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L – Band Propagation Measurements for

Fixed and Mobile Reception of Satellite
Digital Emission
P.K.Chopra1 S. Jain2
K.M. Paul3, S. Sharma4

Abstract:

The nature of variations of L-band satellite signal strength for direct reception both in fixed as well as in mobile scenario are
important technical parameters for the planning of satellite broadcast and communication services network. These parameters have
been assessed through field experiment using L-band signal from the Asia star satellite of Worldspace, USA. Variation of signal
strength due to vegetation; urban structures; etc. as well as the building penetration LOSs along with the Standard Deviation of each of
these variations has been assessed based on the data collected during the fixed and mobile reception.

Keywords: Satellite, L-band, Signal, Mobile, World space

1. Introduction
1.1 The characteristics of the radio wave
propagation channel (terrestrial or
satellite) always play an important
role in planning and designing the
communication/broadcasting service
network. It is more so when the radio
frequency contains digital
information. Satellite emission of
digital multimedia signal for direct
reception is one of the most important
trends in the field of Information
Communication technology (ICT).
The signal can be in –
UHF; L-band; S-band; Ku-band or even
at higher frequency [1]. It is therefore
necessary to study the characteristics of
the propagation channel involved in the
satellite emission of the digital RF signal
at these RF frequencies.
Such propagation studies have been
made in different countries in different
frequency bands. Nevertheless there are
scopes to make further observations in
this field in various ITU-Radio
Frequency Regions.

1.2 Background, Objective and

1. HoD ECE Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering Environment of Measurements:
College, Ghaziabad, India
(M) 09350023027 Fax: 0120-2761846 After the introduction of Satellite radio
2. HoD ECE, IGIT, New Delhi services in India through the use of Asia
3. Former E-in- C, All India Radio Star Satellite of World Space, USA, it
4. Becil, INDIA
was considered necessary to study the
coverage area and discover spots where
the reception was not up to the desired
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level. Initially the World Space
organization was offering the service at
fixed locations and the signal was
received using a small patch antenna
which was required to be installed on a
South facing window or on roof-top,
facing the satellite. As the service at
fixed locations was stabilized, it was
decided to probe the possibility of using
the satellite radio in Cars and other
moving vehicles in cites and on
highways and even extend this study in
moving trains across the country. Before
such a service is offered for commercial
use it was necessary to evaluate the
effects of – foliage; shadows of the
buildings; mobile reception (vehicle
speed); etc. on the received signal.
In the present study programmed an
attempt has been made in general to
measure the propagation channel
characteristics in L-band both for fixed
as well as for mobile reception of digital
satellite emission. L band satellite
digital signal from the World space Asia
Star Satellite which employs ITU Digital
system “Ds” has been used as the signal
source. Primarily the service is intended
for fixed and portable reception.
However the measurement objective
included assessment of propagation
channel characteristics of this satellite
service both for fixed as well as for
mobile reception.
Measurements for fixed reception were
carried out for a period of about a
fortnight in congested city areas of
central Delhi and the Ridge area with
undulating terrain and moderately thick
vegetation. While measuring the signal
attenuation under fixed reception,
different types of environments like –
185
Roadside vegetation; Multistory
building area; Interior of building; etc.
were taken into account (as given in
Table 2).
Measurements for mobile reception
were carried out on board the fast
express train operating between New-
Delhi and Trivandrum. The total route
length is about 3000 KM and
measurements have been conducted all
along the route for 2 days and 2 nights.
This is a North-South route and the
measurements have covered the satellite
elevation from about 42o (New-Delhi) to
about 80o (Trivandrum).
2. Propagation Channels & Factors
influencing Mobile Reception
2.1 The radio wave propagation channel
characteristics can be broadly classified
into three categories. In the first
category the reception of the radio
signal is in a ‘Line-of-sight’ (LOS) with
the transmitting source and there is no
reflected signal component (i.e. no
multipath signal). Here the propagation
channel is called ‘Gaussian’ Channel.
This is because the signal distribution in
such a channel follows the Gaussian
distribution. Here the signal at a
particular reception location remains
fixed and it steadily gets attenuated as
the distance from the transmitting
source increases. In the second category
the received signal is a combination of
both LOS signal as well as reflected
signal components from multiple
reflecting objects like – buildings, hills,
other structures and also the mobile
objects such as motor vehicles etc. Here
the signal level at a particular location is
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no longer fixed. It fluctuates about the
steady LOS value. As the distance from
the transmitter increases, the amount of
signal fluctuation (from the steady LOS
value) varies depending upon the
combined effect of all the multipath
signal components prevailing at the
particular receiving location. Such a
propagation channel with mixed signal
components is called ‘Rice-Nakagami’
Channel. The third category of channel
is considered as the most severe. Here
the receiving location is totally obscured
from the transmitting source by
obstacles like- buildings, hills or other
structures. In such a situation there is no
LOS signal component. Whatever signal
is received by the receiver is the
combined effect of all the reflected
multipath signal components.
Obviously the received signal level at a
particular location is very unsteady and
with change of distance from the
transmitting source the signal level
fluctuates very deeply. Such a
propagation channel is called ‘Rayleigh’
Channel and is considered to be the
most severe channel condition.
2.2 In fixed reception, the radio wave
propagation channel condition more or
less remains fixed. It means that the
channel will follow either the Gaussian
Distribution i.e. direct line-of –sight
(LOS) channel or a ‘Rice-Nakagami
channel, giving both direct ‘LOS’ signal
as well as reflected multipath signal
components or it will follow a
‘Rayleigh’ channel i.e. only reflected
signal.
2.3 In a mobile reception, the channel
does not remain fixed. It goes on
changing with the variable
186
environmental conditions of the
receiving locations as rapidly as the
speed of mobility. When it is satellite
mobile reception, it rapidly changes the
channel conditions – sometimes direct
LOS; sometimes under shadow of
buildings, trees or other structures and
sometimes inside the buildings. Hence
the reception has to encounter all types
of radio wave propagation channel
conditions including the worst one i.e.
the ‘Rayleigh’ channel.
The second important factor in mobile
reception is the ‘Doppler Frequency
Shift’ of the R.F.carriers. The Doppler
carrier shift with mobility of receiver
produces additional ‘Bit Error Ratio’
(BER) and hence more noise and signal
aberrations. Depending on the receiver
characteristics in terms of required C/N,
it can tolerate this bit error/ additional
noise, up to certain extent which limits
the maximum speed of the reception.
Beyond this speed, the Doppler
Frequency Shift of the carriers crosses
the safe limit and produces
irrecoverable signal aberrations.
The third factor of mobile reception is
contained in the fact that the service
planning of mobile reception is not
based on reception with roof-top
antenna, as in the case of fixed
reception. The receiving device in the
mobile services being a hand-set with
built-in antenna, the reception is
expected anywhere- inside the building,
building basement, congested urban
built-up areas etc. In all these
environments, the received signal
strength; the error-correction coding etc.
should be strong enough to lay a robust
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received signal at the mobile receiver
input to enable an error free reception.
3. Source of L-band Satellite Emission
3.1 World Space-USA launched three L-
band geo-stationary broadcast satellites
– Asia Star (105o East); AfriStar (21o
East); Ameri Star (95o West). This
attempt of World Space-USA is historic
and extremely significant because, this
can be termed as the maiden venture for
the direct reception of satellite broadcast
service (sound). This was a successful
venture which provided digital satellite
radio service in multiple channels over a
wide global area in Asia; Africa; Europe
and American continents.
3.2 World Space geo-synchronous
satellites – AmeriStar, AfriStar and Asia
Star- are planned to illuminate South &
Central America, Africa & Middle East
and Asia respectively, using
three beams from each satellite. Each
beam comprises of left and right hand
circular polarizations and both
polarizations have different frequencies.
Each beam can carry about 50 broadcast
channels and each broadcast channel
can carry up to 8 programmes together
with Programme Associated Data
(PAD) to indicate type of programme.
3.3 Digital audio is being broadcast by
all three World Space satellites using
ITU-R Digital System “DS”. The
programmes can be encoded either in
MPEG 1 layer III, MPEG 2 layer III or
MPEG 2.5 layer III and are time division
multiplexed in a bit stream of 1.536
Mbps. This bit stream is encoded with
error protection scheme employing
Reed Solomon block codes and 1/2 FEC
187
code to form a bit stream of 3.68 Mbps.
This digital stream is then QPSK
modulated on an IF and occupies
a bandwidth of 2.5 MHz. This IF is up
converted to L-Band in 1467 to 1492
MHz bands and broadcast from
satellite. Salient technical parameters of
World Space satellite are given in Table
1.
4. Measuring set-up for Fixed Satellite
Reception
4.1 Figure 1(a), (b) and (c) gives the
block schematic diagram and
photographs of measuring set-up for
fixed satellite reception. A calibrated L-
Band yagi antenna having a gain of 9
dBi mounted on 1.5 m high wooden
tripod was used for receiving satellite
signals. The received signal was first
amplified using a Low Noise Amplifier
(LNA). The amplified signal was
divided in two signal paths of equal
signal strength using signal splitter. One
output of the splitter was used as input
to the World Space compatible receiver
and other one was connected to field
strength meter for simultaneous
measurement of field strength and
checking sound quality.
4.2 For the measurements under fixed
receiving condition, the measuring
setup was taken to various types of
locations in and around New-Delhi and
the data collected broadly under three
environmental conditions, viz. (1)
Vegetation area (2) Urban area
surrounded by high rise buildings and
(3) Inside the building.
4.3 Median Value & Standard
Deviation: As explained earlier the
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received signal is always fluctuating
whether received in a stationary mode
or in mobile mode. Therefore in both
these modes of reception, instead of
taking a single reading for the signal
strength, a set of readings are taken for
each location or each environment and
‘Median’ value of that set of readings is
calculated and that is taken as the
measured signal level of that location /
environment.
For the purpose of service planning, the
absolute signal strength in a particular
location/environment is necessary. But
characteristically the signal level is in
general not steady but fluctuating
owing to presence of multipath effect.
The amount of such fluctuation or
deviation from the mean level is an
important parameter for service
planning. While designing the
transmission system, provision has to be
kept, so that the available signal level
can offset the effect of signal deviation
and satisfy the receiver in terms of
threshold for satisfactory reception.
Conventionally such deviation of signal
is derived from the ‘Standard
Deviation’ (SD) of a set of signal
strength readings.
For all the above environments, sets of
measurements were made to derive the
median value of satellite signal
attenuation due to environment as well
as the standard deviation of the received
signal.
4.4 For building penetration LOSs,
signal measurements were made inside
and outside the buildings of different
categories of structures like- concrete,
bricks, etc. The measurements were
188
made in the direction of the satellite
beam in a manner that only one wall
obstructs the satellite beam. It was
observed that reception of good quality
audio is possible even if the signal
attenuation inside the building is of the
order of 9-11 dB.
4.5 The data collected under the three
environmental conditions were
analyzed and the median value of signal
attenuation (dB) as well as the standard
deviation of the signal was computed.
The results are presented in Table 2.
Several countries like Canada, United
Kingdom, etc., have conducted similar
experiments and the results of the
studies are available in ITU-R Special
Publication “Terrestrial and satellite
Digital Sound broadcasting to vehicular,
portable and fixed receivers in the
VHF/UHF bands”. Results of studies
carried out in India are in close
agreement with the results obtained in
these countries.
5. Digital Satellite Signal Reception
under Mobile condition
5.1 World Space Asia Star satellite is
located at 105ºE longitude. West Beam
of the satellite operating on 1487.885
MHz provides coverage to entire India
and its neighboring countries. It
employs Digital System “DS”, which is
primarily intended for portable and
fixed reception. Though service for fixed
and portable reception in India is
working satisfactorily, experiments
were required to ascertain its
performance during mobile condition
particularly in a fast moving train.
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5.2 Therefore, a study to assess 5.4 Observations during the Trial:

reception of digital satellite radio service Monitoring of reception quality of All
under mobile condition was carried out India Radio's digital satellite service via
in a fast moving train over a path length Asia Star satellite was conducted during
of about 3 000 km between New Delhi to-and-fro railway journey from Delhi to
and Trivandrum. The selection of Trivandrum using World Space
railway track was made to include the compatible receivers. The programme
following different conditions: output was fed in the rail compartments
using existing PA system also in the
 Track with and without train. The salient observations of the
electric traction trial are listed below:
 Urban and rural
environment  The reception quality in
 Plain and hilly terrain general was found to be
 Track with and without tree- excellent.
line  The radio reception was not
 Track with overhead bridges possible in some cases when
and tunnels. the train was passing
through tunnels or under the
5.3 The desired satellite signal was overhead bridges.
tuned in to feed input signal to the  Muting of receiver in
receiver and the measuring equipment. presence of R.F. interference
Figure 2 gives the block schematic of the was noticed in some of the
measuring set-up installed in a coach of areas usually in the
fast moving train. Two numbers of proximity of large cities
patch antennas mounted on magnet where several other services
were installed on two ends of rooftop of are operating in L-Band.
the coach. R.F. cables from antennas  Muting of receiver was also
were brought inside the coach where noticed in presence of multi-
outputs from both the antennas were path signals from man-made
combined with the help of a T-connector or natural objects.
as shown in Figure 3. The combined  Objective measurements
antenna output was fed to a buffer using field strength meter
amplifier for amplification. The output showed that if there are no
of buffer amplifier was divided with the obstacles from overhead
help of a 4-way connector to provide bridges, buildings, trees,
input to radio receiver, spectrum tunnels, etc., signal level
analyzer and field strength meter as does not change beyond 3 dB
shown in the Figure2. The receiver over entire path length of 3
output was fed to a monitoring 000 km.
amplifier of the Public Address (PA)
system installed in the train. 5.5 India has a vast railway network
serving millions of people across the
country. During the journey, commuters
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are not able to avail of the live radio
broadcast service and as such not able to
listen to the latest update on news,
current affairs and other important
events, which are available on fixed and
portable receivers. During this
experiment on board the Indian
Railways, the live digital satellite radio
service was fed to the existing PA
system of the train. The passengers were
very happy to taste this new service on
the moving train and they appreciated
the superior quality of the digital radio.
6. Conclusion
6.1 Fixed and Portable Reception-
For the measurements under fixed
receiving condition, the measuring
setup was taken to various types of
locations in and around New-Delhi and
the data was collected broadly under
three environmental conditions, viz.
Vegetation area, urban area surrounded
by high rise buildings and inside the
building. The signal was analysed under
various conditions and detailed analysis
carried out.
Signal attenuation was higher in areas
where vegetation is thick as compared
to areas of thin vegetation. Median
attenuation was found to be 7.6 dB with
standard deviation of 3.22 dB when
Line-of-Sight (LOS) is obstructed by
vegetation. Signal attenuation was also
high in presence of multi-storey
buildings in urban areas resulting in the
muting of receivers. Median value of
attenuation in case of LOS obstructed by
high-rise building was of the order of
7.8 dB with standard deviation of 4.35
dB.Median building penetration LOSs
190
inside the room was observed as 11 dB
with standard deviation of 3.40 dB.
6.2 Mobile reception –A study to assess
reception of digital satellite radio service
under mobile condition was carried out
in a fast moving train over a path length
of about 3 000 km between New Delhi
and Trivandrum(India). Experiment
shows that excellent quality of digital
satellite radio reception is possible on
a fast train moving at a speed of 120
km/hour or beyond. However, in some
of the extreme cases, like tunnels, there
were small breaks in reception due to
muting of receivers. Objective
measurements using field strength
meter showed that if there are no
obstacles from overhead bridges,
buildings, trees, tunnels, etc., signal
level does not change beyond 3 dB over
entire path length of 3000 km. The
received satellite programme was fed to
the existing PA system of the train and,
the passengers from different walks of
life appreciated the programme quality.
Acknowledgement:
I sincerely thank UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, Guru Govind Singh
Indraprastha University, New Delhi for
providing the opportunity and guidance
for research work.
References
1. ITU-R special publication on “Terrestrial and
satellite digital sound ITU-R
Broadcasting to vehicular, portable and fixed receivers
in the VHF/UHF bands” , Radio Communication
Bureau, Geneva, 1995.
2. Goldhrish, J. Vogel, W.J.: “Mobile Satellite system Fade
Statistics for Shadowing and Multipath from Roadside Trees
at UHF and L-band”, IEE Transactions on Antennas &
propagation, vol. 37, no. 4 April, 1989, pp 489-498
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3. De Gaudenzi, R.; Fanucci, L.; Giannetti, F.; Luise, M.;
Rovini, M.;”Satellite mobile communications spread-
spectrum receiver” Aerospace and Electronic Systems
Magazine, IEEE Volume 18, Issue 8, Aug 2003
Page(s):23 – 30
4. Blas, J.M.; De Pablos, J.; Ramos, J.; Perez, F.; Alonso,
J.I.;”Closed loop adaptive antenna for satellite mobile
communications” Electrotechnical Conference, 1996.
MELECON '96., 8th Mediterranean Volume 1, 13-16
May 1996 Page(s):538 - 541 vol.1
5. Al Salameh, M.S.; Jarandal, A.H.;”Impact of
buildings on the performance of MEO satellite
mobile communication systems for low bit rate
applications” Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, IEE
Proceedings - Volume 151, Issue 2, Apr 2004 Page(s):161 –
166
6. Ho, H.Y.-P.;”A helical antenna array design for
mobile satellite communication system” Microwave
Conference Proceedings, 1997. APMC '97., 1997 Asia-
Pacific 2-5 Dec. 1997 Page(s):657 - 659 vol.2
7. Sofos, T.; Constantinou, P.;”Propagation model for
vegetation effects in terrestrial and satellite mobile
systems”Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on
Volume 52, Issue 7, July 2004 Page(s):1917 – 1920
8. Gollere M.; “Application of GSM in high speed
trains: measurements and simulations” Radio
communications in Transportation, IEE Colloquium on 16
May 1995 Pages (s) : 5/1-5/7
TABLE 1
Technical parameters of Digital System “DS ”
191
Biography:
BRIEF BIO - DATA
PROF. P. K. CHOPRA,
HOD-ECE Deptt,
AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
GHAZIABAD, U.P.
Prof. Pradeep Kumar Chopra entered the field of
education in the year 2004 after 24 years of exemplary
service in the technical branch of the Indian Air Force,
He earned his Bachelors degree in Engineering
(Electronics) from Delhi college of Engineering in the
year 1979 and Masters in Technology from IIT Delhi in
the year 1985. He also has a Masters degree in Defence
Studies from Madras University. While he was in the
Indian Air Force he was part of, and headed a number
of important technical projects. For his exemplary
services he was awarded “Vishist Seva Medal” by the
President of India in the year 1993. He took premature
retirement from the IAF in the year 2004 and entered
the field of education. He is the Head of Dept.
(Electronics and Communication) in Ajay Kumar Garg
Engineering College in Ghaziabad. AKGEC is rated as
the No 1 Engineering Colleges in U.P., Affiliated to
Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow.
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Frequency (GHz) 1.48

Satellite
Repeater output power (w) 300.0 Radio receiver
Output LOSses (dB) 1.3 Power flux density (dBW/m2) –114.1
OBO compression (dB) 0.3 G/T (dB/k) –13.0
Antenna gain @ EOC (dB) 25.6 Received C/No (dBHz) 76.7
EIRP (dBW) 48.8 Radio receiver
Required Eb/No (dB @ 10-4) 2.7
Hardware LOSses (dB) 1.8
Propagation
Intersymbol interference (dB) 0.5
Elevation (º) 30.0
Bit rate (kHz) 1 584.0
Distance (km) 38612.6
Required C/No (dBHz) 67.0
Free space LOSses (dB) 187.6
Pointing LOSses (dB) 0.0
Atmospheric LOSses (dB) 0.1 Margin (dB) 9.7

Signal from the Asia Star satellite (105 degrees East) was taken as the source signal for
measurements of propagation channel characteristics.
The satellite signal measurements were divided in two major categories: (1) Under Fixed
Receiving Condition and (2) Under Mobile Receiving Condition.

TABLE 2
Median value of Signal Attenuation (dB) and Standard Deviation (dB) under
Different Environmental Conditions

Environmental condition Median value of Standard Deviation

Sig.Attn. (dB)
(dB)
Vegetation (tree-lined roads) 7.6 3.22
Urban area (surrounded by multi-storey
7.8 4.35
buildings)
Inside building (building penetration
11 3.40
LOSs)

Figure:1(a) - Block Schematic of Measuring Set-Up for Fixed Satellite Reception

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ANTENNA

LNA

SPLITTER

F.S. METER RADIO

RECEIVER

Figure:1(b) - Measuring Set-Up for Fixed Satellite Reception

Figure:1(c) - Measuring Set-Up for Fixed Satellite Reception

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Figure:2- Experimental Setup for Digital Satellite Radio Reception in a Train of Indian
Railways under Mobile Condition.

PATCH ANTENNA-I PATCH ANTENNA-II

(L-BAND) (L-BAND)
MOUNTED ON COACH MOUNTED ON COACH
Train Roof –

Inside Train Coach T-CONNECTOR

RF FEEDER
RF FEEDER
BUFFER
AMPLIFIER
SPECTRUM
PRINTER ANALYSER BAND PASS
4-WAY FILTER
CONNECTOR 1 480-1 489
12 V MHz
POWER F.S. METER
SUPPLYFIGURE 2

WORLDSPACE
RECEIVER-CUM-
SPEAKER PA SYSTEM CASSETTE
RECORDER
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Figure:3 - Patch Antennas on Train Roof Top