Ghost-Raising, Magic, and the Underworld I

W. Headlam

The Classical Review, Vol. 16, No. 1. (Feb., 1902), pp. 52-61.

Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X%28190202%291%3A16%3A1%3C52%3AGMATUI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R

The Classical Review is currently published by The Classical Association.

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained
prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in
the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.

Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
http://www.jstor.org/journals/classical.html.

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.

The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic
journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,
and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take
advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

http://www.jstor.org
Sat Jun 23 02:26:42 2007
52 THF! CLASSICAL REVIEW.
The interchange of incedo and incendo is so
common in MSS. that we need not scruple to
substitute the one for the other in 429, 1 :
Inter VRBEM et CIVITATEM hoc interest, urbs
est aedificatio, civitas incolae. Vergilius
Aen. lib. i :
urbs antiqua fuit.
Ennius Telepho :
sed civitatem video Argivum incedere (in-
cendere MSS. : incsndier edd.).
Of the form and script of the Archetype
and the corruptions thereby introduced into
the textv of our MSS. I have written else-
where (Amer. Journ. Phil. xxii, pp. 29 sqq.,
Philologus lv, 168). Here i t may be men-
tioned that the unusual contraction at (with
suprascript stroke) for autem may have oc-
casioned the substitution of alterum for
autem in 77,5. Read melos autem i n cantibus
est bipertitum. From the reading of the
MSS. a t 56,17 we should infer that quisquam
originally stood in the text and that quicquam
is a conjectural emendation by a ' corrector ' :
(8.21. infans) TTarro Eumenidibus :
GHOST-RAISING, MAGIC, A N D T H E UNDERWORLD.
I.
THEdesign of this study is not to exhaust
the subject but to include and illustrate
some passages of literature.
Broadly speaking, Greek divinities and
spiritual powers may be divided into two
classes, Blacks and Whites; and i t is most
important, for understanding Greek, to keep
in mind this great Antithesis. They were
as different in fact as Darkness is from
Light or Night from Day. Night is the
representative of the one, as Apollo of the
other, and as the Upper Gods abhor the
powers of Darkness (Eur. Alc. 62), so the
Nether in their shadowy places hate the
Sun. Both were worshipped on their due
occasions; but the details of their worship
were throughout opposed. The Nether
powers are black themselves, black-winged,
or stoled in black; mankind put on such
raiment in their worship; and if victims
were offered to them, i t was proper that the
colour of them should be black.
This is the meaning of the Danaids in
Aesch. S u p . 160 when they say ' I f we fail
to win t?~eOlympian Gods, then we, a black
postremo nemo aegrdtus quicquam sdmniat
[an quicqnam somniat]
tam infitndum quod non itliquis dicat phflo-
sophus.
The recognition of the true nature of the
metre, especially in quotations from Varro's
Menippean Satires, often vindicates the
reading of the MSS., e.g. in the quotation a t
336,34. If we keep by the MSS. in another
of these quotations, we get an alternation of
trochaic and bacchiac metre which admirably
suits the sense (7, 25, 5.21. frYgZre, cum sono
excitari) :
sabpe totiis theatri tibiis crebrci flectendo
conmhtari mhntes, frigi itnimos e6rum.
It is possible that Varro in his 'Bimarcus'
both justified and adopted an experiment in
metre, the Iambic Dimeter Scazon (229,16) :
ne me
pedittus versuiim tardor
refrbnet, arte c6m rhythmon, etc.
(168, 1 0 ) :
mihique dividhm nostro
stild papyrin6 levi
scapim tscapitiot novb partu
poeticon. W. M. LINDSAY.
sun-smitten race,. .urXav6is T ~ A L ~ K T U Xvivos, OV .
,
will petition T ~ Vydi'ov Zijva ~ i i vK I K ~ ~ K O I T U Y '.
As they are 'black' themselves, they will
appeal to the black Zeus,-just as a maiden
prays to Artemis, ~ d p ? ~ d p a ,&s ~STLCLKLS-
trusting in their dark complexion as a bond
of sympathy.1 I n Nonn. D. 31. 173 Iris,
disguised as NIL$, uses precisely the same
argument in beseeching " Y X V O:~yVycvCov 8'
CXlaipr yov+ p ~ A a v 6 ~ ~ o 'IvGGvov 6bs xhpiv'
~ p € ~ k p Yy )i ~p 6/.1.6~p 0;s E ~ TEKO~UY)P'
L b6€0
K V ~ V ~ O VK SV ,~ V ~ T T € ~ € .
Prayers to the O i r p i v ~ o iwere made before
the Sun was in mid-heaven; to the X ~ ~ V L O L
after i t declined; and it would seem as if
the graver and blacker was the business,
the more near midnight was the hour.
I t was owing, I should imagine, to the
Without this there is of course no point in the
mention of the detail here. But Prof. Tucker, who
re-writes it altogether-as if a scribe would write
p o ~ a v 8 k s $ A ~ ~ K + U T ~ yCros
V by an error !-makes
the very daring assertion that the Dnnaidv are not
black or even very swarthy. Why then does
Pelavgus say they look like Libyans, and Egyp-
tians, and Cyprians, and Alnazons, and (Indian)
Nomads near the Fthiopians ? 'Egyptian' was
roverbial for 'black.
 THE CLASSICAL REVIEWT. 53

same idea that U K V ~ ~ W T Oor> 8 d ~ + ~ p <p&ai2

oi ~ E ~ O V T 82
8 d ~ p u u ~6hn-01,
O i n-at8i 8 6 p ~ vt)&varov.
were apt to be placed in the waning portion H. Apoll. 332 Hera rjp&ro . ..X ~ i p l Kara-
of the month. Plutarch thought so, Aet. n-pyvsi 8' b a a c X86va ~ a +&TO
l p38ov. ' KLKXVTE
Ronzan. 34 p. 272 c : what mas the reason, v3v poi r a i a ~ a 0;pavbs
l eirpis v"rrcp8sv,T i ~ i j v k
he asks, that while the Romans generally T E %coi, TO; 6n-b X80vl V ~ L E T & O V T E STciprapov
performed their Xods and ivayiupodp to the .
&p?i piyay . .' 340 $9 dpa +ovrjcau' Zpaoa
dead in February, Decimus Brutus performed XBova xcipi n - ~ ~ cK l L~V, ~ 8'~ Bdpa
~ yaia +cpLu-
them in December? n-6~cpov,Gun-cp <plpas PLOP. Eur. TTO.1292 € K . id yG ~ 6~ 4
hrlyodqs ~ a p7vbs
l +Blvov~os~i&Oacivi v a y l j f ~ v TGv +Gv TiKvWV. X 0. 2 2. K ;rjKva
oi n-oXXoi, X6yov ZXci ~ aT Oi ; iviauro3 ~a7aurpC-
$ovTOs iv T $ TEAPuTa(yp?lvl TLpzV 2E$V7- K"ETcl P~~~~~ paTpbs a;8dv' O' t a X ' ~ ~
~ 6 r a s ;KT<.-The 30th was sacred to Hecate 70;s Oavdv~osbndcrs. € K . yepard y' cis i~c'8ov
and the dead: Bekk. Anecd. 308. 5 7 p l a ~ d 8 ~ S :ri8cica pLAta ~ a lXlpcuai yaiav ~rvn-oGcra
7 3 ~T P ~ ~ K O ~ T $TGV
V VEKPGV : Leutsch and Graaais. X 0, 8id80Xa uol y6vv r1OrlPi yalq
Schneidewin Pciroem. i. p. 312 on Diogen. To;s K a ~ o ; e a v;p6cv & e ~ ;Kokas. l ~ ~ ~
viii. 39 T&S i v "Ai8ou r p t a ~ d 8 a s: Hemsterhuis plut. &for. 774 4 &vaTc[vov n-p;s q~~~~r j
Lucian p' 330 : Agzao~h' p' P32 X<ip,, a$$ls 8; ?;lv 'ytv ~ ~ r&$~
; & V E~K ~ ~ € v ~TO
note c (I have corrected his reference to 'Eplvvas, appealing for their vengeance.
Hemsterhuis).-In C.1. 523. 15 i. p. 482 Val. Flacc. 7. 311 MedeaVnot as a mitch,
Boeckh we have a sacrifice to Z E ; ~~ E W P Y ~ S but imploring the infernal powers to grant
(including r a v ~ a p ~ l av vr l ~ ~ X ~ On 0 " )the 30th her death, questu super08 questupue fatigat
of I\laipa~rvpi&v.-The Atdala 60 Zc;s MciXl- yartarCb : humurn ma72i6usque immur-
XLOS were held pyvbs ' A V % ~ ~ T V P L G V'Vcb8lvov-
OP
T O S schol. Ar. *%6.
was of a
408.-The
of joy, in
€iKds ,,,,,,.
itself
m u r a t uncis noctis e r a m Ditempue c i e w ,
ere tandenz morte veli?zt. ~ i ~ ~
Laert. vii. 26 relates the death of Zeno : he
of Apollo; but days following the C ~ K were ~ S stumbled and broke his finger, whereupon

specially set apart as d~ocbp&8cS, n d a s t i , n-alaas?;lv yijv Ti X ccpl

he exclaimed, quoting

and called &r€iKd8€S : Et. Mag. 131. 12, from the ~ i ~ ;pXopal. b ~ , rl
pl a3Els; and
Zonaras 240, Paroem. ii. p. 298 Leutsch committed suicide by stifiing himself : in
the in the 31 he turns i t into verse (A.P. vii. 117) oi
Thesaurus s.v. i n c ~ ~ may d s be supplemented) : 8, dTl TpouK6+as
'An-o+pd8cs $ p i pai : ai &v~n-trrjSc~oi
qrlX E p ; ys ; ~ ~ r j
n-pbs n-pd[~is, c ;pXOpaLa;r6paTos. Tl a+ K a ~ c ; s ;
~ ~
h. a% ~ a rlo i ~~ a r o i ~ o p i v oxohs
i s
In-E/+~pov. 2s ~ h u , pper~~d~ were often
83 ~ a iln c i ~ i 8 a sKQXOGUL, +~IVOWOS TO; rljlvAs 6 high Jplaces : the way to reach the

T E T ~ ~ rplrl?v,
~ U , ~EVT+V.
I n the Inscriptions xether powerswas by scooping out a
of 6'0s 39, Faton and Hicks Pa go, ~acrifices hollow (P66'pov) in the ground, to receive the

by the three Dorian tribes t o their eponymous offerings, and the blood of the jugulated

. .. .
heroes are prescribed T I . . . E IK A A O Z , victim, if there was one : for dvaylupaTa t o

rcrPd8t it cI~d80s( ' t w e n t y f o u r t h ? ' ) Mr. Paton the dead, Orph. Arg. 569, Clitodemus in

conjectures. I n Herodas v. 80 the 24th is Ath. 410 a, Lucian i. 519. So in Evoca-

the date of another hero-sacrifice : &M'iuriv tions, t o excavate a trench, p60pov 6pdfai,

E ~ K ~ S~ , a Fcprjvif
l ?rip~r~v. mas the first proceeding always : Horn.

T o the Gods of Heaven they stood and K 517, 25, 36, Apoll. Rhod. 3. 1032, 1207,

prayed with hands uplifted ; in appealing to Lucian i. 469, iii. 42, Heliod. vi. 14, Ov.

the Terrene powers they knelt or grovelled N e t , 7. 243, Stat. Theb. 4. 451-69, Sen. Oed.

and beat and drummed upon the ground : 550, Sil. Ital. 13. 427.

Hom. L 566 Althaea 8toiuc.v 7r6hX' bxdouu' The fire also for their 2pn-vpa was,made

+&TO ~ a u i ~ v r j ~ o+6voio,
ro xoXX& 82 Kal yaiav
low upon the ground, and the grammarians

.1roAv+6~p~v Xcpalv d X o h K L K X ~ U K O V U ' ' A i " 8 ~ v distinguish luX&pa in this sense from the

tcai &raiv$v ~ E ~ ~ E ~ ~ n-pdXvv ~ V E LK a ~ 8V€ ,

built-up pwPo's & p:b Amrnonius
~,~ (in Harpocrat.)
iuXdpav +?ul ~aXc;aBatr$v p$ ZXovaav $$OF
6uu@/Iuy K U ~bnatuly Lucian iii. 175, the iur~av, &Ah1 in-; , i8pvpivrlv Kol~rlv.?
+ schol,
op osite of € 6 @ q p 0ijpap
~ in Aesch. Ag. 641.
)
! Quoted by Bfusgrave on Eur. l'ro. 1 . c . But i n PhOen. 274 i u ~ k ~ a
piv Ku~ios
yfjs

the other passage he refers to, Stat. Theb. 1. 54 where P66pos, zv8a i v a y ~ ~ o v uTois i
K ~ T Wi P X ~ p ~ v o ~ s

Oedipus comes forth and calls on the infernal P w ~ &81: i v 4Biovui 70;s in-ovpavrbis 0coYS.

powers, inanc solum means the empty sockets of his porph. d e antro ifimpha vi 7 makes further

eyes (Gronovius), dpqavb laq : 53 tunc vacuos orbes...

*stentat eaelo manibzcspue cruentis pulsat inane lay prone or sat and moped: Lobeck Aglaoph. 646

rolum. note c, Aesch. Ag. 422 d h h t u ~ '(2) b+qpdvwv, Homer

4 So Medeacallsupon the powers of Night i n dura 6 538, K 497, a 145, 0 106, 11 208, Apoll. Rhod. i.

oubmisso poplitc terra Ov. Met. 7. 191. Mourners 1286.

54 THE CLASSICAL REVIEIT'.
distinctions : 70:s p2v 'OAV,LLT~O~S 0~0:s vao& lished V E K V O ~ ~ V T C ~were(L always a t a U T ~ ~ L O V
TC ~ ( 1 1267 KU; pwpohs i 6 p d u a v ~ 0 ,X 6 0 ~ l b ~62 s "Ai60v communicating with t h e underworld ;
~ a fiPwuiv
l iuxapds, i ~ o ~ 0 o v l o 62 t s POIO~OUS ~ a l thus there wn5 one i n t h a t 'Phesprotian
p6yapa. 'Some of t h e poets' Pollux i. 8 place; where Periander snrnmoned up his
remarks 'apply the term huXdpav even to ~ 2 ) v murdered wife (Hdt. v. 9 9 ) ; and where
TGV OC&V pwpdv ' : but ZuXdpa~are appro- Orpheus had endeavoured to recall Eurydice
priate to the Eumenides in Aesch. Eum. (Pausan. ix. 30. 6 ' t h a t he went to Aornum
108, 809. i n Thesprotis, where there mas of old a n
The sacrifices to all Cht,honic powers- oracle of the dead'): there was one a t
including t h e dead-consist of t h e same Taenarum (Plut. Xor. 560 F). I t is a t
elements with slight variations. There is Avernus, under the direction of the Sibyl,
nothing unusual about t h e sacrifice in the t h a t Vergil A. 6. 237 lays his necromantic
Persae 614-621 except t h e number of items scene; and S~lius, copying him, 13. 395.
t h a t a r e mentionell : but i t may be com- Lucian's Chaldaean i. 468 makes Menippus
pared with the Persian sacrifice to W a t e r cross the Tigres i s 72) ZAos ~ a T;/V i AIPvyv into
(made in n pdQpos) Strnbo 732. W i n e was mhich t h e Euphrates disappears ; rrcpatwekv-
interdicted in some cases-dating, perhaps, TES 82 ~ a ~l a d B+i~vodpcOa ~ ~ v 2s TL xwplov
before the use of wine; and often they were ~ p 7 p o vK U ~i h C 8 ~ s~ a hvrjA~ov, l and there they
d n v p a 5-dating, i t may be, before the use of make their PdBpov. The place selected i n
fire. B u t if burnt-sacrifice was offered, the Roman writers is always of this charac-
it was proper t h a t tlie victims should be t e r : Lucan 642-8 a steep depression near
black. And they were sacrificed downwards : Ditis cnvewae.. . Phoebo non pervia taxus
schol. Apoll. Rhod. i. 587 E"v~opa~ v ~ l w78s opc~cat: Stat. 2V~eb.4. 420 silva.. .pervia nullis
U 72) ZV T i yi 0 . 6 ~ ; ~ solibus: Seri. Oed. 530-47
TOTS V € K ~ O ; S ~ V U Y L [ ~ ~ E V618 lucis et Piloebi
B ? r o ~ l p v ~ u 0 a~i h ~s c + a A d s . OZTW yhp Bdovui inscius restagnat umor : dark, gloomy, stag-
Tois X ~ O V ~ O L S70;s, 82 o i p a v l 8 a ~ s dvw Bvacr~pl- nant places, such as were haunted b y noc-
~ O V T E ST ~ ) VT ~ ~ ~ u+d[ovuiv.
~ A O V "O,U~~O ' air;-
S turnal powers (Verg. 6. 136, Ov. 1Met. 7. 74,
pvuav pkv r r p l i ~ o v' ( A 459). 198, Heroid. 12. 67, Lucian iii. 50), locffi
Circe sends Odysseus t o the sunless place senta situ llke the ir~fernal regions, 0eGv
of the Cimmerians beyond the Ocean : 14 X ~ L ~ O U T ~ T O Bv7/\.lv ~VT' Adrp Aebch. Eum. 389,
2vOa 62 K i p p ~ p k w v dv8pijv 8ijpds TE rrdA~sTE, Gvcrrjh~ov ~ v C + a s ib. 399, sunless always, like
6ipl ~ a vc+M2 i K E K ~ X U ~ ~06% O L ~a i ~ o b s t h e house of Death (Eur. Alc. 451, 864,
~ V TOT'
{CALOS +ak0wv K ~ T ~ ~ C ~ KBKT~VEUUL E T ~ L : because H.F. 606).
there are the dhuta I I E ~ U E + and E ~ ~ S So i n Aesch. Theb. 839 the mourning
O Vfruit-
less trees, where Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus Chorus sny :
flow into Acheron : there he will be able € 1 ) ~
'AilS~wi l v a ~8dpov E ~ ~ & E V T U . Peusanias i. 17. 5 Bhhd ydwv, G +lAai, KUT' oFpov
says 'Among the things most worth seeing i p l u u c ~ ' d p 4 l ~ p a r ~l 6 , ~ r r ~ Xp Eo ~vO ~ V
i n t h e Thesprotian land is a sanctuary of ~ l ~ v h o 8s v , ai2v 81' ' A X C P ~ B~ ~ E' I ~ E T U L
7hv ~ U T O V O V (or ~ U T O X O V~) E / \ . ~ Y K P O K O V
Zeus in Dodona and a n oak sacred to t h e
god. Beside Cichyrus is a lake called t h e v a 6 a ~ o A o v"~wpl8a
Achernsian lnke, and the river Acheron, and T ~ V B U T L 'AndXhwvt,
~~~ ~ h dvdh~ov,
v
P~V~OKOE V IS b+av? T E X ~ p ~ ~ ~ .
there too flows Cocytus, a joyless ~ t r e a m . ~
It appears to me t h a t Homer had seen these ' 0 come then, on the tide of lamentation speed
things, and boldly modelled his descriptions with measured falling plash about the head (of
of hell on them, and that in particular be raining blows) the mourrting black-sailed
bestowed on t h e rivers of hell the names of mission-barge (or on the black-sailed mission)
the ribers in Thesprotis'. Another favourite to the sho~euntrodden of dpollo, to the sunless
theory identified t h e place of the Cim- all-receiving obscure shore.' 'I'he funeral is
m e r i a n ~with Avernus near Cumae (Strabo contrasted with the white-sailed mission
244) : there used to be a n established v c ~ v o - sent to Delos, t h e island of Apolio and the
P ~ there,~abolished ~ since, ~ andi trans- ~ Sun-ArjAov
~ IjAiou~tPij i t would be natural
ferred elsewhere (Strabo 245, Diod. iv. 22, t o call it, a s dvrohhs +AoySrras ~ A i o u ~ t P i~ni s
Max. Tyr. xvi., Sil. I t a l . 8. 533). It mas a
natural site for one t o b e ; probably estab- 7 To understand what is meaut by this common

Bvaiav &svpov say~apseias in the Evocation,

Eur. fr. 912: tho sacrifice in Soph. fr. 366, in
which there is a s a y ~ d ~ n e r a should
, also be a
Chthonic sacrifice ; the play is M ~ V T F fiI Snohhr60s.
6 See Xr. Frazer's description ii. p. 160 : see also
iii. p. 347.
metaphor in the case of mourning gestures, see the
plate in Wilkinson's A ~ t c i e ~Egyptians
~t vol, 111.
facing p. 449 (ed. 1878) : opposite p. 447 is a
representation of a funeral passing over the Lake of
the Dead.
8 I am not vouching for the readings.
 T H E CLASSlCAL R E V I E W . 55

P.F. 817.9 The dead go ~ K T ~vP& V ~ ~ x L ~ o ( vi ~ v X a y & y v a ~K T;. Dio icass. 77. 15). I n
9eoir Soph. 0.T. 178. Tac. Ann. ii. 28 i t is implied that infernas
And in Soph. O.C. 676 where the grove umbras carminibus elicsre must be done by
a t Colonus is described with the epithets magorum sacra (27): Lucan 6. 431, Lucian
+vAAd6a p v p ~ 6 ~ a p x o b v v 4A i o v d v 4v r p d v iii. 41.
T E X ~ V T W V X ~ i p & v oI ~ cannot doubt they are Egyptian incantations had this power
meant to indicate a haunt of Chthonic powers. (cf. Lucian iii. 57, 60); the Roman poets
For not only were they worshipped in the attach it commonly to Thessalian witches
absence of the sun, buc the most propitious (and cf. schol. Eur. Alc. 1128) ; but if there
time for appealing to them was a still and was one region with which it was markedly
silent night ; befitting Chaos et Phlegethon, associated, i t was the region of the Persian l2
loca nocte silentia late Verg. A . 6 . 265 ; see pCIY~i, from whom the name of magic was
Fritzsche on Theocr. 2. 11 ; Apoll. Rhod. 3. derived : Strabo 762 r a p & 62 70;s I I b f a a i s oi
1201 XG/JOV $ 7 1 ~i T d 7 0 ~ Z K T O ~ € V ~ C ~V V ~ ~ & ~ T W p dVy ,o ~~ a Vi E K U O ~ ~ V T E L ~'. I determined ' says
~ a 0 a ~ ~ a 15i vv e 6 6 i o s e i a p e v i a i v for the Menippus in Lucian i. 463 ' to ask one of
evocation; Stat. Theb. 4. 423 subter opacrc the Mages among the disciples and followers
quies vucuusque silentia servat horror, like the of Zoroaster,ls having heard that by means of
infernal regions 477 loca muta et inane severae avo8al and r e A e r a l they could open the gates oJ
~erse~honei. Hades and take any one down and bring him
Evocittions always had the nature of a u p again in safety.' l4
magic practice. I agree with M. BouchQ- There remains one famous case of necro-
Leclercq10 when he says ' L a necromancie mancy-in the Persc~e of Aeschylus, where
n'est, en effet, possible qu' avec le concours Darius is called up to give advice and help,
de la magie, e t c'est 18 l'unique raison pour and does so. I t will be couceded that the
laquelle Varron la disait importire de la Chorue, whom Atossa bids perform the
Perse, le pays des Mages (Varro ap. Aug. evocation, are supposed to be endowed with
Civ. Dei vii. 35).' H e points out that in the magic powers of Persian Magi-as the
the celebrated v r ~ v l aof the Odyssey 'the Greeks in general conceived them. The act
hero executes to the letter the prescriptions is characteristic of the people Aeschylus i s
of the magician Circe ' and that 'the poet representing ; one among many other points
clearly indicates thereby the magic character.' which are appropriate in the play.
I n literature always, when necromancy is How unfamiliar Persian things have been
performed, i t is through the agency of one to editors may be seen from their remarks
possessing magic powers.ll Aeschylus wrote on Yersae 550 where the Chorus bemoaning
a play called ?Irvxuyoyoi, and Phrynichus the drowned Persian corpses say a ~ 6 A A o v r a i
Bekk. An. 73. 1 3 says oi d p X a i o ~meant by v p 6 s dva6Sov v a i 6 o v 7:s d p ~ d v r o v . Though
the word 706s ~ h s$vXhs T ~ ) V T E ~ V ~ K ~ T O VH ermann suspected something Oriental in
y o 7 T E l a L s ~ i a \ I v < bv > ciyovras. ~ i j saGrijs the phrase 7 2 s d l * . i d v ~ o v , they have been
E'wolas ~ a TO; l AiuX6Aov 7 6 6PGpa \kvXaywyol: unable to discover any special allusion in it.
cf. Schol. Eur. Alc. 1128. I n later fiction i t Yet the propriety lies upon the very surface.
is done by Circe, or ur~derthe patronage of I quote from Darmesteter ; speaking of
Hecate and Circe or of the Cumaean Sibyl, the Magian dogmatical conceptions, he
by the wizard Teiresias and his daught,er says : 'The new principles they introduced,
Manto, or by witches like Jfedea and or rather, developed into new consequences,
Erichtho. I n Heliod. vi. 14 i t is an old was that of the purity of the elements.
Egyptian woman ; in Lucian iii. 3 9 , as in i. Fire, earth, and water had always been
464, a Babylonian Mage of the Chaldees; a considered sacred things, and had received
Hyperborean p d y o s in iii. 40. When Nero worship : the Magi drew from that prin-
endeavoured to evoke and appeasetheghost of ciple the conclusion that burying the dead
Agrippina, he had recourse to facto per Mugos l2 Circe herself-what other is she but a Persian ?
sacro, Sueton. Tit. Neron. 3 4 ; Caritcalla Her dwelling is the distant East, and she is the
ordered Dlaternianus p d y o v 70;s h P l u ~ o v s daughter of the Sun and nLpuq or n s p o q t .
tvrr17?jrav~av c ~ v lr e~ X p v a d p ~ vpa0e'iv
~ ~ irepi l3 Thid, of course, is u n k ~ ~ o wton the Zend-Avesta.
TOG T ~ A O V S70; ,Rlov airroir, Herodian. iv. 2 3 l4 The infernal regions ware made visible with
their inhabitants; but whether yon went down, or
I t is strange t o find that all the editors, and they came up, was not so clear : nam quamuis
even Mr. Housrnau in his verse translation of the Thessaia vntes vinz .facir~t fatis, dztbium est, qztod
passage, take rbv kar1,9ff 'Andhhwvr, rbv b v d h ~ o rto traxerit illuc, adspiciat Stygias, an qzmd deseenderit,
refer to 9ewp[8a. umbras Lucen 6. 651. I n Homer's account
10 Histoirc de la Divination i. p. 332. Odysseus goes down, but the Shades are also
So i t must be in t h a t remarkable fragment of spoken of as coming up. They are generally brought
Euripides (Clem. Al. p. 688), 912 Nauck. u p by later writers.
 T H E CLASSICAL R E V I E W .

o r burning the dead n a s defiling a god.'l5 Pditika,' Zend-Avesta i. p. 53 : ' The sea
' W a t e r was looked upon in t h e same light. where waters a r e purified before going back
Bringing dead matter to i t is as bad as to their heavenly seat, t h e sea Vouru-kasha
bringing it to t h e fire. The Magi a r e said (the sea above, the clouds). P Q i t i k a,
to have overthrown a king for having built ' t h e c 1 e a n,' is very likely to have been
bath-houses, a s they cared more for t h e originally a name or epithet of the sea
cleanness of water than for their own.'16 Vouru-kasha. When t h e mythic geography
H e refers to p. 8 0 ' C a n he be clean again, 0 of Mazdeism was reduced into a system, t h e
holy Ahura Mc~,zda/ who J~asbrought a corpse epithet took a separate existence, as it gave
withJilth into the waters, or into theJire, and a ready answer to t h a t qnestion, which, it
made either unclean 1' Strabo 732 i n their may be was raised first by t h e name itself:
sacrifice t o water, t h e Persians p60pov ' W h e r e are the waters cleansed which have
dp$'av.rcs cis TOGTOV o+ayid[ovrai, + v k a ~ ~ d -been defiled here below, and which we see
~ E V O Lprj T L T O ; rrhrlalov v"8a~os aipaxOci?l, &s falling again t o us pure and clean ? '
piavoiv~cs. ib. cis y&p rrorap6v ov"~'06po;uiv The nature of the sacrifice i n Evocations
OGTE v i ~ ~ o v ~IILpuai, ai 0682 Aodov~ai, 0662 we have seen to be the same as in other
V B K ~ ~~Vp ~ d h A o v u i 068'v dAAa TGV ~ O K O ~ V T W V sacrifices to the X 6 6 v i ~ :i i t was in t h e in-
c?vai pvcrapGv. H d t , i. 138 i s rrorap6v 82 cantation t h a t the efficacy of ' t h e process
OUXTC ZVOV~;OUUL OUXTC Z p ~ ~ d o v u 06 i , X ~ i P a siv- lay. Even when magic herbs a r e used, they
a l r o v l ~ o v ~ a.i.. ' That Tiridates was a Magian are themselves enchanted, and we are often
priest (Magus) appears from Tacitus' testi- told t h a t the charms are f a r more potent.
mony, Ann. xv. 24 nec recusaturum Tiri- I shall quote the epithets with which they
{Zatem ccccipiendo diademati in urbern venire, are described. Lucan's is t h e most ex-
nisi sacerdotii religione attineretur ;t h a t he travagant, 6. 685 t u m worn, Lethaeos cunctis
was a Zoroastrian is shown by his scruples pollentior herbis excantare deos, confudit
about t h e worship of t h e elements. W h e n murmuraprimum dissona et humanae multum
he came from Asia t o Rome to receive t h e discordia linguae. lat?.atu8 habet i l h canunz
crown of Armenia a t t h e hands of Nero, he gemitumque luporum; quod trepidus bubo,
wanted not to come by sea but rode along quod strix nocturna queruntur, quod stridunt
t h e coasts (he crossed only t h e Hellespont), ululuntque ferae, etc. tot rerum voz unu fuit.
because the Magi were forbidden to defile A t last she breaks into speech, nzox ceteva
t h e sea (Plin. 1V.H. xxx. 1 7 nccvigave no6 c a ~ ~ t uexplicat Haemonio penetratque irz
uerat quoniam exspuere i n maria aliisque Tc~rtaralingua ; ' Eumenides, etc. Sen. Oed.
mortalium necessitatibus violare naturam earn 561 rarmenque magicurn volvit et rabido
fas non putant). This is quite in t h e spirit minar decantat ore quidquid aut placat levee
of later Zoroastrianism, and savours much aut coyit umbras. Lucian i. 469 b 61 pdYoq
of Mazdeism. That Vologeses himself ...o 8 ~ h '?jpcpalp T$ +wv$, rrappLycOcs 8C, As
shared the scruples of his brother appears 0t6s T E $v, d v a ~ p a y j vGaipovds T E bpo; rdvras
from his answer to Nero, who insisted irrc/3o&o ~ a TIoivhs l ~ a Epivdas
l ' ~ a vvXlav
l
upon his coming to Rome also : " Come ' E ~ d r ~ va &raiv$v i ~ c p u c ~ 6 v e i ',
a v?rapapiyv;s
yourself, i t is easier for you t o cross such d p a ~ a 2/ 3 a p p a p i ~ dTiva ~ a duq,ua l (unintel-
immensity of sea" (Dio Cass. lxiii. 4). ligible) d v d p a ~ a ~ a ~i o A v u d A X a p a ' :~ before
The answer was mistaken for a n insult by with a n irrV6rj this same Mage i x l ~ p 0 ~ 6T Lv
Nero, and as i t seems, by Dio himself.'17 K L I ; dua+Zs i+Okyyt~o,apparently summoning

The Chorus in the Yersae express some Gaipovas : he repeats i t in a purifying

mere fear and hatred of the sea 110 sqq., ceremony, i r r o ~ o v 0 o ~ i u a s ,p. 465-6. Sil.
and of ships 562 sqq. ;Is but in 72s & p i d v ~ o v Ital. 13. 428 arcanurn murmur anhelans.
we may surely see their horror a t the defil- Ov. Met. 14. 56 obscurunz verborurn ambage
ing of t h a t element by corpses. There is no novorum ter novier~s carmen nzccgico demur-
need t o suppose t h a t Aeschylus is translat- murat ore. 365 concipit illa preces et verba
ing any Persian phrase; but it seems i t ~ e c a n t i a(licit iynotosque deos ignoto carmine
would have been possible for him t o do so ; adorat. 405 lonqis Hecaten ululatibus orat.
this is Darmesteter's note on ' t h e sea 7 . 190 ternis ululatibus. Am. i. 8. 1 8 longo
'j Zend-Avesta, i. p. liv.
carmine. APS Anz. 2. 102 mixtaque cum
l6 Zb. p. xc. rnagicis nenia iKarsa sonis with Heinsius'
'7 Ib. p. xxxiv. note. Stat. Theb. 4. 418 longo mu4-n~ure
'8 I n 6 r 6 v p d n r ~ ~ o
~ v~ a v d r r i 6 e s v 7 ~ sthe natural
meaning of the epithet would be ' w i t h two-fold l9 Like the celebrated ab~acadabra(see Burmann
sedge of oars,' the double r a p u d s : I.T. 1314, Polyb. Poet. Lat. Minor. ii p. 364 on Salnonicus de medieilia
i. 46. 11, Plut. Ant. 63 r o b s r a p u o b s TGV VE&Y ~ Y E L P D T S 944). ,In Lucian iii. 45 an Arabian charm is E'w@?j
teal n r ~ p d u a si ~ a ~ i p w e r v rrohvdvupos.
 T t3E CLASSICAL REVIEW.

p r g a t . Val. Flacc. 7. 184 cantu trilingui.

Burmann's note on 389 magico sono. 464
septeno murmure. 488 tacitis cantibus.
8. 69 Xedea carmina barbaric0 fundens pede.
The old Aiyurrrla in Heliod. vi. 14 aoAAh Paley's explanation of p d p p a p a is ' To
Darius Greek words mere /3dp/3apa ' : a truly
monstrous view. It is only by a convention
makes a corpse stand up .and it. they are speaking Greek a t all ; you are to
It answers in a husky voice. Eur. I.T. 1335 imagine they are speaking Persian. And
&vwk6Au& ~ a ~ia r l j 8 cPLpPapa p l k v paYc60uu', Aeschylus to call Greek language barbarous
&s $ 6 ~ 0 vyouua ~ 84, says the Egyptian to any one ! The Persians speak of them-
messenger." Among cther things, we see selves as ,8Lp/3apoi in 9 places of this play.
they are described as various, long, lugu- It should now be evident that what are
brious, unintelligible, barbarous. Add Wytten- meant are the long-drawn, magical, out-
bach's Plutarch vi p. 1009, Nonn. D. 4. 272. landish incantations.
To the Greeks, all the prayers of Magi But where are they 9 If the Chorus say
were CrryGai, that is, magic spells ; and their 3 i' htcr p o u ; vCPOcv ;pa K A ~ E LF O U ; that
length was characteristic of them : Strabo implies that there has already been some
733 oE MdYor in the Persian sacrifice to call he might have heard. I n Lucan 6. 744
water 78s i7ry8hs ~ o i o i r v r a i X O X ~ V X P 6 v ~ ~ ,when Erichtho cries to the infernal powers
;@~WV ~VPLK~VWV XETTGV 8kU/AVv K ~ T $ ~ O V: T Eparetis
S ? a n ille competlal~dusevit quo nun-
and in Cappadocia (rroh; yhp i ~ s ir; rijv quam terra vocato non concussa tremit ? i t is
Mrtywv +irXov) xGp ~da/3carov $uXcl~~ouoivol after she has already mzde a passionate
Mclyoi. ~ a ~l a 0 '~ i p l p a v82 ciui6v~csi ~ ~ 8 0 u u r vapped ; and so i t is in Stat. Theb. 4. 500
3pav uxc8dv TL rrp& TO; rrupi)s r i v 8luP7]v rijv atque hic Teiresias, nondunz adventantibus
;d/38wv Zxovrcs. Lucian's Chaldaenn illage, urnbyis, ' testor,' ait 'divae, quibus hunc
i. 465 iijcrlv riva p a ~ p h vZxrXlymv. saturavimus ignenz, luevaque concussae dedi-
I n the Yersae the Chorus in answer to mus cccrchesia terrae, ianz nequeo tolerare
Atossa say in quiet anapaests o 6 TC rrLPrrr moram. Cassusne sacerdos audior ? a n rabido
xohs 0aAdpous irri, yijs, +p&s 0' i:pvois airr106- iubeat si Tl~esscclacantu ibitis? et Scythicis
pc0a +0i/*dvwv rroprro;s c & # ~ ~ o v ac?var s ~ a r h quotiens armata velzenis Colchis aget, tvepido
yalas.-dXAh XOdvro~SaGovcs &yvol, Tij TC ~ a l pallebunt Ibrtara motu?' But to Darius
'Epyij, paorXcG T' dvlpwv, rrlP+ar1 ZvcpOcv there has been no appeal a t all ; nor surely
~ / I u x ~€is
v C # & S€i K O S018~
. ydp 71 K ~ K &~ V iTAr'ov, could the previous invocation have been de-
pdvos &v 0vVrGv rrlpas Z&~OL.T hen, in our scribed in these excessive epithets. I think
text, their hymn begins, and the first words we must understand that they begin by in-
i t opens with are these : voking Darius with i a y 8 a l in unintelligible
9 r*
..I.
jargon ; then they break iuto their hymn :
7 p arri pou p a ~ a p l r a s ' 0 does he hear me uttering i n outlandish
icro8aipwv PaoiAc;s terms, but plain to him, this diverse long-drawn
p+pPag; @a+?vij dismal-sounding speech 9 Or must 1pierce the
rcvros r h rravaloX' ai- earth with yet more agonizing cries?' T&
avij 8icrOpoa pdyPar7, 4 22 rravaloAa, those they have just been uttering ;
though the article might, of course, imply
26 The grammariaus derived ydvs from ydos : Suid.
'the usual ritual,' ~h v6pipa. The refrain
p. 1127 Bernhardy, I'ovreia 8k E'xl 706 dvdyrtv va~pbv
81' i x t ~ ~ f i a € w s8e€v
. €fp17al dxb T&V Y ~ W Y T&V
in 667, 675 / 3 d u ~ r rrdrcp ~ K ~ KAaprdv,
E 02.
Op$v~v~ i ( vTEPL 70;s T ~ ~ O V~ ISV O ~ ; V W Y . Eustath. probably represents the magic incantation.
1147. 8 7b ' B P ~ V E ;Zxy8hs'Y 7aLrbv 8u71 r @ yocpijs The effect of the incantation was to rend
2au8etv, b ~ a 1~611sxotei. Liddell and Scott Bag and cleave the earth, making an open pas-
'ydvs, properly a wailsr, howler, and so (from the
hozul in which spells were chanted, barbarieus sage either for the operators t o descend by
ulz~latus Seneca) a wizard, sorcerer, enchanter.' or for the ascension of the ghost. This is
This however ia only a plausible etymology ; in definitely stated in half-a-dozen passages :
nsaue ydvs ncrer means a wnikr. Lucian i. 470 Necyomant. 10 r90;s otv after
2P Idv~oshI, which has other cases of psilovis In the
lyrics of this play, 540 dxahais, ii79 Bhl' prima manu, the incantation of the Babylonian Mage
644 byep6ves, 679 Bpdp~ra:cf. 661 1 ~ o u . This may Zrravra Z~cZva ioaAcicro teal 6 ~ r6ijs irrySi/s
be a correct tradition ; for, as I have pointed out, rov'8a$oc; &vcPPrjYvuroand the infernal regions
the language is Ionicised iu a conventiollal degree. were discovered : we descended S L ~TOG
If the Persians must speak Greek a t all, they will ~ d u p a r o s . Tibull. 1. 2. 45 haec cantu
speak the dialect of Asia.
zz Dindorf for BdypaTa. CL Stat. TheE. 4. 504, JOnditque solum manesque sepulcris elicit.
Lucan. 6. 744, quoted presently. Ov. Am. i. 8. 1 7 evocat antiquis proavos
58 T H E CLASSICAL REVIEW.
rctacospue sepulci.rs et solidanz lo~cgocarmine
filzrlit hunzunz. Renz. Am. 8.53 me duce non
tunzulo prodive iubebitur u ~ n b r c;~non anus
i nf o m i carmine rumpet J~unzum. Lucan vi.
726 pevque cavns terrae quas egit carnzine
rimas ilfc~nibusillutrat. This is the descrip-
tion of t h e result i n Sen. Oed. 567 : canitpue
rztrsus, et terrana intuens g~avioreJ f a n ~ svoce
et attonita ciet. latravit Hecates turba : ter
valles cavcie sonuere maestum : tota szcccusso
solo pzclsccta tellus. ' c~zcdior' vates ait, ' rc~ta
verbs fudi.' s*un~,piturcciecunz chaos, iterpue
populo Bitis ad supevos datuv. subsedit
omnis silva et erecit comarri : duxeve I-imus
rubora, et totum nenaus concussit i~orror.
terra se retro dedit gemuitqzce penitus. sive
temptari ccbditum Scheron projl~zclummente
non aequcc tzclit, sive ipsa tellus u t daret
f t ~ n c t i s vimn cosnpage rupta sonuit, aut ira
furens triceps cc~tenasCerberus rnovit graves,
subito dehiscit tewa et immenso sinu laxatcc
pcctuit. Ovid makes t h e earth groan too
when Clirce calls, with deadly magic herbs,
upon t h e Powers of Night and Hecate :
Wet. 14. 406 exiluere loco (dictu mirabile)
silvae, ingenauitque solum.. ..et lapides visi
mvgitus edere raucos : the same is among the
effects of Medea's incantations Met. 7.
204-6. iLpollonius of Tyana in Philostr.
iv. 16 professes to have raised Achilles u p
oCXl PdOpov 'O8vcraCws dpvt&pcvos oi8' dpvGv
aEj*a~l+vXaywy?jcras,dhh' ~ G ~ & y c v6orsd u a Tois
that he suspects the passage is in some way
ripwa~v oi 'IvGol 4acriv e1?~ccr0ai ' Achilles,
corrupt. Probahly the effects of sorcery are
most men sn.y t h a t you are dead, but I do
meant.' Wecklein and Zomarides, taking
not agree, a n y more t h a n Pythagoras my
( a ~some
master; if I am right, then come and prove
t o be rr6Xcs, understdnd by Xap&crac~ai
it t o m y eyes ' ; whereupon u e i cr p 6 s piv
t h e beating of the ground 69 the dancing of
r e p >T ~ VK O ~ O V ~PPaX&s
V
ZYLvc~o,and Achilles the C h o ~ u s. they say that Xap&ucr~ivh ere is
d v ~ 8 6 0 ~ .E ucrates in Lucian Philopseud. 22
iii. 50 relates how Herate avveared to hit11
L L
~ e l c r p . 0 ~TLVOS Y ~ K ~ L P~ O ~ OS ~ O~V ;K
p
pp0vTiIs.
is no reason whatever to suppose the Chorus
I n the Persae, when Darius is called up,
here have a n y dance a t all ; in the second
he addresses the Chorus in these terms :
place no one ever raised a ghost by dancing ;
W h a t is t h e meaning of crrdvc~ K L K O X T ~ L
~ a lX a p & a u e ~ a iiri8ov ? I n view of t h e ;?3 N, explanation is in the earlier; in the
passages I have adduced we may suppose, I later there is no alternative suggestion.
think, t h a t it is the result of the $vXaywyol
ydoi . and the later scholia 23 explaln i t so :
schol. A ~ l v air6vov ~ a ~l a ~ o x & O c l irdcrxc~ av 4
rrdhis ~ a a.rcv&[cl
i ~ a iorov i~ TGV d8vppijv
i K ~ T W O E V . r o h o 82
~ i ~ o n - 7 ~ 1a1Xi a P C ; u u ~ ~?j ayjj
c'lprl~cv,871 G K iroAhi;v 5yi;v u7cvayyijv i]
yij iayticra dvd8wKk yc. Schol. B X a p & c r a c ~ a ~ ]
8iauXi[c.rai ~ o i sOp<vois. Theqe are merely
two expressions of one and the same view ;
but they have not appealed to modern critics,
t o whom the virtue of the ydol has been
quite unknown. Hermann took these scholia
to be different explanations : ' Interpre-
tationes in scholiis duae prostant, una, q!la
r a p t a tellus, tit Darius a b inferis exire
posset, intelligitur, quae a h usu verbi ab-
horret e t ad sensum absurcla est ; altera qua
lamentis lacerari regio significatur.' Paley
s a j s : ' W h a t is meant by the plain being
' c u t u p and ploughed,' i.e, whether by the
violent gestures, impatient stamping, &c.,
of those who evoke Darius, or by t h e noise
and turmoil of the army and mar chariots,
or riven by a n earthquake to give the ghost
a passage to t h e upper world, is not clear.
The later Scholiasts understand the 0pijvo~
and d8vppoi, but the Greek words a r e a s
inapplicable to the mere sounds of grief as
they seem peculiarly appropriate to t h e
tramp of armies ... ..Hermann is so dis-
satisfied with t h e Scholiast's explanation,
, do) the subject of arivei, K Q K O T T ~ L
~i80v
used in the sense of vicrcr~iv, which Hes.
Scut. 62 applies to lio~~ses, XOdva 6' ~ K T U T O V
&KCES ZTVOL
~ V ~ U U~O V T E SXrlXrjui.
~ Well,-there
~
you might dance for a day without bringing
a corpse up : and imagine these aged vener-
able men skipping and scoring the ground
with their old hoofs ! Schuetz, taking (as I
do) all the three verbs to refer to iriaov, sup-
posed them to be the result of t h a t drum-
ming on the ground which we have remarked
above : ' solemne enim erat manes evocanti-
bus terram manibus pulsare ;adeoque Darius,
gemit, inquit, pulsatur, ac tantum non
scinditur sokm.' This, though Hermann
says ' Schutzii interpretationem nemo ele-
D
ant em esse sibi oersuadet.' has found
favour; M . Weil accepts it and Prof.
 THE C L A S S I C A L ILEVIEW. 59

Tucker (Ci~oeph.p. 78), quoting also t h e Persephones. Here, if i t were not for t h e
opinion of Dr. Verrall to t h e same effect,. other passages, it might be thought t h a t
Dr. Verrall may have been influenced by a pulsc~ntimeans ' c ~ t he beating of my hands';
note of Mr. Frazer's (Pausa.n. iv p. 239-40) b u t immediately before it his voice t h a t
on smiticg of t h e earth with rods," a passage produces t h e pulsation of t h e pyre and of
which Miss Harrison also uses (J.H.S. 1900 the flame, and in Sen. Oed. 570, when tota
xx p. 107) for t h e interpretation of a paint- succusso solo pulsatc~tellus, it is the voice of
ing on a lekythos and t h e title of Sophocles' Teiresias t h a t produces t h e effect.-Since
Satyric play IIavS&pa .tj ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 6 7 ~ 0 1 t.h e x o a l in this case would naturally be
This explanation of Pers. 685 is ' f a r the made in a /3dQpos, X a p d u a t r a i might refer to
most reasonable of those suggested ; t h a t i t excavation of t h e earth, if there mere any
i s t h e t,rue one I find i t difficult t o believe passage t h a t could warrant i t ; perhaps t h e
i n face of testimony. From Homer down- phrasing of the line implies that the actions
wards we have marry descriptions i n detail of t h e lamentation-groaning, beating on
of ghost-raising, and from Homer down- t h e breast, and laceration of the flesh-are
wards many cases of drumming on t h e transmitted to t h e passive earth.
ground ; but I can find no example (nor has From t h e same note of Prof. Tucker's
one been quoted) where spirits a r e evoked (Cho. p. 78) I learn t h a t there is another
by i t ; it' is never nsed in necromancy; passage which Dr. Verrall would refer to
never part of magic ritual : whereas, on t h e t h e suppliant's beating on the ground. H e
other hand, t h e riving or convulsion of the thinks t h a t ' i n this custom lies t h e explan-
earth is again and again attributed to t h e ation of v. 374,' and Prof. Tucker considers
power of incantation. There is no mention t h e explanation (which he quotes there)
i n t h e Persae of hands drumming : only two satisfactory. I do not know whether others
instruments are mentioned by Atossa ; she will agree ; this is t h e passage :
brings X o d ~herself t o propitiate the Earth-
powers generally (612), and then calls upon
the Chorus t o evoke Darius with Gpvois,
622 & h i ' ?J $~%oi, xoaTui ~ a ' f u V8 E~~ T / ~ O V~ p v o v s
& r t v $ q p ~ ~76v
r ~ TE 8aiELovaAapc;ov d v a ~ a X ~ ; u 0 c .
They reply 627, r; TE r r i p r r ~ x o h s 0aXdpovs
ST& yrjs, r j p ~ i s8' Zpvois a E ~ T j u o p ~ ~+Oirivwv
~6a ' However, the thud of this double scourge
r o p r r o l ) ~~iJ$povas E?vai. Then they begin, as
goes home-the chccmpions of the one side are
usual, bylimploring t h e Authorities t o permit already under earth, while the side i n power
t h e rising of their subject, and work upon have hands deJiled by murder : when has
t h e .feelings of Darius with their piteous there ever been for children a case more
plaints ; his ascension is a t length-and abominable than this ? ' The double ' scourge,'
reluctantly, as usual - permitted. He by a common metaphor, i q t h e double tcbunt,
accepts t h e X o d ~(687) on ascending, b u t which is employed t o enrage t h e spirit of
what h a r e moved him to appear are t h e their father ; and t h e Greek shows clearly
y!mXaywyol yo'oi (688, 699), There is no t h a t t h e two lashes are t h e clauses joined
mention of any beating on t h e ground ; and by p l v and 8;: they are t h e explanation,
t h e only passage I know on which t h a t stated with asyndeton, of Gixhrjs. It was
colour could be p u t is Stat. Theb. 4. 472 t h e y a y of Greek, when giving the two
where Teiresias exckc~,mat(tremuere rogi, et details meant by 8~rrAois,8i8vPos, Giruds and
vox impulit ignem), ' Tartareae sedecr, . . . t h e like, to specify them by t h e particles
TE . . . TE, T E . . . ~ a i ,o r p 2 v . . . 8C: e.g. I'ers.
solvite pulsanti loca nbuta et inane scvercbe
Since baB6opavr~laappears not to he included by
169, Theb. 769 (read ~ ~ a i u u o ~ d ~T'), v wAgam.
v
M. BouchB-Leclercq in La Divination, I give here 337, 826 dX60s ~ L ~ T A O 74 I ~ Er L
r ~ r r a , u L vV~~ U O V -
collected references t o it. The baiBBwv 6 6 ~ ~men- 7 ~ 70;s T' a i ~ b asirroij vrljpauiv p a p 4 v c ~ a i~ a T&V l
tioned by Strabo 733[(quoted above) is 'the b a r e s m a 0vpa;ov o*Xpov ~ i r o p & v~ T C V E L . Supp. 1020
(now called b a r s o,m), a bundle of sacred twigs okrlcris 62 ~ a Sl i r h i j x d p a ' r;lv p2v TIcharyo's,
which the priest holds in his hand while reciting t h e
prayers. . . . . The Parsls in India found i t con- T ; ~ V 82 ~ a rrdXis l 8i80i. Enr. Andr. 506. If
venient to replace them by brass wires, which, when this usage had been recopnised by critics,
once consecrated, can be used for an indefinite period.' they would all have seen that i n Agam. 645
Darmesteter Zend-Avesta I. p. 22. For these and
others see Phoenix Coloph. (Ath. 530 e), the rich ?5 X 6 P 05%
~ ~ Su~aiUTUYEPGY T O ~ T W Ynaiul8i pGhhov
schol. on Nicand. Ther. 613, Hdt. iv. 67, where Stein ycyc'vqra~ M S . I adopt the corrections of Schoe-
quotes Ammian. Marc. xxxi. 2. 24, Tac. Germ. 10. mann ; but naiui ought not to have been changed :
-But this was not t o Mr. Frazer's purpose, for they it is from the children's point of view they are con-
were not used to beat the ground with. sidering it.
60 T H E CLASSICAL R E V I E W .

T ~ A E pLBv Z X K o s $v TA 8$piov T V X E ~POX-V,

Xohs 82 POXXGV i ~ a Y ~ u 6 E I v ~ a8s6Zp G v
dv8pas 8 L T X Zj p & u T L y L T ; / V "Aprp + i X ~ i ,
t h e two lashes of t h e double scourge a r e
the two clauses specified by pCv and 84 t h e ' A n d then a t last our voice will vent, for
public and the private blow.--803~0s ipdcr- deliverance of the house and wind set fair,
0Xrs Nonn. D. 10. 1 3 . the wizards' strain, ' The vessel speeds1 Evil i s
I n ordinary parlance pdyos, ydps and removed from my friends a n d my own gain,
2 ~ ~ 8 were6 s synonymous in scorn (pdYos ~ a l my own, increased withal '. This was a very
ydps Aeschin. 73.13, y6rls Zrv8ds Eur. Bacch. natural view for slaves to take : remember
227, Zp' O ~ K <rrY8ds, o i Yd7]s X ~ + U O~" '~ E; in t h e Agamemnon, when the beacon-fire
Hippol. 1035), suggesting 'sorcerer,' 'quack,' shines out, how the Watchman dances a pas
' wizard,' ' juggler,' ' charlatan ' ; and a seu1,28 remarking to himself in a colloquial
common sneer a t them was ' mercenary ' and metaphor 'I shall score by my masters' luck;
' avaricious.' I n Soph. O.T. 388 Oedipus i n this beaconing has turned u p trumps for me'.
his anger calls Teiresias piyov ~ o t d v 8 ~H e mill see t h e return of Agamemnon ; be
p~Xavopp&+ov,86Xiov h y i p ~ v ,d a ~ i s iv Tois released from his long sentry; and doubtless
K d p 8 E u L v pdvov 8~80~KEv : and i n Antig. also receive a reward for his good news, for
1034 Creon exclaims 0682 ~ ~ V T L ZK P~~ ~~ KS T O S this was the regular Oriental custom : 'The
5plv E$L, TGV 8' ; i ~ a i y ~ v ~ vi&px6XTPai
s herdsman came, and standing before me
~ & p r r c + d p ~ i u rr&Xai.
~a~ K E p 8 a l v E T', Zp-
said, 0 my master, I will tell thee a thing
T O X ~ T E 7676 8ap8e&v ~ ~ X E K T ~ O~iV , , B o ~ ~ E u ~which c , shall gladden thy soul c~ndsr'iull gain
~ a Tl ~ V' T V ~ L X v a t 1155 t a u n t s me the ggt of good tidings' Burton's Thousand
K ~P V~ ~: 6and
t h e prophet with venality t o his face, T A Nights and a Night (ed. 1894) i. p 27, where
~ ~ V T L y&p ~ O V 1061 ~ l v e i ,
K ~ Vr 5 v + L ~ & ~ ~ VyCvos,
h e observes ' Arabic " Al-Basharah ", t h e
pdvov 82 p i ' s l K EIp 8 c u L v XEIYWV : and gift everywhere claimed in the East and in
everyone will remember Adeimantus' de- Boccaccio's I t a l y by one who brings good
scription in Plat. Rep. 3 6 4 ~ - 3 6 5 8 of t h e news. Those who do the reverse expose
mendicant quacks who -go to rich men's doors, themselves to a sound strappado'. So i t
ciy6p~aiKaL / L ~ V T E L SZ?r> rrXovui~v66pas ~ ~ V T Ewas S , i n Greece; if messengers bring bad
professing t o have power obtained from news, i t is with apprehension ; but for good
heaven t o procure by sacrifices and in- news they receive largesse or entertainment,
cantations the healing of their sins, or and have no scruple in suggesting it: see
promising t o harm their enemies, whether Soph. 0.5".190 dxfj(' ~ P W ST O L ~ p l i ~ odyyelXas s
good or bad, a t a small expense, p e ~ &up1~pGv T & ~ E~ p b s u03 T L K ~p 8 ci v a L p L ~ a Kl T ~ ~ ~ V

GaravGv dpolws 8lKalOV d 8 ; ~/ ~ X~& + E ~ VZrrayw- X d P ~ v492-6, , 0.T.230, 1002-6, El. 797-802,
yais T L U L~ a ~a~a8cupois,27
l ~ o h Bcois,
s Gs + a r t , Eur. Hel. 1280-3, Ion 759, Aeracl. 789, 888 :
P € ~ ~ o v TU&~ L U L~V' K 7 ) P E ~ E ~ ~ .
cf. Ag. 591. Since Y ~ ~ T E while
S , delivering
I n Aesch. Cho. 815 after praying the others, were proverbial also for a n eye t o
Gods to speed Orestes' hand, t h e Chorus with their own pockets, the Chorus here look
sly humour say : forward humorously t o ' the wizards' strain '.
B u t if you consult the editors, you will
find a very different notion. Since Blom-
field and Hermann they have all assumed
t h a t y o $ ~ w v is a n error for yoa~Gvor y o a ~ d v ,
' wailers ', ' wailing ' . - - P , ~ o ~ T oinv 815 i@an
error for some adjective; K A V T ~Bamberger; V
vdpov p ~ 6 r j u ~ p e v ~ perhaps PXVTCV' t h e cleansed house '. 818
6poi K ~ E K T ~(with V dpo in erasure) is a cor-
26 Driven out, as it were as 2 ~ a y l u ~ o umeommzrni-
s, ruption of some compound adjective. oipto-
catc and banned, h y v h d ~ yp d u ~ r y r uuvtJpa~bas~ d p a U T ~ T U Vis a metaphor derived from wind, like
Lycophr. 436 (with Bachmanii's note) : the critics
miss the point. I t seems probable that in Cho. 288 8 ~ T ~1O U ~ T ~ T~$~LO ~apGla9
V a o r 2 ~ a iAg. 967
we should read 6 1 d ~ * ~ @ Ta ~1 A E WxSa h ~ q h d ~ (or y (cf. Cho. 390); it applies both to t h e fortune
Iyqha'71p) p d o ~ l ~hupav~kv
r B6pas: see Wecklein's of t h e house and to the 0 5 ~ 0~$.LVWVs (Pind. P.
textual note. Thus Christ drove out the money- iv. 3 ) . - r A ~ i is Kirchhoff's correction of T ~ X C L :
changers from the Temple with s scotwge (John 2. 15),
as defilers and pollutcrs of it. it is a colloquial phrase like Plaut. Bacchid.
So I punctuate ; the usual punctuation is at 797 pulcre haec confertur mavis, Ov. Past. 4.
B ~ ~ $ E Ibut
Y , surely the xa~a6E'uersdeJixionev bind the
human victim. See for instance Legg. 933 A, D, 28 The editors do not notice this. I t stands for a
Theocr. ii. 3, 1 0 sqq. For Iraywyai see Ruhnken little interval before thechorus appear at the sum-
Timaem, p. 114=96. mons of Clytemnestra.
 THE CLASSlCAL R E V I E W . 61

18 dum licet et spirant Jamina, navis eat, Eur. H.EI 1179, El. 1149.-One of the
Plat. Legg. 813 D .rr&vra rjpb ~ a r d' pebv .rrXei, scholia has T ~ VTGV y ~ o?ov, ~&s $80vui
~ ~ ~
Liban. iv. 12. 34 70:s y h p O ~ T Wy v & p ~ s~ x o ~ u i v i ' r ~ p i i d v ~ e(corrected
s by Victorius for rraptdv-
it oCplas +ACT ~h r p d y p a r a +ipeuOat Lucian T E S ) r j v r 6 X t v : for this word in its special
ii. 698 r a v r i p i v $ 6 ~ a r hboGv .rrpoXwpe'i 74 application to yo'rlr~sand d y d p r a i , see Ruhn-
A d p i 6 i , ~ a . rl r X r u l u ~ i o si7r1 T ~ VV ~ K V V+ ~ ~ E T C L L . - ken Tim. pp. 10 and 180 = 213.
i p b v i p d v as in Pratinas Bergk iii. p. 558, W. HEADLAM.

REVIEWS.
HORACE A N D A MONASTIC RIVAL.

Odes Choisies d' Horace. Par B. BAELDEet moralit; and art. It need hardly be said
& I.
LEGRAIN. Brussels : Desclee, De that in the matter of vdritd (which means
Brouwer et Cie. ' the fact conveyed ' : e.g, that Drusus con-
Proses d' Adam de Saint-Victor. P a r M. quered the Rhaeti, or that St. Paul was
L'ABBB LEGRAIN. Same publishers. converted by a vision of Christ), and in
Proses d' Adnm et Odes d' Hbrace. P a r B. moralitd, the monk has much the best of it.
BAELDE,M. T,EGRAIN et L. GUILLAUNE. But it is open to doubt whether, in respect
Same publishers. of art (which is taken to include inspiration
as well a s style), Horace is so frequently
THESEthree volumes are intended to be inferior as M. Guillaume and his coadjutors
used together as text-books for a course in would make him out to be. I have tried
the comparative study of literature. They to approach this question with candour :
appear to form part of a series issued under to dismiss from my mind the prejudice
the general direction of Canon Guillaume which a reader trained to classical Latin
of Namur, and approved by the Bishop of may easily feel against ecclesiastical Latin
that see. The first book above-named of the twelfth century : to allow that pious
contains a selection from the Odes and devotion is in itself a sort of inspiration,
Epodes of Horace with a n Introduction and to think i t possible that a writer who,
and Notes by two gentlemen who are pro- as M. Guillaume admits, has been forgotten
fessors in Roman Catholic schools in for nearly four centuries, was nevertheless
Belgium. The notes are sufficient for the a poet of the first order. But, after all,
purpose in hand, which is, to make a toler- I am wholly unable to agree with M.
able sense of the Latin, and to show that Guillaume in his appreciations. H e con-
Horace was not a Christian and that he had tends, in the main, that, whereas Horace
many tricks of style. The only novelty that I is frigid, imitative, a courtier, out of touch
observe is the reading, a t C, iv. 2. 49, tuque with the people, Adam is inspired, inventive,
dum praedicis ' io triumphe,' but there are popular. H e was certainly copious and
other signs that &I.Baelde or M. Legrain may have been inventive in the matter of
is a very peremptory editor. The second rhythms : he was popular in his use of
book gives a selection of the Proses, or rhyme and alliteration and short sentences :
rhymed Latin hymns, of one Adnm, a he can pray with fervour : but his language
Breton, who was n monk in the Abbey of is quite lacking in distinction, and his
Saint-Victor a t Paris in the twelfth century. thoughts are either popular in the worse
Here also there are an Introduction and sense, that is to say, common-place, or else
Notes which I found extremely useful. obscure with a singular monastic pedantry.
The third is the complement of the other His verse is, in great part, a sort of Hebrew
two, and contains a longer and more detailed Latin, a mosaic of tags from the Prophets
account of Proses, and of Adam's style : and Canticles applied, by a mysterious sym-
then a translation of the selected proses bolism, to Christ and the Virgin. It is
and odes, with suggestions of literary eaky to prove this point, for N. Guillaume
parallels : and finally, many close compari- has considerately provided a dictionary of
sons of proses with odes, the criticisms of Adam's usual symbols, frdm which I take
each being ranged under the heads of vdritd, the following short specimens.