in great numbers in our country as most of the life insurance is
sold a media of saving and investment in our country. Whole life policies
run for as non as the policy holder is alive in other words the risk is
covered for the entire life of the policy holder, which is by they are known
as whole lie policies. The policy monies and the bonus are payable only to
the nominee or the beneficiary upon the death of the policyholder. The
policyholder is not entitled to any money during his/her own lifetime that
is there is no several benefit.
Endowment Policies:
Endowment policies are most popular of all insurance plans. They cover
the risk for a specific period at the end of which the some assured on paid
back to the policyholder, along with all the nouns accumulated during the
turn the policy .in cash of endowment policies the policy amount is paid
on the day of its maturity or in the event of death. Endowment policies are
sold in large number because they emphasis the saving accept in a life
insurance policy.
Joint Life Policies:
Joint life policies are in fact, a variant of Endowment policies in that these
policies also offer maturity benefits to the policyholder. These policies
cover two lives together thus offering a unique advantage in some cases
for example: a married couple, for business partners extra.
Children’s Policies:
With the help of these policies, parents or legal guardians can initiate their
children life insurance portfolios from their very birth. Depending on the
plan, the risk cover on the life of the child will start at the 7 th, 12th, 18th Or
21st year of the child. The policy will,
However, vest on the child upon his or her attaining majority till then, the
parents or guardians pay the premium.
Annuities
Annuities ensure regular income for the annuitant or his\her nominees
either for a fixed or till death, depending upon the terms of the contract of
annuity.
Special Benefits
Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIP)
UTI offer an attractive scheme called unit linked insurance plans (ULIP)
and LIC mutual fund offer two similar schemes called Dhana Raksha and
Dhana Vriddhi. These schemes are meant for those investors who to enjoy
life and accident insurance cover without any hassles of medical
examination and who would like to earn attractive returns and enjoy tax
benefits.
Benefits of insurance The manor social and economic benefits of
insurance include the following.
• Indemnification for loss
• Less worry and fear
• Source of investment funds
• Loss prevention
• Enhancement of credit
A second benefit of insurance is that worry and fear are reduced. This is
true both before and after a loss. For example, if family heads have
adequate amounts of life insurance, they are less likely to worry about the
financial security of their depended in their event of premature death; and
property owners who are insured enjoy greater peace of mind because
they are covered if a loss occurs. Worry and fear are also reduced after a
loss occurs, because the insured know that they have insurance that will
pay for the loss. The insurance industry is an important source of funds for
capital investment and accumulation premiums are collected in advanced
of loss, and funds not needed to pay immediate losses and expenses can be
loaned to business firms. These funds typically are invested in shopping
center, hospital, factories, housing development and machinery and
equipment. Insurance in social investment, such as housing, nursing
homes and economic development projects. In addition, because the total
supply of loan able funds is increased by the advanced payment of
insurance premium, the cost of capital to business firms that borrow is
lower than it would be in the absence of insurance, Insurance companies
are actively involved in numerous loss prevention and employ a wide
variety of loss – prevention personnel, including safety engineers and
specialists in fire prevention, occupational safety and health and products
liability. Some important loss prevention activities that propert6y and
liability insurers strongly support the following.
Highway safety and reduction of automobile
Fire prevention
Reduction of work related disabilities
Prevention of auto theft
A final benefit is that insurance enhances a person’s credit insurance
makes a borrower a better credit risk because it guarantees the value of
the borrower’s collateral or gives grater assurance that the loan will be
repaid. For example when a house is purchaser, the lending institution
normally requires property insurance on the house before the mortgage
loan is granted. Although the insurance industry provides enormous
social and economic benefits to society, the costs of insurance must also
be recognized. The major social costs of insurance include the following:
Cost of doing business
Fraudulent claims
Inflated claims
One important cost is cost of doing business. Insurance consume scarce
economic resources land labor, capital and businesses enterprises in
providing insurance to society in financial terms, an expense loading
must be added to he pure premium to cover the expense incurred is the
amount by companies in their daily operations. An expenseloading id
the amount needed by pay all expanses, including commission, general
administrative expenses, state premium taxes acquisition expenses and
an allowance for contingencies and profit. However, these addition costs
can be justified for several reasons. First from the insured “s viewpoint,
uncertainly concurring the payment of a covered loss of doing business
are not necessarily wasteful, because insurance engage bin a wide Varity
provides joy to millions of workers in the united states. However,
because economic resources are used up in providing insurance to
society, a real economic cost is incurred. A second cost of insurance
comes from the submission of fraudulent claims include the following:
• Auto accidents are faked or staged to collect benefits
• Dishonest claimants fake slipand fall accidents
• Phony burglaries, thefts or acts of vandalism are collect to
insurance
• False health insurance claims are submitted to benefits
• Dishonest policy owners take out life insurance policies on
insured that are later reported as having died.
An other cost of insurance relates to the submission of inflated
or “Padded” claims. Although the loss is not intentionally
caused by the insured, the dollar amount of the claim may
exceed the actual financial loss example of inflated claims
include the following:
• Attorneys for plaintiffs sue for high liability judgments that
exceed the true economic loss of the victim.
• Insured inflate the amount of damage in automobiles
collision claims so that the insurance payments will cover
the collision deductible
• Disabled persons often malinger to collect disabilityincome
benefits for longer durationincome benefits for a longer
duration. Inflated claims must be recognized as an
important social cost of insurance. Premiums must be
increased to apply the additional losses. As a result
disposable income and the consumption other goods and
services are reduced.
Fundamentals of Private Retirement Plans
Early own in life, it is difficult to get a handle on your likely expenses in
retirement. One has to save and invest to cerate a large enough
retirement corpus so as to cater to his retired life. Government that world
over including in India is moving away from providing guarantee
retirement benefits. Millions of workers participate in private retirement
plans. These plans have an enormous social and economic impact on the
nation. Retirement benefits increase the economy security of both
individuals and families during and families during retirement.
Retirement attributions are also an important sauce of capital funds to
the financial markets. The funds are invested in new plants, machinery,
equipment, housing developments, shopping centers and other
worthwhile economic investments.
Favorable Income Tax Treatment
Private retirement plans meet certain favorable income tax treatment.
The employer’s contributions are not considered taxable income to the
employees. The investment earnings on plan assets accumulated on a
taxdeferred basis: and the pension benefit attributes to the employer’s
contributions are not taxed until the employee retires or receives the
funds.
Minimum Age and Services Requirements
Most pension plans have a minimum age and service requirement that
must be met before employee can be participate in the plan. Under
present law, all eligible employees who attained age 21 and have
completed one year of service must be allowed to participate in the plan.
Group Insurance
Group insurance differs from individual insurance in several respects. A
distinctive characteristic is individual is the coverage of money persons
under one contract. Master con tact is formed between the insurer and
the group policy owner for the benefit of the individual member. In most
plans, the group of policy owner is the employer. Employees receive a
certificate of insurance the shows they are insured.
A second characteristic is that group insurance usually costs less than
comparable insurance usually less than comparable insurance purchased
individually. Employers usually pay part or the entire cast. Which
reduces or eliminates primate’s payments by the employees? In addition,
administrative and marketing expenses are reduced as result of mass
distribution methods. Another characteristic is that individual evidence
of insurability is usually not required. A group selection of risk is used,
not individual selection. The insurer is concerned with the insurability o
the group as a whole rather than with the insurability of any single
member within the group. Finally, experience rating is used in group is
sufficiently large; the actual loss experience of the group is a major factor
in determining the premiums charged.
Basic Underwriting Principles
Because individual evidence of insurability is usually not required,
group insurers must observe certain underwriting principles so that the
loss experience of the group is favorable. These principles are as follows:
• Insurance incidental o the group
• Flow of persons through the group
• Automatic determination of benefits
• Minimum Participation requirements
• Third – party sharing of cost
• Simple and efficient administration
Group life insurance plans
Group life insurance is a popular and relatively inexpensive employee
benefit. At the end o 1998. $5.7trillion of group life insurance was in
force, which accounted for 40%of the total life insurance in force in
United States.
The major types of group life insurance plans are the following.
• Group term insurance plans
• Group accidental death and dismemberment insurance
• Group universal life insurance
Group term life insurance is the most important from of group life
insurance. More than 90% of the group term life insurance. The insurance
provide is yearly renewable term insurance, which provides low cost
protection to the employees during their working careers.
Many group life insurance plans also provide group accidental death
dismemberment (AD&D) insurance that pay additional benefits if the
employee dies in an accident or incurs certain types of bodily injury.
The3 AD&D benefit is some multiple of the group life insurance on the
employee’s life. The full AD&D benefit, called the principal sum is paid if
the employee dies in an accident. In addition, a percentage of the
principal sum is paid for certain types of dismemberment, such as one
half the principal sum for the lo9ss of a hand, foot or eye because of
accidental bodily injury. In addition to group term life insurance, some
employers make available group universal life insurance for their
employees. These plans are similar to individual universal life insurance
polices, put have some important differences.
Group Medical Expense Insurance
Group medical expense insurance in an employee benefit that pays the
cost of hospital care, physicians’ fees, and related medical expenses.
Theses plans are extremely important in providing financial security to
employees and their families. Group plans currently account for more
than 90 percent of the total premiums paid for medical expenses
insurance. Group medical expense insurance is available from a number
of sources. Major sources include the following.
Commercial insurers
• Blue cross and blue shied plans
• Health maintenance organization
• Selfinsured plans by employers
Insurance plays the role of an invisible banker collecting small premium
amounts from policyholders. In helps in providing funds for
development finance to industry, housing finance to individual and the
corporate sector, supporting the weaker section of the society through a
variety of schemes, helping the capital market development by investing
the individual funds to mutual fund etc. That is a danger that are
incurring heavy only on big accounts in metropolitan cities and may not
be is taken care of by the recommendation insisting on a certain
minimum rural business.
AGRICULTURE
Investment experts all over the world believe that the big bucks lie in real
estate, The greatest attraction of real estate investments is that its acts as a
partial hedge against inflation. Accordingly, real estate prices go up
during inflation times. We will study and cons of real estate investment,
which includes agriculture land. Agriculture has always been India’s
most important economic sector. In the mid 1990s’ it provides
approximately one –third of the gross domestic product and employs
twothird of the population. Since independence, the share of agriculture
in the GDP has declined in comparison to the growth of the industrial
and services sectors. However, agriculture still provides the bulk of wage
goods required by the direct share of agriculture and allied sectors in
total exports, such as cotton textiles and jute goods, is taken into account,
the percentage is much higher. India’s growing population and cancers
about national independence, security required –selfsufficiency in food
production. This perception led to a program of agriculture important
called the Green Revolution to a public distribution system and to price
supports for farmers. India became self sufficient in foodgrain
production. Agriculture production has kept pace with the food needs of
the growing population as the result of increased yields in almost all
crops, but especially in cereals. Food grains and pulses account two
thirds of agricultural production. The growth in food grain production is
a result of concentrated efforts to increase all the green revolutions inputs
indeed for highly yields: better seed, more fertilizer, improved irrigation
and education of farmers. Food grain increased, wheal was the best
performer, with production increasing more than eightfold in forty year.
Wheat was followed by rice production of pulse also went up, cropping
pattern became more diversified, and cultivation of commercial crops
received a new impetus in line with domestic demands and export
requirements nontraditional crops, such as soybeans, pennants and
sunflowers gradually gained importance. The per capita availability of a
number of food items increased significantly. There are large disparities
among India’s states and territories in agricultural performance, only
some of which can be attributed to differences in climate or initial
Endowment of infrastructure such as irrigation. Realizing the importance
of agriculture for economic development, the central government has
played an active role in all aspect of agriculture development. Planning is
centralized and plan priorities, polices and resource allocations are
decided at the central Government, the latter plays a key role in
formulating policy and providing financial resources for agriculture. In
1987, field crops were planted on about 45 percent of the total landmass
of India. Of this cultivated land, almost 37 million hectares were double
cropped, making the grasssown area equivalent to almost 173 million
hectares. About 15 million hectares were permanent pastureland or were
planted in various tree crop and groves. Approximately 108 million
hectares were developed for nonagricultural uses forested, or unsuited
for agriculture because of topography. About 29.6 million hectares of the
remaining land were classified as cultivable but fallow, and 15.6 million
hectares were classified as cultivable wasteland. These 45 million
hectares constitute all the land left for expanding the sown area, for
various reasons; however, much of it is unsuited for immediate cropping.
Expansion in crop production, therefore, has to come almost entirely
from increasing yields on lands already in some kind of agriculture use.
Topography, soils, rainfall and the availability of water for irrigation
have been major determinants of the crop and livestock patterns
characteristic of the three major geographic regions of India the
Himalayas, the IndoGenetic Plain and the peninsula and their agro
ecological sub regions. Government policy as regards irrigation, the
introduction of new crops, research and education and incentives has
had some impact on changing the trading crop and livestock patterns in
these sub regions. The monsoons, however or poor in any given yea. One
of the objectives of Government policy in the early 1990s was to find
methods of reducing this dependence on the monsoons. India is a land of
small forms, of peasants cultivating their ancestral lands mainly by
family labor and despite the spread of tractors by pairs of bullocks. Many
factors historical, political, and economic and demography have affected
the development of the prevailing landtenure status. The operators of
most agricultural holding possess vested rights in the land they till,
whether as full owners or as protected tenants. The laws provide for
states to confer ownership on tenants, who can buy the land they farm in
return for fair payment; states also oversee provision of security of tenure
and the establishing of fair rents. The implementation of these laws has
varied amount the states. After extensive legislation, large absentee
landowners had for all practical purposes, been eliminated; their right
had been acquired by the state in exchange for compensation in cash and
government bonds. More than 20 million former Zamindar system
tenants had acquired occupancy rights to the land they tilled. Whereas
previously the landlord collected rent from these tenants and passed on a
portion of it as land revenue to the Government, starting in the early
1907s, the state collected the rent directly from cultivators who in effect
right to purchase the land they tilled and payment to the state were
spread out over ten to twenty years. Large landowners were divested not
only of their cultivated land but also of ownership of forests, lakes and
barren lands. They were also stripped of various other economic rights,
such as collection of taxes on sales of immovable property within their
jurisdiction and collection of money for grazing privileges on
uncultivated lands and use of river water. These rights also were taken
over by state Governments in turn for compensation. By 1980 more than
6million hectares of waste, fallow and other categories of unused land
had been vested in state Governments and in turn, distributed to landless
agriculture workers.
Opportunities
Agriculture land is the most popular of tax planning devices used for
laundering black money since agriculture income is totally exempted
from tax. Income from agriculture land may either be in the form of land
rent, if it is let out, or sale processed of agriculture produce, if the owner
himself cultivates the land. Though agriculture income is in itself not
subject to income tax, it is included in total income to determine the rat of
tax applicable to the nonagricultural income of an assesses. This
inclusion if agriculture income for rate purpose will not have adverse
effect on assesses who are already in the high tax bracket.
The value of agriculture land has been continuously rising in some parts
of the country. In certain places, they have recorded a ten fold or even
twenty fold increase over a span of just ten years. It is likely that the
process will continue in the future also. Another interesting aspect is that
in the. Case of sale of agriculture land, the transfer is not liable pay tax on
capital gains. If any ascertain types of agriculture land are not capital
assets for the purpose of capital grains tax. In the case of capital gains
arising out transfer of land used for agriculture purpose, section 54B of
the income tax act provides for confessional tax treatment.
Agriculture land is however subject to land revenue imposed by the state
Government. The rates of land revenue vary from state to state. Banks
offer longterm loans at confessional rates of interest for agriculture
activities, including schemes are also available from the general
insurance companies. This would protest from natural other calamities.
MUTUAL FUND
Concept of Mutual Funds
A mutual fund is a trust that pools the savings of number of investors
who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is than
invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and
other securities. The income earned through these investments and
capital appreciations realized are shade by its unit holders in proportion
to the number of units owned by them. Thus a mutual fund is the most
suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to
invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a
relatively low cost.
Definition
Mutual funds are associations or trusts of public members who wish to
make investment in the financial instruments or assets of the business
sector or corporate sector for the mutual benefit of its members. The
funds collects the money of these members from their saving and invests
them in a diversified portfolio of financial assets with a view to reduce
risks and to maximize their income and capital appreciation for
distribution to its members on a priority basis. They enjoy collectively the
benefits of expertise in investment by specialists in the trusts, economics
of scale, which no signal individual by himself could enjoy. Mutual
funds is thus a concept of mutual help of subscribe for portfolio
investment and management of these investment by expert in the field.
These funds are set up under the Indian trust act. UTI is governed by its
own act. A mutual fund pools the money of people with similar
investment goal. The money in turn is invested in various securities
depending on objectives of the mutual funds scheme, and the profits or
loss is shames are usually open end (perpetually open for investment
and redemption) or closed end (with a fixed tern) a mutual fund sachems
issues units that are normally priced @10 Rs. During the initial offer, thus
the number of units own as against the total number of unit issues by the
mutual fund scheme determines your share in the profits or loss of a
scheme. In case of openend schemes. Units can be purchased from or
sold back to the fund at a Net asset Value (NAV) based price on all
working days. NAV is the actual value of a unit of the fund on a given
day.
Advantages of Mutual Fund:
There are a number of advantages for small and medium investors who
invest in mutual fund.
• Expertise of professional management
• Spread of risk
• Instant diversification of your portfolio
• Automatic reinvestment of dividends and capital gains
• Freedom from housekeeping
Types of Mutual Fund Schemes
Wide variety of mutual fund schemes exists to cater to the needs such as
financial position, risk tolerance and tern expectations etc. the table
below gives into the exiting types of schemes in the industry.
By Structure
OpenEnded Schemes
Investors can join or leave open anended mutual fund at anytime. The
purchase price and based no net asset value (NAV), of the fund,
regularly announced.
CloseEnded Schemes
Investors not leave or join the fund at his wish. In closeended foods
there exits lock in period.
Interval schemes
By investment objective
• Growth schemes (Equity limited)
• Income schemes (Debt funds)
• Balanced schemes
• Money market schemes (Liquids funds)
Other schemes
• Tax saving schemes
• Special schemes
• Index schemes
• Sector specific schemes
1. Liquid fund (Money Market Funds)
Invest in shorttern corporate and Government debt security such as
Treasury bill, banker’s acceptance and corporate notes. Some money
market fund specialized in Canadian or US money markets instruments
or invests only in treasury bills.
There are generally very lowrisk funds offering low retunes.
2. Fixed income funds (Debt Funds)
Invest in debt security like bounds, debentures and mortgages that pay
regular interest, or in corporate preferred shares that pay regular
dividends. Thee goal typically is to provider investors a regular income
stream with low risk. Fund values will go up and down to some extent,
particularly in response to changes in prevailing interest rates.
3. Growth funds (Equity Funds)
Invest primarily in common shares of Canadian or foreign companies,
but may hold other assets as well the goal is typically longterm growth
because the value of the assets held increase over time. Some growth
fund focus on large ‘blue –chip’ companies, while other invest in smaller
or riskier companies. Performance will be affected by the success or
failure of specific investment and will be affected by the smaller or riskier
companies. Performance will be affected by the success or failure of
specific investment and by the performance of the stock markets
generally.
4. Balanced Funds
5. Global and foreign funds
6. Taxexempt funds
They invest their funds in such investments, which receive tax benefits
andor enjoy exclusive taxfree treatment.
7. Special funds
These are the funds invested only in specialized channels like
• Gold and Silver
• A specific country fund
• A specific category of Companies
8. Index funds
These are the funds, which invest only in shares is included in the market
indices, and in exactly the same proportion. Whenever the
market index goes up, the value of such index funds also goes
up. Conversely, when the market index comes down the value
of the funds also falls.
SYSTEMATIC INVESTMENT PLAN (SIP)
SIP Rewarding Diligence
It‘s valuable tool achieving any financial goal also needs less monitoring.
Systematic investment plan (SIP) involves aside a portion of your monthly
disposable income for a particular investment option. This works well for a
retail investor with respect to investing in stock market or mutual fund
funds. Even the savviest of investor find it hard to get timing of their
investments right to maximize their investment gains. SIP help to spread
risks an investor buys regularly over a period of time. As a result of
disciplined investing of a fixed amount in the market over a long period of
time, the investors cost of purchase average out and get lowered. Thus in
the long term, even a passive investor gains.
How mutual fund operates
A mutual fund pools the investors of and invests the funds according to its
stated invested objectives. Mutual funds publish their Net asset value
(NAV) regularly. The NAV repents the current market value of the fund
divided by the number of outstanding shares as on a given date. In open –
end mutual funds, the investors con move in and move out as they wish
since these funds are obliged to buy –back their units at specified prices. If
a mutual fund is listed on the stock exchanges, transactions can take place
at quoted prices. Mutual funds invest their funds in a wide variety of
scripts across a broad band of industries.
Benefits of Mutual Fund Investing
Benefits of mutual fund investing are liquidity, diversification, convenience
and professional management. Mutual fund investment provides liquidity.
Investment can sell their mutual fund unity on any business day and
receive current market value on their investment. Current unit values are
usually calculated daily based on the market value of the underlying
security. Mutual fund investment is affordable as compared to other
investment. Many mutual fund companies allow initial investment to be as
low as $500. Due to diversification mutual fund investing has reduced the
investment list. By holding different assets bonds equities and cash reduces
the risk of being in the wrong investment at the wrong time. Mutual fund
investment provides detailed reports and statement that make record
keeping simple by reviewing the bossiness pages of most newspapers.
Most mutual funds will also provide you with the convenience of periodic
purchase plans, automatic withdrawal plans and the automatic
reinvestment in accordance with the guidance and restrictions outline in
the fund’s prospectus. These professional have at their disposal current
market information investment.
Conclusion:
The increasing popularity of various mutual funds schemes a clear
induction of the changing perspective of investors who wish to enter the
stock markets but feel safer using mutual fund has resulted in enormous
mobilization of saving from rural and semiurban center’s mutual funs
lend stability to secondary markets in terms of volumes and values. The
private sector mutual funds have already floated innovative schemes. Their
partnership with leading foreign mutual fund would be enabling them to
serve better the customer’s needs.
EQUITY SHARES
There is a way to make a lot of money in the market unfortunately it is the
same way to lose a lot of money in the market. Where as the year of 199192
was a sweet dream for many equity investors, the year 199293 has been a
nightmare for them. The Sensex dropped. Small investors, who entered the
market during the peak of boon lost million of rupees those who thought
the boom would never end, have paid heavily. Given the speed with which
the Sensex fell, many people seem to have lost hopes of revival. In short
that’s the story of equity investmentcycle of booms and busts, profits and
loses triumphs and tragedies Nimlesh Shah and Husband Metha’s.
You can make tons of money and lose it effortlessly. That is where is and
the reward too. It is never nice to be a shareholder especially in losing or
mismanaged companies, where the entire capital may be wiped out. On
the other hand investing in well managed companies can be rewarding.
The moral is to be T while investing your money in equity shares. They’re
as good, bad and indifferent shares.
Advantages of equity investment
There are many advantages of investing in equity shares of wellmanaged
and successful companies. The most important of these are.
Rights Shares: When a company wants to issue a new equity shares the
new shares must be offered to the existing shareholders on a prorata basis,
unless the existing shareholders agree to give up this right. Such shares are
known as “rights shares” One’s right to further shares can be sold in the
market. So the shareholders, who do not wish to subscribe for further
shares, can sell their rights at a profit, if there is a good demand for them.
Voting Rights: As an owner of a company, an equity shareholder enjoys
voting rights in the general meetings of the company. He can also appoint a
proxy to vote on his behalf. It is also the equity shareholders who elect the
company’s directors and auditors, through in practice if you hold only a
few shares this voting right does not mean much, expect to the extent of
enjoying the hospitality of the company once a year at its general meting.
Marketability of equity shares: Equity shares, which are listed, actively
quoted and traded on stock exchanges, can be sold without difficulty.
Whenever you want money, you can ring up your broker and dispose of
the shares at or around the prevailing market prices. There are now 22
stock exchanges in India.
Tax Benefits: Under section 80 L of the Income Tax Act, dividend on
wealth tax is changed.
WHAT IS BULL AND BEAR MARKET?
In stock trading and investing there are bulls and bears. It sounds
dangerous but it is not. You often hear of the market being bullish or
bearish. So what is a bull market and what is a bear market?
Bulls and Bears in the market
A Bull Market
This is when the market showing is confidence. Indicators of confidence
are prices going up, market indices like the NASDAQ go up too. Number
of shares traded is also high and evens the number of companies entering
the stock market show that the market is confident. These are bullish
characteristics. If there is a run of bullish days then you may hear the
market is bull market. Technically though a bull market is a rise in value of
the market of at least 20%. The huge rise of the Dow and NASDAQ during
the boom is a good example of a bull market.
A Bear Market
A bear market is the opposite to a bull. If the markets fall by more than
20% then we have entered a bear market. A bear market is market showing
a lack of confidence. Price however at he it price then go down, indices fall
too and volumes are stagnant. In a bear market people are waiting for the
bulls to start driving the prices the prices up again. However a bear is a
very tentative bull or a bull that is asleep.
Market Timing
Some people believe that by recognizing the different kinds of markets you
can make money on stock trading and investing. The basic idea behind
buying stocks is to buy low and sell high. This will give you a profit. So to
make money you buy stocks I n a bear market when stock prices are low
and sell stocks in a bull market when stock prices are high. However when
is the best time to buy and sell is not that simple.
Unfortunately, most investors are too emotional and they sell in a bear
market because then are scared to lose money and they buy is bull market
because they don’t want to miss the gains. You can make some money that
way but it also explains why many investors loose money by trying to time
the market. The safest way to prevent yourself from making these mistakes
is to buy stocks and invest in the market by regularly making fixed size
investments and holding your investments for a long period of time.
Beginner investing principles
Are you beginning investors? Then you need to start with the basics. Here
are some basic principles of investing that you should understand before
investing your money.
Being Investing Now
Do not procrastinate. Being now because an early start can make all the
difference. An early start provides a long time horizon for compounding,
to show its true benefit for the investor.
Know yourself
Current situation: What is your current net worth, monthly income and
expenses? Where can you reduce expenses? How much debt are you
carrying? At what rate of interest? How much are you saving? How are
you investing it? What are your returns?
Your Financial Goals: What are they? How much will you need to achieve
them? Are you on the right track?
Risk Tolerance level: How much risk are you willing and able to accept?
Your personality, age, job security, health, net worth, emergency, fund and
the length of your investing horizon detain risk tolerance.
Sort Out your Finances Before you even think about investing; know
where your money goes each month. Track your spending habits. If you
are debt at a high rate of interest, especially credit card debt, you should
unburden yourself before you begin investing. Amass enough to cover
three to six months of expenses for emergencies. Never invest in anything
you don’t understand.
Invest Long Term
Invest for the long term. Do not be influenced by shortterm fluctuations.
These are available as all economies as well as business experience the
boom and bust cycle. Don’t try to time the market. Get in and stay in.
Review your plan periodically, and whatever your needs or circumstances
change .If you are not confident that your plan makes sense, talk to an
investment advisor of someone you trust.
Investing in Stocks and Mutual Funds
Factors, which influence market prices of shares
There are many factors, which influence, singly and collectively, the market
prices of shares. Market prices of actively traded shares keep fluctuation
practically on a daily basis. The overall index of share prices also keep
fluctuating .We may generalize and indicate the various factors which
influence the share price in the Indian stock market.
The Role of Institutional Investors
Institutional investors include UTI, LIC, GIC and various mutual funds.
When they are active buyers in the market price tend to rise. On the other
hand, when they sell the prices tend to fall. The role of institutional
investors is becoming more and more in influencing market price of shares.
After the advent of private sector mutual funds and foreign institutional
investors, the markets are likely to be dominated by the institutional
investors.
Stock Exchange and SEBI
The market for longterm securities like bonds, equity stocks and preferred
stocks is dividing into primary market and secondary market. The primary
market deals with the new issue of securities. Outstanding securities are
traded in the secondary market, which is commonly known as stock
market or stock exchange. In the secondary market, the investors can sell
and but securities. Stock market exchanges in India can be traced back to
the later half of 19th century. Increased activity in trade and commerce
during the First World War and Second World War resulted in an increase
in the stock trading. Stock exchanges were established in different centers
like Chennai, Delhi, Nagpur, Kanpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Bombay
(Mumbai) stock exchange dates back to 1975. It was organized under the
name of “The Native Stock and Share Brokers Association “as a Voluntary
and nonprofit making association. It was recognized on a permanent basis
in 1957. The National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India became operational in
the capital market segment on 3rd November 1994 in Mumbai. The genesis
of the NSE lies in the recommendations of the Pherwani Committee (1991).
SEBI’s regulatory each has been extended to more areas and there is a
considerable change in the capital markets SEBI ‘s annual report for 1997
98 has sated that throughout its six year existence as a statutory body, it
has sought to balance the twin objectives of investors protection and
market development. It has formulated new rules and crafted regulations
to foster development monitoring and surveillance was put in place in the
stock exchange in 199697 and strengthened in 199798.
Conclusion
There is no need to be frightened by the problems associated with equity
shares just as there is no minimum granted return, there are also no
restrictions on the maximum dividend that can by the company. The
market price of shares can rise to any level. The only requirement for
investing in equity market is to be aware of the maker and economic
factors.
Research Methodology
Meaning of Research
According to Redmen & Mory: “Research as systematic effort to gain new
knowledge”.
According to Clifford & Wordy: “Research comprise & redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis’s solution, collecting, organizing &
evaluating data making deduction & research convulsion to determine
whether fit the formulating hypothesis or not”
Type of research
The basic types of research are as follows:
• Descriptive research
• Analytical research
• Applied research
• Fundamental research
• Conceptual research
• Empirical research
Descriptive research
Descriptive research includes survey & finding enquiries of different kinds.
The major purpose of descriptive research is descriptive of the state of
affairs, as it exists at present in social science & business research. We quit
often use the term expost facto research for descriptive studies. The
characteristic of this method is that the research has not control over the
variable.
Analytical research
In this research the researcher facts or use fats or information’s already
available &analyze them to make a critical evaluation of the material.
Applied research
Research can either be applied research or Fundamental research. Applied
research aims at finding a solution for an immediate facing a society or
business organization.
Fundamental research
It is mainly with generalization & with the formation of theory.
Conceptual research
Research design is a conceptual structure with research conducted. There
is no unique method, which can entirely eliminate of uncertainty. But
research Methodology can minimize the degree of uncertainty. Thus
reduces the profitability of making a wrong choice amongst automotives
cause of action. The is particularly significant in the increasing competition
& growing size, which makes the task of choosing the best course of action
difficulties for any business enterprise, it is imperative that any type of a
organization in the present environment needs systematic supply of
information coupled with tools of analysis for making sound decisions
which involved minimum risk. Exploratory method of research was chosen
for it helps the collecting, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting &
presenting data, with new idea & in effective manner. The goal of
exploratory research is to gather primary data to study the nature of the
problem & to suggest possible solution for problem or come up with new
ideas.
Sample Design
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining sample from a given
population. It refers to the techniques or the procedure. The researcher
would adapt in selecting items for the sample. Sample design may as well
lay down the number of items to be included before data are collected.
There are many sample designs from which a researcher can choose. Some
designs are relatively more precise to apply than other. Researcher must
select/pre are a sample design, which should be reliable and appropriate
for research study.
Steps of sampling
• Selection of universe
• Sample units
• Sample list
• Sample size
• Sampling procedure
Selection of universe
The first of developing any sample design is to define the step of object; to
study the universe can be both, finite or infinite.
This is finite universe comprising city.
Sample unit
A decision has to be taken concerning sampling unit before selecting
sample. There can be any sample unit but it was possible to find out the
total universe while surveying so the sample unit was confined.
Source list
It is known as sampling frame from which sample is to drawn. It contains
the name of all items of a universe.
Sampling procedure
Finally the sample is taken. A careful examination is done & the items for
the sample are taken. It is seen that there is no systematic bias and
sampling error.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of attainment of the objective of the project, I choose the
survey method to know the investment pattern of people in Lucknow.
Primary as well as secondary data are used to make the conclusion of this
project. Primary data collected by making the survey of the people and by
making the direct interview of people of various fields in Lucknow.
Secondary data collected from the information provided by printed
material available in the organization on the magazines, newspapers,
journals and websites. Questionnaires are designed to know the attitude of
the people. First questionnaire was designed to know the investment
pattern of people in Lucknow. To collect the primary data I took the
sample size of 50 numeric values. In this sample I interview the chartered
accountants, I lawyers, doctors, businessmen and various employees of
deferent organizations and Government offices, also meet directly to
professionals & general people.
INVESTMENT PATTERN
Q.1 Do you invest money?
o Yes
o No
Q.2 Where do you invest money?
o Bank deposit
o Mutual fund
o Shares
o Insurance
o Agriculture
Q.3 What is the purpose of investment?
o Liquidity
o Regular income
o Safety
o Capital growth
o High return
o Tax benefit
o Purchasing power
o Saving for future
Q.4 Do you invest in shares?
Yes [] No []
o Equity
o Preference share
Q.5Do you invest in mutual fund?
o Yes
Closed ended
Open ended
o No
Q.6Do you invest in insurance?
o Yes
Endowment
Term plan
Money back
o No
Q.7Do you have DEMATS account?
o Yes
o No
Do you invest money Peoples
Bank Deposit 150
Insurance 140
Mutual Funds 108
Shares 90
Agriculture 40
160
140
120 Bank Deposit
100 Insurance
80 Mutual Funds
60 Shares
40 Agriculture
20
0
1
Bank Mutual
Income group
Deposit Fund Share Insurance Agriculture
150 10 0 40 5
500010000
150 70 50 60 15
1000015000
150 20 20 40 20
1500025000
150 8 20 0 0
2500050000
160
140
120 5000----10000
100 10000---15000
80
60 15000---25000
40 25000---50000
20
0
re
t
e
d
e
si
nc
un
ar
tu
po
Sh
ra
ul
lf
de
ic
su
ua
gr
k
ut
In
an
A
M
B
Purpose of investment Peoples
Purchaging Power 90
90
85
40
Capital Growth
Liquidity
Saving For Future
Safety
High Return
Tax Benefit
Regular Income
Purchasing Power
Shares
Equity 90
Preference 10
Equity
Preference
Mutual Funds:
Close Ended 100
Open Ended 10
120
100
80
C lo s e E n d e d
60
O pen E nded
40
20
0
1
Insurance:
Endowment 95
Term 0
Money Back 60
100
80
Endowment
60
Term
40 Money Back
20
0
1
Demat Account:
Yes 40
No 110
Yes
No
Research Finding
Now a day’s person aware and interested in investment of his money. In sample
size of 150 people mostly people wants their money in that financial institution
where their money is safe, high liquid and tax benefit. But the people of private
sector want high return, regular income, capital growth and purchasing power.
These people are also aware about the inflation factor, so they invest a large part
of their money in shares, mutual fund insurance. An other factor, which is very
important, is that the young generation is more aware about the types of
investments in comparison to old generation. They want high return and more
purchasing power, so they bear high risk. They know very well about where to
invest, how much to invest and for how much duration it is be invested. The
peoples of young generation know about DEMAT account but only few peoples
having DEMAT Account, who are doing on line trading. Some other factors like
income group in this the people come under the 500010000income group they
want to more safety for their money deposit money in public sector more in
comparison to the income group of 1000015000.
The people come under the 100001500025000 they want to invest their money in
private sector more because they more conscious about inflation factor and they
know very well that the growth of capital is more private than sector. The
people’s come under the income group of 2500050000 they invest their money in
that financial institution where capital growth is high. These peoples invest in
insurance for tax saving because they do not come tax saving bracket. While the
peoples come under income group of 500015000 they invest in insurance for tax
saving purpose.
Limitation of study
There are some limitation in which we are bound to follow as below:
Being a student we can extensive survey
Completion of research with in the two months
We have to take small size
Conclusion
1: people generally prefer to invest in safer instruments like bank F.D
bonds etc. in spit of the fact that they get lesser return.
During my research project I come to know that general people large not
very much aware of the different kind of financial services. People are not
aware of the inns and outs of these services. Generally people know about
the saving schemes run by the various Government units in the from of
recurring deposit. Fixed deposit, fixed deposit saving account, current
account and NSC’S etc. people are not familiar with mutual fund, stock
broking, D –mat A/C.
History of investment in private sector by the people of Lucknow is not
very encouraging. The people had to face scams in the mid nineties period.
At that time there were too many finance companies, which were
providing attractive schemes of investment. People took interest and they
invested heavy amount in these finance companies and after the
companies made fraud with the people, owners of the companies fly away
with the money of people, still the people are hurt with those scams. They
have faith in investing in Government sector is providing the lower interest
in comparison to the private sector.
Suggestions
A thorough and proper analysis of the research project prepared by me.
Compel me to make the following recommendations /suggestions in
favors of the investors:
1. That instead of deposit money in banks the investors should
invest in shares & securities. Mutual funds. Government
bonds insurance etc.
2. Since investment in security market is risky hence investors
should break up their saving in different parts.
1. Research Methodology [C.R. Kothari]
2. Magazines and Journals
3. Study material of seminar
4. Financial institutions and markets [L.M. Bhole]