c



÷ | |
 

 
To be „exical and auxiliary verb.

3| 

x uxiliaries verbsdo, have, be, did, willƦ

x„exical verbsjumpƦ
x
odals verbscan, must, may, mightƦ

‘


  


 


Y
 


   

 
      
V
e
y
ine That/those
yself
You You Your Yours This/these Yourself
She/he/it Her/him/it Her/his/its Hers/his Herself/himself/itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
xeflexive Pronouns: -Subject=object: V wash myself.

-To emphasize: V myself to the cooking.

(Emphasize: me and nobody else do the action).

÷ r

|r3| 
x girl with fair hairơ  fair-haired girl.ơ

÷ r

   
 
Some -body/-one
ny + -thing
No -where
Every

 
 ÷ o| 

†. Yes/No questions:
a. uxiliary verb+Subject+verb+complement?
b. Do you like coffee?
2. Wh- questions:
a. Complement:
i. Wh-+ ux. Verb+Sub+Verb+C?
ii. Where do you live?
b. Subject:
i. Wh-+Verb (singular) +Complements+?
ii. Who is going out tonight?

WE NEVE USE THE UXV„V Y VE WHEN WE SK OUT

SUECT.

x V always go to school on foot.

Who always goes to school on foot?

÷ rr
|r3|
| |
|
r| 

Subject+Verb+Complements:

†. Direct
2. Vndirect
3.
anner
4. Place
5. Time (only if V want V can put it in the start of the
sentence)

WHEN THE VE VS VE OF
OVE
ENT THE NEXT

CO
P„E
ENT VS THE P„ CE.
 ÷ o
 |
Nouns:

r
| 
r
|

any
uch
Fewơ or a fewơ „ittleơ or a littleơ


 


V








÷ r

|r   !| r
| |
|
|
r|
†. eason (Debido a):
ƒ ecause=since=as + sentence
ƒ ecause of=due to=owing to + noun//pronoun
2. Purpouse (Finalidad/para que):
ƒ Vn order that=so that + sentence
ƒ Vn order to=to=so as to + verb in infinitive
3. Contrast (Contrastar ideas):
ƒ lthough=though + sentence:
÷ lthough youƞre old, youƞre beautiful.
ƒ Despite=in spite of + noun or + v-ing:
÷ Despite being old. / Despite her old age.
4. Consequence (consecuencias):
ƒ So=thus=therefore + sentence
5. To add points on the same topics:
ƒ nd, in addition, furthermore, moreover, whatƞs
more, besides, also, too, as well as.
6. To describe similarity:
ƒ Similarity, likewise, in the same way.
7. To show time:
ƒ When, while, before, after, until, as soon as, by
the time.
 ÷ 3| 

"| 
something expected is going to happen. (Vn negative and
interrogative sentences.)

#at the end: V havenƞt finished it yet.

"| 

something expected has happened. (Vn affirmative sentences).

#between have/v-ed: She has already eaten.

x  

continue doing an action. (Vn any sentence).

#the same as a frequency adverb: V am still in bed.

x 3|   

| 

how you do something or how something happens:

-You work hard every day.

-Your car goes too fast.

#$%#$adjective+-ly

EXCEPTVONS: djectives ending in ƛle the eơ is substitute for

yơ: -ly.
 ÷ 

3| 
|



3| 


 †. s a complement (decide, want):

V want to go out.

2. fter some adjectives:

Vt is easy to pass English. (
odifica al adjetivo)

Nice + To Verbơ

3. Verb + someone+ to do something

Vnvite: V invite you to come to my party.
4. are infinitive (infinitive without toơ):

ake, let, help + someone to do something
WVTH HE„Pơ „SO C N PUT TOơ.
Help me to do my homework.

|
 



 &'
%()(#

V love going out.ơ

*'

$
%# 

Smoking is forbidden at school.ơ

+',# 
# 

V can live without watching TV.ơ

-',#%# 




V canƞt stand watching ads when V watch a film.ơ

(canƞt stand + V-ing)

(be/get used to + V-ing)

.'p ,#%#


a. Enjoy + V-ing
3|  |  
' /|
 r

 |
|

 




÷ Stop to eat an apple. (Start the action in infinitive).

÷ Stop eating apples. (To finish the action in gerund).

| | |0 |0|| ||  

÷ emember to post the letter. (primero recuerdas y luego

envías la carta).
÷ V remember reading that novel. (primero lees y luego
recuerdas)=(leyendo recordé esa novela)

 

÷ Try using a computer. (using=proving)

÷ Try to pass your exam.(to pass=make an effort (clear
intention)).




÷ V-ing = continue
÷ To Verbơ = change the activity

÷ |3| 
They function as adjectives:

 pretty girlơ  girl who is pretty.ơ

They modify the antecedent (a girl in this example).

|3| |
|
r| 

&'p | 

 |3| |
|
r| is a sentence which is

essential to understand the antecedent. They can be introduce
with who (person); which (animal or thing); that (person,
animal and thing).
This is the man who/that lives next to meơ. . S.
 2.

 | 

 |3| |
|
r| They give extra
information. This isnƞt necessary and it „W YS appears
between comas. You NEVE USE TH T.


y father, who is 65, is a sailorơ.

„ondon, which is a big city, is a very crowdedơ.

|3| 

÷
$
 who, which, that, whom(when the syntactic
function isnƞt the subcjet).
÷ 

 where (in which)place

When (in which) time

Examples: The house where V live is big.

The house in which V live is big.

The house which V live in is big.

The day when V was born was
onday.

The day in which V was born was
onday.

The day which V was born in was
onday.

The day that V was born in was
onday.

÷


%
whose + noun
÷ r |    


YOU ON„Y O
VT E„ TVVES PONOUNS WHEN:

†. Vs a defining relative sentence.

2. The syntactic function is not the subject.
÷ WH T: V believe what V sayơ(What=the thing that V say)
÷ V failed the exam (antecedent), which annoyed my parents.
(None defining).
 ÷  
No auxiliary verb in interrogative.

No sơ in third person.

Not toơ before or after.

odal meaning

r

USES: bility (present)

Permission

Possibility of doing something.

equest an offer

r
 

USES: „ogical deduction in negative.

r

USES: bility (past)

Suggestion

Permission (past and formal)

Polite request

Polite suggestion

/  

USES: Possibility (thinking possible solution about something)

Possibility about the weather

Very formal permission

Polite equest


  

USES: Obligation

„ogical deduction

 
 

USES: Prohibition

3| 

USES: Obligation (semi modal)

/ 

USES: dvice

Suggestion

Critical

Opinion


| |r 

odal verb + have v-ed

†. COU„D: you have the possibility of doing something in

the past and at the end you decide donƞt do it.
2.
Y: Giving possible solutions about something
happened in the past.
3. SHOU„D: Criticized something in the past.
4.
UST: (Positive) „ogical deduction in the past.
5. C NƞT: (Negative) „ogical deduction in the past.
÷ r

 |
|
r| 
&'p 1#2  To indicate general truths.
Vf + present simple, present simple
Vf it rains, the streets get wet.ơ
*'p 
##2  Probable situations that can happen in the future.
(Posible).
Vf + present simple, -will
 -
odal verb
-imperative: verb + complement
Donƞt verb + complement
Donƞt shout if you want to go outơ.
 | to talk about probable situations in the future.
+'p %#2  unreal, improbable, hypothetical. (Vmprobable)
Vf + past simple, would +verb
When the past simple verb is the verb To eơ all people with
wereơ.
÷ To give your opinion:
à Vf V were you Vƞd go to the doctorơ.
÷ To talk about imaginary situations in the present:
à Vf V had money, Vƞd buy a new carơ.
-'p 3#2  something impossible. (Vmposible).
Vf + past perfect, would have v-ed
, could, may, must, canƞt, should + have v-ed
Vf Peter had invited me, Vƞd have gone to the partyơ.
USE: To regret (feel sorry) about something that you did or
didnƞt do in the past.
.'p )

0 , #' Only can be used in the first and in the

second type.
Vf you donƞt help your mum, youƞll not go outơ.
Unless you help your mum, youƞll not go outơ.
±'p 
'Very formal. Only can be used in the second and
in the third type.
Vf V were you, Vƞd not do itơ.
Were V you, Vƞd do itơ.
Vf V had studied, Vƞd have passed the examơ.
Had V studied, Vƞd have passed the examơ.
÷ | 
3|4 
à USES: To express wishes and desires.
à STUCTUE: Vf only = V wish + Sentence
†. WVSHES VN THE PESENT: Vf only + past simple(were)
a. Vf only V had a carơ Ojalá tubiese un coche.
2. WVSHES VN THE P ST: Vf only + past perfect.
 a. Vf only V had studied moreơ. Ojalá hubiese
estudiado más.
3. WVSHES VN THE FUTUE: Vf only + would Verb.
a. Vf only
ary would come to the party tomorrowơ
Ojalá que
aría vaya mañana a la fiesta.
4. OTHE W YS OF EXPESSVNG SUUNCTVVE:
a. s if = as though + sentence in past simple (wish
in the present).
You behave as if you were a childơ.
b. Vt is time for somebody to do something:

Vtƞs time for you to studyơ.

c. Vt is time + sentence in past simple.

Vtƞs time you started studyingơ.

d. Preferences:
i. Would rather do this than do that

V would rather go out than workơ.

ii. Prefer doing something to doing something

V prefer going out to workingơ.

÷
 3|3r| 
&'p 
3|3| 3|5|r|r
ESTUCTUE:
a. The subject of the passive sentences is the D. O. in the
active sentences.
b. The verb has got two parts:
i. To be in the tense of the verb in the active
sentence
ii. The principal verb in past participle.
c. The subject of the active sentences appears with the
preposition byơ in the passive sentences.

V am reading a bookơ.  book is being read (by me)ơ.

 *'p 
3| 3|  3| 5 |r |r 5

|r|r 
ESTUCTUE:
a. The subject of the passive sentences is the D. O. in the
first passive sentence and the V. O. in the second passive
sentence.

She gave him a ticket for the concertơ.

Two pass: †.  ticket for the concert was given to him

(by her). The preposition toơ have to put it „W YS
when the subject of passive sentence is the D. O..
2. He was given a ticket for the concert (by
her).
+'p VES WHOSE D.O. VS SENTENCE (THVNK, E„VEVE,
CONSVDEƦ):
V think that you are wrongơ
Two pass: †. Vmpersonal passive: Vt is thought that you
are wrongơ.
2. Personal passive: You are thought to be
wrongơ.

P ST:

V believed that you were wrongơ.

Passive one: Vt was believed that you were wrong.

Passive two: You were believed to have been wrong.

V told you to do your homeworkơ.

You were to do your homework.

WHEN THE DVECT OECT VS N VNFVNVTVE THE ON„Y POSSV„E

P SSVVE VS WVTH VNDVECT OECT (= 3.2.).



 ÷ |r 3|3| 
Subject + have/get + something done (V-ed)

Has got passive meaning, although, itƞs active. You can put in
the present, past or future.

The subject receives the action of the verb.

V paint my houseơ. 
y house is painted V Ɲam going to

have/get my house painted.

÷ 
|r
||r 
&'p | |
 ( FFV
TVVE O NEG TVVE SENTENCES)
a. The reporting verbs are: say, tell. That
b. You have to change:
i. The reported verb
ii. dverbs and expressions
iii. Pronouns

V will go to ome next winter with my friendsơ, he said.

He said that he would go to ome the following winter with his

friends.

*'p o| 

a. The reporting verbs are: ask, enquire, question, want to
know.
b. WH- QUESTVONS:
i. They are introduced with the Wh-.
ii. Subject + Verb + Complement
iii. The question mark disappears.

Where do you live?ơ she said. She asked where V live.

c. YES/NO QUESTVONS:

i. They are introduced with ifơ.
ii. Subject + Verb + Complement
iii. The question mark disappears.

Do you like coffee?ơ she said. She asked if V liked coffee.
 +'p 
|3| 
a. The reporting verbs are: tell, order.
b. Positive: Go outơ, she said. She ordered me to go out.
c. Negative: Donƞt touch the doorơ, she said. She ordered
me not to touch the door.
-'p | 

a. The reporting verb is: suggest.
b. With V-ing: „etƞs go outơ, she said. She suggested
going out.
c. With That + Subject + Should: „etƞs go outơ, she said.
She suggested that we should go outơ.

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous
Past simple Past perfect simple
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Past perfect simple Past perfect simple
Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Future simple Would
Can Could

ay
ight

ust/have to
ust/had to
Will Would
Now Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Yesterday The previous day/the day before
„ast week The previous week/the week
before
month ago The previous month/the month
before
Tomorrow The following day/the day
after/the next day
Next week The following week/the week
after
Here There
This That
These Those


÷ |
|
r| 
†. Present simple:
a. USES:
i. outines
ii. General truths
iii. Timetables
iv. Permanent situations
v. Timeless present
2. Present continuous:
a. USES:
i. Happens at the same time that youƞre speaking.
ii. Complain
iii. Personal plans in an immediate future.
iv. Vncomplete actions.
v. Temporary situations
3. Past simple:
a. USES:
i. Time period finish and definite.
ii. Short actions one after the other in the past.
4. Past continuous:
a. USES:
i. Describe situations in the past.
ii. Simultaneous actions in the past (While).
iii. Describe (Past C.) the situation and something
happened (Past S.) in the middle.
5. Simple future:
a. USES:
i. Predictions
ii. Spontaneous actions
iii. Offers and request
iv. Promise
v. ge
6. e Going To:
 a. USES:
i. Vntentions
ii. Prediction with external evidences.
7. Future continuous:
a. USES:
i. ction in progress at specific time in the future.
8. Future perfect:
a. USES:
i. n action in the future and you say when youƞre
going to finish doing it.
ii. „W YS itƞs mark with the time expressions yơ
or eforeơ.
iii. Subject + Will have V-ed + Complements
9. Present perfect simple:
a. USES:
i. Time period: unfinished and indefinite.
ii. To talk about experiences in your life.
iii. n action that started in the past and continuous
to the present.
†. For + time period (general)
2. Since + time period (specific)
iv. To talk about an action that happened in the past
with a present consequence
v. To report news.
† . Present perfect continuous:
a. USES:
i. n action that started in the past and continues to
the present.
ii. To talk about an action that happened in a reason
past with a present consequence.
††. Past perfect simple:
a. USES:
i. Yesterday V saw
ary. V hadnƞt seen her since
†992ơ.
 †2. Past perfect continuous:
a. USES:
i. Describe an action in the past.

Vt had been raining when V got upơ.

÷ r
 

a. Equality: ffirmative as + adjective + as

Negativeas/so + adjective + as

b. Superiority:
djective + -er + than {exceptions: happy, nice, clever,
and narrow}

ore + adjective + than (ƿ2 syllables)
c. Vnferiority:

„ess + adjective + than

÷ 
|3|
The + adjective + -est {exceptions = comparison b.}

The + most + adjective

÷ |r
r



|%3#3

We love each otherơ. (eciprocal)

We love ourselvesơ. (eflexive)

 
÷ !|o| 

†. Never, alwaysƦHow oftenƦ?
2. Vt takes nn thirty minutes to get to your house.How long
does it take nn to get to your house?
3. The plane has been waiting for hours. How long has the
plane been waiting?
4. They sold
aryƞs car last month Whose car they sold last
month?
5. V used to be a doctor three years ago. How long ago did
you use to be a doctor?
6. They have paid me for this work since †998.  How long
have they paid you for this work?