C A L E N D A R | 2 0 1 1

T
his calendar has been created within a Soviet Past Re-
search Laboratory project Topography of the Red Terror
and is being carried out with the financial support of the
Tbilisi Project Office of the Institute for International Co-
operation of the German Adult Education Association (dvv interna-
tional) and the Heinrich Boell Foundation South Caucasus Regional
Office. At the first stage of the project it is planned to identify and
investigate the houses, buildings and streets in the old part of Tbilisi,
in particular within Mtatsminda-Sololaki districts, as this is where
the most significant process of the Soviet period social life, known
as Stalin’s repressions, took place.
These sites, with their precise addresses provide a route, a map, that
clearly reflects the everyday life and political climate of the society
at that period. This local knowledge indicates that to fully understand
the period on the Red Terror we should study the core issues which
are difficult and require a complex approach. It tells us about the city
and its citizens, who created the Soviet system, society, its space and
history.
are the places where those who became victims of the totalitarian
regime spent their last hours of freedom or life; the houses where
those representing the system lived, some of whom later became the
victims of the same system, though some served the punitive bod-
ies until the end. The calendar also introduces the state institutions
where the repressions were planned and carried out.
The city is undergoing permanent change, people are changing,
names disappear together with houses and buildings. They take with
them memories, information and documents about our recent past.
The calendar designed within the Topography of the Red Terror
project aims to arouse interest about the recent history of Georgia,
to preserve whatever is still available, to reconstruct the forgotten or
neglected importance of those houses and names who live among us,
and to which we simply have never paid attention.
Soviet Past Research Laboratory

The sites identified for the calendar have been selected from the
list of buildings incorporated in the Red Terror Topography routes
prepared by the Soviet Past Research Laboratory. The sites are ar-
ranged according to the months of the year; therefore, there are 12
addresses that were logically linked to the particular month. These
1. 5 SHIO CHITADZE ST – HOUSE OF GIORGI ELIAVA
2. 22 PAVLE INGOROKVA ST – THE SPECIAL INVESTIGATION COMMISSION OF GEORGIA
3. 46 LADO ASATIANI ST – HOUSE OF KONSTANTINE (KOTE) ABKHAZI
4. 17 GALAKTIONI ST – HOUSE OF SERGO (GRIGOL) ORJONIKIDZE
5. 11 PETRE CHAIKOVSKI ST – HOUSE OF ELISABED (LIZIKO) KAVTARADZE
6. 3 MIKHEIL LERMONTOV ST – HOUSE OF SIMON (SIMONIK) FIRUMOV
7. 11 IVANE MACHABELI ST –THE WRITERS' HOUSE / THE GEORGIAN WRITERS’ UNION / SUICIDE PLACE OF PAOLO IASHVILI
8. 14 MIKHEIL LERMONTOV ST – HOUSE OF ALEXANDRE MOROZOV
9. 30 ALEKSANDRE GRIBOEDOV ST – HOUSE OF ABBE SHULMAN
10. 43 DZMEBI ZUBALASHVILEBI ST – HOUSE OF POLIKARPE (BUDU) MDIVANI
11. 7 VAKHTANG KOTETISHVLI ST – HOUSE OF VAKHTANG KOTETISHVILI
12. 11 GERONTI KIKODZE ST – HOUSE OF EVGENI MIKELADZE

Other buildings included in the Red Terror Topography Tour The buildings included in the calendar and the Red Terror Topography Tour
 5 SHIO CHITADZE STREET
RESIDENT: GIORGI GRIGOL ELIAVA
(1892-1937).
CHIEF OF TBILISI BACTERIOPHAGE SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
ARRESTED ON 23 JANUARY 1937

1919: "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is honoured to inform you that
the Chief of the Intercity Central Bacteriological Laboratory of Georgian
Republic, Giorgi Grigol Eliava will be seconded to the Institut Pasteur in
Paris to develop his field of expertise. We would like to request your full
protection and support of the aforementioned person in his work and stay
in Paris1."
1937: "According to G. Eliava’s statement, Budu Mdivani proposed com-
mitting a terrorist attack on Beria using bacteriological microbes. Eliava
rejected this proposal2."
he prepared bacteria to slaughter Soviet people, especially in case of war.
The beast got what he deserved3."
1992: "he was not able to hide his negative attitude towards L. Beria. G.
Eliava was particularly annoyed by Beria’s amateurish statements about
literature and art … made fun of his attempt to give advice to creative intel-
ligentsia. I can even recollect the following: once batoni (Mr) Giorgi his
secretary Nino Karalashvili and I were travelling by car. Beria’s car almost
crashed into us. Both cars survived. I asked – "Batono (Mr), Giorgi, why
didn’t you say hello to him?" He answered: "I don’t care!4"

1937: "the “scientist” Eliava carried out loathsome subversive activity

on people. He answered the patronage and Stalinist care of scientists by a
loathsome activity: according to blood-thirsty fascist-trotsykist directives

JANUARY
January 1-2 – New Year’s Eve



MONDAY

3
TUESDAY

4
WEDNESDAY

5
THURSDAY

6
FRIDAY

7
SATURDAY
1
8
SUNDAY
2
9
January 7 – Christmas 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
(25th January according 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
to Julian Calendar) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
January 19 – Baptism day of Jesus 31
1. FELIX DANELIA. GIORGI ELIAVA. SAKARTVELOS
SAMEDICINO MOAMBE (MEDICAL MESSENGER OF
GEORGIA), 1992. #2, P. 59
A LETTER FROM MINISTER (DEPUTY) OF FOREIGN
AFFAIRS OF INDEPENDENT GEORGIAN REPUBLIC
COMRADE N. KARTSIVADZE (A VICTIM OF
POLITICAL REPRESSION IN 1937) TO DIPLOMATIC
MISSION IN PARIS, 1919, 31 OCTOBER.
2. MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS ARCHIVE
OFFICE (1ST DEPARTMENT), F. N6, S. N36224-07,
V. 9, P. 82.
3. KOMUNISTI, 1937, 11 JULY, #157 (4958).
4. FELIX DANELIA. GIORGI ELIAVA. SAKARTVELOS
SAMEDICINO MOAMBE (MEDICAL MESSENGER OF
GEORGIA), 1992. #2, P. 64. FROM THE MEMORIES
OF ELENE GIORGI MAKASHVILI.
 22 PAVLE INGOROKVA (PETRE DIDI) STREET
AT THE MEETING HELD ON 26 FEBRUARY
1921 (MINUTES N3), THE REVOLUTIONARY
COMMITTEE OF GEORGIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC GRANTED THE FORMER PREMISES
OF THE FRENCH REPRESENTATION TO THE
SPECIAL INVESTIGATION COMMISSION OF
GEORGIA (GRUZ CHEKA1) FOUNDED ACCORD-
ING TO DECREE N1 OF 25 FEBRUARY.

SEIT SARDION DEVDARIANI2. 1920: "In the days of Denikin’s entry
(occupation) society initiated the establishment of a commission that
consisted of various organisations. This commission started the search
of those dreadful premises. The shot bodies were retrieved from base-
ments, dug up those carelessly buried around the houses. We saw the
signs of torture on the bodies – broken bones, severed parts, fragments
of skin, nails in fingernails, heads. Some, according to the doctors,
were buried while still alive… the CheKa turned into the state within
a state, it worked by itself and for itself …This was the place for all
the dregs of the society to get together… the CheKa does not have an
equivalent in any previous revolutions; in the future, it will take its
deserved place among medieval institutions3."
me as well: He was convinced that there is a far-reaching crisis in the party
and started to look for new routes. These two words - new routes - he uses
in brackets. By brackets I understand that my new, perhaps, turned out to
be old and this route has only brought me to the CheKa. …Some people
will say about my letter that now I am looking for a possibility to leave the
CheKa. As God is my witness, no. I feel perfectly well. I am wonderfully
equipped for ideological work. I am not free, though without the help of the
CheKa, I would have never had so much free time. I would gladly use this
time for some cultural social activity, as if I am not mistaken, I can still do
something useful other than cursing the Bolsheviks5."

1923: "I saw Ruben’s4 letter. A couple of words are written there about

FEBRUARY


MONDAY

7
TUESDAY
1
8
WEDNESDAY
2
9
THURSDAY
3
10
FRIDAY
4
11
SATURDAY
5
12
SUNDAY
6
13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28
1. GRUZINSKAYA CHREZVYCHAYNAYA KOMISSIYA
– EXTRAORDINARY COMMISSION OF GEORGIA
2. SEIT DEVDARIANI (1879-1937), A SOCIAL
DEMOCRAT, WAS IN KHARKOV DURING THE
1917 FEBRUARY REVOLUTION. HE HAD BEEN A
MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY SINCE 1918. THEN
HE WAS THE SECRETARY OF THE GEORGIAN
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PARTY’S ILLEGAL CENTRAL
COMMITTEE IN 1921–23. HE WAS ARRESTED IN
1923 AND RELEASED AT THE BEGINNING OF 1924.
HE CARRIED ON HIS POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC
WORK TILL 1937. HE WAS SHOT IN 1937.
3. SEIT DEVDARIANI. HOW THEY LIVED IN 5. KOMUNISTI 29 DECEMBER, N299, 1923. THE
THE SOVIET RUSSIA. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY LETTER IN QUESTION WAS WRITTEN BY SEIT
PROPAGANDA COMMISSION PUBLICATION. CITY DEVDARIANI WHILE IN CHEKA INCARCERATION
UNION PRINTING HOUSE, TBILISI, 2 PUSHKIN IN 1923.
STREET, 1920.
4. RUBEN (PARTY PSEUDONYM) – RUBEN GUKAS
MKRTICHIAN (1894-1938) WAS A FORMER
WARRANT OFFICER, BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTIONARY.
SECRETARY OF TBILISI COMMITTEE OF GEORGIAN
COMMUNIST PARTY.
 46 LADO ASATIANI (BEBUTOVI) STREET
RESIDENT: KONSTANTINE (KOTE)
NIKOLOZ APKHAZI (1867-1923).
DEPUTY TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD
OF ALL GEORGIA SHEPHERDS’ COOPERATIVE
SHEPHERD. HE WAS ARRESTED ON 3 MARCH
1923, BY ORDER OF A TRANSCAUCASIA
SECRET POLICE (ZAK CHEKA) WARRANT1 N36.

1923: "Erkomaishvili said: Alexandre Javakhishvili did not manage to
dismiss any charge brought against him by the Commission of Inspection
and the Committee … he blames the whole Board including Sh. Karumid-
ze, except K. Apkhazi, who is known as an honest and hard-working man;
as for other Board members, they showed complete incompetence, lack of
energy and indifference2."
1923: "I am not able to add anything to my previous statements, except
for the following: the local rebellions I explain not by the influence
of parties from the centre, but by the psychological condition of the
masses, those masses whose century-long concepts collapsed. The po-
litical movement did not have the leaders. I feel guilty of the fact that
I accepted the post of the chairman of the National Democratic Party
Central Committee, though I would like to admit that the only reason for
this was my wish to try and prevent any rebellion3…"
1923: "On 31 May at 2 pm, while I happened to be in Istanbul, one Geor-
gian passed a newspaper Komunisti from the ship, and I read about execu-
tion of my best friends and acquaintances… It is very hard for me to enu-
merate everybody. I will draw up a list and provide you with it… Could you
please order a requiem? If you can find a Georgian priest, a church requiem
is better of course. There were 15 people executed altogether. They are all
our people… You can probably see which political group they belonged to.
They say 12 more people are to be executed4."

MARCH
March 3 – Mother’s Day



MONDAY

7
TUESDAY
1
8
WEDNESDAY
2
9
THURSDAY
3
10
FRIDAY
4
11
SATURDAY
5
12
SUNDAY
6
13
March 8 – International 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Women’s Day 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
1. ZAKAVKAZSKAYA CHREZVYCHAYNAYA KOMIS-
SIYA – TRANSCAUCASIAN EXTRAORDINARY
COMMISSION
2. CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF RECENT HISTORY
OF GEORGIA (SUITSA), FUND N392, LIST N1, CASE
N1. (MINUTES OF THE ALL GEORGIA SHEPHERDS’
COOPERATIVE SHEPHERD AUTHORIZED REPRESEN-
TATIVE’S MEETING, 26-27 FEBRUARY, 1923)
3. KIRTADZE NESTAN (ELISABED), CAIN, WHERE
IS YOUR BROTHER?!... (BLOODSTAINED PAGES
OF GEORGIAN HISTORY); 1921-1930), MERANI,
TBILISI 1998. P.61. AN EXCERPT FROM THE
EXECUTION MINUTES OF KOTE APKHAZI. HE WAS
INTERROGATED BY PETROSIAN ON 12 MAY 1923.
HE WAS SHOT ON 20 MAY 1923.
4. SPIRIDON KEDIA. FROM PRIVATE ARCHIVE,
TBILISI, 2007. PP.23-24; SPIRIDON KEDIA’S LETTER
TO GRIGOL VESHAPELI, 1/VI/23, ISTANBUL.
17 GALAKTIONI (AKAKI TSERETELI, FORMERLY GANOVI) STREET
RESIDENT: GRIGOL (SERGO) KONSTANTINE ORJONIKIDZE (1886-1937).
1ST SECRETARY OF TRANSCAUCASIA REGIONAL COMMITTEE (BOLSHEVIK)
COMMUNIST PARTY OF RUSSIA.

17-25 April, 1923, in Moscow, the 12th Congress of the (Bolshevik)

Communist Party of Russia, finally rebuked the activities of the so-called
national deviationist group that existed in the Communist Party of Geor-
gia, due to the direct efforts of Sergo (Grigol) Konstantine Orjonikidze and
Ioseb Besarion Stalin (Jughashvili).

1923: "Mdivani1 describes the situation so that, though he was summoned,

he is still the winner. In this case I do not know what we can call a failure.
Even though we know that blessed Don Quixote thought he was the win-
ner, when in reality he was defeated by the windmills. To my mind, some
comrades who work in one part of the Soviet territory, called Georgia, have
some problems with their brains2."

1924: "It is not necessary to hide the fact that the state of affairs within the
Georgian Party concerns not only the Georgian Communist Party or the
Transcaucasia organisation, but also our All-Union Party, and it is even an
international issue. All our discussions and documents were published in
Socialisturi Vesniki3 after several weeks. Chkhenkeli4 in his memorandum
to the government of England points at the disagreement in our Georgian
party and speculates about it. In one of his articles Devdariani5 wrote that
we, the Menshevik Central Committee, decided to find common interests
with the Deviationists, send public figures on mission and try to negotiate
with them. When their leader, the bandit Khomeriki6 arrived, he announced
at his meeting that they are going to implement this7. ..."

APRIL
April 9 - Day of Restoring



MONDAY

4
TUESDAY

5
WEDNESDAY

6
THURSDAY

7
FRIDAY
1
8
SATURDAY
2
9
SUNDAY
3
10
Sovereignty and National Unity 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
April 22-25 – Easter days: 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Good Friday, Great Saturday, 25 26 27 28 29 30
Easter Sunday, Easter Monday
1. BUDU MDIVANI IS MEANT; SEE: OCTOBER.
2. I.B.STALIN. WORKS, VOLUME 5, (1921-1923),
SAKHELGAMI, SECTOR OF POLITICAL LITERATURE,
TBILISI 1949. P. 256. IOSEB BESARION STALIN’S
FINAL SPEECH ON CENTRAL COMMITTEE REPORT,
19 APRIL, 1923.
3. RUSSIAN SOCIALIST AND DEMOCRATIC LABOUR
PARTY (MENSHEVIKS) FOREIGN DELEGATION
JOURNAL, 1921-1965. IT WAS PUBLISHED IN
BERLIN, PARIS AND NEW YORK. THE FIRST EDITORS
WERE JULIUS MARTOV AND TEODOR DUNN.
4. AKAKI CHKHENKELI IS MEANT; AMBASSADOR
OF THE GEORGIAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC IN
FRANCE.
5. SEIT DEVDARIANI IS MEANT; SEE: FEBRUARY
6. NOE KHOMERIKI IS MEANT, SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT,
MINISTER OF FARMING FOR THE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA, EMIGRATED IN 1921.
RETURNED FROM EMIGRATION AND IN 1923 WAS
ARRESTED TOGETHER WITH SEIT DEVDARIANI (SEE:
FEBRUARY). HE WAS SHOT IN AUGUST 1924.
7. BOLSHEVIKS OF TRANSCAUCASIA IN FIGHT
WITH NATIONAL-DEVIATIONIST TBILISI BRANCH
OF COMMUNIST PARTY (BOLSHEVIST) OF GEORGIA
MARX-ENGELS-LENIN INSTITUTE, COMMUNIST
PARTY (BOLSHEVIST) OF GEORGIA CENTRAL COM-
MITTEE PARTY PUBLISHING HOUSE. 1937. SERGO
ORJONIKIDZES SPEECH AT THE PARTY CONGRESS,
21 APRIL, 1924.
11 PETRE CHAIKOVSKI (G. ELIAVA) STREET
RESIDENT: LIZIKO (ELISABED) KAIKHOSRO KAVTARADZE (1905-1988)1.
SHE WAS ARRESTED (FOR THE SECOND TIME) ON 15 MAY 1940

1954: "My daughter Kavtaradze Elisabed Kaikhosro was arrested in

1929 as a political wrongdoer. The same year she was sent into exile for six
years to a village called Kolopashovo, 350 km from Tomsk. She returned
after serving the sentence in 1936. She was arrested again and sent into
exile, this time for eight years to the Akmolinski camp in Kazakhstan Soviet
Socialist Republic2. While in prison she was beaten by Rapava3 himself.
While serving the sentence she was allowed to live in the city of Kokchatav,
where she is at present. Please, discuss her case and if possible give her a
permission to return to Georgia. I am 84 years old and have not seen my
daughter for 14 years4."

2008: "This time the batch of prisoners on the way to exile by rail was
transported by Stolpinka5. It is a creation of human malice and as the name
testifies, is perhaps the fruit of Stolipin’s vindictive imagination. This kind
of railway carriage consists of a row of cages, and as a rule they are packed
with prisoners: each of the first two cages has layers with six prisoners each,
the third upper layer – can accommodate only one person. ...The cages with
iron bars are separated from the corridor and constantly guarded by sentries.
The built-in bars make a grill door equipped with a bolt and padlock. The
windows in all the cages are built up. Safely locked and with the same grill,
there are windows to the corridor. The sad eyes of prisoners turned face-
down are looking out of them. The dusty and dirty windows separate them
from the forbidden freedom6..."

MAY
May 9 – Day of victory over Fascism



MONDAY

2
TUESDAY

3
WEDNESDAY

4
THURSDAY

5
FRIDAY

6
SATURDAY

7
SUNDAY
1
8
May 12 – Saint Andrea the First day 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
May 26 – Independence Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
1. ELISABED KAIKHOSRO KAVTARADZE WAS BORN
AND SPENT MOST OF HER LIFE IN TBILISI. SHE WAS
ARRESTED TWICE, ONCE IN 1928 AND IN 1940 AND
CHARGED WITH ESPIONAGE AND CLANDESTINE
ACTIVITY. IN TOTAL SHE SPENT 28 YEARS IN
PRISON. SHE WAS PARDONED IN 1956 AND LATER
REHABILITATED.
2. AKMOLINSKI CAMP FOR WIVES OF COUNTRY
TRAITORS (ALJIR) IS MEANT.
3. AVKSENTI RAPAVA IS MEANT. HE WAS A DEPUTY
TO THE PUBLIC COMMISSAR OF THE GEORGIAN SSR
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS.
4. MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS ARCHIVE OF-
FICE (1ST DEPARTMENT), FUND N6, CASE N28 538;
APPLICATION OF OLGHA IOSEB KAVTARADZE.
5. NAMED AFTER PETER STOLIPIN – MINISTER OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS AND PRIME MINISTER OF THE
RUSSIAN EMPIRE.
6. LIZIKO KAVTARADZE, 28 YEARS IN THE GULAG,
TBILISI 2008. PP.58-59.
 3 MIKHEIL LERMONTOV STREET
RESIDENT: SIMON (SIMONIK) GRIGOL
FIRUMOV (FIRUMIAN, 1889-1937).

25 JUNE 1937, Assize Court of the USSR Supreme Court, Military we had to urgently take Kheladze4 and Kachukhashvili5 out of France. Due
Collegium sentenced Simon Grigol Firumov to death by shooting and the to their fake passports, they could have easily ended up in prison, compro-
seizure of his private property, under the Criminal Code of Georgian SSR mised our activity and reinforced Chkhenkeli’s groundless informing on the
Articles 58-6, 58-8, and 58-11. Transcaucasian CheKa6."

1926: "Mensheviks are trying to use all their means to succeed in hound-
ing all supporters out. The most effort is used to discredit me among the
French. We have obtained a document in which Chkhenkeli1 is informing
the French police that there is a Transcaucasus CheKa organisation which
I lead and that I do not work even as a secretary in the Embassy, but I am a
Zak CheKa authorised representative. According to the same document it is
clear that Pachulia2, Kedia3 and other Georgian policemen are sent on offi-
cial business in the French Police with a goal: to establish such an organisa-
tion. As a result, the French police started to watch them closely; therefore,
1937: "I know very well according to Akhmeteli7 himself that he worked
closely on a counter-revolutionary and nationalist basis with Simonik Fi-
rumov, who carried out counter-revolutionary and nationalist activities in
Armenia. Akhmeteli told me the following about Firumov: While in Paris,
Firumov contacted the emigrants who he still keeps in close touch with, acts
according to their instructions and receives money from abroad. In 1934
Akhmeteli introduced me to Firumov in Hotel Orient. In Tbilsi Firumov
communicated with Titsian Tabidze and Nikolo Mitsishvili8."

JUNE


MONDAY

6
TUESDAY

7
WEDNESDAY
1
8
THURSDAY
2
9
FRIDAY
3
10
SATURDAY
4
11
SUNDAY
5
12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30
1. AKAKI CHKHENKELI IS MEANT. HE WAS THE
AMBASSADOR OF THE GEORGIAN SSR IN FRANCE
AT THAT TIME.
2. PLATON PACHULIA IS MEANT. HE WAS A DEPUTY
TO THE HEAD OF THE SPECIAL SQUAD AT THE
GEORGIAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC’S MINISTRY OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS.
3. MELIK (MELKISEDEK) KEDIA IS MEANT. HE
WAS THE HEAD OF THE SPECIAL SQUAD AT THE
GEORGIAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC’S MINISTRY OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS.
4. ALFES KHELADZE IS MEANT. HE WAS A
TYPESETTER BY PROFESSION, SOCIAL DEMOCRAT,
EMIGRATED IN 1921 AND RETURNED IN 1926.
5. IVANE KACHUKHASHVILI IS MEANT. HE WAS
A LAWYER BY PROFESSION, SOCIAL DEMOCRAT,
EMIGRATED IN 1921 AND RETURNED IN 1926.
6. ARCHIVE OFFICE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL
AFFAIRS OF GEORGIA (2ND DEPARTMENT, THE
ARCHIVE OF FORMER PARTY BODIES) FUND N13,
LIST N4’ CASE N85; SIMON FIRUMOV (A SECRETARY
TO THE SOVIET PLENIPOTENTIARY REPRESENTA-
TION IN FRANCE), 18 JANUARY 1926.
7. ALEXANDRE AKHMETELI, ARTISTIC DIRECTOR OF
RUSTAVELI THEATRE. HE WAS SHOT IN 1937.
8. ARCHIVE OFFICE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL
AFFAIRS OF GEORGIA (2ND DEPARTMENT, THE
ARCHIVE OF FORMER PARTY BODIES) FUND N14,
LIST N4’ CASE N85; AKAKI ALEXANDRE VASADZE
INTERROGATION MINUTES. HE WAS INTER-
ROGATED BY THE HEAD OF THE 3RD DEPARTMENT
IN THE GEORGIAN SSR INTERNAL AFFAIRS PUBLIC
COMMISSARIAT STATE SECURITY OFFICE, STATE
SECURITY MAJOR MKHEIDZE, ON 4 MAY 1937.
13 IVANE MACHABELI STREET
ON 22 JULY 1937, POET PAOLO JIBRAIL IASHVILI (1892-1937) .
COMMITTED SUICIDE ON THE PREMISES OF THE GEORGIAN WRITERS’ UNION.

1921: At 5pm, on 1 March, a meeting of Georgian craftsman was held

at Ak. Khoshtaria’s1 house (Sergiev Street). Representatives of all fields
of art, writers, musicians, artists and painters, attended the meeting. The
poet Paolo Iashvili informed the meeting that the Georgian revolutionary
committee plans to transfer the house and its entire inventory to Georgian
Writers’ Union to found an Artists’ Palace2."

1937: "Pavle Iashvili, disguised as a Soviet writer, has been carrying out
treacherous and treasonable activities against the Georgian working people
and our Socialist Homeland. …When eventually the facts of his subver-
sive and treacherous work were revealed, he tried to escape the fury of the
Soviet people and proletarian justice. His suicide on the premises of the
Writers’ Palace, during the meeting of the Writers’ Union Presidium, is a
provocative act3, arousing loathing and indignation in every decent Soviet
writer’s consciousness4…"

1937: "It should be stated as a fact that the suicide of Paolo Iashvili, the
exposed spy and people’s enemy, is a provocative act against the Party and
Soviet structures. For this reason, he should be buried as an enemy of the
people. …Lavrenti Beria shall provide the presidium of the Soviet Writers’
Union of Georgia with the information about counter-revolutionary, trea-
sonable and subversive activities of Paolo Iashvili5."

JULY


MONDAY

4
TUESDAY

5
WEDNESDAY

6
THURSDAY

7
FRIDAY
1
8
SATURDAY
2
9
SUNDAY
3
10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1. AKAKI KHOSHTARIA, GEORGIAN TRADER,
OWNER OF DAVID SARAJISHVILI’S HOUSE (CUR-
RENTLY THE WRITERS’ HOUSE); HE EMIGRATED
IN 1921.
2. REVAZ KVERENCHKHILADZE, THE WRITERS’
UNION OF GEORGIA, 1917-1982, MERANI, TBILISI
1983. PP. 30-31; KOMUNISTI, N3, 1921.
3. PAOLO IASHVILI’S SUICIDE AT THE WRITERS’
HOUSE IS MEANT, ON 22 JULY 1937, DURING THE
MEETING OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE WRITERS’
UNION.
4. REVAZ KVERENCHKHILADZE, THE DOCUMENTS
CALL OUT LOUDLY, TBILISI 2007. PP. 274-265; MIN-
UTES OF THE WRITES’ UNION OFFICE PRESIDIUM
MEETING, 23 JULY1937.
5. ARCHIVE OFFICE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL
AFFAIRS OF GEORGIA (2ND DEPARTMENT, FORMER
PARTY BODIES’ ARCHIVE), FUND N14, LIST N11,
CASE N88. SIGNED: L. BERIA, TO BE SENT TO S.
GOGLIDZE), MEETING OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
OF GEORGIA OFFICE.
 14 MIKHAIL LERMONTOV STREET
RESIDENT: ALEXANDRE KONSTANTINE
MOROZOV (1887-1964).
STATE SECURITY COMMITTEE (KGB) CAPTAIN,
HEAD OF THE 1ST SPECIAL DEPARTMENT OF
THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT OF INTERNAL
AFFAIRS, ALEXANDER KONSTANTINE
MOROZOV CARRIED OUT SECRETARIAL
DUTIES DURING THE FIRST MEETING OF THE
KGB ON 11 AUGUST 1937 AND DID THE SAME
JOB CONTINUOUSLY UNTIL 1938. THE TROIKA
CONDUCTED TRIALS OF 21,376 PEOPLE FROM
1937 TO 1938.

1955: "As Morozov had a close relationship with the unmasked enemies
of the people (Goglidze1, Kobulov2, Rapava3 and Tsereteli4), and was per-
sonally interested in the sanctions facing Goglidze, on 20 November
1937 he moved to the former KGB employee X’s 5 flat before the inves-
tigation of his case finished. The troika, with the secretary Morozov,
groundlessly sentenced X to shooting, his wife Y to eight years im-
prisonment, as she was a family member of an enemy of the people. …
Apart from this, the X family had a well-furnished house, which Mo-
rozov got hold of free of charge and appropriated part of their things.
…In his commentaries A.K. Morozov, despite the existence of some
exposing documents in the case … claims that he was only a technical
worker of the troika. As for the X family’s things, he claims he pur-
chased them lawfully and paid the price fixed by the state6."
1990: "I was ushered into one room. A tall reddish man was sitting at the
desk; he had slightly screwed up eyes. He looked at me up and down, made
a discontented movement with his hands and left the room. After a couple
of minutes a soldier entered the room and took me to a different room. …
The same reddish man entered the room at that moment. He did not say any-
thing to me. As I learned afterwards, this man had a very important position,
and his name was Morozov. He instantly ordered the soldiers – “Throw him
in Sabachnaia” – and I was thrown in a very little room. The door opened in
the evening and I was taken somewhere. This time I was ushered into a dif-
ferent room and Morozov was there again. He came closer to me and read
the decree. After this I was taken back to my cell7."

AUGUST
August 28 – Saint Mary’s Day



MONDAY
1
8
TUESDAY
2
9
WEDNESDAY
3
10
THURSDAY
4
11
FRIDAY
5
12
SATURDAY
6
13
SUNDAY
7
14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
1. SERGO GOGLIDZE IS MEANT. HE WAS A COMMIS-
SAR OF GEORGIAN SSR PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT
OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS.
2. BOGDAN KOBULOV IS MEANT. HE WAS A
DEPUTY TO THE HEAD OF THE KGB 4TH DEPART-
MENT OF THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS.
3. AVKSENTI RAPAVA IS MEANT. HE WAS A
DEPUTY TO THE COMMISSAR OF THE GEORGIAN
SSR PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT OF INTERNAL
AFFAIRS.
4. SHALVA TSERETELI IS MEANT. HE WAS CHIEF OF 7. AMIRANI, OPPOSITIONAL LITERARY AND
WORKERS AND PEASANTRY POLICE OF GEORGIAN SSR. ARTISTIC SOCIAL AND POLITICAL COLLECTION OF
WORKS. GANATLEBA PUBLISHING HOUSE, TBILISI
5. DUE TO THE AIMS OF THE RESEARCH WE 1990, P.299; ALEXANDRE SIGUA’S MEMOIRS.
ABSTAIN FROM MENTIONING THE NAMES OF THE
PEOPLE DESCRIBED.
6. ARCHIVE OFFICE OF GEORGIAN MINISTRY OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS, (2ND DEPARTMENT, FORMER
PARTY BODIES ARCHIVE), FUND N14, LIST N30,
CASE N124, P.23.
30 ALEKSANDRE GRIBOEDOVI STREET
RESIDENT: ABBE SHULMAN.
COMMANDANT OF METEKHI PRISON (N1 PENITENTIARY).

On 16 SEPTEMBER 1922 according to the decree of the Special Com-

mission Collegium of Georgia, 12 persons were shot, as they were found
guilty of the contact with Kakutsa Cholokashvili and armed uprising.
Before the penalty was put into effect, a cavalry captain Solomon (Su-
slika) Andronikashvili seriously wounded famous Soviet secret police-
man Shulman1.

1922: "Among a plethora of subversive rebellions there is one that attempts

to discredit the reputation of the KGB and turn it into such an executing
body, where innocent people are mercilessly shot. …They disseminate li-
belous incitement, as if 12 members of the Cholokashvili band were shot
without a judicial investigation and trial when they were absolutely inno-
cent. Being utterly sure that this unbelievable, cynical story can to some
extent convince somebody, the Georgian CheKa is publishing short infor-
mation about the investigation and how they were proved guilty2."

2002: "very soon the Georgians were gripped with fear, when several patri-
ots were brought out of Metekhi, shot ruthlessly and without trial as bandits
…Among those Georgians, Suslika Andronikashvili, who was armed with
a nail, struggled against the executioner Shulman and almost gouged out
his eyes, causing serious damage to him. That is why Suslika was killed
there within the walls of the CheKa building. The others were taken to Sa-
burtalo by kamioni3, and their graves were dug there. …After this incident
Shulman put on Suslika’s shoes and visited the Ortachala prison; with eyes
bleeding, he declared angrily that those who do not obey will share the fate
of the owner of these shoes4."

SEPTEMBER


MONDAY

5
TUESDAY

6
WEDNESDAY

7
THURSDAY
1
8
FRIDAY
2
9
SATURDAY
3
10
SUNDAY
4
11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
1. ABBE SHULMAN CARRIED OUT THE DEATH
PENALTY.

2. KOMUNISTI, 30 SEPTEMBER, #224, 1922,

THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE GEORGIAN CHEKA
ON THE SHOOTING OF 12 PERSONS.

3. KAMIONI: A FRENCH WORD FOR LORRY.

4. SOPIO CHIJAVADZE-KEDIA, HEARD AND SEEN,

GEORGIAN-EUROPEAN INSTITUTE, PARIS 2002.
P. 339.
43 DZMEBI ZUBALASHVILEBI (GIORGI ATARBEGOVI) STREET
RESIDENT: POLIKARPE (BUDU) GURGENI MDIVANI (1877-1937) .
A FORMER SECRETARY TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE GEORGIAN COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS,
FORMER MEMBER OF THE TRANSCAUCASUS SSFR CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
HE WAS ARRESTED ON 17 OCTOBER 1936.

1926: "We should remember that the emigration is disposed towards

nationalism, and therefore we should talk to them using national tunes
…the fact that the émigré affairs are under the supervision of an Armenian1
ought to be considered as an obstacle. …When Levan Ghoghoberidze2 was
in Paris, everybody was pleased to visit him. You might ask Why? Because
he talked to Georgians in Georgian, he was aware of their language and char-
acter. When I arranged a meeting of Soso Goginashvili3 with Levan …after
Levan left, Soso told me: They say those people are cannibals and this was a
real surprise. Budu really …impressed everybody immensely with his kind-
ness and attitude. Archil Araviashvili …states directly: Even if I rot in Eu-
rope, I would never go to Pirumov, take me to Budu. …It is necessary that a
Georgian man works with Pirumov, a member of government, even a factual
one …it is even better if one of the Deviationists is sent4…"

1937: G. Eliava5 stated that in 1926 he learned from Zurab Avalishvili6 that
during his stay in Paris, Budu Mdivani met his brother, Soso Mdivani7, a
famous socialist-federalist, who worked with Mensheviks. According to
Avalishvili, this was a political meeting, though he did not say in what way
exactly8."

OCTOBER
October 14 –



MONDAY

3
TUESDAY

4
WEDNESDAY

5
THURSDAY

6
FRIDAY

7
SATURDAY
1
8
SUNDAY
2
9
Day of Svetiskhoveli Cathedral 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
1. ABOUT SIMON FIRUMOV SEE: JUNE.
2. LEVAN DAVID GHOGHOBERIDZE, GEORGIAN
BOLSHEVIK. HE WAS ON A SPECIAL PARTY MIS-
SION IN PARIS, AND WAS SHOT IN 1937.
3. SOSO GOGINASHVILI: GEORGIAN SOCIAL DEMO-
CRAT, HEAD OF THE PEOPLE’S GUARDS TSKHINVALI
HEADQUARTERS. EMIGRATED IN 1921,
RETURNED IN 1926.
4. ARCHIVE OFFICE OF GEORGIAN MINISTRY OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS (2ND DEPARTMENT, FORMER
PARTY ORGANS’ ARCHIVE), FUND N14, LIST N2,
CASE N617; IVANE IOSEB KACHUKHASHVILI (SEE:
JUNE), TBILISI 1926.
5. GIORGI ELIAVA IS MEANT. SEE: JANUARY. 8. ARCHIVE OFFICE OF THE GEORGIAN MINISTRY
OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS (1ST DEPARTMENT), FUND
6. HE WAS A SCIENTIST, LAWYER, HISTORIAN, N6, CASE N36224-07, VOLUME 9, P. 80.
SPECIALIST IN LITERATURE, DIPLOMAT, PUBLICIST,
POLITICAL AND PUBLIC FIGURE, PROFESSOR,
AND ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE GEORGIAN
NATIONAL-DEMOCRATIC PARTY. EMIGRANT
SINCE 1921.
7. SOSO (SVIMON) MDIVANI, MEMBER OF
SOCIALIST-FEDERALIST PARTY, EMBASSADOR OF
THE GEORGIAN SOCIALIST DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
IN OTTOMAN TURKEY, MEMBER OF THE SO-CALLED
ISTANBUL POLITICAL COMMISSION.
 7 VAKHTANG KOTETISHVILI
(ALEKSANDRE OBOLADZE) STREET
RESIDENT: VAKHTANG ILIA
KOTETISHVILI (1893-1937).
PROFESSOR OF TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
AND KUTAISI PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE,
SCULPTOR. HE WAS ARRESTED
ON 5 NOVEMBER 1937.

1926: "…Nobody can deny that there were some factors that alien-
ated the Georgian intelligentsia from the ruling power. This alienation had
other basis, namely: such issues that were vague for a long time. I mean
the national issue. Georgian writers were somewhat frightened, let their
quills out like a hedgehog and hunched, as if they were going to face a
predictable danger1."
1956: "…These statements are undoubtedly made up, silly, incomprehen-
sible. Not a single word is true, there is not a single fact that could coincide
with reality. The only truth is the names mentioned, some of them are al-
ready dead, and some are still alive. Kotetishvili would never stoop to say
anything so silly, untruthful and meaningless … as he was an immaculately
decent, extremely fair, genuinely gifted and talented person. He would of
course never have a vicious intent … Kotetishvili is a victim of a certain
treacherous plan designed by the enemies of the Soviet people and authori-
ties and aimed at some dreadful end2…"
2001: "I always dreamed of the following: What if when I get home and
ring the bell, my father will come out and stand on the balcony, smile at me
and open the door. What should I do then? How should I behave? Should I
run to him and hug him? But I would never be able to do this, as I will feel
embarrassed, I am unaccustomed to being a child, more precisely – I have
not managed to get accustomed to this. I am only a brother, nephew or a
grandchild. My father has always existed for me on the wall like a picture,
as an icon for prayers3."

NOVEMBER
November 23 – Saint George’s Day



MONDAY

7
TUESDAY
1
8
WEDNESDAY
2
9
THURSDAY
3
10
FRIDAY
4
11
SATURDAY
5
12
SUNDAY
6
13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30
1. T. MAGHLAPERIDZE, VIOLENCE, FEAR,
DECEPTION, KRITIKA, #4, 1991. P.24. VAKHTANG
KOTETISHVILI’S SPEECH AT THE 1ST CONGRESS OF
GEORGIAN WRITERS, 1926.

2. REVAZ KVERENCHKHILADZE. DOCUMENTS PRO-

CLAIM, TBILISI 2007. PP. 300-301. THE STATEMENT
OF ALEKSANDRE BESARION MDIVANI, 1956.

3. VAKHUSHTI KOTETISHVILI, MY EARTHLY LIFE,

TBILISI 2001, PP.128-129.
 11 GERONTI KIKODZE
(FILIPE MAKHARADZE) STREET
RESIDENT: EVGENI SIMONI
MIKELADZE (1903-1937).
ARTISTIC DIRECTOR OF THE TBILISI STATE THE-
ATRE OF OPERA AND BALLET, A CONDUCTOR.
ON 13 DECEMBER 1937, THE MEETING OF THE
TROIKA AT THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE GEORGIAN SSR
SENTENCED EVGENI SIMONI MIKELADZE TO
THE HIGHEST MEASURE OF PUNISHMENT:
SHOOTING.

1937: "the festive minute has come, no lights in the concert hall, the
conductor Mikeladze swings his baton. The melodious enchanting sounds
of overture are heard. At this moment comrades Orjonikidze1 and Budioni2
enter the government box. They go to the first row and take the seats close
to the stage. After them comrade Stalin and comrades Molotov3, Kaganovich4,
Voroshilov5, and then other comrades Mikoyan6, Antipov7, Mezhlauk8,
Dimitrov9, Beria10, Khrushchev11 entered the same box. The third act ended
with a triumph. …The whole opera troupe turned to the box where Stalin,
Molotov, Orjonikidze and others were standing and applauding. …The ac-
tors of Tbilisi opera joined 2000 people in the hall in enthusiasm which
reflected their loyalty towards the much-loved Stalin12."
1937: "The joy of creative work, the joy of preparation of new forces for
art – this is the essence of my life13."
1937: "Case N12537 of the Georgian SSR People’s Commissariat for Inter-
nal Affairs State Security Committee (KGB) 4th Department, the accused
Evgeni Simoni Mikeladze …prior to imprisonment was the artistic director
of The Opera House in Tbilisi.
He was accused of being a member of the right-wing c/r14 organiza-
tion, which entrusted him with the duty of carrying out subversive activ-
ity in the Opera House, and of serving as a link between the head office
of the right-wing a/s organization located in Tbilisi and enemy of the
people M. Orakhelashvili15 …Meanwhile, Mikeladze was a member of
k/r16 treasonable organization and was actively involved in the collec-
tion of treasonous data and then sent them to M. Orakhelashvili, who
was in Moscow17."

DECEMBER


MONDAY

5
TUESDAY

6
WEDNESDAY

7
THURSDAY
1
8
FRIDAY
2
9
SATURDAY
3
10
SUNDAY
4
11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
1. SERGO ORJONIKIDZE, SEE: APRIL.
2. SEMYON BUDYONNY, SOVIET COMMANDER-
IN-CHIEF, COMMANDER OF MOSCOW MILITARY
DISTRICT.
3. VYACHESLAV MOLOTOV, CHAIRMAN OF USSR
PEOPLE’S COMMISSAR COUNCIL.
4. LAZAR KAGANOVICH, USSR PEOPLE’S COM-
MISSAR OF DEFENCE INDUSTRY, OR MIKHEIL
KAGANOVICH (LAZAR’S BROTHER), GKP (B)
CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARY, MEMBER OF
THE PRESIDIUM AND POLITBURO.
5. KLIMENT VOROSHILOV, USSR PEOPLE’S COM-
MISSAR OF DEFENCE.
6. ANASTAS MIKOYANI, USSR PEOPLE’S COMMIS-
SAR FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRY, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN
OF THE USSR PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS’ COUNCIL.
7. NIKOLOZ ANTIPOV, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF USSR
PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS’ COUNCIL, CHAIRMAN OF
THE SSR CONTROL COMMISSION.
8. VALERI MEZHLAUK, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF
USSR PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS’ COUNCIL.
9. GIORGI DIMITROV, LEADER OF BULGARIAN
COMMUNIST PARTY, THE SO-CALLED BULGARIAN
LENIN.
10. LAVRENTI BERIA, SECRETARY OF GEORGIAN
COMMUNIST PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE.
11. NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV, FIRST SECRETARY OF
MOSCOW REGIONAL COMMITTEE, MEMBER OF
TROIKA, FIRST SECRETARY OF THE UKRAINIAN COM-
MUNIST PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE SINCE 1938.
12. KOMUNISTI, 1937, 8 JANUARY N6 (4808), (IT
IS ABOUT THE CONCERT OF GEORGIAN THEATRE
OF OPERA AND BALLET IN MOSCOW), IN JANUARY
1937, AS PART OF THE SO-CALLED GEORGIAN
ARTS FESTIVAL.
13. KOMUNISTI 15 JANUARY 1937, N12 (4814),
THE CONDUCTOR EVGENI MIKELADZE.
14. ANTI-SOVIET.
15. MAMIA (IVANE) ORAKHELASHVILI IS MEANT.
HE WAS EVGENI MIKELADZE’S FATHER-IN-LAW, A
BOLSHEVIK, AND WAS SHOT IN 1937.
16. COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY.
17. ARCHIVE OFFICE OF THE MINISTRY OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS (1ST DEPARTMENT), FUND N8,
MINUTES N64, P. 37; MINUTES OF THE MEETING
OF TROIKA N64.
DEAR READER,

W
e are writing to you on behalf of the researchers and Yours faithfully,
specialists of the Soviet Past Research Laboratory, Soviet Past Research Laboratory
a non-governmental organization that aims to study
and research the history of Soviet Georgia. Lascha Bakradze / David Gogishvili / David Jishkariani
Irakli Khvadagiani / Giorgi Kldiashvili / Nino Lejava
Perhaps in your family there is a preserved family photo album, Ana Margvelashvili / Giorgi Shaishmelashvili
some type of document, a newspaper article, a letter or an object
related to the Soviet repressions or Soviet period.
Write to us at: info@sovlab.ge
Unfortunately, so far nobody has established one fund, archive or Or call: Tel.: +(995) 93 780568; +(995) 93 785901; +(995) 77 520152
museum to collect all the material providing specialists, researchers, www.sovlab.ge
the interested public or young people with the possibility to thor-
oughly investigate the most recent history. Furthermore, such an
archive could preserve invaluable material for future generations,
material which is part of Georgian history and is otherwise doomed
to perish.

The Soviet Past Research Laboratory would like to appeal for your
help. If there is a family photo album, some type of document, a
newspaper article, a letter or an object in your family, which you
think could be worth including in the archive (digital/electronic) of
the Soviet period, please call and let us know. We will make copies
of photos, articles, documents or letters and file them under your
or your predecessors’ name into the ownership of an open, public
domain archive, which cannot be created without your participation.

THE CALENDAR WAS PREPARED BY: IRAKLI KHVADAGIANI, ANNA MARGVELASHVILI,
NINO LEJAVA, DAVID GOGISHVILI
DESIGN: MANANA ARABULI / TRANSLATION: MAYA ROGAVA
PHOTOS: MARITA MERKVILADZE, IRAKLI KHVADAGIANI
ARCHIVE MATERIALS WHERE RESEARCHED AND PROVIDED BY:
DAVID JISHKARIANI: MAY – ELISABED (LIZIKO) KAVTARADZE – FOOTNOTE №4;
AUGUST – ALEXANDRE MOROZOV – FOOTNOTE №6.
IRAKLI KHVADAGIANI: MARCH – KONSTANTINE (KOTE) ABKHAZI – №1;
OCTOBER – BUDU MDIVANI – FOOTNOTE №4.
GIORGI KLDIASHVILI: JANUARY – GIORGI ELIAVA – FOOTNOTE №2;
JUNE – SIMON (SIMONIK) FIRUMOV – FOOTNOTE №8; JULY – THE WRITERS’ HOUSE (PAOLO IASHVILI);
OCTOBER – BUDU MDIVANI – FOOTNOTE №8; DECEMBER – EVGENI MIKELADZE – FOOTNOTE №17.
This edition is funded by the Heinrich Boell Foundation South Caucasus Regional Office and Institute for International Cooperation of the German Adult Education
Association Representative Office in Georgia (dvv-international). The views, content and design of the edition do not reflect the position of the donor organizations.
Copyright Soviet Past Research Laboratory. Tbilisi. 2010.