AR 4323 | Integrated Design and Sustainability

Design Charrette

Jakarta, Indonesia
Ang Swee Cheng | Baskar Nittin Vignesh | Ho Seok Hui Michelle | Jiang Yiwei

Kao Shu Lian | Law Xiu Ying | Lee Hong Keat Chevy | Saurabh Bhagra

Vignesh Srinivas Kaushik | Vinod | Whang Soo Jin | Yeo Hwee Ming
Contents_________________________________________________

1 Expert Background Write-ups

1.1 Relevant rating tool – Greenship (Chevy, Soo Jin)

1.2 Passive design opportunities (Nittin, Vignesh)

1.3 Local material options (Saurabh, Vinod)

1.4 Onsite energy sourcing options (Swee Cheng, Charlene)

1.5 Local flora & fauna (Xiu Ying, Yiwei)

1.6 Onsite water sourcing options (Shu Lian, Michelle)

2 Design Charrette Recommendations

1.1 RELEVANT RATING TOOL
GREENSHIP Rating Tool

The increasing demand for sustainable, green buildings globally has led to the formation of green
building organizations in various developed and developing countries. Spear headed by the
pioneering green building rating tools such as BREEAM and LEEDS in the United Kingdoms and the
United States respectively, a certain benchmark has been set for the classification of Green buildings
internationally.

For the layman, the development of the green building rating tools has created awareness to the
idea of sustainable buildings through the listing of indicators that seek to reduce the carbon
footprint of a development and therein the many advantages of the green building. For developers
and their clients, the life cycle analysis of a Green building will prove to be economically beneficial
despite the higher initial overhead costs incurred in the design and planning stages as well as the
procurement of green technology such as rain water harvesting tanks and photovoltaic cells.

In Indonesia, the Green Building Council institution or also known as the Green Building Council,
Indonesia (GBCI) was established in 2009 consisting of the primary organizations of the education
and research institutions, the building and construction authorities and professionals as well as most
crucially, the support of the governmental body of Indonesia. Even with the support of the
government, the GBCI is deemed as an independent institution and is non-profit in nature. Their
primary tasks include

One of the initial contributions of the GBCI is to educate the masses on the otherwise fresh idea of
the green building to the masses, specially the professionals in the building and construction
industry and students alike. This is enforced through conducting various educational activities and
workshops to involve the public in the learning of the green building methods.

Concurrently, a rating tool has to be developed to provide rules of thumb in the green building
development. With that, the GBCI launched the Indonesian green building rating “Greenship”. This
rating tool was largely adopted from the Australian rating tool, Green Star and adjusted to fit the
unique climatic and demographic conditions of their locality. This is most crucial as every green
rating tool should essentially be different in each country to better cater to the requirements of the
building according to the unique climate of each place. For example, countries in Europe may have
to consider the impact of severe temperature changes in the different seasons of the year, whereas
most Asian countries will be more concerned with coping with the intense heat of the tropics.

Below, we have extracted the Greenship rating table of the considerations in the many different
aspects of Green Building Design and tried to apply its relevance to our design charette.
Looking at the myriad of categories of consideration listed in the Greenship rating, we have
identified those that are more pertinent to our project. We then provide reasons for omitting some
of the criteria which we cannot grade accordingly.

ASD 1 – Site Selection (2 points)

It was not necessary to choose any specific site because this project was based on a hypothetical
situation.

ASD 2 – Community Accessibility (2 points)

Since we did not choose any specific site, we cannot judge its accessibility.

ASD 3 – Public Transportation (2 points)

We need specific site information to grade this.

ASD 4 – Bicycle (2 points)

We need more information on site surroundings to design bicycle paths to access our site.

EEC 1 – Energy Efficiency Measure (20 points)

Given the time constraints of the project, we aren’t able to create a sufficient building information
model for the required simulations

IHC 3 – Chemical Pollutants (3 points)

We will not be able to measure the effect of chemical pollutants as we do not have a thorough list of
the activities that will happen on the site and due to the theoretical nature of the project.

IHC 7 – Acoustic Level (1 points)

We cannot measure acoustic level when the building is not actually built and therefore has no
occupancy.

BEM 1 – GP as a Member of the Project Team (1 points)

The project does not consider the initial design stage of the building.

BEM 2 – Pollution of Construction Activity (2 points)

We do not have control over the initial construction of the building

BEM 4 – Proper Commissioning (3 points)

We are not considering the financing and commissioning of the building.

BEM 5 – Submission Green Building Implementation Data for Database (2 points)

This can only be graded only when the submission actually takes place.
BEM 6 – Fit Out Agreement (1 points)

This is post-building measure that we do not consider beforehand.

BEM 7 – Occupant Survey (2 points)

We cannot survey occupants since it is a theoretical project.

After taking out these points, the maximum value we can possibly get came down to 58 from the
maximum possible score of 101.

Finally, in our research, we believe the development of Greenship rating tools can be used to slowly
improve the standards of green building developments in Indonesia. With time, the constant
revisions of the Greenship will include more encompassing considerations in the rating of newer
buildings and ultimately create more polished standards. More specifically, the three primary players
in the building industry would play a greater part in the ‘green tsunami’ to take place in Indonesia.
Firstly, the potential clients who are more educated and made aware of the green movement will be
encouraged to develop green projects and will themselves make an initiative for more conscientious,
sustainable building design. Gradually, the construction techniques of the building professionals in
Indonesia will also be of greater quality as more buildings begin to be fit out with these active design
technologies. Similarly, planners and architects may begin to participate in a more integrated design
process as they undertake more green projects which incorporate passive green design strategies in
the initial stages of the buildings’ designs.
1.2 PASSIVE DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
1.2.1 Investigation: Jakarta Climatic Conditions

 Type of Climate: Hot Humid, Wet &dry climate (Tropical savanna climate)
 Average Mean Temperature: 28 deg Celsius to 38 deg Celsius
 Relative Humidity: until 100%
 Rainfall: 187 days of rainfall in a year spanning between November and June with maximum
during the January month of 385 millimetres (15.2 in), the remaining four months usually
dry with its dry season low point in July with a monthly average rainfall of 31 millimetres (1.2
in).
 Wind Direction: Southwest
 Radiation Intensity: 650 W on horizontal surfaces
200 W on north- and south facing surfaces
300 W on surfaces facing east
550 W on surfaces facing west

Jakarta has a hot and humid tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) according to the Koppen climate
classification system. Despite being located relatively close to the equator, the city has distinct wet
and dry seasons. Wet seasons in Jakarta cover the majority of the year, running from November
through June. The remaining four months forms the city’s dry season. Located in the western-part of
Indonesia, Jakarta's wet season rainfall peak is January with average monthly rainfall of
385 millimetres (15.2 in), and its dry season low point is July with a monthly average of
31 millimetres (1.2 in).
1.2.2 Tropical savanna climate -An understanding

Hot Humid climate are generally characterised by sticky warm conditions pertaining for the major
part of the year with high levels of moisture content in the air. It is also characterised by some good
amount of rainfall throughout the year except for a few dry months falling in between April to July.

1.2.3 Physical comfort in relation with Hot Humid Climate

In hot humid climatic conditions the outside air temperature is always near to the skin temperature
both in day time and night time. Hence the heat dissipation through convection from the body to the
outside is very tough. Due to high humidity levels even the small amount of heat dissipating from
the body forms a layer which resists further heat movement. This is the major reason behind the
physical discomfort pertaining in these particular climatic conditions. Continuous air movements are
the only solutions to break this layer allowing heat dissipation from the body to the outside.

1.2.4 Design Considerations in relation with Hot Humid Climate

Since air movement forms the basis of the physical comfort in hot humid climatic conditions,
trapping the wind inside the open, semi open and closed spaces forms the base line of the design
considerations. This context is usually substantiated by linear elongated planning with openings on
both sides of the wall to facilitate cross ventilation. Buildings are usually taken on a stilt to facilitate
better movement of air with shaded green spaces beneath the structure. Since the air temperature
is constant during day time and night time the exterior elements of the building must be shaded
always which protects these elements from the direct radiation of the sun which is a potential
discomfort factor that seeps inside the interior space during night time increasing the interior
temperature more than the exterior temperature. The difference between the exterior and interior
temperature should not exceed 4 degree Celsius to maintain harmony in terms of physical
discomfort. This is usually done by the sloped roofs with projecting eaves outside the line of the
exterior elements that shades the exterior elements from direct radiation of the sun. This climate is
also characterised by diffused light and radiation from all around the hemisphere unlike hot dry
climate where major part of the light and radiation comes from the west direction. The sloped roofs
in turn help in draining the rain water more effectively. High rise buildings are generally not
advisable in these climatic conditions due to shading problems of the external elements in terms of a
high rise building.

The same design consideration applies for a open space too with shading and constant wind
movement forming the key factors. The major challenge in the design consideration of a hot humid
climate is the conflict between the wind movement and the sun path. Since sun path is something
fixed and which cannot be changed usually low rise buildings are designed with respect to wind
movement where the radiation of the sun takes its time to reach the ground and it works the other
way round for high rise buildings where solar radiation is the major challenge. Although these are
the general design considerations for the hot humid climate, micro climate always matters which
gives us a clear picture of the strategies which we need to adopt.
Existing Passive design strategies

 Sun Shading
 Day lighting
 PV panels
 ventilation

Sun shading

Sun shading deals with protection of the openings and exterior elements of the building from the
incident solar radiation. The above image gives us an idea about the various ways of sun shading in
use. Sun shading can also be collaborated with the idea of PV panels to tap in the solar energy
effectively.

Day lighting
Day lighting deals with techniques of tapping in the diffused light from the sun effective in use for
the day to day work in a given space. Above images are few ways of tapping in the diffused light
without allowing much of the heat radiation that affects the physical comfort within a given space.

PV(photovoltaic) panels

PV panels are the mechanical system of tapping in the solar energy and converting it to power which
forms the part in running a building. Basically made from crystalline silicon modules PV panels are
the pioneer system available now to make use of the incident solar energy to the maximum. PV
panels are now integrated with the building facades and the sunshades, and in roofs to efficiently
tap the solar energy. Above images explain us the system in which PV panels works.

Ventilation

Ventilation is the technique of infusing air movement with the interior space
to achieve physical comfort. There are various techniques of ventilation
starting from the conventional openings to courtyard, stack effect and
mechanical ventilation. The image gives us an understanding of the mentioned
types of ventilation.
1.3 LOCAL MATERIAL OPTIONS
1.3.1 Overview

Jakarta, the capital and the largest city of Indonesia is a centre for financial service, trade, and
manufacturing. The major industries are : Oil, gas, mining, fuel processing, coffee, textile, apparel,
chemical, fertilisers, plywood, rubber, wood and food. There is a lot of plastic waste generated from
these industries and it makes a lot of sense in recycling this waste to be used as construction
material. Additionally use of some locally available material not only ensures abundant supply but
also helps in cutting down the transportation costs. Since earthquakes are a frequent occurrence in
Indonesian island, we suggest using some vernacular techniques in addressing the problem. We
therefore focus on use of as much as 80%-90% local and recycled materials to reduce the carbon
footprint of the proposed development.

1.3.2 Jakarta Infrastructure

Perhaps no other global metropolitan area in the world exhibits the extremity of problems outlined
by the UNDP survey as does Jakarta, the capital, financial, and communication center of Indonesia.
Reducing the rate of Jakarta’s population growth has become a national concern, and this concern
also reflects global trends in sustainability. Jakarta’s extreme growth paired with its inadequate
urban design and resources have created a city that is not sustainable in the areas of transportation,
sanitation, pollution, infrastructure and environment.

Due to the rapid growth in population and need to constantly replace temporary dwellings, housing
is considered to be one of the most serious issues in Jakarta. The government has made some effort
to mitigate the housing problems that plague Jakarta by constructing low-cost housing. The quality
of the buildings in Jakarta varies widely. More than half the structures are temporary or only semi-
permanent. Encarta online says that the most common types are single-story structures made from
wood and, occasionally, bamboo mats. Single-family detached or semidetached houses made from
brick, cement, and wood with tile roofs are commonly found.

1.3.3 Potential for recycling in Jakarta

Jakarta has some manufacturing industries. There is potential to recycle from waste of particular
industries. There are several iron foundries and repair shops, margarine and soap factories, and
printing works. Machinery, cigarettes, paper, glassware, and wire cable—as well as aluminium and
asbestos and, more recently, automotive products—are manufactured. There are also tanneries,
sawmills, textile mills, food-processing plants, breweries, and a film industry.
A report on the workers of Bantar Gebang Waste Landfill in Bekasi, East Jakarta. Villagers from
around Java moved to the Bekasi area on the promise of work, sorting through mountains of rubbish
looking for recyclables. With over 600 trucks per day, around 5,000 workers have found constant
work and a home amongst the landfill.

1.3.4 Objective behind Green Products

Materials should be locally made or from a nearby plant to save transportation costs and reduces
carbon emission from vehicles transporting it, for example marble and ceramic tiles. So marble from
Citatah is certainly better than Italian marble.

Local material would be in harmony with the environment, such as river stones, bricks and wood for
natural effect, while cement, steel and glass give a modern look. To reduce the use of wood, roofing
can be made from steel, while door and window frames can be made from aluminum. This way they
are durable and termite free. The light steel frame can be covered with insulation for heat
absorption.

Roof tiles can also absorb the heat from the sun. A carport or a pergola can be made from fiberglass
that can also absorb heat from the sun by between 50 and 80 percent.

Due to global warming, roof and walls are now transformed into roof garden/green roof and vertical
garden/green wall that can absorb heat, pollution and rainwater. Aluminum frames are available in
various motifs and colors, including wooden motif.

Cool colors for the walls, such as light green, light blue, medium brown or white. Read the
instructions on the paint can carefully to ensure that the paint is made from environmentally
friendly materials, does not contain toxins and that the paint will not fade quickly.
For the bathrooms, choose equipment that saves water, such as showerheads, dual-flush toilets,
sensor faucets and a bio-septic tank. In the very near future, waste water from bathrooms, kitchen
and laundry can be recycled for toilets and gardens.
All electric gadgets should be energy savers, such LED lamps, exterior sensor lamps and green
washing machine, fridge, AC, microwave, rice cooker, etc. The use of hybrid energy and solar energy
can save energy as well as expenses while reducing carbon emissions.

The furniture and interior should also be made from environmentally friendly and recyclable
materials. Today, furniture made from wood, bamboo, rattan, banana tree trunks or water hyacinth
are also quite popular in exclusive residences.

1.3.5 Implementation of local material

Restaurant British Embassy

Restaurant in Jakarta, The owner did not want to erect a permanent building which would later have
to be demolished or extensively remodelled if the venture was not successful. Locally bamboo has
been placed to attain flexibility in future.

British Embassy used locally sourced black granite and metal cladding for the cantilevered canopy,
stating that more porous materials would have eventually discoloured due to pollution. Qualifying
an “Excellent” rating under the BREEAM system.
1.4 ONSITE ENERGY SOURCING OPTIONS
1.4.1 Background Information on Jakarta’s Energy Needs

Regular planned power cuts have affected consumers throughout Indonesia since 2008. Some have
been scheduled to protect the power system, but interruptions to power supplies have also been
triggered by natural disasters such as frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in this
geologically active country.

Though Indonesia is Southeast Asia’s largest energy consumer, around 80 million of its growing
population of 237 million still has no access to electricity, according to the International Energy
Agency (IEA). However, energy conservation policy has not been viewed as either a political or
business priority.

Indonesia’s current Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of 6 per cent reflects sustained domestic
demand in recent years. Electricity demand increased between 2005 and 2009 at an average of 6 per
cent per year, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). The industrial sector now accounts
for 35 per cent of demand, while the residential sector constitutes about 40 per cent of the market.
Electricity demand is set to swell further as the economy booms and living standards rise.

Before the project was issued, the background research done by the team points towards the
benefits of providing for on-site power source to provide for the electrical needs on an urban scale.
Having an on-site energy generator can provide for better disaster management also and make it
more climate-resilient.

1.4.2 On-site Energy Resources

Jakarta has a steady flow of resources available, namely thermal sources such as locally produced
gas, oil, coal (88%), hydropower (7%), geothermal (5%). These on-site resources can be tapped on to
serve as a back-up energy resource and even feed the grid to provide for neighboring buildings,
especially as Indonesia faces chronic electrical shortages frequently.
Energy Sources Potential Resources Installed Capacity Used Potential In %

Hydro Power 75,670 MW 4,200 MW 5.5%

Geothermal 27,150 MW 1,042 MW 3.7%

Biomass 49,810 MW 445 MW 0.9%

Solar Power 4.8 kWh/m2/day 12 MW -

Wind Power 9,280 MW 3 MW -

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources 2007

As can be seen from the figures, much of the potential on-site energy resources remain
untapped. This can be mainly attributed to the high costs of buildings plants to harness the potential
energy. We examined each of the following natural energy resources available in Jakarta prior to the
charrette to be better informed about the feasibility on site.

1.4.3 Large-scale Implementations

Geothermal: Indonesia has about 40% of world-wide known resources, which are widely distributed,
generally highly productive and high enthalpy resources. Geothermal energy is locally available and
the base load capacity of geothermal power generation is over 90% and it would be an
environmentally friendly and renewable energy with zero emission possible.
 Combined cycle geothermal plant

Potential design integration: It can serve as back-up energy generator on site.

Hydropower: The flow of water can be harnessed to turn turbines to generate electricity and is
extremely efficient in times of flood.

Hydropower plant

Potential design integration: The dam can be an extended wing of the building to draw people
towards the water as a spatial or program function.

Biomass: Biomass is considered also for the sustainable energy development in Indonesia. It has a
high potential but is much underutilized. Considering the large forested area in Jakarta, biomass for
burning can be obtained easily locally via forestry, estate crops and agricultural waste.
 Various ways of treating biomass to generate useful energy.

Potential design integration: Green plantings on site can be used for biomass conversion to energy
after they die, providing a closed- loop cycle of plant life-cycle on site.

We also considered more micro-scale interventions that can tap on on-site energy resources namely
solar and wind power.

PV Cells: As Jakarta receives 6-7 hours’ worth of sunlight a day, solar energy can be tapped on by
installing PV cells and stored in a battery as a back-up energy source.

Potential design integration: The solar panels can be integrated on the façade of the building to
provide for aesthetics

Wind Turbines: During wet months (October-March), wind direction extends from west to
southwest transporting moist air from Asia continent; while during dry months (April-September)
wind direction is from north up to northeast which transports dry air from southern hemisphere.
The winds are generally weak, hence wind turbines are not feasible for their low efficiency on site.
1.5 LOCAL FLORA AND FAUNA

1.5.1 Existing landscape of Jakarta

The modern city of Jakarta, initiated by President Soekarno in 1967 led to an increase in commercial
space from 0.1 million square metres in 1978 to 2.7 million square metres in 1997. In every part of
the city, shopping malls along with family enterprises were also built. This resulted in Jakarta
sporting an estimated 170 malls and dubbed “the city with the most malls in the world”. The
growing number of shopping centres is reducing Jakarta’s already limited green space and
contributes to the city’s massive traffic problem. It is also noted that with a lack of green space for
recreation, residents of Jakarta have no other alternative than to spend their leisure time at
shopping centres, accentuating Jakarta’s growing consumerist culture. This warrants a need to
increase the green spaces to allow for people from different socioeconomic backgrounds to interact,
thereby aiding in reducing the gap between income classes.

Jakarta has a total land area of 661 square kilometres, of which only 9.6 percent is classified as green
space, a number that is greatly reduced from the 35 percent in 1965. Moreover, as green space is
defined as both public and private land, meaning household gardens and potted plants in addition to
city and neighbourhood parks, open green areas in Jakarta is lesser than stated.

Although the city is promised a green face-lift as part of a 2010-2030 master plan that will see the
development of more green areas, the fact that Jakarta is overpopulated means that limited new
green spaces can be built. Creative means of increasing green spaces in the city needs to be
generated such as the creation of urban parks along the water-reservoir areas. However, this entails
the relocation of illegal squatter communities along rivers and railway tracks, which is notoriously
difficult.

In support of Jakarta’s Provincial Government’s commitment to increase open green spaces to

13.94%, the team looks at increasing amount of green spaces in a building via garden roofs, green
walls and absorption wells. The incorporation of greenery strategies in building design will aid in
maintaining groundwater recharge, thereby reducing flooding and urban heat island effect.

1.5.2 Native Flora of Jakarta/Indonesia

Indonesia is blessed with luxuriant growth of tropical rainforest vegetation, containing a large
number of timber species and harbouring a wide range of species endemic to the region. It is
characterized by a large number of species such as climbing plants like woody rattan vines, epiphytes
such as orchids and ferns, saprophytes that live on decaying matter and parasite. Approximately
6,000 species of Indonesian plants are used by the people as a source of raw material and in
traditional herbal medicine. The tropical climate with an average temperature of 27 degrees Celsius
and a wet season from October to April, in addition to the fertile alluvial soils provide the ideal
conditions for tropical plant growth.

There is a wide variety of plant species in Indonesia, but we believe that most of the plant species
listed above may not be appropriate for growth in a small garden plot or be incorporated as
greenery in a building. Thus, the team decided to focus on the flora found in the gardens of Jakarta,
with an emphasis on the propagation of hardy native plants species.
 Two varieties of lawn can be found in the gardens of Jakarta, they are rumput Peking and rumput
Gajah. The former is a soft, fine green lawn of imported leaf compact grass that must be maintained
closely and regularly at carpet pile height. The latter is a coarse local carpet grass that is hard
wearing and thrives in moist conditions, requiring minimal maintenance.

Rumput Peking Rumput Gajah

The common garden tree species are Plumeria (Frangipani), Delonix Regia (Poinciana), Erythrina
indica, (Coral/Sunshine tree) which provide shade desirable in the hot and humid weater of Jakarta.
However, bracing of the trunks is often required when they are newly transplanted due to the high
water content of the soil and the strong winds during thunderstorms.

Plumeria Delonix Regia Erythrina Indica

Suitable plants for small tropical gardens would be Calathea (Prayer plants), Maranta (Herringbone
plant), Nephrolepis (Ferns), Philodendron, Asplenium (Bird’s Nest Fern), Morning Glory, Rosa
Hybrida (Rose plant) and Coleus hybridus. These plants can grow well in the shade and thus provide
as green companions for the users of a well-shaded garden. Moreover, in order to increase the
number of native birds and butterflies in the garden, a variety of leafy green plants and flowering
shrubs can help to create colour and enhance the garden’s ecology

Calathea Maranta Nephrolepis Asplenium

Morning Glory Rosa Hybrida Coleus Hybridus

Food species that are often planted in home gardens as a mean of supplementing the household are
candle nut, betel nut and pepper from the Indonesian forest. Other introduced food species that are
grown in gardens are bamboo, foxtail millet, bottle gourd, peanuts, sugar apples, maize, chillies,
potatoes, lemon grass, eggplant, coffee and vanilla. Home gardening is being advocated for it
improves the quality and nutrition values of food consumed.

Candle Nut Betel Nut Pepper Plant Bamboo Foxtail Millet

Bottle Gourd Sugar Apple Maize Chilli Plant Eggplant

1.5.3 Native Fauna of Jakarta/Indonesia

The fauna of Indonesia consists of a high level of biodiversity due to its vast size and tropical
archipelago make-up. However in recent years, ecological issues have appeared in the nation due to
the rapid industrialisation process and high population growth, resulting in lower priority level to
preserve the ecosystems. The situation has worsened by illegal logging activity, which results in
deforestation. The loss of natural habitat has led to a remarkable decrease in the number of fauna in
Indonesia, and this is even more apparent in urbanized cities such as Jakarta.

The loss of natural habitat as well as the increase in number of musangs (civet cats), threatened the
bird population of Jakarta as these cats live under roof tiles and eat birds’ eggs. Hence, there is a
need to conserve and propagate the bird population of Jakarta., which plays an important role in
maintaining the balance of an ecosystem. Below are some of the common birds sighted in Indonesia.

Name Picture Voice Habitat Habits

Black-winged starling Whistling loud Lowland Live in pairs or groups, dwells

like alarm, forest, in open ground like grass.
typical chirp. monsoon Sometimes rests on trees or in
forest. city homes.

Large green-pigeon Sounds like Lowland Live alone or in pairs, gathers

hornbill or forest in fruit trees. Prefers primary
goose, “kak- forest and places in forests
kak”
Javanese Lapwing Not known Swamps, Lives in pairs in open grassland
river near coast
grassland

Javan Cochoa Shrill voice Forests Always in trees, usually in high

high, alarm canopy looking for fruit.
harsh sound

Christmas frigatebird Silent when at Coastal Lives at sea, soars high above
sea, sings with beach surface. Catches food from
a tone up and surface without landing,
down perches above fish and trees
on small islands.

Chinese egret Generally Charred Actively seek prey in shallow

quiet, low mud, water, often visit shallow
moans when lagoons, water bodies.
annoyed estuaries

Yellow-crested Shouting loud Primary & Lives in pairs or groups. Very

cockatoo & harsh “kerk secondary striking when flying with fast &
kerk” and forests, powerful movements.
whistles monsoon
forest

Java finch (Java Typical sharp Agriculture Lives in urban areas, yards,
sparrow) “tick”, gentle land, clumps and agricultural land. Regularly
babbling song of cane, tall invade cornfields and
that ends soft trees. sugarcanes. Very social, likes
to fight and investigate one
another.

Milky stork Generally Charred Frequent in muddy and

silent, hoarse mud, flooded areas. Usually solitary
voice swamps, or in small groups and rather
occasionally mangroves large. Sometimes soar in sky,
nest in mixed colonies with
other waterbirds.

Far eastern curlew Rings, hard Lagoons, Often alone, sometimes in

ending shriek sandy groups, migratory.
beaches,
mudflats.

Great knot Raspy, low Charred When migratory with other

voice, mud, burnt birds, look for food in groups.
sometimes sand, rarely
double whistle in lake
Blue-banded Squeaks like a Lowland Shy forest birds, commonly
kingfisher king-prawn forests and seen near water flow. Hunts
Erasia hills from low perch.

Waxwing Very high forests Eats mainly fruits, sometimes

chirp. Long flowers and flower buds,
clear whistle occasionally flying insects

Hermit thrush Ethereal and Forests, Eats mainly insects and

flute-like sometimes berries, often sing from a high
forest floor, open location
trees and
shrubs

1.5.4 Existing Green Strategies that can be Adopted in Buildings

“A house is incomplete without the grass next to it” was the mentality of the people of Jakarta in the
1990s, when they were willing to move into the suburbs in order to obtain more green space.
However, when confronted with increasing time wasted in bad traffic and the development of
apartment buildings within the city, such an ideal is losing its stand among the people. Moreover
with the increased cost of land, people are maximizing their homes from within, thereby leaving no
space for greenery.

There are numerous ways to infuse greenery with the existing building without having to reduce the
amount of usable space. These can take the form of green roofs and green walls.

Green roofs are roofs that are partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil or a growing
medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. Other characteristics of a green roof could
include additional layers such as a root barrier or drainage and irrigation systems. With an emphasis
towards improving insulation or improving the overall energy efficiency of cooling and heating of a
building, a green roof is typically constructed to cover as large an area as possible on the roof in the
most economical and efficient way possible. On the other hand, a roof garden is not to be confused
with a green roof in that the purpose of roof gardens is more of an area for recreation, relaxation
and entertainment, as an extra living space outside the building for the occupants.

As mentioned, green roofs can act as a layer of insulation for the building to prevent heat loss during
winter or heat gain during summer, especially through evaporative cooling, where rainwater
captured by the green roof evaporates and cools the air. In addition, green roofs also mitigate water
runoff and sewer overflows. With the vegetation and soil on a green roof, these elements absorb
rainwater and filter it, which would otherwise be washed over polluted streets. The plants on a
green roof also help remove air particulates, produce oxygen and offer shade. Furthermore, they can
help in lowering urban air temperatures through evapotranspiration and shading to deal with the
problem of the Urban Heat Island effect.
A green wall is a vertical wall covered with vegetation and soil, or inorganic growing medium. It is
usually attached on the façade or outside walls of a building, although some could be used in the
interior as well. When used externally, green walls could help in reducing the heat build-up in cities
that is usually caused by insolation.

Green walls can be categorized into 2 main types: Green facades and living wall. Green facades
consist of climbing plants growing directly on the wall, with their roots still in the ground. Living walls
are made up of modular panels that are usually stainless steel containers with geotextiles, irrigation
systems and growing medium and vegetation. Living walls can be used to filter and purify slightly
polluted water like greywater by absorbing the dissolved nutrients.
1.6 ONSITE WATER SOURCING OPTIONS
1.6.1 Background Information

The current condition of water in Jakarta is described as very poor in quality. Water management is
also poor as seen from the common floods, often caused by human deforestation and poor
agricultural practices.

Jakarta’s water supply has been highly fragmented since its beginning, and only 18% of the
population is connected to piped water supply. In urban areas, only 39% of residents receive piped
water. The rest of the urban population still largely depends on individual wells small-scale providers,
as well as water vendors who often sell water at high costs. On a worse scale, the rural areas only
see 15% of households getting drinking water from pipe or pump sources, of which the Perusahaan
Daerah Air Minum (PDAMs), the public water utilities, supplying about half of the piped water. The
rest of the rural households, which make up the majority of the rural population, still mainly rely on
shallow groundwater extraction or rainwater collection, or get water from nearby rivers and
springs.1

As urban population grew nearly 4% annually from 1997 to 2007, the public utilities are not
equipped to handle this drastic growth in urbanization, especially the water supply. Since there is
little or no access to piped water services, people resort to obtaining water from polluted sources.
These alternative water sources are contaminated to a degree that compromises public health. In
Jakarta, less than 2% of households are connected to a sewerage system; there is almost no sewer
system in the larger picture. The majority of wastewater is directly disposed into rivers, streams,
canals and septic tanks which are often not working properly, causing overflowing or leaks. Due to
the high level of contamination, water from rivers and canals are too polluted to use for washing
clothing, and even piped water had been contaminated by faecal coliform bacteria, thus resulting in
high rates of water-related diseases.2

1.6.2 Sustainable water management method - Rainwater Harvesting

Jakarta receives an ample amount of rainfall each year, and it would be practical and beneficial to
tap on this generous supply of rainwater and utilize it for potable water. The annual rainfall in
Jakarta is 4233mm, with the lowest monthly precipitation recorded as 198.5mm in the month of
June (Fig. 1).

The process of rainwater harvesting comprises of capturing rainwater, directing it to an appropriate

location, filtering it if required, and storing it for future use. There are several advantages of
rainwater harvesting. Firstly, rainwater is relatively clean and the quality is typically satisfactory for
many uses and functions, with little or even no treatment. As compared to sources of groundwater
which may have been exposed to contamination, rainwater is much safer to use. Furthermore,

1
ADB Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors – Proposed Loan, Republic of
Indonesia: West Jakarta Water Supply Development Project. Pp. 9
2
Human Development Report 2006 – Disconnected: Poverty, Water Supply and Development in Jakarta,
Indonesia. Karen Bakker, Michelle Kooy, Nur Endah Shofiani, and Erns- Jan Martijin. Pp. 14
rainwater collection technologies are flexible, making it possible to use existing structures like
rooftops, and this has little negative environmental impacts as compared to other technologies for
water resources development3 (e.g. water desalination plant). In addition, rainwater harvesting can
also aid in reducing storm drainage load and thus the common flooding situation seen in Jakarta.

The components of a rainwater harvesting system can be categorized in the following points:

1) Catchment area/roof: The surface upon which the rain falls; the roof has to be appropriately
sloped preferably towards the direction of storage and recharge.
2) Gutters and downspouts: The transport channels from catchment surface to storage; these
have to be designed depending on site, rainfall characteristics and roof characteristics.
3) Leaf screens and roof washers: The systems that remove contaminants and debris; a first
rain separator has to be put in place to divert and manage the first 2.5 mm of rain.
4) Cisterns or storage tanks: Sumps, tanks etc. where collected rain-water is safely stored or
recharging the ground water through open wells, bore wells or percolation pits etc.
5) Conveying: The delivery system for the treated rainwater, either by gravity or pump
6) Water treatment: Filters to remove solids and organic material and equipment, and
additives to settle, filter, and disinfect.4

5
Figure 1 Elements of a Typical Rainwater Harvesting System

Points to take note while considering the catchment, conveyance and storage:

Roofing material:

Water may be collected from any kind of roof. Roofing materials should be non-toxic and inert (non-
leaching.) The roof in particular is subject to the oxidizing effects of sun and airborne pollutants.
Contamination sources such as lead flashings should be avoided. When choosing a roofing material -
the smoother the better.

3
http://www.rainwatertechnology.org/rwh/node/28 (© 2010 School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University)
4
UN Blue Drop Series Book 2: Beneficiaries & Capacity Builders – Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation. Pp. 30
5
UN Blue Drop Series Book 2: Beneficiaries & Capacity Builders – Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation. Pp. 30
Gutter and Downpouts/Conduits:

A continuous slope towards the downspouts has to be in place when installing gutters, to prevent
the impediment to slow down the flow of debris into the downspouts. There should be a least one
downspout for every 50 feet of gutter run and 1 square inch of downspout diameter per 100 square
feet of roof area (2 X 3-inch downspout will support 600 square feet of roof area)6.

7
Figure 2 Sizing of Rainwater Pipes for Roof Drainage

Conveyance Systems:

To transfer the collected rainwater from the catchment area to the storage tanks, conveyance
systems are needed. Pipes are usually used in the conveyance system, and should be made of inert
materials like plastic or PVC. This is due to the possible low pH of rainwater that can cause corrosion
and mobilization of metals in metal pipes.

In the early part of a rainfall, dirt and debris from catchment surfaces will be washed into the
conveyance systems. Relatively clean water will only be available some time later in the rain. Thus,
the first part of the rainfall should be channelled to places other than the storage tank. A first flush
device is useful and can be installed to divert the initial batch of rainwater away from the tank.

First Flush System

The first amount of rainfall, together with the dirt or sediments that it carries, is channelled off to
the chamber of the water diverter. A ball is situated in the chamber to indicate the water level inside.
As the first flush fills up the chamber, the ball rises with the increasing water level until the chamber
becomes full. When this occurs, the ball rests on a seat inside the diverter chamber to prevent water
from further entering the chamber. The subsequent flow of water is then then automatically
directed along the pipe to the storage tank/cistern8.

6
http://www.rainwatertechnology.org/rwh/node/28 (© 2010 School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University)
7
UN Blue Drop Series Book 2: Beneficiaries & Capacity Builders – Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation. Pp. 32
8
http://www.rainharvesting.com/content/firstflush.asp
 9
Figure 3 How a First Flush System works

Storage tanks/cisterns:

Like the conveyance systems, storage tanks should be made of inert material like reinforced
concrete, fibreglass, polyethylene, stainless steel etc. Tanks can be either located above or below
the ground, depending on the needs and requirement of the building. Overflow systems should also
be designed for the tanks for situations where excess water enters the tank. The overflow can be
connected to a drainage system.

Water treatment:

Filtration

Figure 4 Gravity-based Filter (left) and Sand Filter (right)

The gravity-based filter consists of construction of an underground / above ground filtration

chamber consisting of layers of fine sand / coarse sand and gravel. Alternatively only fine sand can
also be used along with the gravel layer. Sand filters are commonly available, easy and inexpensive
to construct. These filters can be employed for treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity
(suspended particles like silt and clay), colour and microorganisms.10

9
http://www.rainharvesting.com/content/files/brochures/FirstFlushDiverters.pdf
10
UN Blue Drop Series Book 2: Beneficiaries & Capacity Builders – Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation. Pp. 42-
43
2 DESIGN CHARRETTE RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Passive Design Opportunities

Orientation
The building is oriented with the longer façades facing north-south direction. The polluted river is
flowing to the north of the site. The primary wind is from the south west direction. Since the
polluted river is flowing only to the north of the site, it helps design for large areas of passive
systems in the building as the odour of the polluted river doesn’t affect the quality and odour of
wind blowing towards the building. Also good amount of sunlight on the southern and northern
façade facilitate for large areas of day lit spaces.

Daylight & Natural Ventilation Targets

Level 1 Floor Plan – Targeting 60% Day Lit Space

 Level 2 Floor Plan – Targeting 80% Day Lit Space

Level 1 Floor Plan – Targeting 50% Naturally Ventilated Space

 Level 2 Floor Plan – Targeting 80% Naturally Ventilated Space

Passive Design Strategy

It was unanimously decided that the passive design strategy has to be simple and efficient. Since
most of the day lit spaces were also naturally ventilated spaces, it is a major advantage to tackle
both of them in a single façade system. It was also indicated by other team members that ceramic
was an abundantly available local material and Bandung’s Ceramic Centre were developing
aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly ceramic paving.

The Façade Idea

We thought it would be a good idea to develop the façade system using locally available material
such as ceramic. Hence a façade scheme with ceramic fins &jali work was proposed. Since ceramic
has good chillness retaining capacity, we proposed a scheme wherein, the ceramic jali work was
made from a hollow mould which will be filled in with cool water. Hence it was assumed that the
wind passing through this façade will absorb the chillness from the ceramic jali and the spaces inside
will be cooled by this air. The hollow GI pipes that acts as the supporting system for the jali was used
to pump cool water into the hollow ceramic jali. This water is recycled in a closed loop storage
system. The integrated design idea for the façade system thereby caters to the following important
purposes:

- Mechanically cooled ceramic façade chills the wind blowing through it and provides cool air
into the interior space.
- The permeable façade allows ample daylight into the interior space, achieving 70% daylit
areas.
- Using locally available material such as ceramic reduces overall cost of the building and also
helps in growing local industries and crafts.
- The design of the jali also exuberates cultural significance and adds character to the building.
- Clearstory window at auditorium roof
Since the auditorium is not used on a regular basis, it is important that the stale air in the air-
tight auditorium interior is let out and outside fresh air is let in. Though this can be done
with mechanical ventilation, we suggested that an automated clear story window would
help in venting out hot stale air and bring in fresh outside air. This passive strategy
effectively saves a lot of energy cost.

Section at Auditorium roof showing automated clearstory window

 Section at Southern façade indicating Ceramic jali options

Section at Auditorium roof showing automated clearstorey window

2.2 Local Material Options – Materials suggested

Locally sourced river stone, waste from paper industry, ceramics, fly ash, bamboo and recycled
plastics.

Uses

Stone: Local stone from the rivers in Jakarta has been used to make a rubble masonry walls on the
outer periphery load bearing walls. These walls are framed with reclaimed timber at lintel, sill and
floor slab level which acts as a counter measure for earthquake prone Jakarta city. The stone is
available in various colours and textures and gives a freedom to play with variation.

15” thick Stone rubble wall masonry acts as thermal barrier with earthquake bands

Ceramic: Locally available ceramic mixed with feldspar has been used as passive screens in
exhibition spaces, corridors and naturally ventilated spaces. The ceramics here have been moulded
in a mesh like pattern which embodies the local vernacular architecture. Use of ceramic in these
screens also promoted local skills and labour. To achieve economy and ease of construction modular
system of construction has been used.

The ceramic with varying porosity has been used in the pavements to aid in ground water recharge.
Permeable ceramic paving, a type of ground cover that would better let water seep into the soil than
the currently available concrete blocks do. Made from ceramics, colour & feldspathic materials (The
feldspar, or tectosilicate minerals, can be sourced from the vast ocean basins around the territory of
Jakarta & banjarnegara in central java and pangaribuan in north sumatra.), it can be aesthetically
pleasing as well as environmentally friendly.”
 Use of local materials stone & ceramics on facades

Composite recycled materials: The internal walls and building panels are made of composite panels
of sludge from industrial waste from paper, coir , plastic etc. These panels also have elasticity
suitable for construction in earthquake-prone areas. The panels made from paper waste have also
been used in the auditorium for acoustics. The carpets too have been made from recycled paper and
plastic wastes.

Use of recycled panels in auditoriums, internal walls & partitions etc. and integration of material:
bamboo & stone.

Bamboo: The locally available bamboo species GIGANTO CHOLA APUS also known as PRINGTALA has
been used in the curved screen wall at the entrance. This pipe-like plant can grow and be harvested
faster than conventional wood is fast becoming a preffered building material alternative for
lightweight construction in steel. (Pringtala which is 20000mm in length & 150mm diameter is most
important species of bamboo, widely used in construction in jakarta.)

Material strategy and application scheme.

Fly ash : Use of fly ash blocks mixed with concrete has also been suggested instead of concrete. (Fly
ash is the waste generated from burning coal and is a by-product in many industries). Replacing
portland cement with a mixture of hydraulic lime with fly ash can also be an alternative to concrete.

BUILDINGS WITH LOCAL MATERIALS

2.3 On-Site Energy Resources

Due to the energy shortage in Jakarta, energy-efficiency design is promoted. However the renewable
energies, high performance and environmentally technologies have cost-considerations that we
must take into account considering the scale of the project given.

In lieu of the scale of the project, and to tap on these renewable energy resources, we need much
ground area to accommodate the infrastructure. Even the smallest geothermal plant of 400m2
would require an addition 20% of the building space on site to accommodate it.

Comparison Chart

Energy Sources Hydropower Geothermal Biomass Solar/Photovoltaic

(PV) Cells

Potential 75,670 MW 27,150 MW 49,810 MW 4.8kWh/m2/day

Installed 4,200 MW 1,042 MW 445 MW Equivalent +/-

Capacity 5MV

Used Potential 5.5% 3.7% 0.9%

In %

Feasibility on Requires a steep Requires at Crops from More emphasis

Site gradient drop or about 400m2 nearby can be given to energy
strong velocity of area which fed to the plant saved from
flow that may would take up an to generate daylighting
not be present in extra 20% GFA power. However, measures over PV
the river. on site. in lieu of the (Low efficiency
Building of a scale of the 7%-15%
dam across is too project, it is compared to high
big a scale for inappropriate. trade-offs in cost)
the project.

Comparing across the probable energy resources identified initially, the most plausible suggestion
would be the integration of PV cells onto the roofscape.

PV cells panels can be integrated into the roofscape by providing shade for users of the green roof.
Mounted on a light-weight steel frame extending from the ground up and coupled with the solar
trackers that moves the panels accordingly with the sun rays direction, it can provide constant shade
for the people below.
Solar panels on roof to align the panels to the sun direction: maximize the efficiency of the PV cells.

However the costs greatly outweigh the returns of PV cells (7-15% efficiency) in this case. Instead of
spending excessive funds on costly technologies, the team focused on using passive measures to cut
down energy dependency in the building. Solar energy can be used in it basest form, daylight, to
reduce electrical lighting needs. Wind energy is tapped on in the basest form of natural ventilation
as an additional dimension to the wind-driven cooling ceramic façade.

2.3 Local Flora and Fauna

Proposed target of 100% increase in greenery

An important aspect in increasing greenery would be to first preserve the existing greenery on site.
This is because plants, especially trees take a long time to grow, thus it is not beneficial to remove
the existing flora in order to plant the desired plant species.

From the site plan, we are able to identify 5 types of plant grown at site and have categorized them
into grass, shrubs, small trees, medium trees and huge trees. (yellow-shrubs, orange-small trees,
red-medium trees, purple-huge trees) Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) as guidance in calculating the
existing greenery at site, we have allocated 1 point for the existing grass area of approximately 3500
square metres, 3 points for each shrub, 6 points for each small tree, 8 points for each medium tree
and 10 points for each huge tree.

Having tallied the amount of existing greenery, we figured that our green proposition would need to
have a tallied minimum value of 303.5 in order to achieve a 100% increase.

Existing Greenery at site:

Grass = 3.5 x 1 =3.5

7 shrubs = 7 x 3 =21

14 small trees = 14 x 6 =84

8 medium trees = 8 x 8 =64

13 huge trees = 13 x 10 =130

Total = 303.5

Proposed Greenery Plan

After analyzing the site plan, we noticed that there is the presence of a river on two sides of the
building. However, based on our knowledge of Jakarta, the river is assumed to heavily polluted and
thus is inappropriate to allow for gatherings to occur along the river. Hence, our team decided to
plant trees and shrubs along the boundary between the site and the river to provide for a soft
barrier instead of handrails.

The choice of low shrub Rosa Hybrida to be planted along the North of the site is to allow for the
visual connection of the users of the building with the natural scenery. The beautiful flowers and the
pleasant scent it emits will aid in bringing people out into the gardens. In addition, the fruits attract
bird and the flowers will attract bees and butterflies, thereby enhancing the site’s ecology.

Delonix Regia is planted alongside the existing trees on site to provide a continuous stream of shade,
which should improve the comfort of the people in the garden through shielding from the scorching
sun. Moreover, the red flowers of the tree adds colour in the garden, thus attracting fauna to the
site.
Modification of existing curved wall

Along the North façade of the building, we proposed the replacement of an existing curved wall with
a woven rattan wall. The porosity of a woven rattan wall allows for the growth of creeper plants
(Morning Glory) on the wall, as well as ventilation from the sea breeze. The visual imagery of
revealing and concealing created through the porous green wall seeks to accentuate one’s visual
perception.

Proposed plants on roof

Initial plan for the roof was to propose a roof garden to create greater involvement of the people
with the integrated landscape. The idea of extending the café to the roof increases the usable space
of the building and thereby increasing its value. However, due to conflict of interest with the overall
team’s intention of using native building materials of bamboo and stone which is unable to provide
sufficient strength to support the increased live loads, the roof garden had to be converted into a
green roof.

Nevertheless, we tried to enhance the value of having a green roof through the implementation of a
vegetable garden, which provides for some of the produce required in the café. Through this, we
hope to maintain the social viability aspect of integrating greenery onto the roofscape.

Taking into consideration the limited supportable loads which can be provided by the native building
materials, we were not able to plant trees on the roof as they require deep levels of soil. Hence,
shrubs species of Maranta and Coleus Hybridus are introduced to the roof and together with the
vegetables on the roof, consisting of eggplants, lemongrass and vegetable gourd, provide a variety of
colours and smells that help to invigorate one’s senses and experience.

Relationship between plant type and soil substrate level

List of Flora at Site

Delonix Regia

A flower-bearing tree that produces a spectacular display of red flowers when in full bloom, it
provides shade and beautifies the landscape.

Maranta

An evergreen low growing tropical plant, it is hardy and grows easily with little maintenance.

Coleus Hybridus

Coleus hybridus is a low shrub that is brightly coloured and provides dramatic effects to shady areas,
requires low maintenance and is inexpensive, thus ideal for landscaping large areas.
Morning Glory flower

A creeping plant that twines itself along structures, it blooms beautiful flowers and attracts some
birds and butterflies.

Rosa Hybrida

Rosa hybrida (the rose plant) attracts a variety of birds such as waxwing, thrush, java finch etc. These
birds feed on the rosehip fruit of the flower and help to disseminate seeds. The flower is sweet
smelling and also attracts insects such as bees and butterflies. Its pleasant smells as well as beautiful
flowers make it an ideal plant for beautifying the landscape.

Rumput Gajah

A carpet grass found locally in Jakarta, Rumput Gajah is hard-wearing and requires low maintenance.
It is ideal for green roofs that are often inaccessible.

Proposed fauna

The fauna that we are hoping to attract are the hermit thrush, Anthus Ricardi, Java finch and the
Waxwing. The hermit thrush eats berries, insects and dwell on grass, trees and shrubs. The Anthus
Ricardi feeds on insects while the Java finch is a resident breeding bird in Indonesia that feeds on
seeds and grains. Waxwings eat flying insects, berries and sometimes flower buds or flowers. They
are singing birds that can help to bring a vibrant and lively mood to the site, enlivening one’s
sensorial experience from outside to within the building. In addition, their diet of fruits and flowers
will help to disseminate the seeds of the plants on site, thereby helping to maintain the ecosystem.

Section
Achieved target of 100% increase in greenery

Through the incorporation of trees, shrubs and grass into the existing site as well as the roof of the
building, we have managed to achieve a 100% increase in greenery. This is achieved alongside the
careful selection of native plants which help enhance fauna and serve a function to the existing
utilities on site. In addition, the proposed flora aids in attracting people out of the building, into the
garden to smell the varied scents and walk under the shaded canopies.

Additional Proposed Greenery at site:

Grass = 1.5 x 1 =1.5

129 shrubs = 129 x 1.5 (smaller shrubs) =193.5

24 ground shrubs = 24 x 3 =72

8 medium trees = 8 x 8 =64

Total = 331
2.4 Onsite Water Sourcing Options
It is noted that the given site is situated beside the river. However, no plans were made to utilize the
river water as a potable supply source to the building. This is due to the high level of contamination
considering the context. It is evaluated that the amount of effort and energy needed to purify the
water such that it becomes clean enough is unsustainable, as the scale of building is not large. It is
thus dismissed as an alternative source for potable water.

Two self-sustaining methods of water sourcing were investigated.

i. Rainwater harvesting
ii. Greywater recycling

i. Rainwater harvesting

The team investigated the method of rainwater harvesting and its possible benefits to the building
to achieve self-sustenance for its water supply. The annual rainfall in Jakarta is 4233mm, with the
lowest monthly precipitation recorded as 198.5mm in the month of June. It is hoped that by tapping
on the potential of heavy rainfall, the assigned building will be able to contain sufficient water
throughout the year to achieve self –sustenance.

Figure 5 Bar Chart showing rainfall amount in Jakarta11

The demand for a performing arts and cultural centre, is estimated to be 3,600,000 litres per year
(based on 200 people and 50 litres each person per day). Our target was to have 80% of the
building’s potable water supply provided by rainwater harvesting.

The sketches below show how we plan to utilise the roof over the open plaza space for rainwater
collection. We proposed to have a funnel-like structure made from tensile fabric to collect and
channel the rainwater into the open plaza, creating a pond-like water feature. This water feature is
connected to an underground tank which will ultimately be the storage facility to cater for the large
amount of rainfall and water collected.

11
http://www.rainwatertechnology.org/rwh/node/28 (© 2010 School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon
University)
The calculations for the annual rainwater harvesting is as stated below:

Area (A) – 40 x 40 = 1600 sq.m

Annual rainfall (R) - 4.233 m
Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85
Annual water harvesting potential from 1600 sq.m. roof
=AxRxC
= (40x40) x 4.233 x 0.85
= 5.7 million litres / yr
 ii. Greywater Recycling

To supplement the fresh water source from rainwater harvesting, a wetland which doubles up as an
ecological feature on the site is introduced to serve as a platform for grey water recycling. Fresh
water use is reduced and less strain is put on the septic system to filter waste water.

An Eco pond is introduced to facilitate the filtration of grey water and diversify the amount of flora
and fauna on the site. The plants chosen are arrowhead, water lily and cattail.

It is noted that the grey water and the aquatic plants chosen work in symbiosis. For example, the
stem of the water lily helps to convey waste gases from to the surface. The water in turn, facilitates
plant growth.
The calculations for the wetland capacity is as stated below:

37 x 25 x 1.5
= 1387.5 cu.m
= 1.4 million litres (approx.)

Impact of recommendations on building

The chosen systems took into consideration, the aesthetics of the arts centre and the overall user
experience of the place. The wetland and rainwater harvesting funnel is placed strategically next the
café to facilitate visual dialogue between the stated interventions and the users of the café. The
rainwater harvesting funnel is situated at the entrance of the arts centre. This makes it a feature of
the building and hints of its self-sustaining ability for potable water – a fast depleting resource in
Jakarta. The roof of the funnel feature for rainwater harvesting also doubles up as shade for the
entrance space. User experience is thus enhanced while achieving self-sustenance for water through
the proposed interventions.

2.6 Relevant rating tool – Evaluation of the design charrette

After implementing all our design strategies in the project, both passive and active, we finally put
our green building design through the relevant green building rating tool in Indonesia, Greenship.
Though the system is still rather new, being launched only in the end of 2009, there have been many
adaptations that have been made in the rating tools from that of other countries such as the Green
Star in Australia. These references aim to create a more refined rating tool which has been
constantly revised and improved upon, but also with specific tweaks to make the rating tool more
specific to the Indonesian context.

In the theoretical model of our project, we have made certain assumptions which may greatly affect
the accuracy of the rating we have provided; therefore, as much as possible we have omitted certain
categories in the existing tool to make it more pertinent to the limitation of our project.

In the expert pair report above, all the categories and sub headings for the Greenship rating of our
project and also the suitability of each given the constraints of our project have been listed. For each
of the omitted categories, we have also explained briefly why they were not viable points of debate
in our project.

After taking out these points, the maximum value we can possibly get came down to 58 from the
maximum possible score of 101.
Now with the newly adjusted rating tool, we score our project’s “greenness” according to the rating
tool in a bid to see the standard of our project in terms of green building design. Below we have the
table again and we mark how our design scores in each category.
According to our tabulations with reference to our various design implementations and certain
assumptions made of the most ideal and perfect efficiency of the systems, we have achieved a score
of 44 of the maximum possible score of 58, which is approximately 76% of the total score.

Because there has been no proper grading in Greenship at the moment, we have mapped this result
across to the Singaporean Green Mark standards which results in a Gold Star rating for our building
design. Although this was not as ideal as the group targeted for the building to perform, we seek to
understand and improve the fallacies of our project by analysing our scores in each category of the
rating tool above.

Essentially, there was a lack of the use of renewable energy resources in our building design, such as
that of geothermal energy as well as the installation of photovoltaic cells. If the implementation of
such devices were considered, the building performance could have been improved marginally as
there could be a relief on our carbon footprint. Also, the water management issues could have been
better improved upon to give a much better score than we have quoted above.

The above being said, the results could have been a lot more optimistic if the area of building
environmental management could be considered in our project. This area would have been a great
opportunity for much creative sustainable design.

All in all, we believe the group has done particularly well in the area of passive design and especially
the consideration of the local Indonesian context in our sourcing for ideas such as the use of local
material within 1000km radius of our immediate site. Nonetheless, improvements could be made in
the active design innovations in implementing more advanced technologies to give our building the
edge we need in reducing the overall energy requirements.
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http://www.eterras.de/asia/id/index.php

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http://www.rainwatertechnology.org/rwh/node/28 (© 2010 School of Architecture, Carnegie

Mellon University)

UN Blue Drop Series Book 2: Beneficiaries & Capacity Builders – Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation

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http://www.rainharvesting.com/content/files/brochures/FirstFlushDiverters.pdf