TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO
THE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG
CHAITANYA ENGG COLLEGE

SUBMITTED BY
G DURGA NAGA ANIRUDDH
07L61A0212

Page 1
PREFACE:

In this paper I would like to illustrate the necessity of power quality and its management.
Electrical energy is one of the main elements for the economical development of society. The just
aspirations of modern societies to economical growth have forced us to secure more continual energy
resources. With the rapid growth of the information-based economy, widespread expansion of
electronic devices has become a prevalent phenomenon in both the public and private sectors. The
current trend toward miniaturization in microelectronics increased processing speed and greater
functionality results in a particular sensitiveness to certain kinds of electromagnetic perturbations. Thus,
this situation is not only bringing about a greater demand for electricity, but in addition higher levels of
power quality and reliability (PQR) needs, in quantities and time frames that have not been experienced
before.
The reliability of the power supply delivered by utilities varies considerably and depends on a
number of external factors. This infrastructure was designed primarily to serve “analog electrical
devices”, which are generally tolerant to voltage fluctuations in the power supply. However, the present
electric power grid is unable to consistently provide the PQR level required by the “digital devices” of
our information-based economy.
The problems associated with the presence of disturbances on power distribution systems are
not just the power-quality problems but also affect the energy efficiency of the plant. As far as energy
efficiency is concerned in a building power-distribution system, the two dominant factors in power
quality are its unbalanced distortion and harmonic distortion. Unbalanced distortion in three phase
supply voltages will create negative sequence components causing additional power losses in
conductors and motors. On the other hand, harmonics created mainly by the nonlinear electronic loads,
can damage the system components.
In the future, the use of PQ mitigation technologies and their incorporation into electrical
systems and electronic equipment will also prevent an increase in the number of problems detected.
Then, it will also contribute to an improvement in the efficiency of our daily activities.

Page 2
ABSTRACT:

In little more than ten years, electricity power quality has grown from obscurity to a major issue. Electronic
converters and power electronics gave birth to numerous new applications, offering unmatched comfort, flexibility
and efficiency to the customers. The technological advancement in electronic field resulted into sophisticated
equipments. The use of such equipments is increasing day by day because of their advantages. These equipments are
highly sensitive to poor power quality. When wave shapes are irregular, voltage is poorly regulated, harmonics and
flicker are present, or there are momentary events that distort the usually sinusoidal wave, and the power utilization
is degraded. The widespread use of high-power semiconductor switches at the utilization, distribution and
transmission levels have made non-sinusoidal load currents more common. These require reliable and good power
quality free from all power quality issues. However, their proliferation during the last decade is creating a growing
concern and generates more and more problems: not only these electronic loads pollute the AC distribution system
with harmonic currents, but they also appear to be very sensitive to the voltage distortion. Then, electricity power
quality is becoming a major issue for utilities and for their customers, and both are quickly adopting the philosophy
and the limits proposed by the new International Standards. Today, recent advances in power electronic technology
are providing an unprecedented capability for conditioning and compensating harmonic distortion generated by the
non-linear loads. This new innovative active conditioner appears to be the easiest of use, the most flexible, the most
efficient and cost effective one. Power quality monitors assist the trouble shooter to identify and solve many power
quality problems. Disturbance waveshapes from these monitors provide important clues toward locating the source
of these problems. The paper presents examples showing how to analyze these clues, but also shows that similar
disturbance waveshapes may still have radically different causes.

Keywords: voltage notching, measurement aggregation, waveform distortions, PQ analyzers.

Page 3
INDEX:

CONTENT
S.NO PAGE NUMBER
1. Introduction 5

2. POWER QUALITY 6
(i) Why are we concerned about Power Quality
(ii) The Power Quality Evaluation Procedure
POWER QUALITY ISSUES
(i) Why are we concerned about Power Quality
(ii) Power Quality Disturbances
3. (i) Voltage Notching 7
(ii) Loose Connections
(iii) Detecting Insulation Failures
4. (i) Capacitor Switching disturbances 8
UNDERSTANDING SUMMARY PLOTS
CBEMA
5. POWER QUALITY ANALYZERS AND 9
CONTROLLERS
(i) DYSC
(ii) Flywheel
(iii) Dynamic Voltage Restorer
(iv) Series Active Power Filter
(v) Capacitor Demand meter
6. (i) Harmonic Filters 10
(ii) Shielded Isolation Transformers
(iii) K-Rated Transformers
INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR HARMONIC
MEASUREMENT
POWER QUALITY MONITORING
7. Conclusion 11

8. References 12

Page 4
 1. INTRODUCTION:

The term power quality has become one of the most prolific buzzwords in the power industry since the late
1980s. It is an umbrella concept for a multitude of individual types of power system disturbances. Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard IEEE1100 defines power quality as “the concept of powering
and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for the equipment.” As appropriate as this
description might seem, the limitation of power quality to “sensitive electronic equipment” might be subject to
disagreement. Electrical equipment susceptible to power quality or more appropriately to lack of power quality
would fall within a seemingly boundless domain. All electrical devices are prone to failure or malfunction when
exposed to one or more power quality problems. The electrical device might be an electric motor, a transformer, a
generator, a computer, a printer, communication equipment, or a household appliance. All of these devices and
others react adversely to power quality issues, depending on the severity of problems.
In the last 50 years or so, the industrial age led to the need for products to be economically competitive,
which meant that electrical machines were becoming smaller and more efficient and were designed without
performance margins. At the same time, other factors were coming into play. Increased demands for electricity
created extensive power generation and distribution grids. Industries demanded larger and larger shares of the
generated power, which, along with the growing use of electricity in the residential sector, stretched electricity
generation to the limit. Today, electrical utilities are no longer independently operated entities; they are part of a
large network of utilities tied together in a complex grid. The combination of these factors has created electrical
systems requiring power quality.
Both electric utilities and end users of electric power are becoming increasingly concerned about the
quality of electric power. The issues that fall under power quality concept are not necessarily new. What is new is
that engineers are now attempting to deal with these issues using a system approach rather than handling them as
individual problems. There are four major reasons for the increased concern:

1. Newer-generation load equipment, with microprocessor-based controls and power electronic devices, is more
sensitive to power quality variations than was equipment used in the past.

2. The increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency has resulted in continued growth in the application
of devices such as high-efficiency, adjustable-speed motor drives and shunt capacitors for power factor correction
to reduce losses. This is resulting in increasing harmonic levels on power systems and has many people concerned
about the future impact on system capabilities.

3. End users have an increased awareness of power quality issues. Utility customers are becoming better informed
about such issues as interruptions, sags, and switching transients and are challenging the utilities to improve the
quality of power delivered.

4. Many things are now interconnected in a network. Integrated processes mean that the failure of any component
has much more important consequences.

Page 5
2 POWER QUALITY

2.1 Why are we concerned about Power Quality: The ultimate reason that we are interested in power quality is
economic value. There are economic impacts on utilities, their customers, and suppliers of load equipment. The
quality of power can have a direct economic impact on many industrial consumers. There has recently been a great
emphasis on revitalizing industry with more automation and more modern equipment. This usually means
electronically controlled, energy-efficient equipment that is often much more sensitive to deviations in the supply
voltage than were its electromechanical predecessors. Thus, like the blinking clock in residences, industrial
customers are now more acutely aware of minor disturbances in the power system. There is big money associated
with these disturbances. The electric utility is concerned about power quality issues as well. Meeting customer
expectations and maintaining customer confidence are strong motivators. With today’s movement toward
deregulation and competition between utilities, they are more important than ever. The loss of a disgruntled
customer to a competing power supplier can have a very significant impact financially on a utility.

2.2 The Power Quality Evaluation Procedure: Power quality problems encompass a wide range of different
phenomena. Each of these phenomena may have a variety of different causes and different solutions that can be used
to improve the power quality and equipment performance. However, it is useful to look at the general steps that are
associated with investigating many of these problems, especially if the steps can involve interaction between the
utility supply system and the customer facility. Figure 2.2 gives some general steps that are often required in a
power quality investigation, along with the major considerations that must be addressed at each step. The general
procedure must also consider whether the evaluation involves an existing power quality problem or one that could
result from a new design or from proposed changes to the system. Measurements will play an important role for
almost any power quality concern. This is the primary method of characterizing the problem or the existing system
that is being evaluated. When performing the measurements, it is important to record impacts of the power quality
variations at the same time so that problems can be correlated with possible causes. Solutions need to be evaluated
using a system perspective, and both the economics and the technical limitations must be considered. Possible
solutions are identified at all levels of the system from utility supply to the end-use equipment being affected.
Solutions that are not technically viable get thrown out, and the rest of the alternatives are compared on an economic
basis. The optimum solution will depend on the type of problem, the number of end users being impacted, and the
possible solutions.

3 POWER QUALITY ISSUES:

3.1. Power quality disturbances: Deviations of voltage or current from the ideal waveforms are generally called
power quality disturbances. The ideal waveforms in a three-phase power system are sinusoidal waveforms,
characterized by proper fixed values of frequency and amplitude; each phase waveform has the same amplitude and
the angular phase difference between them is 2/3 p radians. There are many classifications of PQ disturbances. Two
classifications widely referenced are reported in the IEC’s (International Electrotechnical Commission’s) EMC
series and in IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 1159–1995. IEEE 1159–1995 classifies the
disturbances into seven categories: transients, short duration variations, long-duration variations, voltage unbalances,
waveform distortions, voltage fluctuations and power frequency variations. In each category, the disturbances are
diversified as a function of their spectral content, duration and magnitude. The category short-duration variations
include both short interruptions and IEC voltage dips (labelled voltage sags in IEEE 1159–1995); moreover, this
category also covers voltage swells (the inverse phenomena to voltage dips). The category long-duration variation is
added to deal with ANSI C84.1–1989 limits and includes long interruptions, undervoltages and overvoltages.

Page 6
The category waveform distortions is used as a catch-all category for the IEC harmonics, interharmonics and DC in
AC networks phenomena, as well as for an additional phenomenon called notching. In the last category the
phenomenon noise is also introduced to deal with broadband-conducted phenomena. A third useful and simple
classification of PQ disturbances is ‘events’ and ‘variations’. Events are occasional but significant deviations of
voltage or current from their nominal or ideal waveforms. Variations are small deviations of the voltage or current
from their nominal or ideal waveforms. In addition, variations are practically characterized by a value at any
moment in time (or over a sufficiently long interval of time) and they have to be monitored continuously. This
classification is similar to another classification reported in the literature that separates the disturbances into
‘discrete disturbances’ and ‘continuous disturbances’. To analyze PQ disturbances, one of the indices Waveform
distortion, a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally characterized by the
spectral content of the deviation.

3.2 Voltage Notching: Disturbance of the normal power voltage waveform lasting less than a half cycle; the
disturbance is initially of opposite polarity than the waveform and, thus, subtracts from the waveform. Since
notching occurs continuously, it can be characterized through the harmonic spectrum of the affected voltage.
However, it is generally treated as a special case. The frequency components associated with notching can be quite
high and may not be readily characterized with measurement equipment normally used for harmonic analysis.
Figure 1 shows a typical case of voltage notching. This notching is caused by the operation of a controlled rectifier
that commutates current from one electrical phase to another during the ordinary operation of the power electronic
drive. This action causes the notching disturbance in the waveshape. Generally these problems are solved by
introducing inductance, such as with an isolation transformer or reactive choke, into the circuit between the rest of
the power source and the drive. In order to recognize these clues we may decide to define a rule that declares that a
waveshape with notching is being affected by a power electronic rectifier or motor drive.

3.3 Loose Connections: However, rules nearly always have exceptions! Look at figure 2. It is another waveshape
that exhibits voltage notching, but this time the cause of the disturbance is very different. It was caused by a faulty
connection in a distribution transformer. Notice that the notches in figure 2 are not at the same angular location of
the waveshape discussed previously in figure 1.When the power quality engineers at the utility company first
examined it, they were not sure at all. After a couple of days the loose connection progressed further and the
evidence was more convincing as shown in figure 3. Yet a day further and the transformer failed catastrophically
due to an internal loose lug connection. Many times in power quality monitoring, information about the cause of a
voltage disturbance may be determined from examination of current in the circuit. In this case it was particularly
instructive. Figure 4 shows both the voltage and current waveshapes on the same plot. Notice that the voltage
disturbance occurs at the time of the zero crossing of the current. This indicates that the current is tending to
extinguish itself (go to zero) at this zero crossing due to the loose circuit condition. In fact, we can see that the
current tends to be zero for several degrees. Also, the voltage is not disturbed at exactly its zero crossing because it
is not in phase with the current due to a lagging power factor, typical of an inductive load. If the disturbance in the
voltage is simultaneous with the zero crossing, then this condition indicates the possibility of a loose connection or
open circuit. We might modify this rule for a circuit with lagging (leading) power factor to state that the loose
connection is indicated when the voltage disturbance follows (leads) the zero crossing of the waveshape.

3.4 Detecting Insulation Failures: Let’s take a look at another example. Figure 5 shows a waveshape disturbance
where the fault occurs at the peak of the voltage. This particular disturbance was caused by a fault in an underground
cable. Typically underground cable faults begin with small leakage currents and progress as the insulation further
deteriorates. This process can take several days, as the cable “cooks” the insulation until the failure is finally
catastrophic. Our experience at one utility shows us that this type of waveshape fault is very typical with
underground cable failures. Now we might define a rule for an expert system that states “When a voltage waveshape
disturbance occurs at the peak of a sine wave, the likely cause is insulation breakdown.” This intuitively makes
sense to us since the voltage stress on the insulation is greatest during the peak of the sine wave therefore that is
Voltage Current the likely point of insulation breakdown. However, before we get too comfortable with our rule,
consider figure 6.
 Page 7

3.5 Capacitor Switching Disturbances: Figure 6 shows the disturbance to a waveshape during the energization of a
large capacitor bank on a utility transmission substation. The capacitor bank is being switched on to compensate for
reactive power losses to support the voltage and energy transmission capability of the transmission grid. Notice that
this waveshape also has the waveshape disturbance occurring at the peak of the sinewave. Figure 7 shows us that
capacitor switching transients are not always accompanied by the oscillatory ringing due to damping of the system
and distance on the power system. It teaches us an important lesson. The power system transmits low frequency
disturbances, but higher frequency (10 kHz and greater) are usually dampened out very quickly with any electrical
distance. So once more, experience shows us to amend our rule about insulation failure. We might state it that
“waveshape faults that initiate near the peak of the waveshape, where the voltage approaches rapidly an
instantaneous value of zero are indicative of cable faults and other insulation breakdown.” But let’s see another
exception to our rule. Figure 8 shows a waveshape fault that corresponded to the operation of a voltage regulator.
The subject voltage regulator was rated for 120V and 15amps, intended for small office loads. The operation of the
device appeared to be suspect. It was possible that a “make before break” connection was malfunctioning. However,
when the waveshape was sent to the manufacturer, their representative responded that this type of disturbance
should not affect computers. They made no comment on whether the device was operating properly! Summarizing, a
certain type of fault on the power system may be accompanied by a certain type of waveshape “signature”.
However, a specific type of waveshape signature may well have many different possible causes. Knowledge about
the location and nearby loads is usually important when interpreting the output of power disturbance analyzers.

4 UNDERSTANDING SUMMARY PLOTS

Some power quality analyzers allow the capability of summarizing multiple events on one plot. Many users
have found this a convenient way to characterize the power quality over an extended period of time. An example of
voltage sag is shown in figure 9. Sags and under voltages can cause component overheating or destruction. Usually
voltage sags are summarized with a magnitude (perhaps minimum value) and duration (time that the signal is out of
threshold values) so that these events can be compared against published equipment sensitivity limits.

4.1 CBEMA: The most popular sensitivity curves have been those developed by the Computer Business Equipment
Manufacturers Association (CBEMA). These curves represent the ability of the equipment to survive power
disturbances of a given magnitude and duration. For example, in figure 10 a total of 74 events are summarized.
Forty-four of those events are outside of the CBEMA limits and would be expected to cause a fault with equipment
designed to the CBEMA tolerances. Unfortunately, summaries such as the one shown in figure 10 can be
misleading. For example, some instruments will report on each individual phase that goes out of threshold.
Therefore, one voltage sag event may be reported three times if all of the three phase voltages fall below the
instrument threshold. In this case, the summary will show three events even though the lights blinked only once. It is
important that summary data be understandable to the end user and their perceptions of power quality. Most users
would prefer a summary that relates more directly to their perceptions of power problems, not one that gives three
data points for every time that the lights blink during a voltage sag. The PQ View Analysis software, developed by
Electrotek for EPRI provides this capability by allowing the user to perform aggregation on summary data.
Aggregation, or grouping, allows the user to combine individual events according to some important criteria, and
report the characteristics on the worst phase. So, if we use measurement aggregation to combine the results when
multiple phases trigger at the same time, we might get the data in figure. Future power quality contracts between
utilities and large customers may well specify the number of voltage sags allowable. It is almost certain that these
events will be counted using measurement aggregation so that a three-phase voltage sag will only count once.
Reclosing operations on the utility system are the process of automatically restoring tripped circuit interrupters. This
process is very important to the reliable operation of the power system. However, these operations can lead to
multiple voltage sags over a short period of time if the reclosing operation is unsuccessful. An example is shown
figure 12. Because the reclosing times are very short, normally these operations affect the customer only one time.
Power quality contracts will most likely also utilize some temporal aggregation – grouping the measurements by a
period of time. This process insures that each event reported actually refers to a “customer” event – that which is
actually significant to the end user. Figure 13 shows the same data processed by temporal aggregation. It shows that
on thirteen separate days there were severe events, and what the worst event was on each day.
 Page 8
5 POWER QUALITY ANALYZERS AND CONTROLLERS

5.1 DYSC: A DYSC is a power electronic device containing a series sag corrector and a shunt converter that
provides voltage sag immunity with a minimum retained of voltage of 50%, which covers 92%of the voltage sags
that have been reported in a large study.

5.2 Flywheel: A flywheel without a diesel generator protects the equipment against all sags as long as the inertia of
the flywheel can support the load. Most flywheels can supply the rated load for 3-15 s, which is sufficient to protect
against all voltage sags but not against supply outages.

5.3 Dynamic voltage restorer: A Dynamic voltage restorer is a power electronic controller that can protect sensitive
loads from disturbances in the power supply. It is a power electronic converter based device that has been design to
protect critical loads from all supply side disturbances other than outages. It is connected in series with a distribution
feeder and is capable of generating or absorbing real and active power at its ac terminals. The basic principle is by
inserting a voltage of required magnitude and frequency the DVR can restore the load side voltage to desired
amplitude and frequency. Even when the source voltage is unbalanced and distorted usually a DVR is connected to
protect sensitive loads during faults in the power supply system. DVR can regulate voltage at the load terminals
against any variation in the supply side voltage while consuming no real power.

5.4 Series active power filters

It is well known that series active power filters compensate current system distortion caused by non-linear
loads by imposing a high impedance path to the current harmonics which forces the high frequency currents to flow
through the LC passive filter connected in parallel to the load. The high impedance imposed by the series active
power filter is created by generating a voltage of the same frequency that the current harmonic component that needs
to be eliminated. Voltage unbalance is corrected by compensating the fundamental frequency negative and zero
sequence voltage components of the system. A Proposed series active filter topology is shown.

5.4.1 Control scheme: The block diagram of the proposed control scheme is shown in the fig below. Current and
voltage reference waveforms are obtained by using the Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory. Voltage unbalance is
compensated by calculating the negative and zero sequence fundamental components of the system voltages. These
voltage components are added to the source voltages through the series transformers compensating the voltage
unbalance at the load terminals. In order to reduce the amplitude of the current flowing through the neutral
conductor, the zero sequence components of the line currents are calculated. In this way, it is not necessary to sense
the current flowing through the neutral conductor.

5.4.2 Gating signal generator: This circuit provides the gating signals of the three-phase PWM voltage-source
inverter required to compensate voltage unbalance and current harmonic components. The current and voltage
reference signals are added and then the amplitude of the resultant reference waveform is adjusted in order to
increase the voltage utilization factor of the PWM inverter for steady state operating conditions. The gating signals
of the inverter are generated by comparing the resultant reference signal with a fixed frequency triangular waveform
(5 kHz). The triangular waveform forces the inverter switching frequency to be constant. The higher voltage
utilization of the inverter is obtained if the amplitude of the resultant reference signal is adjusted for the steady state
operating condition of the series active power filter. In this case, the reference current and reference voltage
waveforms are smaller. If the amplitude is adjusted for transient operating conditions, the required reference signals
will have a larger value, which will create a higher dc voltage in the inverter thus defining a lower voltage utilization
factor for steady state operating conditions.

5.5 Capacitor Demand Meter: It is a Power quality enhancer. Reactive Power Management is one of the aspects of
Power Quality issues as this directly relates to the customer receiving end voltage .When a capacitor is added to the
electrical network , the magnitude of the resultant network current shall change and this current needs to be
minimum at the load end terminals. Capacitor Demand Meter is which when connected at the load end terminals
shall directly indicate the KVAR rating of capacitors to be connected at that point, to keep the supply current drawn
at minimum value. Capacitors, current transformers and micro controller are the basic elements of Capacitor
Demand Meter.
 Page 9

5.6 Harmonic Filters: Filters are sometimes most cost effective in an existing structure where rewiring is difficult or
costly. The filters are used to block or trap the offending currents, lessening the harmonic loads on the wiring. But the
filter design is dependent on the equipment on which it is installed, and may be ineffective if the particular piece of
equipment is changed. Filtering characteristics need to be carefully designed for a given installation, and seeking
professional design advice is recommended. Filters are also fairly expensive on a per-kVA basis.

5.7 Shielded Isolation Transformers: Shielded isolation transformers are filtering devices that lessen feed-through
of harmonic frequencies from the source or the load. They are a plausible retrofit technique where power problems
have already been encountered, but are also quite expensive per-kVA.

5.8 K-Rated Transformers: K-rated transformers have beefed-up conductors and sometimes cooling to safely
handle harmonic loads. Alternatively, standard transformers are sometimes de-rated to allow for the extra heating
due to harmonics. Depending on the conditions encountered, a load limit of as little as 50% of the nameplate rating
is observed. This may be adequate to handle harmonics, but lowers effective transformer efficiency. A careful
comparison of the relative costs of K-rated vs. de-rated standard transformers should be made.

6 INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR HARMONIC MEASUREMENT

Power profiler BME 303A: It can measure and print in addition to various electric quantities voltage and
current total harmonic distortion and frequency.

Power network analyzer DIP8000: It is portable three phase network analyzer designed for power surveys in
which the measured data are transformed to PC for evaluation and documentation.

Dynamic signal analyzer model(Hp3561): The parameters such as fundamental frequency of A.C. current, line
or phase voltage across potential transformer.

7 POWER QUALITY MONITORING

The Emetics LM-5410 and LM-5415 can be used for power quality investigations to identify specific problems and
help in locating their cause. For situations where power quality has to be monitored on an ongoing basis, the Emetics
fixed-site units, LM-5515 and LM-5520 should be used. The LM-5410 Portable Power Monitor Recorder is a three
phase 600vac recorder supplied in a portable small case. It accepts Emetics high accuracy SMART split core CT’s in
various ranges records voltages, currents, sag/swell events and power consumption includes software, manuals,
RS232 cable and AC power cord (120/230v) and five voltage cables. The LM-5510 Wall Mount Power Monitor
Recorder is equivalent to the LM-5410 except supplied in wall mount NEMA-4X case. Telephone modem option
(TM-24) is included. The LM-5520 adds the Integrated Monitoring & Control (IMC) Option which includes 3 relays
with programmable contact operation (one latching relay and two relays NC/NO contacts), KYZ output, paging,
waveform capture and harmonic analysis.
 Page 10

8 CONCLUSION

There are several observations presented in the report that help us identify the cause of power quality
disturbances from waveshapes.

1. Insulation breakdown causes waveshape disturbances at the peak of the voltage.

2. Loose connection faults cause waveshape disturbances in the voltage waveshape near the zero crossing of the
current.

3. Capacitor energizing transients initiate a sharp transient towards the voltage zero, followed by a dampened
oscillation at the power system frequency.

4. Higher frequency transients are dampened greatly by electrical distance. Normally waveshape disturbances that
exhibit higher frequency characteristics indicate that the source of the disturbance is nearby. Knowledge about the
electrical environment is always essential in interpreting disturbance waveshapes because very different causes can
lead to similar waveshape disturbance patterns. Summary plots of r.m.s disturbance events should reflect the end
user’s perceptions of “customer events”. These plots should include aggregation of multiple events that occur
concurrently on multiple phases or within a normal utility reclosing cycle, in order not to overstate the number of
disturbances. This technique will be especially important in premium power contracts between utilities and their
most important customers.

Power Quality has become a pressing concern in the electrical power systems due to the increasing number
of perturbing loads and the susceptibility of loads to power quality problems. The globalization of industries have
heightened awareness of deficiency of power quality around the world and many governments have revised their
laws regulating electric utilities in the intent of achieving most cost competitive sources of electric energy. The new
liberalizes markets throughout the world are changing the framework in which power quality is addressed and power
quality are now of great importance to all PQ engineers. For mitigation of power quality problems, the first approach
is called Load Conditioning which ensures that the equipment is less sensitive to power disturbances allowing the
operation even under significant voltage distortion. The other solution is to install line conditioning systems that
suppress or counteracts the power system disturbances.
 Page 11

REFERENCES:

[1] ELECTRICAL INDIA SEPTEMBER 2003, VOL43 no.12ISSN 0972-3277.

[2] ELECTRICAL INDIA 31 ST DECEMBER 2002, VOL 42 24.

Page 12