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Measuring Principle
∆I
ΣI=0 2
∆I = II1 + I2I
The currents to a node In the case of load:
are positive defined. I1 = IL
I2 = -IL }∆I = 0
∆I trip region
current transformer
150° tap changer,
CT adaptation
- (will be eliminated)
I2
magnetising current
ITr, IRestr.
⇒ vector group adaptation ⇒ restraint function (stabilising) is necessary
∆I = f (Irestr.)
3. Dynamic currents Irestr. = |I1| + |I2|
inrush current
⇒ blocking via harmonics
overflux (overexcitation)
CT saturation during
external faults ⇒ saturation detector
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Differential Currents with Harmonics
i
energising Y y iDiff = i1
even,
20 40 60 80 ms 100 t
i
energising iDiff = i1
D y even
2nd
t=0
i1 harm.
paralleling 20 40 60 80 ms 100 t
(energising transformer T1)
T2 even i iDiff = i2
i2 and
odd
T1
2nd
harm.
20 40 60 ms 80 t
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Differential Currents with Harmonics
Over-excitation
UTr > UN i
iDiff = i1 - i2
odd
i1 i2
3rd and
5th
harm.
External short circuit with 20 40 60 ms 80 t
saturation of the CTs at the i
low-voltage side iDiff = i1 - i2
even
and
i1 i2 odd
20 40 60 ms 80 t
internal short circuit with i iDiff = i1
saturation of the CTs at the
high-voltage side even
and
odd
i1 i2 ~ 0
20 40 60 ms 80 t
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Differential Protection for Generators and Motors
Basic principle can be nearly direct used.
1. Stabilising characteristic
∆I
Trip area ∆I
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Applications
7UM 62
7UT613
7UT612
Trans-
7UT613 former
Two winding transformer Three winding transformer 1 1/2 circuit breaker application
2 or 3phases 2 or 3phases with two winding transformer
GS
3~
7UT6 7UT613
7UM 62
7UT612
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Connection Example
no matching transformers / no
matching connections
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Functional Diagram of the Differential Protection
tripping characteristic
and saturat. detection
IDiff
tripping by IDIFF>
IDiff>
IStab
i1P measured value i1A* tripping
preprocessing iDIFF = i1A* + i2A* + i3A* harmonics analysis logic TRIP-
winding 1 crossblock Blocking command
basic wave by
filtering IDiff harmonics & TRIP L1
i2P measured value i2A*
preprocessing blocking by
2nd harmonics TRIP L2
winding 2 iStab = | i*1A | +
| i*2A | + | i*3A | and 3rd or 4th. >1 TRIP L3
measured value or 5th harmonics
i3P i3A* rectified mean value
preprocessing IStab fast tripping with
winding 3 evaluation of
IDiff and iDiff
tripping by IDIFF>>
iDIFF>> Stage
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Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (Part 1)
SN = 100MVA
IDiff = ?
IRestr. = ?
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Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching
(Part 2)
SN
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current INTrafo = 3 ⋅ UN
I NCT
2. Correction factor kW = I NTrafo
4. Calculation of the differential and stabilising current Idiff = |I1' + I2' | Istab = |I1' | + |I2' |
Calculation example:
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Measuring Preprocessing: Vector Group Adaptation)
Ip Is
YN d5
L1
L2 IpL1 IsL3
L3
IE IsL2
IpL3 IpL2
IsL1
Protection
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Example Calculation: Vector Group Correction
Situation: Single Phase Fault, No Load
L2
ISC/ √3
L3
ISC
F1 F2
IL1 = -ISC IL1 = 0 Il 1 = ISC / √3
IL2 = 0 IL2 = 0 Il 2 = - ISC / √3
IL3 = 0 IL3 = 0 Il 3 = 0
IE = ISC IE = ISC
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Example Calculation: Vector Group Correction
I Zero Elimination
F1 F2
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Example Calculation: Vector Group Correction
I Zero Correction
F1 F2
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Tripping Characteristic
flexible adaptation to various transformers, e.g. with tap changer or different main CTs
high stability against external faults with CT saturation
fast tripping for solid short-circuits within one period
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Relay Settings
Influence of the Tap Changer
U max ∗ U min
U N, New = 2 = U N (1 - c2 )
U max + U min
c: steps of tap changer (p.u.)
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Pick up of Differential Protection
For triggering of internal tasks, events and fault records the differential protection
function needs a pickup information. This pickup becomes active, if the
differential current or the restraint current is over an internal threshold (dotted
line). Each external large current leads to a pickup.
Pickup doesn‘t always means internal failure!
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IDiff / IRestr.- Areas for Short Circuit / Normal Operation
I diff
I NTr internal
short circuit/
Inrush
limiting curve
external short
1
circuit with
CT saturation
external short
external
circuit with
short circuit (low current) a high current
I Restr.
normal operation 2 4 I NTr
(nominal current)
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Rush Stabilisation
Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
filter window
1 cycle L1-block Idiff, L1 > trip blocking
iRUSH = iDiff &
Inrush current
in one phase L2-block Idiff, L2 > trip blocking
&
t
1P 2P 3P
I2HAR Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)
Idiff
block L1-block
15 % setting value L2-block IDiff > trip blocking for a limited time
OR
≥1
L3-block
no block
t
Recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2HAR to basic
wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
Recognise over-excitation by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
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Example of an Inrush Current
A unit transformer (IN = 396 A) was switched on from the high voltage side
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Stabilising at Motor Starting
Typical for motor starting is the starting current and the superimposed dc component
with a large time constant. The current transformers (ct) transfer different this dc
component. The result is a differential current and the risk of an over-function is given.
Criterion:
Supervision of
restraint current
Setting values:
Under normal conditions the factory settings correspond with the practical experiences.
It’s not necessary to change these parameters.
At transformers with tap changer the inclination of SLOPE 1 should be increased. The
setting for the inrush detection can be final select during the primary test. If we are on
the limits (low setting value) an activation of CROSSBL. 2. Harm. is recommended.
If are current transformer operates on their limit the pickup value Idiff > and die slope 1
should be increased.
The Idiff >> - stage must be set over the maximum inrush current.
At generators and motors SLOPE 1 can be reduced (to 0,15), if the current
transformers are identical. At generators the Idiff>>-stage must be set over the
transient fault current (3 to 7 IN,G).
Additional at generators it’s also recommended an activation of increasing the pickup
threshold during starting or at external faults (Start-Factor >Siemens.
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1). Innovation for generations.
Earth Current Differential Protection in the 7UM62
The earth current differential protection (restricted earth fault protection - REF) offers
a higher sensitivity at single phase faults (approx. 5 %) against the conventional
protection. It’s used at generators with low ohmic star point or at earthed Wye
connected transformer windings .
Connection 1 Connection 2
At connection 1 the zero
sequence current is calculated
from the phase currents and
direct measured on the star
point
(transformer application)
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Measuring Principle of Earth Current Differential Protection in
the 7UM62
protection object:
iL1S1 generator iL1S2 3I 01 = I L1S1 + I L2S1 + I L3S1
iL2S1 iL2S2 iee2
3I 02 = I L1S2 + I L2S2 + I L3S2
iL3S1 iL3S2
or 3I 02 = I EE2
3I01 3I02
1
I/InO
I 0 Diff = 3I 01 + 3I 02
Tripping range
I0Diff
Stabilizing range I 0 Stab = 3I 01 + 3I 02
Range not possible
I-EDS>
1
I/InO
I0Stab
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Earth Current Differential Protection in the 7UM62
Stabilizing against Overfunction
Main problem are „external faults“:
Transient conditions with large time constants; Short current circuits
with current transformer saturation
Direction of zero sequence current:
90°
115° 65° I. internal fault
III. external fault
II. IV. direction not considered
II. measuring repetition
III. I. (<90°internal fault)
1 8 0°
IV. | ∆ ϕ | = 0°
calculation of the basic wave and the complex vectors of I0' and I0"
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Commissioning with Browser- Support
Tripping characteristic
with actual
operating points
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Benefits for the Customer
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