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If you look at this series of posts, you will have realized that we have spent a substantial amount
of time analyzing the Nestle·s financial statements. Perhaps more importantly, it would have
struck you that it·s a    Yes, it is. Then again, perhaps it would be wise to reflect on
how much time it took for you to earn RM10K before deciding to invest in a company? It may have
took you perhaps two or three months of your life to save this much money. Then why are you so
eager to invest in shares without spending, say one or two days researching the company you
intend to invest?

My overall perception of Nestle is that it is a sound company to invest in. Cash flows are managed
well and it has an attractive dividend policy. However, due to its· strong brand name and
excellent cash flows, the share price of Nestle is too high compared to its· earnings. It is an
excellent blue chip share to invest in, as a hedge against inflation. You may ask me, so at what
price should I decide to buy shares in this company?

My answer is simple: Reread my series of posts and look at the latest quarterly financial results of
Nestle in the link below. Then, make up your own mind and you decide at what price it is worth
investing!

http://www.klse.com.my/website/bm/listed_companies/company_announcements/announcemen
ts/index.jsp

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!

We have journeyed long through this Analytical Review 101 series. For those of you that have been
diligently reading it, this series of posts may raise more questions than answers. Trust me, this is a
good thing. The world of investing is fraught with perils and dangers. A little knowledge is a
dangerous thing. I hope though, I have highlighted the dangers such ventures to your attention.
Forearmed with such knowledge, an intelligent investor may yet profit from his investments.

For those readers that are interested in downloading Nestle (Malaysia) Berhad·s 2007 Annual
Report, you can find it via the link below.

http://www.klse.com.my/website/bm/listed_companies/company_announcements/annual_repor
ts/index.jsp

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Alternatively, kindly drop a comment in my blog with your e-mail address so that I can send the
spreadsheet to you. I·ll be sending out the worksheet on the 30 August 2008 to all my subscribers
or interested commentators.

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A circle has no end! Similarly, there is no end to our journey in the world of investing. One must
learn, unlearn and re-learn about the stock market and our opinions of the companies we invest
in. In my future posts, we will look at the more advanced aspects of investing. We will also look at
the more noteworthy companies in Bursa Malaysia and perform detailed financial analysis to
evaluate whether they are worth investing.

 "
 
- 
.
It is surprising to me that none of my readers have yet to pose me these two rather intriguing
question. Some of you know me well, though for others, I am a totally anonymous figure. I do not
wish to disclose my identity merely because I wish to remain low profile. However, if I were a
reader, I would surely ask the blog author this:

/  "  
 .0
I ask you not to listen to me. Rather, I ask you to merely listen to what I have to say. As with all
things, it is your judgment and discernment that will serve you best. If you agree with what I say,
then act accordingly. Otherwise, let it pass. Comment, if you have any doubts or questions and I
shall endeavor to answer any questions you may have.

/  1  .0

At this time and age, if you do not raise such a question, I would indeed be worried. Truthfully,
this blog serves as both a personal motivational and disciplinary tool to ensure that my journey
into the world of investing is both well reasoned and carefully planned. I have gained much from
those that were willing to share their knowledge and wisdom with me, so why should I be miserly
with my own? Remember, what is valuable is sometimes free, but not all those who read can
profit from it.

 #&
I would appreciate if you could revert with any comments or feedback you may have on this series
of posts. Further, if you wish to me to explore certain investing topics in greater detail, please do
let me know.

Posted by Avatar at Wednesday, August 20, 2008 D
22

Labels: Analytical Review 101

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Before one decides to invest in the share market, try answering the following question:

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If you ponder long and hard enough, it may be illuminating to realize that parallels can be drawn
between the vastly different emotions Mother Theresa & Angelina Jolie evokes, and the world of
investing.
Mother Theresa, founder of the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta spent over forty five years of
her life ministering to the poor, sick and dying while guiding the Missionaries's expansion
throughout India and other countries. In 1979, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her
work and contributions. Her very name evokes an idealism based on compassion, selflessness and
loving kindness.
Angelina Jolie, conversely, has been cited as one of the most beautiful woman in the world. She is
an acclaimed actress and has won three Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actor Guild Awards and
an Academy Award. Mention her name, a sensual, sultry and sexy image comes to mind.

Have you answered the question yet? If so, please read on«

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In the world of investment, Fixed Deposits are equivalent to Mother Theresa. Both are stable,
secure and strong. Why do I say that? This is because Fixed Deposits exhibits the following
characteristics:

5( 1
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The principal that you invest is virtually secure. There are veryminimal risks involved when you
put your money in Fixed Deposits. If you invest in RM10K in an FD, rest assured that one year
later, you SHALL see that RM10K still in the bank.

7( 
4
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When placing a FD for a period of time, the interest income receivable is stated up front. True,
the returns are paltry. Yet, the great thing is that they are GUARANTEED. There are no IFs, ANDs
or BUTs« It·s a sure thing, PERIOD!

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If you ever need cash urgently, there are no problems whatsoever in withdrawing out your
principal even though it·s being placed in FD. In a worst case scenario, you may have to forfeit a
certain portion of your earned interest income.

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Everybody wants to get on the bandwagon these days and invest in shares! Who doesn·t drool over
a hot looking sexy babe? Same thing with shares, just dump your money and watch it
fluctuate«One day it·s up, the next it·s down. Just be careful and don·t get yourself burnt!
Investments in shares are risky and I·ll explain why:

5( 1
) 4
  
When you invest in the shares of a company, you must understand that the only thing that is
certain is your investment SHALL fluctuate! Once you dump in RM10K, a month later, it may grow
to RM15K or shrink to RM5K. If you are the type of person who cannot live with any risk, then
don·t invest in shares.

7( 
4
  
Returns in the form of dividend payout by companies are also uncertain. Usually the discretion
whether to pay dividends (and the quantum) or otherwise, lies solely with the company. As
minority shareholders, one does not have much leverage to request for dividends. So, unlike FDs,
don·t be surprised if you don·t get a single sen out of your investment until you sell it.

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Yes, shares are highly liquid. Unfortunately for you, if the RM10K you invested shrunken to RM5K,
are you willing to sell it off? That·s a 50% loss on your capital! Conversely, if the stock market is
booming and your RM10K has ballooned to RM20K, are you willing to cash out and let go of your
shares? Or are you going to hold on and hope it goes up further«???

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With this in mind, let·s look at the Financial Dashboard below. As discussed above, we can
compare FDs to Shares although there are vast differences:

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The FD Interest Income is a certain and guaranteed. However, earnings for companies are
susceptible to competition, economy and a host of other factors. Interest rates are certain and
are computed in advance during FD placement, whereas the current earnings of a company is
largely uncertain at the time of investment.

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The Principal that you invest in FD does not fluctuate. However, share prices fluctuate daily
depending on the mood of Mr. Market and the global economy.

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Whilst the FD Interest Rate is a sure thing, historical Earnings/Market Price % is not always, a
reliable indicator of future returns. Firstly, we are never sure of the earnings at the time of
investing. as we are relying on historical information. Secondly, the market price fluctuates daily
making it difficult to quantify the probable return we can make on our investment. Depending on
the competition and economic situation, a profitable company in the past may turn out to be
unprofitable in the future. This is a risk for all businesses and as investors, we have to bear with
it.

With this in mind, let us look at Nestle·s Earnings/Market Price %. It is hovering around 4.5 % to
4.8% for the past three years. As Nestle is in a stable industry with a strong brand name, this
appears reasonable. Yet, FD rates are approximately 3.7% per annum, Nestle only offers an
additional return of 1%. Is it really worthwhile investing? Although there is an upside in terms of
capital appreciation (i.e. share price goes UP!), perhaps one should consider whether there are
other companies yielding a higher rate of return.


 
:
It is important to note that investment in shares is like dating a hot babe! Yes, it·s alluring at first
sight, but exercise wisdom and caution, and hopefully you·ll avoid getting burnt. So, look before
you leap!
Posted by Avatar at Wednesday, August 13, 2008 A
22
Labels: Analytical Review 101

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Ultimately, as Intelligent Investors, we are only concerned about one thing. What is the value of
the shares we are buying, truly worth? Based on our analysis, if we feel the company is worth
between a range of RM30-35 per share and it is currently trading at RM25, then it worthwhile to
purchase the shares in the company. Eventually, the market will price the Company's shares
according to its· underlying value.

Consequently, before investing, it is important to carry out an analysis backed up by financial

data, rather than relying on speculation and market rumors. In future posts, we shall see how to
use these historical data in conjunction with the market data to assess whether investing in a
company is worthwhile.

  2& %

The Business Week website gives you free access to the market price and volumes traded, of
major companies·. Most of the market price and trading volume, of major listed companies are
free available on the Internet, so just Google for such information.
The link to view the share price of Nestle is here:
http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/charts/charts.asp?symbol=NESM.KL

  %:  1

Up to now, we have been analyzing historical information based on the annual audited financial
statements. Such historical information furnishes us the track record of management's ability to
generate returns for its· investors. However, we are missing a vital link: the Share Price!

The Share Price of a Company on a particular day represents the last transacted price between a
willing buyer and willing seller. For an Intelligent Investor, the Share Price of a company DOES
NOT represents the worth of a Company.

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Well, the reason is very simple. Markets are IRRATIONAL! I shall let Warren Buffett explain further
on this concept. This is extracted from one of his letters to the shareholders of Berkshire
Hathaway.

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Sometimes, the share price of a company (say ZGL) appears to be trading at a large discount from
their underlying values. In reality, say that this is not the case. Mr. Market has correctly priced the
shares due to business risks and other factors that you had overlooked. Here, you may have bought
the shares at RM25 as your §" analysis, indicates that the underlying value should be
around RM30-35 per share.

During this period, the share price of ZGL  )

  27B  258 
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. Do you still keep your shares in ZGL in the belief that Mr. Market has incorrectly priced its·
shares? Or do you dump all your shares in ZGL and sell out?

As an Investor, you have to rely on something important called !3%42. Not even the
world·s greatest investor, Warren Buffett is perfect. Expect to make some missteps, when joining
the world of investing.  #  
      
  
  ( You may set a trigger point to sell ZGL shares, if it falls below a certain value. This is
important as most of us are reluctant to admit when we have made a bad call. It is not easy to cut
your losses but you must do so! %
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  # 

For instance, you could set your trigger point to sell ZGL shares if it falls by 40% from your initial
purchase price (i.e. the market price of ZGL's shares drops to RM15 per share). Even though you
have lost 40%, at least you preserved the remaining 60% of your capital. Obviously if the shares
price shoots up to RM40 a year later, then the fact you were RIGHT, would be of cold comfort.


 
:
We have looked at how to obtain the current share price of our target company. In addition, we
have briefly explored the key investment strategy of an Intelligent (or Value) Investor. Please also
keep in mind, Warren Buffett's illuminating explanation on the concept of Mr. Market, and how
one can profit from market foibles and irrationalities . In my future posts, we shall use the share
price of the company in conjunction with historical data, to assess the underlying value of a
company.
Posted by Avatar at Wednesday, June 25, 2008 6
22
Labels: Analytical Review 101

"%c+$ !3 78$ 7889

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It has been stressed that cash is of primary importance for a company. Without cash, the company
would not be able to function, even if it is making substantial amount of paper profits. In order to
measure whether the company has sufficient cash reserves or able to convert its· assets into cash
to meet its· obligation, there are two financial terms that we must be conversant with.

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Liquidity refers to the ability of the company to meet its· short term obligations and commitments
(i.e. those liabilities due within a year from the Balance Sheet date). The liquidity ratios discussed
earlier, gives an indicator of the how relatively liquid a company is.


Solvency is a gauge of the company·s ability to meet its· long term liabilities (i.e. commitments
exceeding a period of one year from the Balance Sheet date). The Debt Ratios' above are intended
to reveal whether the Company is able to meet its· long term liabilities in the long term. When we
say a company is solvent, this means that the Company should be able to repay all its· long term
loans and borrowings and other commitments, in the future, usually due to its· large assets base
and ability to generate favorable operating cash flows.

 "
  
We have computed the Effective Interest ratio in Part X. Briefly, the effective interest rate ratio
gives an indication of the interest rates incurred by the Company on its· loans and borrowings.
Low interest rates on loans and borrowings, are beneficial to the shareholders as the shareholders
will pocket the excess between:

1. The returns generated by the Company using these loans and borrowings; and
2. The interest costs associated to these loans and borrowings.

This concept is also referred to as gearing. There is an additional benefit in that, interest
expenses are tax deductible and will reduce tax liabilities due to the Inland Revenue.

)

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The OCI ratio is crucial as it gauges whether the company can generate sufficient cash from its·
operations to service interest payments on its· loans and borrowings.

An high OCI ratio (e.g. in excess of 10x) is favorable as this reveals the Company can service its·
debts with ease. If the OCI ratio is 1.5x or lower, its ability to meet interest expenses may be
questionable. Once the OCI ratio falls below 1.0x, alarm bells should start ringing, since the
Company's operating cash flows are insufficient to service interest payments. What about the
repayment of the principal amount?

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Whereas the OCI ratio compares the Operating Cash Flows to the Interest Costs, the DSC ratio
compares the Net Profit for the Year against the Interest Costs. In effect, we are comparing the
book profits against the interest expense. Generally, the higher the ratio, the more favorable it is.
The general consensus is that the Company can service its· interest costs and repay its' loans, if
the ratio is 1.35x or more. However, this will vary from industry to industry and care must be
taken when attempting to interpret this ratio.

c
 
The effective interest ratio appears favorable to Nestlé as it is paying a very low interest of 4.82%
(2006: 5.80%) on its· loans and borrowings. The company·s abilities to obtain such favorable rates
is partly due to its· healthy operating cash flows and strong credit rating.

Analysis of the OCI ratio discloses that there has been deterioration in this ratio by 44.83% to
19.58x (2006: 35.49x). This is mainly due large amounts of cash tied up in inventories as at year
end. However, a ratio of 19.58x indicates that that Nestlé should have no problems whatsoever, to
service interest on its· loans and borrowings.

A review of the DSC ratio indicates that this amount has also declined to 19.68x (2006: 26.19x).
Still, this indicates that Nestlé is still highly profitable. The profits generated by the Company are
more than sufficient (i.e. 20x) to repay interest expenses incurred. This is in line with the OCI
ratio.


 
:
Generally, Nestlé appears to be liquid and solvent. All indicators suggest that the Company has
strong operating cash flows, sufficient to service its' interest costs. Despite the large loans and
borrowings due in 2008, there are strong assurances that the Company would be able to refinance
such loans and borrowings, for reasons outlined earlier.
Posted by Avatar at Friday, June 20, 2008 5
22
Labels: Analytical Review 101

%%c+$ !3 59$ 7889

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In my earlier post, we discussed about the Trade Payables amounts. Trade Payables consists of
amounts due to creditors and suppliers. It is noteworthy that the Trade Payables represents a
source of financing to the company. Essentially, the company is purchasing goods or services from
suppliers on credit, paying only after the credit period is due.

A indicator of the credit terms obtained by the company from its· suppliers can be derived from
the DPO ratio. Generally, this ratio indicates the length of time taken by the company to pay its·
trade payables. This ratio will vary from industry to industry. As such, it is more useful to compare
this ratio over a period of time or against other companies· in the same industry.

A high DPO ratio (e.g. in excess of 90 days) is considered favorable as the company is obtaining
excellent credit terms and financing from its· trade creditors. However, it is important to note the
trend of the DPO ratio. If the Trade Payables amount and DPO ratio has increased significantly
within a short period, it may indicate that the company is facing cash flow problems and is unable
to pay its· trade creditors on time. This can be corroborated by reviewing the cash flow
statements and other liquidity ratios as discussed earlier.

 

 

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The CCC ratio attempts to quantify the time taken by the company to convert its· inventories into
cash, after accounting for the credit period (i.e. financing) provided by its· trade creditors. The
CCC ratio is significant as it indicates the efficiency of the company in converting inventories into
cash. The lower the ratio, the faster the company is the rate of conversion of company·s
inventories into cash. Conversely, a high ratio indicates that the company may be facing problems
in collecting debts from its· customers or have non-saleable stocks. This would contribute to the
delay in converting its' inventories or receivables into cash.

This ratio will vary widely based on the industry the company is in. A company with a long
gestation period such as construction companies· will have a long CCC ratio whereas one in the
FMCG industry should have a relatively low CCC ratio. Comparing this ratio over a period of time
or companies in the same industry will provide a clearer picture of the effectiveness of
management in generating operating cash flows.

c
 
An investigation of Nestlé·s financial statements reveals that its· DPO ratio is 49.46 days (2006:
42.68 days). This means that Nestlé has either obtained more favorable credit terms from its·
suppliers or is successful in delaying payments to its· trade creditors. This modest increase of
15.9%, divulges the fact that Nestlé may be delaying payment to its· trade creditors· as most of
its' cash are tied up in its· inventories. A review of its· operating cash flows discloses that the
company is on sound financial footing and does not have problems in paying its· trade creditors on
time, if necessary. Overall the DPO ratio is generally favorable.

The CCC ratio has increased by 11.3% from 45.28 days in 2006 to 50.41 days currently. This
increase indicates that Nestlé's efficiency in converting its· inventories into cash, has decreased.
Further investigation exposes the fact that there is a disproportionate increase in inventories
(35%) compared to the increase in revenue (4.29%). This is the main contributor to the increase in
the CCC ratio and the reduction in operating cash flows by 18.82% to RM291MIL compared to
RM358MIL in 2006.


 
:
The DPO and CCC ratio reveals that Nestlé is less efficient in converting its· inventories into cash.
Still, the CCC ratio and operating cash flows are still reasonable, even though it is less impressive,
when compared to 2006. We have completed our review of the liquidity ratios and cash flow
movements of the company. Next, we shall look at the Debt Ratios and Nestlé's solvency.
Posted by Avatar at Wednesday, June 18, 2008 8
22
Labels: Analytical Review 101

"%c+$ !3 56$ 7889

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Earlier on, we reviewed the Current Assets and Liabilities section of the Balance Sheet in detail.


 c  are generally cash or assets that the company should be able to convert into cash
within the period of one year.

Similarly,

 # are obligations or commitments that must be settled by the company
within a year.

As Current Assets and Current Liabilities are assets and liabilities, receivable or due within a
period of one year respectively, it is appropriate to compare these two amounts as an indicator of
the company·s liquidity.


 
The current ratio (as computed above), compares the current assets of a company against its·
liabilities. Generally, the higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. If the current ratio is
equal to 2.0x or more, the company is considered generally liquid, i.e. it should not have
problems in meeting its· short term obligations. If this ratio is less than 1.0x, then the company
may have troubles to meet its' short term commitments. However, these are mere guidelines. The
ratio may vary from industry to industry and care must be taken when interpreting this ratio.
Even when the current ratio is 2.0x or higher, it is important to analyze the components of the
current assets. If the trade receivables or inventories are abnormally large, compared to previous
years, then the DSO or Inventory Turn ratios' may raise alarms concerning the recoverability of the
trade receivables or possibility of overstocking, respectively. If this is the case, although the
current ratio is favorable, the company may still face liquidity issues due to problems in collecting
debts or selling its· inventories.

-& 
Generally, current assets indicate cash balances and those assets that are easily convertible to
cash within a span of one year. If one wishes to be conservative, it may be better to exclude
inventories from the current assets. This is because inventories may not be easily saleable,
especially during a difficult economic climate.

The quick ratio compares ="4=+ "-3"%
3 c (i.e. Current Assets excluding
Inventories) to the current liabilities. By and large, a ratio of 1.0x or higher, signifies that the
company has good liquidity. This is because it can convert its· ="4=+ "-3"%
3 c
into cash to meet its· short term commitments and obligations. Conversely, a quick ratio of less
than 1.0x, indicates that the company may have issues in fulfilling its· short term obligations.
Take note that the figures are merely for guidance and may vary from industry to industry.
Exercise care when interpreting the quick and current ratios.

Even if the quick ratio is 1.0x or higher, liquidity problems could still arise. If the company is
facing troubles collecting amounts due from its customers, it will be reflected in large trade
receivables balance and DSO ratio. In such a case, a quick ratio of 1.0x or more, may be
meaningless as the company is unable to convert its· trade receivables into cash to pay its· short
term commitments.

c
 
An analysis of Nestlé·s Current Ratio indicates it is hovering around 1.08x (2006: 1.20X). This lower
current ratio is mainly due to the large amounts of loans and borrowings due within one year from
the Balance Sheet date of 31 December 2007. This signifies that if Nestlé can convert all these
current assets to cash, it would be able to repay all its· commitments. Generally this is
acceptable, especially considering that the banks would have no problems in refinancing these
loans and borrowings due to Nestlé·s strong operating cash flows.

The Quick Ratio of 0.57x (2006:0.71x) implies that most of the company·s current assets are
inventories. However, as Nestlé·s is in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, it should
have little problems in selling its· inventories and converting these into cash. The lower ratio is
not worrying as an analysis of the DSO and Inventory Turn ratio suggests that trade receivables are
still being collecting promptly and there is only a moderate decrease in the turnover of
inventories. Overall, operating cash flows are still significantly large to enable Nestlé to meet its·
short term commitments.


 
:
The Current and Quick Ratios' are convenient ratios to gauge the liquidity of a company. However,
always keep in mind that a Current Ratio and Quick Ratio value of 2.0x and 1.0x respectively, does
not necessarily mean the company is liquid. Further analysis of the DSO and Inventory Turn Ratio
is required. This is to ensure that the favorable Current and Quick Ratios' are not due to mounting
Trade Receivables and Inventories, arising from debt collection problems or non-saleable stocks.
Posted by Avatar at Friday, June 13, 2008 8
22
Labels: Analytical Review 101

%%c+$ !3 55$ 7889

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To set-up a company, the shareholders need to initially pump in cash to finance the operations of
the company. This is usually represented by the share capital.

 ,.
Even though the operations of the company may be highly profitable, sometimes the shareholders
are unable to expand as they have insufficient cash to finance costly expansions such as building
new factories or investing in more sophisticated machineries or R&D. To finance such expansions,
companies often borrow from banks or leasing companies.



Borrowings from banks usually come in the form of loans. If the company is small one, some form
of security is required, either on the assets of the company such as land & buildings or personal
guarantees from directors of the company. For large companies with excellent credit ratings, the
banks may offer an unsecured loan.



   #
Financing from leasing companies are in the form of purchase of large assets such as plant and
machineries. The leasing companies will pay the suppliers of such machineries. The company will
then undertake to pay the leasing companies a fixed monthly lease payment over a period of time.
The total monthly lease payments will exceed the purchase price of the plant and machineries.
These lease commitments are recognized in the Balance Sheet as Finance Lease Liabilities.

)

  
Banks and leasing companies are not charities. They expect the company to repay the monthly
installment payments comprising of the principal and interest on a timely basis. A company that
has loans and borrowings, must generate sufficient positive operating cash flows to finance the
monthly installment payments. The Operating Cash to Loans and Borrowings Ratio (OCLB)
indicates the financial ability of the company to repay such loans. A ratio higher than 1.5 is a
positive indicator of the company·s abilities to service its· loans and borrowings.

"
   
4

A benefit of loans and borrowings is that the interest· rates charged by banks and leasing
companies are usually lower than the profits generated by companies.

For example, if the company can generate profits of 15% on every Ringit invested in the Company,
whereas the effective interest on loans is only approximately 5%, it may be desirable to borrow
money to finance expansions. Why? Instead of raising additional share capital from its·
shareholders, the company can borrow from the banks instead. The banks are only entitled to a 5%
return on its· loans. The shareholders will be entitled to pocket the excess 10% difference (15%
profit ² 5% interest).

The effective interest rates on loans and borrowings can be computed as indicated above. When
the company is generating a return that is substantially in excess of the effective interest rates,
this is reasonably good as the shareholders will enjoy a higher return at the expense of the banks
and leasing companies. Further, the interest payments to the banks or leasing companies are tax
deductible, which will further reduce the company's tax expense.

In financial terms, this benefit is known as gearing or leverage.

 %

Often companies tend to leverage their Balance Sheets excessively. Whilst using Other People·s
Money (OPM) is an enticing idea, there are dangers if taken to the extreme. These include:

5( %



  
 
When there is an unexpected downturn in the economy or the industry, the company·s operating
cash flows will quickly dry up. Without sufficient operating cash flows, the company must resort to
using its· cash balances to repay the banks and leasing companies. If the company is unable to
manage its· cash flows well or refinance its· loans, it may fail to service its· debts. This may result
in the banks or leasing companies foreclose on the loans and file a bankruptcy suit against the
company.

7( 
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 2 
If a company is perpetually refinancing its· loans with and the quantum of loans and borrowings on
its· Balance Sheet is ballooning, this may indicate that the business model is not a viable one.
Remember, a company·s PRIMARY PURPOSE is to generate PROFITS and convert them into CASH!
When a company is unable to generate sufficient operating cash flows to repay its' loans and
borrowings over the long term, you must ask yourself this:

"   (the company can't repay its' loans after a no. of years)$ = = (can the company generate
sufficient cash to do so).

c
 
A cursory review of the effective interest rates indicates that Nestlé is managing to keep its·
borrowings costs extremely low. An effective interest rate of only 4.70% (2006: 5.80%) is
extremely favorable as the current FD rates per annum are approximately 3.70%. Further, all the
borrowings of the company is unsecured which reflects the company has excellent credit ratings.

The OCLB ratio is 2.52x (2006: 1.35x) reflecting that Nestlé will have little trouble servicing its·
debts. Overall, with such strong operating cash flows, the burning question is =+ ,
in the first place?

There may be two main reasons for this. Firstly, Nestlé wishes to leverage its· Balance Sheets to
generate higher returns for its· shareholders. Secondly, it may be using these borrowings to
maintain its· aggressive dividend payout policy to maintain its· share prices.
Even though RM308MIL of loans and borrowings are due in 2009, Nestlé strong operating cash flows
and excellent credit rating, means the company will no problems in refinancing such loans.


 
:
Despite having huge loans and borrowings of RM308MIL and amounts due to related companies of
RM129MIL, Nestlé is financially stable. Its· operating cash flows are sufficient to enable it to repay
these borrowings in the long term.
Posted by Avatar at Wednesday, June 11, 2008 8
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The Balance Sheet shows the position of the company as at the end of the financial year (or as at
a specific date). The Balance Sheet contains summary information of all assets and liabilities of
the company including its' Intangible Assets, Property, Plant and Equipment, Long Term and
Current Assets, Long Term and Current Liabilities and the Shareholders· Equity. This is noteworthy
as it gives us an indicator as to the value or worth of a company.

 

 # ) 
.
These are liabilities or obligations of the business that must be paid in cash within a period of one
year. It usually consists of trade payables, other payables, loans and borrowings and taxation, that
are due within a period of 12 months from the balance sheet date.

5(   1#
Trade Payables consists of amounts due to creditors and suppliers. These amounts arise because
most long term suppliers would give credit terms to the company. The average credit period given
by the supplier would depend on, inter-alia, the relationship between the company and its·
suppliers and the type of goods sold or services rendered by its· suppliers.

The longer the credit period given by the suppliers to the company, the larger the trade payables
amounts recorded in the Balance Sheet. Why would suppliers grant credit periods to the company?
Wouldn·t it be better for the suppliers impose Cash on Delivery (COD) terms on all purchases by
the company?

Purchases by a company are usually on credit terms because most companies expect to be given
credit terms as a gesture of trust and goodwill. Companies usually try to negotiate and obtain
favorable credit terms from its· long term suppliers so as to conserve its· cash flows.

A sudden increase in trade payables of a company as compared to previous years, is not always
favorable. True, the company is conserving its· cash flows by paying its· trade creditors later.
However, this may be an indication that the company is facing cash flow problems and is 3c,
to pay its· creditors on time. Another possibility is that the company·s operating cash flows may
be used to pay off other more critical obligations such as repayment of loans to banks.

7(  1#
These usually consists of:
(a) Amounts due to related companies (trade and non-trade); and
(b) Other payables;
(c) Accrued Expenses.

By and large, this figure is stable and does not change significantly over the long run. It is usually
not significant in the evaluation of the company·s value.
However, in Nestlé·s case, it is significant to note that the company owes its· related companies
approximately 257D2". Approximately 33.50% of these debts are trade related whereas the
balances of 66.50% are non trade. A review of the cash balances of Nestlé· reveals a balance of
only 265(I2". "    )
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This further indicates that Nestlé may be pursuing an overly aggressive dividend payout policy and
financing this partly through inter-company payables. Approximately 39% of these inter-company
payables (i.e. RM50.15MIL) is a short-term loan denominated, in Japanese Yen and interest
bearing at 3.72% per annum. The balances of RM78.85MIL are unsecured, )# 


and interest-free.

The above facts indicates Nestlé dividend policy may not be sustainable in the long run. The
company must conserve its· cash flows, if it is to repay its' mounting of debts and obligations.
However, it is pleasing to note that the inter-company payables have been halved in 2007 as
compared to 2006.

6( 

#

For a company with such strong operating cash flows, it is disconcerting to note that the
company·s short term loans and borrowings have ballooned almost fourfold in 2007. The
company·s short term loans and borrowings is currently RM303MIL now, compared to only RM67MIL
in 2006. This is a substantial amount and the company is unlikely to be able to repay this withing a
period of one year, since it·s· cash balances are only RM32MIL. It must refinance these loans.
Further scrutiny is required on the loans and borrowings amounts.

J( '

These usually represents amount of tax payable to the Malaysian Inland Revenue. It is generally
not significant in our evaluation of the value of a company as it is largely out of the company's
control.


 
:
We have appraised and analyzed the major components of the current liabilities of Nestlé. The
important components have been highlighted for further review, namely the inter-company
payables and loans and borrowings. These will be looked in detail, in my future posts.
Posted by Avatar at Tuesday, June 10, 2008 8
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Always keep in mind that a company·s sole purpose is to generate profits and convert these profits
into actual cash received. Therefore, a company with huge inventories, by itself, is meaningless.





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Inventory Turn ratio is a key performance indicator of the company's ability to do so. The
components of the Inventory Turn ratio are:

   4  F
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Cost of goods sold comprises of all direct costs attributable to the production of the goods sold by
a company.

"


Inventories usually consists of raw and packaging materials, work-in-progress, finished goods and
spare parts.



   "

 

The Inventory Turn ratio allows us to analyze how long it takes for the company to convert its·
inventories into sales to its' customers. This inventory turnover will vary widely based on the
industry the company is in. A company selling large, highly customized machineries will have a
longer inventory turn compared to one in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry.

It is more significant to compare a company·s inventory turn ratio over a period of time or
compare the inventory turn of a company with other companies in a similar industry. A short
inventory turn (e.g. less that 60 days) is a favorable indicator, as it means the company is holding
just sufficient stocks to meet customer demands and less cash is tied up in inventories.

On the other hand, if a company·s inventory turn ratio has increased dramatically over time (e.g.
to 120 days currently, from 60 days in prior years), this means the company may be facing
problems. A high ratio may indicate that its· inventories are non-saleable or is facing an
overstocking situation. This leads to increase in insurance costs, warehousing costs to house the
inventories and possibility of obsolete and damaged stocks. The company may face liquidity issues
as too much of its· operating cash are now tied up in the increasing pile of inventories in its·
warehouses.

c
 
Nestlé·s inventory turn ratio indicates a significant deterioration of over 26.8% as compared to last
year. Its current inventory turn is now 71 days as compared to 56 days in 2006. This indicates that
Nestlé· is unable to convert its· inventories to sales as efficiently as in prior years.

Revenues have only increased by 4.29%, yet inventories have increased significantly by 35%. This
disproportionate increase in inventories as compared to revenue is highlighted by the
deterioration in the inventory turn ratio. A substantial amount of Nestlé·s cash is tied up in its
inventories, reducing its operating cash inflow for the year. Management must review this
situation closely to ensure that the inventory is managed to prevent an overstock situation.


 
:
A high inventory turn ratio (especially compared to previous years or companies· in a similar
industry) is undesirable. This means that the company is unable to convert its· stocks into sales to
customers as efficiently as before.

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 ( Pay a close watch to
the inventory turn ratio as it is a good key performance indicator of the Supply Chain Management
function of a company.
Posted by Avatar at Friday, June 06, 2008 8
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As reiterated (ad nauseam),
c= " "4 To convert revenue into cash, one of the major
areas a company must execute is to collect debts from its· customers. This is represented by the
DSO ratio, which is a key performance indicator (KPI) of the company·s credit control function.
The DSO ratio is made up of two components, namely Trade Receivables and Revenue. Just to
recap:

  #
Trade Receivables consist of amounts due from customers. These amounts arise because most
business gives credit period and limits to their customers. The average credit period given to
customers vary depending on the industry they are in.



Revenue represents sales to customers for goods sold or services rendered.



   % 
The DSO ratio is important is it indicates the amount of time the company requires to collect the
debts from the customers. A very long DSO ratio (e.g. in excess of 90 days) would indicate that the
company is facing credit collection problems or the recoverability of such trade receivables is in
doubt. Whenever the DSO ratios balloons substantially in comparison with prior years, it is an
indication that the company may have expanded too aggressively or relaxed its· credit control
procedures in an attempt to secure additional sales.

Conversely, an favorable DSO ratio (i.e. 30-60 days) usually indicates that the company is
managing its· credit control function effectively and are collecting all its· debts promptly.
Companies with low DSO ratios are usually well managed and should not face any cash flow
problems. When considering whether to invest in the shares of a particular company, a low DSO
ratio is a very favorable sign.

c
 
A review of Nestlé DSO ratio indicates that it has been hovering around 29 to 32 days. This is
extremely favorable. On average, Nestlé takes approximately about a month to collect debts from
its customers after it·s· products are delivered and sold to its· customers.

This is however, not surprising as the bulk of it·s· customers are likely to consist of reputable
dealers, supermarket and hypermarket chains that have strong financial standing. Further, there
is a lower risk of any huge exposure of bad debts as compared to companies in other riskier
industries such as construction industry.

By converting its· trade receivables to cash in such a short time frame, Nestlé is able to generate
strong operating cash flows of approximately RM319MIL per annum to sustain its· operations.


 
:
Remember, 1" %  -3c
c=

Always keep a lookout for the DSO ratio. If )  

  # 
 but %
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 (e.g. exceeding 90 days from 30 days in prior years), all is not well in
the company. Ultimately, in order for profits to be realized, the debts from customers must be
collected. " #    
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Posted by Avatar at Wednesday, June 04, 2008 8
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   ,
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The Balance Sheet shows the position of the company as at the end of the financial year (or as at
a specific date). The Balance Sheet contains summary information of all assets and liabilities of
the company including its' Intangible Assets, Property, Plant and Equipment, Long Term and
Current Assets, Long Term and Current Liabilities and the Shareholders· Equity. This is noteworthy
as it gives us an indicator as to the value or worth of a company.

 

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.
The Current Assets are assets which is expected to be sold or otherwise used up in the near
future, usually within one year. It usually consists of trade receivables, other receivables,
inventories and cash & cash equivalents.

5(   #
Trade receivables consist of amounts due from customers. These amounts arise because most
business gives credit period and limits to their customers. The average credit period given to
customers vary depending on the industry they are in.
Usually, the longer the credit period given to customers, the larger trade receivables amounts
recorded in the Balance Sheet. Why then should the company give credit periods to its' customers?
Wouldn't it be better to have all sales on Cash On Delivery (COD) terms?

This is not possible for most businesses as it is often necessary to give reasonable credit period to
customers for the company to secure sales and maintain customer goodwill.

A sudden increase in the trade receivables of a company compared to previous years is not always
favorable. It may indicate that the company is relaxing it's credit period to customers· to secure
additional sales. Another possibility may be the company is facing difficulties in recovering the
debts owed by its· customers. Either way, this may result in the company facing cash flow
problems, in the long run.

7(  #
Other receivables usually consist of:
(i) Other deposits, receivables and prepayments;
(ii) Amount due from related companies and subsidiaries; and
(iii) Loans to employees.

By and large, this figure is stable and does not change over the long run. It is usually not
significant in our evaluation of the company's value.

However in Nestlé's case, is noteworthy that Nestlé has a long term loan to its' employees
amounting to approximately RM22MIL. Note 9.2 states that ´
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Nestlé employees· must be happy to enjoy such benefits. However, as a prospective investor, we
would like to know what criteria is used to give out loans to it·s· employees and what are the
terms of repayment. If the RM22MIL cash was not loaned out to its' employees, and instead was
placed in a Fixed Deposit with 4.5% return per annum, the company would earn an additional
RM1MIL interest income.
6( "


Inventories usually consists of raw and packaging materials, work-in-progress, finished goods and
spare parts. Manufacturing and distribution groups like Nestlé must keep raw and packaging
materials to convert them into finished goods such as ice-cream, powdered milk and drinks. Those
raw materials that are still being processed into finished goods at the financial year end, will be
classified as work-in-progress. Spare parts are consumables held, often for routine maintenance
works and repairs of factory equipment.

Although inventories are assets of the company, it is important to examine this figure. When the
inventories in the Balance Sheet is too high compared to previous years or to its· cost of sales, this
may indicates that the company is facing fierce competition and is unable to sell its· inventories
fast enough. Such a situation can easily lead to financial troubles. Large inventory balances may
lead to additional warehousing rental, insurance premiums and risk of obsolete, damaged or non-
saleable stocks. It is critical to ensure the company maintains stringent inventory management
before making your investment decision.

J(
  
  <

Cash and cash equivalents are cash, either in the bank or placed under fixed deposits with
financial institutions. These are highly liquid instruments with minimal capital risk. Cash is critical
to the survival of a company, so always keep a close watch on this balance.


 
:
We have appraised and analyzed the major components of the current assets of Nestlé. Some of
the important things to watch out for, when reviewing the components in the Current Assets have
also been highlighted. My next post will look at the Current Liabilities section.
Posted by Avatar at Saturday, May 31, 2008 8
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Today, we will be reviewing one of the most fundamental components of the annual audited
financial statements, namely the Cash Flow Statements.

 
   
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G.
Cash Flow Statements is a summary of the company·s cash inflows (funds coming in) and cash
outflows (funds going out) for a period of one year (in the context of the annual audited financial
statements). The CFS tracks the movement in the company·s cash and cash equivalents.

  
    )

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Simply put, the Operating Cash Flows are cash generated from the company during its· ordinary
course of business such as cash received from its· customers less all operating cash outflows such
as payments to trade creditors, employees, tax and money tied up in working capital (e.g.
inventories and trade debtors).
The Operating Cash Flows indicates whether the company·s business is sustainable and is
generating sufficient cash flows to fund its· business. Unless the company is a new start-up or are
involved in long term projects (such as construction companies·), operating cash flows should
always be positive.

If the company has negative operating cash flows, you need to be very careful if you intend to
invest in such companies. Why? Well, if the company cannot generate enough cash to fund its·
operations, how long do you think the company will last? More importantly, is the business
sustainable in the long run?

  
    "

 
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For a company, it is not enough to generate a small positive Operating Cash Flows. It must
generate sufficient positive Operating Cash Flows to finance its· investing activities. In other
words, the Company must have enough cash generated to finance enhancements to its'
manufacturing capabilities & technologies. It must also have cash to purchase new property, plant
and equipment to replace its· existing factories, equipment and other fixed assets. Interest
received from investments and proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment will also
be classified under this category.

Generally, Operating Cash inflows must be sufficient to finance Investing Cash outflows. If it is
insufficient over a period of time, the company must finance its· investing activities through loans
and bank borrowings. When this occurs, you must ask yourself, is the company incurring these
loans for expansion purposes or merely replacing its· current ageing assets.

If it is for the former purpose, the additional future revenues and operating cash flows arising
from its' expansion should suffice to repay the loan and interest. However, if it is for the latter
purpose, then further analysis is required. If a company cannot generate sufficient Operating Cash
inflows to finance replacement of its· property, plant and equipment, is the business really viable?

  
    


c F



 
 G  .
Financing cash inflows consists mainly of cash received by securing additional loans and bank
borrowings. Cash outflows from financing activities usually consists of dividend payments to
shareholders, repayment of borrowings &loans and payment of finance lease liabilities.

Commonly, Financing Cash Flows are usually cash outflows except when there are huge loans or
bank borrowings secured for a particular year. The Financing Cash Flows indicates how much of
cash is being utilised to fund the operations of the company. Over the long term, perhaps for a
period of three to five years, the Operating Cash inflows must be large enough to cover both the
Investing and Financing cash outflows. This will indicate that the company is a viable one and is in
a position to repay its· loans and borrowings over a period of time.


The sum of the Operating Cash Flows, Investing Cash Flows and Financing Cash Flows will indicate
the increase or decrease in cash and cash equivalents for the year. This indicates how healthy the
company is, in terms of cash flows. Healthy cash reserves are crucial for the stability and strength
of a company. It would be desirable to review a company's CFS over a period of five years to
analyze whether the company's business is viable.

c
 
Please click on the picture above to see the Analytical Review comments.


 
:
A detailed review of the Cash Flow Statements over a five year period is crucial in analyzing the
financial health of a company you intend to invest in. Remember, in the long term, the company
must have more
c= " (cash coming in) than
c= 3 (cash going
out).
Posted by Avatar at Wednesday, May 28, 2008 A
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Labels: Analytical Review 101

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Let·s start with a quick quiz: What is the lifeblood of any business? [Highlight answer below]

c=

     

 

 
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There are numerous techniques used to improve the cash flow position as at year end such as
deferring payments to creditors, obtaining down payments from customers or aggressive debtors·
collection strategies. However, there is a limit to these techniques and Cash is still the most
reliable gauge of the company·s overall performance.

The -  

 attempts to assess the quality of the Profit for the Year earned by
the Company. In short, it assesses how much of the Profit for the Year has been successfully
converted by the company into cash. Some of you might be scratching your head«

Remember this:

1"  = +c %  -3c 
c=


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Remember, in order to convert the profit earned into cash, a company must collect all the debts
owed to it by the customers. Some of these debts may not be collectible, hence resulting in bad
debts. Inventories held by the company may be subsequently damaged or expire, resulting in
additional inventory provisions. There could also be some aggressive earnings management (i.e.
creative accounting) by the company to boost profits which is not sustainable. Therefore, it is
critical to look at the Quality of Earnings ratio to assess the quality of the profits indicated on its·
financial statements. Let us review the components of this ratio.

1   +

We have discussed what the Profit for the Year represents earlier. In principal, it represents the
gain made by the company for the sales of its· products less all costs incurred by the company.


   )
c
This component represents the cash generated by the company during the year from its· normal
operating activities excluding investing and financing activities. Generally, this amount indicates
the cash received from customers, payments to creditors & employees, cash tied up in working
capital and income tax payments. A well managed company should have a very strong operating
cash flow. Otherwise, the company may run into liquidity problems later on.

c
 
For a company like Nestlé, a strong operating cash flow is expected. Such an established company
with excellent brands should get very favorable terms from its· customers. Most of its· customers,
comprising of established dealers and hypermarkets chains would not have problems paying their
debts on time.

A review of Nestlé Quality of Earnings Ratio indicates that this ratio has been hovering, on
average, at 100%. This is a strong indication that in terms of cash flows, the company is doing very
well in managing its· working capital and converting profits into cash. Nestlé has been exceptional
in the management of its' cash flows.


 
:
c & 
  <  ) 
 by the companies· you plan to invest in. A
strong Quality of Earnings Ration (close to 100%), indicates that the company is financially sound
whereas a weak ratio (anything less than 80%) requires further detailed analysis of the divergence
between profits and cash earned.
Posted by Avatar at Monday, May 26, 2008 8
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1$ 2 

=  1 , '  .

If you look at Nestlé·s Income Statement; Profit Before Tax is arrived by using the Gross Profit less
the following major items:

FG % #


')

These expenses are mainly transportation costs incurred in delivering its· products to its·
distributors & direct customers such as hypermarkets and dealers. Other selling costs consists of
salespersons· salaries, commissions, entertainment and other expenses. Advertising campaigns and
product promotions expenses are also classified here.

F#G c 
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Costs incurred by back office departments such as Finance, Procurement, Credit Collection and
Information Technology are usually lumped under these categories. Other fixed overheads
(excluding factory overheads) will also be categorized here.

FG "
  

Interest income usually consists of interest earned on excess cash placed by the company in fixed
deposits, short term money market deposits and other interest earning instruments.

F G "
   
Interest costs consists of financing costs due to loans and borrowings secured by the company to
finance its· operations and capital expenditures.
=   ' ')
  .
Tax expense consists of income tax liability payable by the company on its· profits and deferred
taxes. The income tax liability is largely out of the Company·s control, so it is of lesser importance
in our analytical review.

=   1 c '  .

Profit After Tax = Profit Before Tax ² Tax Expense

c
 
The Profit Before Tax (PBT) margin gives us an indication of the profit made by the Company from
its' sales less c costs incurred including COGS and indirect costs such as selling, marketing,
administration, financing and other costs.

An overview of the PBT margin of Nestlé from 2003 to 2007 indicates that its' margin has been
hovering around 10% to 11% for the past four years. Overall, this figure is reasonably good as it
means the company is making a profit of approximately RM0.11 for every Ringgit of sales made.

The Profit After Tax (PAT) margin signals the profit made after deducting the income tax payable
to the Malaysian government. Review of the PAT margin for the past five years suggests that PAT
margin is improving. However, this is largely due to tax incentives obtained as indicated in note 18
of the annual audited financial statements.


 
:
A profit after tax of approximately 8% per annum is reasonable. However, it is not that impressive
considering RISK FREE interest income from fixed deposits are approximately 3.70% whereas
returns from EPF are about 5%. Please remember that 1 c ' %  -3c 
 

 as there is a timing difference in turning profits into cash (as indicated by the Quality of
Earnings Ratio).

Further, there is always a moderate risk involved in investing in companies, even in one as
established as Nestlé. As indicated earlier, comparison with Nestlé·s competitors· PBT and PAT
margins may give us a more complete picture as to the Nestlé's strength and weaknesses vis-à-vis
the industry.
Posted by Avatar at Saturday, May 24, 2008 5
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What does the Gross Profit % represent? To understand this, we need to understand two
components, Revenue and Cost of Goods Sold.



Revenue, turnover and sales all mean the same thing. It represents sales to customers for goods
sold or services rendered. For a company like Nestlé, its· revenues, inter-alia, are derived from
the marketing and the sale, both locally and for export, of ice-cream, powdered milk and drinks,
liquid milk and juices, instant coffee and other beverages, chocolate confectionery products,
instant noodles, culinary products, cereals, yogurt and related products.

   4  F
4G
Cost of goods sold, COGS, or "cost of sales", comprises of all direct costs attributable to the
production of the goods sold by a company.

This amount includes the materials cost used in creating the goods along with the direct labor
costs used to produce the good, meaning only costs that are directly tied to the production of the
products are classified under COGS.

For Nestlé, its· COGS would include costs of raw materials purchased including transport costs to
bring these materials to its· factories. The factory workers· wages and overheads to convert the
raw material foodstuffs into saleable products· would also form part of its· COGS.

4 1
Gross Profit = Revenue - COGS. Therefore, gross profit % represents the overall gain realized from
the sale of its· products. A gross profit % of 32.94% means that for each Ringgit of sales made,
Nestlé earns RM0.32 sen. This means it only costs Nestlé RM0.68 to produce the product.

However, take note that the Company must cover its· other costs not included in the COGS. These
include indirect costs such as distribution & selling expenses, administrative expenses, other
expenses, interest costs and tax expense.

c
 
So what does else does the Gross Profit % tells us? Not much really. That is why we need to
compare over a period of time. By constructing the financial dashboard, we can see the trend of
the Gross Profit % over a period of five years, from 2003 to 2007.

Overall, we can see that Nestlé has been successful in maintaining its· Gross Profit. This means
that despite the increase in raw materials such as basic foodstuffs, the Company has managed to
pass on these additional costs to its· customers by raising its· prices. It may also indicate that the
factories of Nestlé are continuously improving its· efficiency and processes and keeping operating
costs down.

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:
By performing some basic computations, we know now that Nestlé appears to profitable as it is
making approximately RM0.32 for every RM1 of sales. These profits appear sustainable as the
Company has managed to maintain its· Gross Profit % despite the rising costs of raw materials
foodstuff.
Posted by Avatar at Friday, May 23, 2008 8
22
Labels: Analytical Review 101

=3%c+$ 2c+ 77$ 7889

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Before we start, I would like to quote Steven Covey, from

his book ´The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People´:

,4" "= = % " 2"%

$    &  :    

)         


 
)

  .
$   &    

  # #

In order to analyze and assess companies' quantitatively; we need to construct financial

dashboards to make sense of all the information contained in the annual audited financial
statements. We will be attempting to construct the above dashboard to help us assess whether
the company is worth investing based on its· current market share price.

The information contained in the financial dashboard above is based on the Annual Audited
Financial Statements of Nestlé· (Malaysia) Berhad, downloaded from the Bursa Malaysia website.

For those of you interested in learning about the construction of the financial dashboards and
performing analytical reviews, kindly download the Annual Report for Nestlé· (Malaysia) Berhad
for the financial year ended 31 December 2003 to 2007. All the analytical reviews and financial
ratios calculated will be based on Nestlé·s audited financial statements. The link to the Bursa
Malaysia is available on my Investment Resources Link section.

Please go through the financial dashboard above carefully. I will be reviewing each financial ratios
in detail, in my subsequent posts so that we can make sense of the information in the financial
dashboard.
Posted by Avatar at Thursday, May 22, 2008 8
22
Labels: Analytical Review 101