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1.0 Introduction
The Zbus is the inverse of the Ybus, i.e.,
Z =Y
−1
(1)
Since we know that
I =Y V
(2)
and therefore
V =Y
−1
I
(3)
then
V =Z I
(4)
So Zbus relates the nodal current injections
to the nodal voltages, as seen in (4).
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to work with Zbus. The main reason for
choosing to work with Zbus in fault analysis
is that, as we will see, Zbus quantities
characterize conditions when all current
injections are zero except one,
corresponding to the faulted bus. We can use
some creative thinking to express that one
current injection (the fault current). Once we
have that one current injection, eq. (4) is
very easy to evaluate to obtain all bus
voltages in the network, and once we have
bus voltages, we can get all currents
everywhere. These currents are the currents
under the fault conditions and are used to
design protection systems.
2
Consider a 3-bus network. We can write the
Y-bus relation as
I 1 Y11 Y12 Y13 V1
I = Y Y 23 V2
2 21
I 3 Y31
Y22 (5)
Y32 Y 33 V3
2
(7)
23 3
2 V1 =V3 =0
3
We can go through similar analysis to see:
I
Y = 21
V
2
1 V2 =V3 =0
(9)
I
Y =
12
V
1
2 V1 =V3 =0
(10)
We can therefore obtain mutual terms Y21
(Y12) by shorting buses 2 (1) and 3,
connecting a voltage source at bus 1 (2), and
measuring (computing) the current at bus 2
(1).
Bus 1
4
Fig. 1
Bus 1
Fig. 2
2
23 3
y1
5
But what if we set I1 and I3 to 0, i.e., what if
we open-circuit buses 1 and 3? Then eq.
(13) is:
V
Z =
22
I
2
2 I 1 =I 3 =0
(14)
Equation (14) says that Z22 is the ratio of bus
2 voltage to the bus 2 current injection when
buses 1 and 3 are open-circuited.
1 I 2 =I 3 =0
(15)
V
Z =
12
I
1
2 I 1 =I 3 =0
(16)
We can therefore obtain transfer impedances
Z21 (Z12) by opening buses 2 (1) and 3,
injecting a current at bus 1 (2), measuring
(computing) the bus 2 (1) voltage.
Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate these operations (note
there exist impedance to ground at each bus,
6
although we do not draw them because it
would make the picture too crowded).
Bus 1
Fig. 3
Bus 1
Fig. 4
One important observation from Figs. 3 and
4 is that, unlike in the case of admittance
I1
elements, the calculation involves the entire
network. For complex networks, there is no
easy way to compute Zbus elements .
8
Unfortunately, there is no simple relation
between individual elements of Ybus and
individual elements of Zbus. And in spite of
the fact that Matlab is quite capable of
matrix inversion for small dimension, you
are NOT ALLOWED to think about just
inverting Ybus since we must, eventually,
live in the real world of 5000+ bus models.
Bummer.
9
Assume the branch between buses 1 and 3 is
numbered as branch 3. Then let’s modify
branch 3 by adding another circuit between
bus 1 and bus 3 having an admittance of
Δy3. How will the Ybus change?
• Add Δy3 to diagonal elements in positions
10
vectors. Define a vector corresponding to
the modification of branch 3 (connected
between bus 1 and bus 3) as
1 ← bus 1
a 3 = 0
(20)
− 1 ← bus 3
bus i.
11
6.0 Matrix inversion lemma (Appendix 6)
• ak is an n×1 vector.
12
There is a proof of MIL in the text, page
600. It is also discussed in most books on
linear algebra.
13
algorithm implementing this approach is
called the Z-bus building algorithm.
7.0 Example (Example A7.1 in text)
14
1 ← bus1
a 2 = − 1 ← bus2
0
b2 = Z a 2
( T
γ = µ −1 + a 2 b 2 ) −1
where μ=Δy2.
generically, we observe:
Z 11 Z12 Z 13 1 Z11 − Z 12
b 2 = Z a 2 = Z 21 Z 22 Z 23 − 1 = Z 21 − Z 22 In other words, b2
Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 0 Z 31 − Z 32
−1
0.1
j
= ( − j10 ) + [1 − 1 0] − 0.4
−1
3
− 0.1 Finally, we can
−1
j
= j 0 .1 + 0 .5 = ( j 0.2667 ) −1 = − j 3.75
3
look at γ
Recall that
16
(
γ = ∆yb−1 + a k b k
T
) −1
But bk = Z a k
. Substitution yields:
(
γ = ∆yb−1 + a Z a k
T
k ) −1
T
ak Z ak =
Z 11 ... Z 1i ... Z1 j ... Z 1n 0
...
Z i1 ... Z ii ... Z ij ... Z in 1
[0 ... 1 ... −1 ... 0] ...
Z j 1 ... Z ji ... Z jj .... Z jn −1
...
Z ... Z ni ... Z nj ... Z nn
n1 0
0
The
1
[
= Z i1 − Z j1 ... Z ii − Z ji ... Z ij − Z jj ... Z − Z jn ]
−1
0
= Z ii − Z ji − ( Z ij − Z jj ) = Z ii − Z ji − Z ij + Z jj = Z ii − 2 Z ji + Z jj
T
⇒a k Z a k = Z ii − 2 Z ji + Z jj
17
where zb=1/Δyb is the impedance of the new
circuit added.
8.0 Some special cases
Fig. 5
Although this situation does not make much
sense, it corresponds to a step that we must
take in building the Z-bus.
0 y
T
b
(30)
Where 0 is an n×1 vector of 0’s. Inverting
eq. (30), we get:
−1
Z = (Y ) =
Y 0 Y 0 Z 0
−1
z (31)
n n −1
T = T = T
0 y
b 0 1 / y 0
b b
19
We assume the new bus is numbered n+1
and the existing bus is numbered i.
Fig. 6
21
Solution: This requires application of rule 2.
n Z Zi
Z = T
Zi Z ii + zb
Fig. 8
We know what to do with this. The result is
summarized as Modification #4 and Rule #4
in Section 9.5. Bu
Modification # 4: Add a branch zb between
Existing
existing ith and jth nodes.
network 22
Rule #4: Denote the ith column of Z as Zi,
and the jth column of Z as Zj, and denote the
iith, jjth, and ijth elements of Z as Zii, Zjj, Zij.
Then Zn is given by
= Z −γ bb
n T
Z
b = Zi −Z j
γ = ( z b + Z ii − 2 Z ji + Z jj )
−1
23
Before we do that, however, it may help to
take a look at the algorithm used to build Z-
bus, and we have enough information to do
that now.
24
Recall that this step is based on the
following:
n Z 0
Z = T
0 zb
25
Step 3: Add a branch between the ith and jth
nodes. Continue until all remaining lines
have been added. This is modification #4,
Rule #4, which is based on:
= Z −γ bb
n T
Z
b = Zi −Z j
γ = ( z b + Z ii − 2 Z ji + Z jj )
−1
26
Unfortunately, there are situations that
require Rule #3 which we cannot avoid.
Consider, for example, that you want to
develop a program which will compute fault
currents for each bus, one faulted bus at a
time.
27
Using our algorithm described above, what
we have to do is to re-build the Zbus for
each separate faulted bus we want to
analyze.
28
How do we handle Rule #2? Repeating eq.
(33), we develop the new Zbus as:
Z Z
(33)
n i
Z =
Z + z
T
Z i ii b
b ref
b ref
This results in
x = ay − bd −1
(39)
cy + bz − bd −1
dz + e − bd −1
f
30
(40)
x = ( a − bd −1 c ) y + e − bd −1 f
0 =
Z ii + zb I ref
T
Zi
(43)
And the first equation in (43) is independent
of Iref, so that we may extract it as:
V = (Z − Z ( Z + z ) Z )I (44)
−1 T
i ii b i
32
equations whenever the left-hand-side of
one of the equations is zero.
33
We are now (finally) in position to state
Modification #3 and Rule #3. It is:
35
The answer you should get following Step 6
is:
1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
1.25 1.3033 1.3033 1.3033 1.3033
Z = j 1.25 1.3033 1.4571 1.3610 1.3610
1.25 1.3033 1.3610 1.4187 1.4187
1.25 1.3033 1.3610 1.4187 1.4987
Therefore
Zii+zb=Z55+zb=j(1.4987+1.25)=2.7487
Also,
1.25
1.3033
Z i = Z 5 = j 1.3610
1.4187
1.4897
36
= Z − Z 5 ( Z 55 + z b )
n −1 T
Z Z5
1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
1.25 1.3033 1.3033 1.3033 1.3033
= j 1.25 1.3033 1.4571 1.3610 1.3610
1.25 1.3033 1.3610 1.4187 1.4187
1.25 1.3033 1.3610 1.4187 1.4897
1.25
1.3033
( 2.7487 ) −1 [1.25
− j 1.3610 1.3033 1.3610 1.4187 1.4897 ]
1.4187
1.4897
.6815 .6573 .6311 .6048 .5685
.6573 .6853 .6580 .6306 .5927
= j .6311 .6580 .7832 .6585 .6189
.6048 .6306 .6585 .6865 .6452
.5685 .5927 .6189 .6452 .6815
37