中國近代史

§@ªÌÂ²¤¶
®}¤¤¬ù
¡]Immanuel C.Y.Hs ¡A1923-2005¡^
¥Í©ó¤W®ü,¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¬ã¨sÅv«Â¾ÇªÌ¡CµÛ§@ÄYÂÔ¡A±Mªø¤¤°êªñ¥N¥~¥æ¥v¡C1946¦~²¦~©ó¿P¨Ê¤j¾Ç¡A19
®}¤¤¬ù¡G¤@Ó³Q§N¸¨ªº¥v¾Ç¤j®a
¡ms¨Ê³ø¡n
¤@¡B400¦~¡G²{¥N¤¤°ê«¥Í
--®}¤¤¬ùªº¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n©Ôªøªñ¥N¤¤°ê¸ó«×
ªñ¤é¡AµØ¸Ç¾ÇªÌ¡B¬ü°ê¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¸t¤Ú¤Ú©Ô¤À®Õ¾ú¥vÃ´¥D¥ô¡Bºa¥ð±Ð±Â®}¤¤¬ùªº¦WµÛ¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n¥
³q±`§Ú°ê¾Ç¬Éªº"¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v"¬O«ü±q¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¨ì¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¦¨¥ß¦Ê¾l¦~¶¡ªº¾ú¥v¡A¦Ó³o³¡ªñ¥N¥
ªñ¥N¤¤°ê©l©ó¦ó®É¡H¾Ç¬É¹ï¦¹¦³¦hºØN¨£¡C¤j¦h¼Æ¥D±i¥H¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¬°¤¤°êªñ¥N¥vªº°_ÂI¡F¤]¦³¤H¥H©
®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥Í¤w©ó2005¦~¥h¥@¡CìD©ó¥L¦b®ü¥~º~¾Ç¬Éªº«n¦a¦ì©M¥»®Ñ¦b®ü¥~©Ò²£¥Íªº«¤j¼vÅT¡A¥»³
¤G¡B®}¤¤¬ù¦b´M§ä¤@Ósªº¥v¾Ç¥X¸ô
¡´¨ü³X¤H¡G³¢¤Ö´Å¡]95´ä¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¾ú¥vÃ´«e±Ð±Â¡^
®}¤¤¬ù±Ð±Â¬O¤W¥@¬ö¤¤Q¦~¥N±q95´ä¥h¬ü°ê©À¾ú¥vªº¡A®v±q¶O¥¿²M¡B¨Áp¤É¡B¿à¨vº¸¡BÄõ®æ©M¸²z¸
¦pªGn°Q½×®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥ÍµÛ§@ªº»ùÈ©MN¸q¡A¤@©wn§â¥¦©ñ¦b¥v¾Ç¥vªº¨¤«×¡A§_«h¨S¦³¤°»òN¸q¡C®}¤
¥t¤@¤è±¡A¶O¥¿²Mº~¾Ç¤¤¤ßªº¬ã¨s¥Î¤F¤@Ó¤ý´Â§©À¡A¦Ûº~ð¥H¨Ó¡A¤¤°ê«Ø¥ß¤F©Ò¿×"¤Ñ´Â"ªºÆ[©À¡
¦è¤è¬ã¨s¾ú¥võ¾Ç©M¥v¾Ç¤èªk¦b¹L¥h¤T¥|¤Q¦~¸Ìµo®i«Ü§Ö¡A«á²{¥N¥D¸q¹ï¥v¾Ç¬ã¨sªº½ÄÀ»«D±`¤j¡C¦
nµû»ù³o¥»®Ñ¡A§Ú«e±¤w¸g´£¨ì¡An©ñ¦b¥v¾Ç¥vªº¨¤«×¡C²Ä¤GÂI¡A¥Ñ©ó«á²{¥N¥D¸qªº¼vÅT¡A¥v¾Ç®a³
¤T¡B®}¤¤¬ùÝ¦³¹êÃÒ©M«ä¿ë¤§ªø
¡´¨ü³X¤H¡GT®aµa¡]«n¨Ê¤j¾Ç¾ú¥vÃ´±Ð±Â¡^
s¨Ê³ø¡GÁöµM®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥Í¦b®ü¥~¨É¦³²±ÅA¡A°ê¤ºÅªªÌ³£¤ñ¸û‾¥Í¡A½Ð±z¤¶²Ð¤@¤U¥Lªº¸g¾ú¡C
T®aµa¡G®}¤¤¬ù1923¦~¦b¤W®ü¥X¥Í¡A1946¦~²¦~©ó¿P¨Ê¤j¾Ç¡A«á¨Ó¨ì«¢¦ò¤j¾ÇÅª¬ã¨s¥Í¡A1954¦~Àò³
s¨Ê³ø¡G¦³¾ÇªÌºÙ¡A¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡nÝ¨ã¤¤¦è¥v¾Ç©MªÀ|¬ì¾Çªººë‾«¡A¨ãÅé©Ò«ü¬O¤°»ò¡H
T®aµa¡G®}¤¤¬ùªº¥»¬ì¬O¦b¿P¨Ê¤j¾Ç©Àªº¡Aí®É¿P¨Ê¤j¾Çªº¾ú¥vÃ´¬O«Ü±jªº¡A¤×¨äª`N¹êÃÒ¡A¦ÒÃÒ¡
¦b¤º®e¤W¡A¥L¦b®ü¥~¬Ýªº®Ñ¤ñ¸û¦h¡Aª¾ÃÑ±¤ñ¸û¼s¡A¬Ý¤F«Ü¦h¦è¤èÃö©ó¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤è±ªºµÛ§@¡C©Ò¥
s¨Ê³ø¡G§A»{¬°¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n³Ì¿W‾Sªº¦a¤è¦bþ¸Ì¡H
T®aµa¡G§@¬°¤@¥»±Ð§÷¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥¦ªº¤º®eÂ×Í¦Ó¥þ±¡A¤ÀªR°ÝÃD¤ñ¸û¹ê¨Æ¨D¬O¡A¨S¦³¥ºÝªº¦a¤è¡C¥t¥
§Ú¦b³o¥»®Ñ¤¤Á¿¹L¡A®}¤¤¬ù°ò¥»¬O¤@Ó¶i¤Æ½×ªº«H¥õªÌ¡A¦ý¬O¥L¤]ªÖ©wªÀ|²©Rªº¾ú¥v§@¥Î¡C²Ä¤G¡
s¨Ê³ø¡G¦bÂ\²æ¦è¤èº~¾Ç¹ï©óªñ¥N¤¤°êªº¸ÑÄÀ¤è±¡A®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥Í°µ¤Fþ¨Ç§V¤O¡H
T®aµa¡G¥L±µ¨ü¤F¶O¥¿²M½ÄÀ»¡Ð¦^À³¼Ò¦¡ªº¼vÅT¡A¦ý¤S¤£§¹¥þÃÙ¦P¡C¥L»{¬°¡A¤¤°ê¾ú¥vªºµo®i¦³¨ä¦
s¨Ê³ø¡G¦b¤º¦a¡B»OÆW¥H¤Î®ü¥~ªºªñ¥N¥v¬ã¨s¤¤¡A§ÚÌÁ`‾à¬Ý¨ìNÃÑ§ÎºAªº§½¥H¤Î¦U¦a¾ÇªÌ¨ü¦a°
T®aµa¡G±q¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n³o¥»®Ñ¨Ó¬Ý¡A®}¤¤¬ù¹ï©ó¦U¦a¾ÇªÌªºªñ¥N¥vµÛ§@³£¦³¬ã¨s¡A¦ý¬O¥L‾Ç¤J¤
s¨Ê³ø¡G§A¦p¦óµû»ù®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥Í©Òªí¹Fªº"§é°J½Õ©Mªº¾ú¥vÆ["¡H¥Lªº½Õ©M¬O§_¦¨¥\¡H
T®aµa¡G§Ú»{¬°¡A®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥Í¦b¥»®Ñ¤¤ªí¹F¥X¨Óªº¤@¨ÇÓ¤HÆ[ÂI¡AÁÙ¬O«ÜÈ±o¬ã¨sªº¡C
s¨Ê³ø¡G®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥Í»¡¡A"±q¤å¤ÆªºN¸q¤W¨Ó»¡¡A¤¤°ê¥i¥H³Q¬Ý§@¬O¤¤µØ¤å©úªºÄ~©ÓªÌ¡A¦Ó¬ü°ê«h¬O
T®aµa¡G±q¾Ç³Nªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A§Ú¦PN®}¥ý¥Íªº³oÓ¬Ýªk¡C¦ý¬O¡A±q²{¹ê¬Fªv°ÝÃD¨Ó¬Ý¡A«Ü¦h°ÝÃDŃ«
¶P½Ã¤è¡G¤@°ê¨âª©
--©Î"ªÏ¸Ñ¦WµÛ¡A±¡¦ó¥H³ô¡H"
®È¬ü¾ú¥v¾Ç®a®}¤¤¬ù¥ý¥Íªº¸g¨åµÛ§@¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n²×©ó³QÂ½Ä¶¦¨¤¤¤å¡A¨Ã¥B¦b95´ä©M¤j³°¤À§O¥Xª
¦^¨Ó«áÂ½¾\¡A¬Ý¨ì®Ñ«e¦³¥Xª©ªÌ¸p¦Wªº¤@½g"¥Xª©«e¨¥"¡A¨ä¤¤»¡"§@ªÌ®û²]¦è¤è¾Ç³N¦h¦~¡A¨ä²z½×¥ß
¾ã³¹³s¤ù¦a¬å±þ¤§¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¤£¶¡Â_ªº¦r¥y§R§ï¡C¤U±¬O§@ªÌ¥þ®Ñ³Ì«á¤@¸`"¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öªìªº¤¤°ê"ªº¤
¦pªG¤¤°ê¸gÀÙ«ö¦~¼Wªø²v8%ªº³t«×«ùÄò¤U¥h¡A¨ì2020¦~¥¦ªº¸gÀÙ¤O¶q¥i‾àÅÜ¦¨¥@¬É²Ä¤@¡C¦b¬Fªv¤W¡
¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¤w¸g±q¤@Ó²©R²ÕÂ´ÅÜ¦¨¤F°õ¬Fªº¬FÄÒ¡C¥¦ªº¥Dn¥ô°È¬Oµo®i¸gÀÙ¡A´£°ª¥Á²³¥Í¬¡¤ô¥¡
¡i¸g¥Ñ¤Q¤©¡ÄÒ¥N|¡]1997¦~9¤ë¡^©M¥þ°ê¤H¤j¡]1998¦~3¤ë¡^©Ò¿ï©wªºÄÒ©M¬F©²»â¾É¤H¡A¤j³¡¤À³£¬
ÄÒ¹ï¤HÌ¥Í¬¡ªº±±¨î¤w¤j¤j©ñªQ¡A¦ý¨ÌÂÂ§Ù¤ß¤Q¨¬¦a«O«ùµÛ¥¦¹ï¬FªvÅv¤OªºÃbÂ_¡C¥ô¦ó²§Ä³³£¬O¤£¤
¥Á²³¹ï¦¹¦³¦ó¬Ýªk¡H¡i¥LÌ¹ï‾Ê¥F¬Fªv¦Û¥ÑP¨ì¿ò¾Ñ¡A¦ýÁÙ¬O±µ¨ü¤F³o¬O¬°´«¨úªÀ|Ã©w©M¸gÀÙÁcº
¤H¥Á¼¨ć¥ô¦óªÀ|¤j°Ê¶Ã¡A¡i¨Ò¦p¤å¤Æ¤j²©R,¡j©Î¾ÉPªÀ|©M¸gÀÙªº¤j²V¶Ãªº‾´§Ç‾}Ãa¡AŃ¹³¦@²£
¥LÌ¹ï95´ä¦^Âk¡B¤¤°ê¦¨¬°°Ï°ì±j°ê¡A¥H¤Î¨ì2020¦~±N¦¨¬°¥O¤H¨í¥Ø¬Û¬Ýªº¥@¬É±j°ê¦ÓP¨ìÅº¶Æ¡C¥
¤¤°êªÀ|¤wÅÜ±o¶V¨Ó¶VÍ¸Î¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦b¤j«°¥«¡Bªu®ü¦a°Ï©M«n¤è¡C¡i»â¾É¼h±N|¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¦aP¨ü¨ì¨
§ÚªººÃ°Ý¬O¡A³o¼Ëªº§R§ïªk¡AªG‾u±o¨ì¤FìµÛª©Åv«ù¦³¤H¤û¬z¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¦PN¤F»ò¡H®}¤¤¬ù±Ð±Â¤w©
¥Xª©ªÌ¨¥
¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¬°¤@ªù°òÂ¦ªº¤j¾Ç½Òµ{¡A¦Ó¦b´ä»O¨â¦a¥H¤¤¤å¬°¥DnĆ¤¶ªºªÀ|¸Ì¡A¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¥H¤¤¤åÁ
¥»®Ñªºªø³B¸Ô¨£®Ñ«á¡A¦b¦¹¤£¦AÂØz¡C¥»®Ñ«ö¦~¥÷¤À¤W¤U¨â¥U½s±Æ¡A¤W¥U±q1600¦~°_¥H¨´1923¦~¡A¤
ì®Ñ§Ç¨¥¡B²Ä¤@¦Ü¤Q¤@³¹¤Î²Ä¤G¤Q¤G¦Ü¤T¤Q¤E³¹¥Ñp¬î¬³Õ¤hÄ¶¡A²Ä¤Q¤G¦Ü¤G¤Q¤@³¹¥Ñ¦¶¼y¸¶³Õ¤hÄ
Â½Ä¶¤Î½s¿è¶W¹L¤@¤d¶ªº±MµÛ¡A¹ê«D©ö¨Æ¡A°£»y¨¥²ß©|¤§¥~¡A¤H¦W¡B¦a¤O¡B¾÷ºc¦WºÙªº¤¬Ä¶¡A«s
¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ½s¿è³¡
2002¦~3¤ë
ìµÛ¤¤¤åª©§Ç
ÁaÆ[¥|¦Ê¦~¨Ó¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡A¨ä³Ì¤j‾S©º§Y¬°¤¤¦è¤å¤Æ¤§½ÄÀ»¡B¾AÀ³¡B¤Î©M¥¦@¦s¡C¦b¦¹¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤@
¦^¹©ú²M¤§»Ú¡A¦èªFº¥¡A¤Þ°_¤¤¦è¤å¤Æ¥¿±½Ä¬ðªº¶}ºÝ¡C¦è¤è¤å©ú¡A¾ú¸g¤åÃÀ´_¿³¡B©v±Ð§ï²¡B¤
º~ð¤¸²M²±¥@¡A°ê¤H¦V¥H¬°ºa¡A¦ý¸Ó®É¤§¤Ñ¤U¡A°¦¬O«ü¥H¤¤°ê¬°¤¤¤ßªºªF¨È¦Ó¤w¡I¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬ö¤§¤¤°
ªñ¥N¥v¿ùºî´_Âø¡AµÛªÌ¾Ç²L¡A¥¢»~¤§³B¥²¦h¡A©|§ÆÅªªÌ¤£§[«ü¥¿¡C
®}¤¤¬ù
¬ü°ê¥[¦{¤j¾Ç
2001¦~1¤ë15¤é
³¢§Ç
¤Q¤E¡B¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¨£ÃÒ¤F¤¤µØ¥Á±Ú¥vµL«e¨Òªº¥¨ÅÜ¡C¾ú¥v¤j¬y¡AÅÜ¤Û²ö´ú¡AÅåÀÜ©ç©¤¡A¥s¤H´H¤ß¡C¤¤µ
¤å©ú°_¸¨¡A¤å¤Æ¿³¼o¡A¥Á±Ú±j®z¡A¦Û¦³ì¥Ñ¡C¤å©úªº±µÄ²¡A¤å¤Æªº½Ä¬ð¥H¥Á±Ú¨¤¤Oªº¦¨±Ñ±o¥¢¡A§óµ
‾àÂ\²æ¦±¤O-º~¾Çªº³±¼v¡A¥H^¤å§@¬°Ć¤¶¡A¦V¦è¤è¥@¬Éýzªñ¥|¦Ê¦~¤¤µØ¥Á±Úªº±Ã¤ã¾úµ{¡A¥Hªñ¥N
The Rise of Modern China¡Aªìª©¦b1970¦~°Ý¥@¡C¦¸¦~Àò±o¬ü°ê¥[¦{¤§"¦@©M¼ú"(Common wealth Pr
1998¦~®}±Ð±ÂÀ³95´ä¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¤§ÁÜ¡A¾á¥ô"°¶Û³X°Ý±Ð±Â"¡A´Á¶¡¶}©lºc«ä§â³o¥»^¤å¥¨µÛÄ¶¦¨¤¤¤å¡
¤µ¦~¡A®}±Ð±Â³X°Ý¥»®Õ´Á¶¡°ÓÄ³¥Xª©ªºThe Rise of Modern China¡A¤¤Ä¶¥»¦¨¥\±¥@¡AµØ»y¥@¬É²×©
³¢¤Ö´Å
95´ä¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¾ú¥vÃ´±Ð±Â
Ý¤å¾Ç°|°|ªø
2001¦~2¤ë
²Ä¤»ª©§Ç(^¤åª©¡^
¤¤°ê¡H¨º¸Ì½öµÛ¤@Ó¶oºÎªº¥¨¤H¡CÅý¥LºÎµÛ§a¡C¦]¬°¥LY¬O¿ô¨Ó.±N|§ïÅÜ¥@¬É¡C
--®³‾}¨Ú
±´´M¤@±ø¦bsªº¥@¬É¤¤Åé±¦a¥Í¦s¤U¥hªº¹D¸ô¡A¬O±À°Êªñ¥N¤¤°êµo®iªº¤@Ó¥Dn°Ê¤O¡C¦è¤è¤w¸g±N³
¤¤°ê¦bsªº¥@¬ö¤¤¦p¦ó¦æ°Ê¡A±N¹ï¥þ¥@¬É²£¥ÍÃöÁä©Ê¼vÅT¡C¥¿¦p¬ü°ê»PÄ¬ÁpªºÃöÃ´¨î¬ù¤F¦¹«eªº¥b
¦b¥j¥N¡A¤¤µØ¤å©ú¦³½÷×ÀéÄêªº¦¨Ń¡A¦Ó§ÆÃ¾¤@Ã¹°¨¡BµS¤Ó¤@°òþ±Ð¤å©ú«h¦b¦è¤èÁcºaµo®i¡C³o¨â
¦bÇ³Æ¥»ª©ªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A§Ú±o¨ì¤F§Úªº¬ã¨s§U²z¶Oº¸‾ý¡]Edward C. Fields)ªºÀ°§U¡A¥L¦b¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¸t
®}¤¤¬ù
¥[¦{¡A¸t¤Ú¤Ú©Ô
¡iª`ÄÀ¡j
1 ¤T¦ì«eÁ`²Î¬O¥¬¤°¡]George Bush)¡A¥d‾S¡]Jimmy Carte¡^©MºÖ‾S¡]Gerald Ford¡^¡C¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³¡G«e°ê°
singer)¡BÃ¹³Ç´µ¡]William P. Rogers)¡BµÎº¸‾ý¡]George P. Schultz)¡B¸U´µ¡]Cyrus Vance)¡F«e°]¬F
)¡B¸Ì®Ú¡]Donald T. Regan)¤Î¦è»X¡]William E. Simon¡^¡F«e°ê¨¾³¡ªø¥¬®Ô¡]Harold Brown)¡B¥d¿c©_¡
dson)¡B¬IµÜ¨‾®æ¡]James Schlesinger)¡F«e°ê®a¦w¥þÅU°Ý¥¬¼ö¬z´µ°ò¡]Zbigniew Brzezinski¡^¡BµÜ§J(
rk Times,June 17¡A1998¡C
2 Richard Haass. "Falal Disiraciion: Bill Clinton's Foreign Policy." Foreign Pol
icy,fall 1997.120.
²Ä¤@ª©§Ç(^¤åª©¡^
³o³¡³q¥v¥Dnªí¹F¥»¤H¥H¤¤°ê¤Hªº¨¤À¹ïªñ¥N¤¤°êµo®i¶iµ{ªº¬Ýªk¡A¦P®É¤]¨V¨ú¤F¹L¥h¤T¤Q¦~¸Ì¦è¤
¥»®ÑÅé²{¤F¥»¤Hªø´Á¬ã²ß¦è¤è¾ú¥v©M¤¤°ê¾ú¥vªº¤ß±o¡C¥»¤H¦b«¢¦ò¤j¾Ç¬ã²ß¾ú¥v®É±o‾q©ó³\¦h¦ì±Ð±
ºÉºÞ¥»¤H±o¨ì¤F©Ò¦³³o¨ÇÀ°§U©M±Òµo¡A¥»®Ñªº¥ô¦ó¿ù»~³£°¦À³¥Ñ¥»¤H¤@¤H¨Ó©Ó¾á¡C¦b±N®Ñ½Z¥I±ê¤§»
®}¤¤¬ù
¥[¦{¡A¸t¤Ú¤Ú©Ô
1970¦~¤¸¥¹
¾ú¥N¬ö¤¸ªí
²M´Â(¤½¤¸1644-1911¦~¡^
¶¶ªv(¤½¤¸1644-1661¦~¡^
±dº³¡]¤½¤¸1662-1722¦~¡^
¹l¥¿(¤½¤¸1723-1735¦~¡^
°®¶©(¤½¤¸1736-1795¦~¡^
¹Å¼y(¤½¤¸1796-1820¦~¡^
¹D¥ú(¤½¤¸1821-1850¦~¡^
«wÂ×¡]¤½¤¸1851-1861¦~¡^
¦Pªv(¤½¤¸1862-1874¦~¡^
¥úºü¡]¤½¤¸1875-1908¦~¡^
«Å²Î(¤½¤¸1909-1911¦~¡^
¤¤µØ¥Á°ê(¤½¤¸1912-)
¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¡]¤½¤¸1949-)
³f¹ô¤Î«×¶q¿Å§éºâªí
³f¹ô
(¤½¤¸1600-1814¦~¡^
1¨â =1¤¤°ê¦w¤h©Î1.208^°ê¦w¤h‾Â¥¿¥Õ»È=1/3^½S=6¥ý¥O8«K¤h=1.63¬ü¤¸
=1.57¦è‾Z¤ú¤¸(1894¦~1¨â¶^¦Ü3¥ý¥O2«K¤h¡A1904¦~¶^¦Ü2¥ý¥O10«K¤h)
1^½S=3¨â=4¦è‾Z¤ú¤¸1¦è‾Z¤ú¤¸=0.72¨â©Î5¥ý¥O
«¶q
1¥Û=100¤ç=133/3½S=60.453¤d§J
1¤ç=16¨â=1/3½S=604.53§J
1¨â=1/3¦w¤h=37.783§J
16.8¾á=1ªø¾
16.54¾á=1¤½¾
ªø«×
1¸Ì=1/3^¸Ì=1/2¤d¦Ì
1¤Ø=1¥«¤Ø=14.1^¤o
1‾a=1/6^‾a
15‾a=1¤½³¼
²Ä¤@³¹
"ªñ¥N¤¤°ê"ªº§©À
¾Ö¦³ªñ¥|¤d¦~¤åÄm¾ú¥vªº¤¤µØ¤å©ú¬O¥@¬É¤W³Ì¥j¦Ñªº¤å©ú¤§¤@¡C¦bªñ¥N¥H«e¡A¤¤µØ¤å©ú°ò¥»¤W¬O¤g¥
º¥ý¡A¤¤°ê¾ú¥v»P¦è¤è¾ú¥vªº|¦Xµ²§ô¤F¤¤°êªº³¬Ãö¦Û¦u¡A¨Ï¥¦¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¦a¤¶¤J¥@¬É¨Æ°È¡A¤D¦Ü©ó¨
1."ªñ¥N¤¤°ê"©l©ó¦ó®É¡H
ºÉºÞ¦è¤è¾ú¥v»P¤¤°ê¾ú¥vªº|¦X¦b¤Q¤»¥@¬öŃ¤w¸g¶}©l¡A¦ý¨ä§@¥Î¤@ª½¨ì¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸Å×Åã²{¥X¨Ó¡
²Ä¤GÓ¾Ç¬£¡A¥Dn¥Ñ¤@¨Ç¸û¬°¶Ç²Îªº¤¤°ê¥v¾Ç®a²Õ¦¨2 (¥LÌªºN¨£¦³¨Ç¤w¶}©l¬°¦è¤è¾ÇªÌ©Ò»{¦P)¡
¤Wz³o¨âºØÆ[ÂI³£¦³¹D²z¡A¦ý¤]³£¦s¦b¤@©wªº‾Ê³´¡C±q¼vÅT¤è±¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¦è¤èªº½ÄÀ»¦b«P¨Ï¶
¦ý¬O¡A¦pªG§ÚÌ¹ï«e´Áªº¾÷ºc¨î«×¤£¬Æ¤F¸Ñªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò§ÚÌ±NµLªk¥þ±µû§P¤Q¤E¥@¬ö©M¤G¤Q¥@¬ö©Òµ
½T¹ê¡A±q¾ú¥v¦^ÅUªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤Q¤»¡B¤Q¤C¥@¬ö¼Ú¬w¤H©M«XÃ¹´µ¤Hªº¨ÓÁ{¡A¬°¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¦è¤èªº±j‾P¬
µM¦Ó¡A§Ú»{¬°³o¨âÓ¾Ç¬£¥i¥H³q¹L§é°Jªº¤èªk±o¨ì½Õ©M¡C§Y¨Ï§â¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¬É©w¬°ªñ¥Nªº°_ÂI¡A§ÚÌ¤
¦]¦¹¡A¹ï1600¦~¨ì1800¦~¶¡¤º¬F»P¥~¥æªºµo®i¶iµ{§@§¬A©Êªº±´°Q¡A±N¬°§ÚÌ¥¿½T¦a²z¸Ñªñ¥N¤¤°ê´
¤]³\¦³¤H|°Ý¡A¤¤°ê¾ú¥v»P¦è¤è¾ú¥vªº|¦X¬°¤°»ò¨ì¤Q¤»¥@¬öÅ×¶}©l¡A¦Ó¦è¤èªº¼vÅT¤S¬°¤°»ò¨ì¤Q¤
©TµM¡A¦b¦a²z¤jµo²{®É¥N¥H«e¡A¨âÓ¤å©ú¤§¶¡´¿¦³¹L¤@¨Ç®ÉÂ_®ÉÄòªº¥æ©¹¡Cº~´Â(¤½¤¸«e202¦~-¤½¤¸
¨ì¦a²z¤jµo²{®É¥N¡A¼Ú¬w¤w¥R¤À¨ã³Æ¤F«e©¹ªF¤èªº¦a²zª¾ÃÑ©M³y²î§Þ³N¡Ç²µå¤ú¤Hªº‾è®ü»©º¡A§â¤
2."ªñ¥N¤¤°ê"§Î¦¨ªº°Ê¤O
²z¸Ñ¥ô¦ó¾ú¥v®É´ÁªºÃöÁä¡A¦b©ó§ä¥X¨M©w¸Ó®É´Á§ÎºAªº¥Dn°Ê¤O¡C¦bªñ¥N¤¤°ê¡A§ÚÌ¬Ý¨ì¤F´XºØµo´
µM¦Ó§ÚÌ¨M¤£‾à©¿µø¨º¨Ç§óÃø¥H§â´¤ªº¾ú¥v¼ç¬y¡A¥¦Ì¤]¬O¤@ºØ¨M©w¤¤°ê§ÎºAªº°Ê¤O¡C½T¹ê¡A¦b²M´
¦b¥Õ½¬±Ð°_¸q¥®§«á¡A¥Á±Ú©ÎºØ±Ú¤Ï§Ü¦A¦¸Âk©óÏ±I¡A¤@ª½¨ì1850-1864¦~¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê®É´ÁÅ×¤S¤@¦¸´_
¥Ñ¦¹¬Ý¨ì¡A¦b¾ãÓªñ¥N¤¤°ê¤T¦Ê¦h¦~ªº®É´Á¤º¡A¤Ï¹ï¥~¨Ó¦]‾Àªº¥Á±Ú©ÎºØ±Ú§Üª§¡Aºc¦¨¤F¤@Ó²M´ª
²Ä¤TºØ°Ê¤O¬O¦bsªº¤Ñ¦a¸Ì´M¨D¤@±ø¨D¥Í¤§¹D¡A³oÓs¤Ñ¦a¬O¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸¥H«á¦è¤è±j¥[¨ì¤¤°êÀY¤
¹ï¤@ºØs‾´§Çªº±´¨D‾A¤Î¤@³õ¥¨äÁ}ÃøªºÆ[©À¤§ª§¡A»Ýn±Æ°£¨ººØ¹L«×ªº¦Û´LNÃÑ©M¹ï¥~¨Ó¨Æª«ªºÂ
¤¤°ê¦b¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§¤¤ªº±ÑÁZ¡AÃÒ©ú¤F¦Û±j¹B°Ê¦³¤£¨¬¤§³B¡C¤¤°êªºª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l©M©xûNÃÑ¨ì³o³õ¹B°Êªº§
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A®]¤¤¤sµo°_¤F¤@Ã´¦C‾µ±Kªº²©R¬¡°Ê¡C®]¤¤¤s¬O¤@¦ì¨ü¦è¤è±Ð¨|ªºÂå¥Í¡A¥L»{¬°¾a¤@¦¸¤
ºÉºÞ¤¤°ê§i§O¤F¹L®Éªº¬FªvÅé¨î¡A©¹©õªº³±¼v«oÄ~ÄòÏ«¦a¤ä°tµÛªÀ|²ß«U©M«äQ¥Í¬¡¡C¬F©²§ïÀY´
±q¤Q¤E¥@¬öªì¹ï¦è¤èªº»´½°±Æ¥¸¨ì¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤G¤Q¦~¥N¹ï¦è¤èªº±R«ô¡A¤¤°ê¨«¹L¤F¤@¬qº©ªøªº¹D¸ô¡C¤
²{¥N¤¤°êªº¥DÃD¬O°ê¥ÁÄÒ»P¦@²£ÄÒ¤§¶¡ª§¹Ü°ê®a³Ì°ªÅv¤Oªº°«ª§¡C¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ³Ð«Ø©ó1921¦~¡A¥¿È³
°ê¦@¤Àµõ¤§«á¡A¤ò¿AªF©M¦¶¼w¦b¦¿¦è«Ø¥ß¤F¥LÌ¦Û¤vªºÄ¬ºû®J¬FÅv¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¿W¥ß©ó‾µ±K³]¦b¤W®üªº¤
¥H¤W²Ê²¤ªº§z®i²{¤Fªñ¥N¤¤°êµo®i¶iµ{¤¤´XÓ«nªº¶¥¬q¡G±q¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¥H«e¹ï¦è¤èªº±Æ¥¸¨ì1861-
»P¤Wz«¤jªº¬FªvÅÜ¤Æ¦P®É¶i¦æªº¡A¬O¤@ºØ¸gÀÙ©MªÀ|ªº®Ú¥»Âà«¬¡C¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤U¥b¸ªº¦Û±j¹B°Ê´
±qªÀ|¤è±¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦b1905¦~¼o°£¬ìÁ|¤§«á¡A¤d¦Ê¦~¨Ó¤@ª½¤ä°tµÛ¤¤°êªÀ|ªº¤h²Ô¶¥¼h¶}©lÅfµM¥¢¦â¡
3.sªººî¦X«ä¦Ò
§Ú´£Ä³¦b¶}©l¬ã¨sªñ¥N¤¤°ê®É¡AÀ³¹ï1600-1800¦~¶¡"¶Ç²Îªº"°ê®a©MªÀ|§@¤@¦Ò¹î¡A³o¤@¦Ò¹î¬O±´°Q
¤j³°ªº¤¤¦@¥v¾Ç®a¤]¤@ª½¥H¥¨¤jªº¼ö±¡±q¨Æªñ¥N¤¤°êªº¬ã¨s¡A³oÅãµM¬OÅTÀ³¤ò¿AªFÃö©ó¹ï¤¤°êªñ¥N¾
¤¤°ê¡B¦è¤è©M¤é¥»ªº¾Ç³N¬É¹ïªñ¥N¤¤°êªº¬ã¨s¤£Â_²`¤Æ¡A¦Ó°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¾ÇªÌ¤]¦b³o»â°ìªïÀY»°¤W¡A³
***********
ªü«l¤p¤l¨î§@¡A¶l½cÁpÃ´¡Gajxz@vip.qq.com
¥»®Ñ¥´¦Lª©°Â°â66¤¸¨â¥»¡]¤W¤U¥U¡^¡A½è¶q«OÃÒ¡A¤j¶q¹ê©ç¹Ï¤ù¡C
²^Ä_©±¡Ghttp://shop62116933.taobao.com
ºô©ö¬Û¥U¬Ý¹ê©ç¹Ï¡Ghttp://photo.163.com/ajxz2008
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
¡i°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø:¡j
1. ³¥¥¿°ª¡G¡mªñ¥N¤¤°ê¥~¥æ¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1970¦~¡^
2.¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n½s¿è³¡½s¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤À´Á°ÝÃD°Q½×¶°¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1957¦~¡^¡C
3.Cohen, Paul A., Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing
on the Recent Chinese Past (New York, 1984).
4.Dawson. Raymond, The Chinese Chameleon: An Analysis of European Conception
s of Chinese Civilization (London¡A1967).
5.½ÃÄð¼ï¦N¡G¡mªF¨Ê¬Fªv¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1968¦~¡^¡C
6.Fairbank, John K., Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig, East Asia: Th
e Modern Transformation (Boston¡A1965).
7.½d¤åÄi¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷(¥_¨Ê¡A1949¦~¡^¡C
8.Feuerwerker, Albert, Rhoads Murphey, and Mary C. Wright (eds.). Approaches
to Modern Chinese History (Berkeley" 1967)¡AIntro. 1-14.
9.Ho¡APing-ti, and Tang Tsou (eds.¡^¡AChina in Crisis, Vol. 1, China's Heritage an
d the Communist Political System, Vol. , China's Policies in Asia and America'
s Alternatives (Chicago, 1968).
10.¿½¤@¤s¡G¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A×q¥»¡]»O¥_1962¦~¡^¡C
11.³¢§Ê¥H¡G¡mªñ¥N¤¤°ê¥v¨Æ¤é§Ó¡n¡A¥þ2¨÷(»O¥_¡A1963¦~¡^¡C
12.³¢§Ê¥H¡G¡m¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¥v¨Æ¤é§Ó¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A1912-1925¦~(»O¥_¡A1979¦~)¡C
13.³¢§Ê¥H¡G¡mªñ¥N¤¤°ê¥vºõ¡n¡]95´ä,1979¦~)¡C
14.Levathes, Louise, When China Rules the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dr
agon Throne, 1405-1433 (New York, 1994).
15.§õ¤è±á¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n¡m»O¥_¡A1960¦~¡n¡AÂ²¤¶¡C
16.McAleavy, Henry, The Modem History of China (New York, 1967).
17.Morse, H. B.¡AInternational Relations of Chinese Empire (London, 1910-1918)
, 3 vols.
18.Nathan,Andrew J.(ed.), Modern China, 1840-1972: An Introduction to Source
s and Research Aids (Ann Arbor, 1973).
19.Teng,S. Y., and John K. Fairbanks China's Response to the West (Cambridge
, Mass" 1954)
20.Tsiang, T.F.,"China and European Expansion," Politica, 2:5:1-18 (March 19
35).
21.½±§Êï°:¡m¤¤°ê»Pªñ¥N¥@¬Éªº¤jÅÜ§½¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä9¨÷²Ä4´Á¡A²Ä783-828 ¶¡]1934¦~10¤
¡iª`ÄÀ¡j
1 Ä¶ªÌ¾Ú^¤åRussian¤@µüÂ½Ä¶¡A«á¤å¬Û¦P¡A¾Ú¾ú¥v°O¸ü¡A¤Q¤¥@¬ö¥½¦Ü¤Q¤»¥@¬öªì§Î¦¨«XÃ¹´µ²Î¤@°ê®a
2 ¦p¿½¤@¤s¡G¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A×q¥»(»O¥_¡A1962¦~)¡G§õ¦u¤Õ¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1961¦~)¡F§õ¤è
3 Immanuel C.Y. Hs ¡AChina's Entrance into the Family of Nations¡GThe Diplomatic Ph
ase¡O1858-1880¡C2nd printing(Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1968)¡A108¡O¤]¨£½±§Êï°¡G¡m¤¤°ê»Pªñ¥N¥@¬Éªº¤
ch 1936)¡O
4 ¥Ì^¡C
5 John K¡OFairbank¡O"Synarchy under the Treaties,"¡Oin John K¡OFairbank (ed.)¡AChinese Tho
ught and Institutions (Chicago¡A1957)¡O204-31¡G"The Early Treaty System in the Chinese
World Order¡O" in john K¡OFairbank (ed¡O)¡OThe Chinese World Order¡GTraditional China's F
oreign Relations (Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1968)¡O257-275¡O
6 ¿½¤@¤s¡A«e¤Þ®Ñ²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä15¶¡C
7 §õÂE³¹¡G¡m§õ¤å©¾¤½¥þ¶°¡n(¤W®ü¡A1921¦~)¡A"«µ½Z"¡A²Ä19¨÷²Ä45¶¡C1872¦~6¤ë20¤éªº«µ½Z¡C
8 ¦p®¥¿Ë¤ý¡B¤å²»¡B´¿°êÃ¿¡B¥ª©v´Å©M§õÂE³¹µ¥¤H¡C
9 Kung-chuan Hsiao¡A"The Philosophical Thought Of K'ang Yu-wei-An Attempt at a New
Synthesis"¡O Monumenta Serica¡AXXI (1962)¡A129-130¡C
10 ¤@¸Ìµ¥©ó¤T¤À¤§¤@^¸Ì¡C
11 "¤Tºõ"«ü¬ù§ô§g¦Ú¡B¤÷¤l¡B¤Ò©d¤§¶¡ÃöÃ´ªº³W½d¡C"¤±`"«hÁÙ¥]¬A¤F¥t¨âÃþ³W½d¡A§Y¦³Ãö¥S§Ì¤§¶¡»P
12 ¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n½s¿è³¡½s¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤À´Á°ÝÃD°Q½×¶°¡n(¥_¨Ê¡A1957¦~)¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
13
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G³¹
²M«Ò°êªº¿³²±
1600¦~«e«á¡A¤@Ós®É¥N¦æ±N°Á{¤¤°ê¡C¤j§å¦è¤è±´ÀI®a¡B°Ó¤H©M¶Ç±Ð¤hº¦¸¸g®ü¸ô±a¨Ó¤Fs¤å©úª
1.²M´Âªº«Ø¥ß
¾ú¥v¤W¡A³ðW@³Òªºº¡¬w¤H2¬O¹Cªª¥Á±Ú¤k‾u±Úªº¤@¤ä¡A©~¦í¦b¤µ¤Ñªº¤¤°êªF¥_¦a°Ï¡A¾aº®Ây¬°¥Í¡C
¦a½t¬Fªv¦b¤k‾u±Úªº«á¨Óµo®i¤¤°_¤F«nªº§@¥Î¡C¥LÌ©~¦íªº¦a°Ï¦ì©ó´ÂÂAªº¥_±¡B¿ñªFªºªF©MªF¥
«Ø¦{¤k‾u»â¥D¦]¨ó§U©ú´Â®Å¥¡]®Åm ¡^ªF³¡Ãä¹Ò¾Ô¶Ã¦³¥\¡A³Q©ú§Ê´£¤É¬°«Ø¦{½Ã«ü´§¨Ï¡A´Ü½ç©m"§
1.1§Vº¸«¢¨ªªº±U°_ ¾Ú¶³§Vº¸«¢¨ª(1559-1626¦~)¦b¦~»´®É¡A¸g±`¥X¤Jº~¤HÁ`§L§õ¦¨±çªº¦í¦v¡A¦
§Vº¸«¢¨ªµo´§¦¦~¸g°Óªº¸gÅç¡AÃbÂ_¬Ã‾]¡B¥Ö¤ò©M¤H°Ñªº¶T©ö¡A¥´¤Ux¨Æ©ºªAªº¸gÀÙ°òÂ¦¡C¥L¦¨¥\¦
§@¬°«Ø¥ßs°ê®aªº¤@Ó¨BÆJ¡A§Vº¸«¢¨ª¦b1599¦~ÒÄ³³Ð¨î¤k‾u¤å¦r¡A¥H´À¥N±q1444¦~°_Ń¤@ª½¨Ï¥Îª
"¤KºX"¤£°¦¬O‾Âºéªºx¨Æ²ÕÂ´¡F¦b³oÓ±q³¡¸¨«Ê«Ø¨î¦Vx¨ÆºÞ²z©Mªì´Á°ê®aÅé¨îÂàÅÜ®É´Á¡AÁÙµo´§µ
1616¦~¡A§Vº¸«¢¨ª¤jÁx«Å¥¬«Ø¥ßª÷°ê¡A¦ÛºÙ¬°"¤Ñ©R"¦½¡C¨â¦~«á¡A¦b³Øº¸³Ø³¡»X¥j¤Hªº¤ä«ù¤U¡A¥L§
©ú§Ê»º¿ñªF¸g²¤¨Âî²v¤E¸U¤h§L§ðÀ»§Vº¸«¢¨ª¡A¦ý¦b¼¾¶¶¥HªFªºÂÄº¸âq¾D¨ìºG±Ñ¡CÄèÀ©úx¥D¤O«á¡
§Vº¸«¢¨ªªº²Ä¤K¤l¬Ó¤Ó¥(1592-1643¦~)Ä~©Ó¤F¤÷¿Ë¥¼³ºªº¨Æ~¡Aº¥ý¶i§ð´ÂÂA¥H¾d©T«á¤è¡A¨Ã±j¢
1.2º¡¬w©M²Mªº§t¸q ¬Ó¤Ó¥Å¥±qº~¤H¹±ÄÝªº«ØÄ³¡A©ó1635¦~¸T¤î¨Ï¥Î"¤k‾u"©M"«Ø¦{"ªººÙ©I,¥N¤
"º¡¬w"¤@µüªº°_½»á¦³½ì¨ý¡C«ö°®¶©¬Ó«Òªº»¡ªk¡A"º¡¬w"¬Oº~»y"º¡‾]"ªº³_»~¡A¦Ó"º¡‾]"¬O¤k‾u°ê®
¬Fªv¸g¾ú¤]´£¨Ñ¤F¥t¤@Ó§ïÅÜ¤ý´Â¦WºÙªº°Ê¾÷¡C§Vº¸«¢¨ª¦b1616¦~º¥ýªö¥Î"ª÷"ªººÙ¸¹¡A¥H¹Ï³ê°_¤
¥t¤@ºØ»¡ªk¬O¥H¾ú¥v¥v¹ê¬°¨Ì¾Ú¡A§Yª÷°ê°¦©ºªA¤F¤¤°êªº¥_¥b³¡¦Ó¨S¦³©ºªA¨ä¥þ³¡¡A¶‾¤ß«k«kªº¬Ó¤
³q¹L¤½µMºÙ«Ò¨Ãªö¥Îsªº¤ý´Â¦WºÙ¡A¬Ó¤Ó¥¬L¥Ü¤F±ÀÂ½©ú¤ý´ÂªºN¦V¡C¦ý¥Lº¥ý¬O±j¢´ÂÂA°ê¤ýÂ_µ
1.3¥e»â¥_¨Ê ¬Ó¤Ó¥Ç³Æ¤J«IµØ¥_¤F¡C1640¦~¥L¥H¤@¤ä±j¤jªºx¶¤¶i§ðÀA¦{¡A©ú§Ê¬°«O½ÃÀA¦{¡A
©ú§Ê¤£¶È¨ü¨ìº¡¬w¤H¤§¹G¢¡AÁÙ¨ü§x©ó¾î¦æ¸vhªº¤º³¡«q¶Ã¡C¦hº¸³O´¿Q»P¤@¨Ç«qêÁpµ¸¡A¦ýÁÙ¨Sµ
¦hº¸³O¦¤w¾n¤ã¦b¤s®üÃöªþªñ¡AÆ[¹î¤¤°ê¨ÆºAªºµo®i¡A§d¤T®Ûªº¬ÛÁÜ¥O¥L°ª¿³¡Cº¡¬wx¶¤´é¶i¤F¤s®
¬°Ä¹±oº~¤Hªº¾ÖÅ@©M«H¥ô¡A¦hº¸³O¤j¸v´è¬V¦a¬°©ú´Âªº¬Ó«Ò©M¬Ó«áµo³à¡A¨Ã²±µüÃÙ´¨º¨Ç¦b°Ê¶Ã¤¤³
ºÉºÞº¡¬w¤H´¿«ÅºÙ¶i¤J¤¤°ê¡A¬O¬°¤F³ø©ú«Ò®îÃø¤§¤³¨Ã°£¼É±Ï¥Á¡A¦ý¥LÌªº°Ê¾÷ÅãµM¨Ã¤£¬O¨º¼Ë±R°
2.«n©ú§Ü²M¹B°Ê
ºÉºÞº¡¬w¤H¦b¥_¨Ê«Ø¥ß¤F´Â§Ê¡A¦ý¤¤°ê«n³¡¦a°Ï¤´´x´¤¦b©¾©ó©ú´Âªº¤H¤â¸Ì¡C1645¦~¡A³o¨Ç¤j©ú¿ò¦
¨ä¥¦´X³õ¦U¤£¬ÛÄÝªº§Ü²M¹B°ÊÄ~Äò°í¦u©ú´Â°ò~¡C¤@À°¤j©ú¿ò¦Ú¦b²Ð¿³¥ß¾|¤ý¬°sªº»â³S¡A¦Ó¥t¤@À
1658-1659¦~¶¡¡A°ê©mÝ¸g®ü¸ô§ðÅ§®ý¦¿©M¦¿Ä¬¡A¥e»â¤F«ÂíÂí¦¿¡F¥L¥»¨Ó¥i¥H§ð¨ú´¦{¥H¤ÁÂ_²Mx
3.¤ý´Âªº¾d©T»P½÷×
3.1¶¶ªv´Â¡A1644-1661¦~ ¶¶ªv¦b1644¦~10¤ë30¤é¦¨¬°¤¤°ê¬Ó«Ò¡A®É¦~¶È7³¡C¬F©²¤jÅv¾Þ©ó¦hº¸
¦hº¸³O¹ïs¤ý´Âªº°^Äm¬O¤£®e¸mºÃªº¡A¦b¥Lªº«ü´§¤U¡A²Mx¥e»â¤F°¢¦è¡Bªe«n©M¤sªF½Ñ¬Ù¡F1645¦~¤
¦hº¸³O¤Ö¦~±o§Ó¡A¨©~°ª¦ì¡A¹ê»Ú¤Wl®`¤F¦Û¤vªº«eµ{¡C¥L¦ü¥G¸g¨ü¤£¦í¦AµL§ó°ª©xÀï¥i¸êÃk¨úªº³
í¶¶ªv¬Ó«Ò©ó1651¦~¿Ë¬F®É¡A¥LÄ~Äò¤F¦hº¸³O«Ø¥ßªº¦æ¤§¦³®Äªº¬Fµ¦¡A§Y¥ô¥Îº~¤HÀ°¿ì¤º¬F¨Æ°È¡C¥
3.2±dº³´Â¡A1662-1722¦~ ¶¶ªv¦º«á¡A«Ò¦ì¥Ñ¥Lªº²Ä¤T¤l¥ÈêMÄ~©Ó¡A®É¦~¶È8³¡A¦~¸¹±dº³¡C¥L¤§
±dº³ªººë¤O«D±`¥R¨K¡A¨C¤Ñ¿í¦æÁc«ªº§@®§p¹º¡C¥L¦b¾¤©ú«eŃ°_§É¡AÅ¥¤@¦ì«Ò®vÁ¿¾§®a¨åÄy¡AµM«
§@¬°¤@Ó§g¥D¡A±dº³±µªñ¤F²zQªº¨å½d¡A¥LÁo¿o©ú¼z¡B»â®©¤O±j¡A¼e«p«Ý¤H¡B¶Ô«j¨èW¡BÂÔV¥¿ª½¡
¤º¬F¤è±¡A±dº³°µ¤F´X¥ó¤j¥iºÙ¹Dªº¨Æ±¡¡C¥L²`±x¥Á¥Í¤§Á}W¡A½}°£¤F¥H©¹¸vµL§Ò¼ªªº°é¦a¡C°é¦a´
±dº³ÁÙ©e¬£¤@¨Ç¥L«H¥ôªºº~¤H¥]¦ç¥£u¥~¬Ù¦U³BŃ¥ôº¨¹B¡BÆQ¹D¡BÂ´³y©Î«ö¹î¨Ïµ¥Â¾¡A¥H«OÃÒ¿úÂ³¿
¬°ªí²{¥Lªº¤‾O¡A±dº³¦h¦¸´î»´½áµ|¡F¦b¥L²ÎªvªºÀY¥|¤Q¥|¦~(1662-1705¦~)¤¤¡A¥L´î§K¤F9,000¸U¨
±dº³¬O¤@¦ì¥þ¤O¼úÀy¾Ç³Nªº¬Ó«Ò¡C¾ÚºÙ¡A¥L¹ï¤¤°ê¨åÄy©Mõ¾ÇµÛ§@¥¬°¼ô±x¡C1679¦~¥L¶}³]¤F³Õ¾ÇÂ
¥Ñ©ó±dº³¹ï¾Ç³Nªº¼úÀy¡A´X³¡¤£¦´¥¨µÛ½sÄ¡¥X¨Ó¤F¡F¨ä¤¤³ÌµÛ¦Wªº¦³¡m±dº³¦r¨å¡n¡B«nªºÃã®Ñ¡m¨
³o¦ì¬Ó«Ò¤½»{ªº¦n¾Ç¡AÁÙ¥]¬A¹ïÃÀ³N©M¬ì¾Çªº¼s³Õ¿³½ì¡C¥L¦¬¶°¤F¤j§åªº®Ñµeºë«~¡A¦Ó¥Lªº±s½`§ó¿
x¨Æ©º°Q¤è±¡A±dº³§¹¦¨¤F¥ý½ú¥¼§¹¦¨ªº¨Æ~¡A³þ©w¤F¤@Ó¦Û»X¥j¤ý´Â¥H¨Óª©¹Ï³ÌÃe¤jªº¤¤µØ«Ò°ê¤
¤TÃ¿¹ï²M§Ê¨Ó»¡¦pñÇ¦b³ï¡A¶¶ªv«Ò¤§©Ò¥H¤£±o¤£®e§Ô¥LÌ¡A¬O¦]¬°s¤ý´Â¤£´±«_¬D°_¤@³õ¤º¾Ô¤§ÀI¡
§d¤T®Ûªº¤ÏÀ³¬O¦b1673¦~12¤ë28¤é¤½¶}«q¶Ã¡A¦ÛºÙ"¤Ñ¤U³£©Û°Q§L°¨¤j¤¸«Ó"¡A¨Ã«Å¥¬«Ø¥ßsªº¤ý´Â"
¤@íÂ\²æ¤F¤º¾Ô¡A±dº³«Kn±¹ï¥Ñ¦è¥_³¡ªºË®¾|‾S»X¥j¤H©MªF¥_³¡ªº«XÃ¹´µ¤H¤Þ°_ªº¨âÓÃøÃD¡C³o¨
¬°¨¾¤î³o¤@¨ÆºAªº¥X²{¡A±dº³ªºµ¦²¤¬Oº¥ý¦b¶®§JÂÄ¥´«±«XÃ¹´µ¤H¡AµM«á»P¥LÌÃ±q¤@¶µ±a¦³Ãh¬X©
¨äµ²ªG¬O¦b1689¦~Ã±q¤F¡m¥§¥¬¡±ø¬ù¡n¡A³o¬O¤¤°ê»P"¦è¤è"°ê®aÃ±qªº²Ä¤@Ó¨ó©w¡C¦b³o¶µ±ø¬ù¤
¦ý¬O¡A¾¿º¸¤¦ªº¦º¨Ã¥¼¹ý©³¸Ñ¨MË®¾|‾S°ÝÃD¡A¥Lªº«¿¤lµ¦©ô(¤@§@µ¦¦k)ªü©Ô¥¬¤¦³vº¥±o¶Õ¡A¦b¤Q¤K¥
µL½×¦b¤º¬FÁÙ¬O¥~¥æ»â°ì¡A±dº³³£½T¹ê«Ø¥ß¤FÂ×¥\°¶ÁZ¡C¥L¾ð¥ß¤F¤@®MÃ©T¡B¸`»ü¥B°ª®Äªº¦æ¬FÅé¨
3.3¹l¥¿´Â¡A1723-1735¦~ ¹l¥¿¦b45³®Éµn°ò¡C¥L¥Í©ÊÄY®m¡B¦hºÃ¡B²q§Ò¡A¦ý«o¥¨ä‾à¤z¡Aºë¤O©
¹l¥¿²@¤£¾Ó«å¦a²ÎÅó¦æ¬FºÞ²z¨Æ°È¡A¨C¤Ñ§å¾\µL¼Æ¥÷«µ§é¡A¤u§@¦Ü²`©]ÁÙ¦b«ä¼{°êµ¦¤jp¡C¥L¤]³\¬
¨î«×¤è±¡A¥L§@¤F¨â¶µ³Ðs¡G¤@¬O³Ð¥ßÀx¦ì±K«Øªk¡A¥H¨¾³Æ¦³¤H¿y§ï¬Ó¦ìÄ~©Óµ{§Ç¡CÄ~¦ìªÌªº¦W¦r³
x¨Æ¤Î¥~¥æ¨Æ°È»P±dº³´Â¬Û¤ñ¨ÃµL¦h¤jÅÜ¤Æ¡G¨Ó¦ÛË®¾|‾S¤H©M«XÃ¹´µ¤HªºÂù««Â‾Ù¨ÌµM¦s¦b¡C»P«XÃ
¦b¸Ñ¨M«XÃ¹´µ°ÝÃD«á¡A¹l¥¿¹ïË®¾|‾S³¡µo°Ê¤F©º¶Ï¡C¦ý¦b¦¹´Á¶¡¡A«XÃ¹´µ¤è±µo¨ÓÓ|¡A±±¶D»X¥j¤
¹l¥¿¸g±`³Q¤H«ü³d¹L¤À¿Wµô±M¨î¡A¤×¨ä¬O¤j¿³¤å¦rº»¡C¦³¤@³õµÛ¦Wªº¤å¦rº»®×²o‾A¤F§f‾d¨}¡A¥L³Q§
¦pªG±dº³´Âªº‾SÂI¬O¼e®e¡B¼e«p©M¼eªQªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¹l¥¿´Âªº‾SÂI«K¬OÄY±±¡BÄYÃg©M°ª®Ä¡C¥Lªº³oºØª
¹l¥¿¥i¥H³Q½T¤Á¦a¬Ý§@¬O±R©|"ªkªv"ªº¬Fªv®a¡A¦b¥Lªº²Îªv¤U¡A§g¥D±M¨î¹F¨ì¤F¥³»¡A©Ò¦³°ê®aÅv¤
3.4°®¶©´Â¡A1736-1795¦~ ¹l¥¿«Ò¦º«á¥Ñ²Ä¥|¤l¥°¾úÄ~¦ì¡A¦~¸¹°®¶©¡C°®¶©¦b«Ä´£®É²`±o‾ª¤÷±dº
°®¶©¨ã³Æí«Ò¤ýªº¨}¦n‾À½è¡A¦]¬°¦bí¤ý¤l®ÉŃ¤wÄY®æ±µ¨ü¤F§¹¬ü§g¤ý¨¤¦âªº°V½m¡C10³¥b®É¨ü±dº
¦b¨ü~ªº³¤ë¸Ì¡A°®¶©»{ÃÑ¨ì§¹¬üªº§g¥DÀ³¨ã"ÃÑÅ×Á|½å¡B¥ô¥Î‾à¦Ú¤§Å×´¼"¡A¨Ã‾à"ºÜ©¼µ¥¤§´¼¥H¦õ
¦]¦¹¡A°®¶©¦bµn°ò®É¤w§¹¥þ´x´¤¤F§g¤ýªº²Îªv³N¡C¥L¦æ¨Æ»{‾ut³d¡AÁöµM¤]²¤¦³ÂI‾B¸Ø¡C¥¿¦p¥L¤÷¿
¦b1745¦~¶kº¸®õ¥h¥@¤Î¥|¦~«á±i§Ê¥ÉP¥K¤§«á¡A°®¶©¶}©l¿Ë¦Û¥D¬F¡C¥L¾Ç‾ª¤÷‾ë¨µ©‾¥þ°ê¡A¤»¦¸«n¨
°®¶©¦Ûµø¬°¤å¾Çªº³Ì°ª§ÈÅ@¤H¡C¥L´L±dº³¤§¨î¶}³Õ¾ÇÂEµü‾S¬ì¡A¨Ã¹MÁÜ¦W¾§Áô¶h°Ñ¬F¡C¥L¥»¤H¦bÃÀ¤
°®¶©µo°_ªº³Ì¤jªº¤å¦r¹Ï®Ñ¤uµ{¬O½sÄ¡¡m¥|®w¥þ®Ñ¡n¡C¥þ®Ñ¦³¤T¸U¤»¤d¦h¥U¡A«ö"¸g"¡B"¥v"¡B"¤l"¡
¦b¬YºØµ{«×¤W¡A°®¶©µo°_¦UºØ¤å¦r¹Ï®Ñ¤uµ{¬O¨ü¨ì¬Fªv°Ê¾÷ªº±À°Ê¡F³o¨Ç¤uµ{´£¨Ñ¤F¹ï©Ò¦³®Ñ¼g¦¨¤
°®¶©ªºx¨Æ¥\ÁZ¬O«D±`¨ôµÛªº¡A¥L¤@³Ò¥Ã¶h¦a¸Ñ¨M¤F¦Û²Mªì°_¤@ª½§xÂZ²M§ÊªºË®¾|‾S³¡°ÝÃD¡C¨Æ¹ê¤
°£¤F©ºªAsÃ¦¥~¡A°®¶©¦b¤@¨Ç¸û¤p³W¼Òªºx¨Æ©º°Q¤¤¤]«D±`¦¨¥\¡C¥L¹ï³o¨Ç¥\ÁZ¤Q¤À¦Û»¨¡A1792¦~¡
½T¹ê¡A°®¶©¤j¦³È±oÅº¶Æ©MP®¦À¹¼w¤§³B¡A¥L²Îªv¤F¤@Ó±q¥_±ªº¥~»X¥j©µ¦ù¨ì«n±ªº¼sªF¡B±qªF
¦ýŃ¦b³o¤ý´Â¹©²±¤§®É¡A²M´Â³Ì²×À¤`ªº¦]‾À¤]¤w§e²{¥X¨Ó¤F¡C°®¶©ªº¦~ÁÚÅé°I©M§PÂ_¤O´î°h¡A»P¤
°®¶©´Âªº³Ì«á¦~¤ë‾u¬OÅé±³àºÉ¡AÁöµM¥L¦bí´Â¤»¤Q¦~«á©ó1795¦~»¹¦ì¡A¦ý¥L¤´¥H¤Ó¤W¬Óªº¦W¸q««Ã
©M«|ªº¦æ®|¦p¦PÀQ«C»¤ô¤@¼Ë¥|´²ÂX®i¡AµL½×¦b¨Ê¤º©Î¥~¬Ù¡AµL½×¬O¤å¦Ú©ÎªZ±N¡A¤]µL½×©x¶¥°ª§C¡
³o¼Ë¡A¦b°®¶©´Â¦æ±Nµ²§ô¤§®É¡A¤¤°ê¥¿¸g¾úµÛ¤ý´Â°I¸¨ªº¶}©l¡C©õ¤é©÷²±ªº½÷×¤´‾B²{¦bªí±¡A¦ý¦
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
¡i°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡G¡j
1.ªü®Û(½s¡^¡G¡m¬Ó´Â¶}°ê¤è²¤¡n(1887¦~¡^¡A¦@6¥U¡C
2.Ames, Roger T.¡AThe Art of Ruler ship: A Study in Ancient Chinese Political
Thought (Honolulu, 1983).
3.Chan, Albert, The Glory and Fall of the Ming Dynasty (Okla., 1982).
4.Chan, Hok-lam, Legitimation in Imperial China: Discussions Under the Jurch
en-Chin Dynasty (1115-1234) (Seattle, 1985).
5.Chou, Ju-hsi, and Claudia Brown, The Elegant Brush: Chinese Painting Under
the Qianlong Emperor, J735-1795(Phoenix, 1985).
6.Corradini, Piero, "Civil Administration at the Beginning of Manchu Dynasty
," Oriens Extremus¡A9:2:133-138 (Dec. 1962).
7.Crossley, Pamela Kyle, "Manzhou yuanli Kao and the Formalization of the Ma
nchu Heritage," The Journal of Asian Studies, 46:4:761-790 (Nov. 1987).
8.Fang, Chaoying, "A Technique for Estimating the Numerical Strength of the
Early Manchu Military Forces," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 13:192-215(19
50).
9.Feuerwerker, Albert, State and Society in Eighteenth-Century China: The Ch
'ing Empire in Its Glory (Ann Arbor, 1976).
10.Fletcher, Joseph, "Ch'ing Inner Asia c. 1800," in John K. Fairbank (ed.)¡AT
he Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1978), Vol. 10, 35-106.
11.Guy, R. Kent, The Emperor's Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in th
e Late Ch 'ien-lung Era (Cambridge, Mass., 1987).
12.¿½¤@¤s¡G¡m²M¥N¥v¡n¡]«¼y¡A1945¦~¡^¡A²Ä3-4³¹¡C
13.--¡G¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A×q¥»(»O¥_¡A1962¦~¡^¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä1-5¡B8-21¡B26-30³¹¡F²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä1-4³¹
14.Huang, Pei, "Five Major Sources for the Yung-cheng Period, 1723-1735," Th
e Journal of Asian Studies, XXV :4:847-857 (Aug. 1968).
15.--¡AAutocracy at Work: A Study of the Yung-cheng Period, J 723-1735 (Bloomi
ngton, 1974).
16.Hummel, Arthur W., Eminent Chinese of the Ch¡Aing Period (Washington, D.C.,
1943-44)."§Vº¸«¢¨ª¶Ç"¡B"¬Ó¤Ó¥¶Ç"¡B"¦hº¸³O¶Ç"¡B"¶¶ªv(ºÖÁ{)¶Ç"¡B"±dº³(¥ÈêM)¶Ç"¡B"¹l¥¿(N¶G)
17.½_¸©¥¦N¡G¡m²M´Â¥þ¥v¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1914¦~¡^¡C¦ýÂv¤¤Ä¶¥»(»O¥_¡A1960¦~¡^¡A²Ä1-2¡B7-12¡B17-1
18.Ishida, Mikinosuke, "A Biographical Study of Giuseppe Castiglione (Lang S
hih-ning), A Jesuit Painter in the Court of Peking under the Ch'ing Dynasty," Me
moirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, 19:79-121 (Tokyo, 1960).
19.Kahn, Harold L.¡A"The Education of a Prince: The Emperor Learns His Roles,"
in Albert Feuerwerker, Rhoads Murphey, and Mary C. Wright (eds.)¡AApproaches to M
odern Chinese History (Berkeley, 1967), 15-44.
20.--,"Some Mid-Ch'ing Views of the Monarch," The Journal of Asian Studies,X
XIV:2:29-43 (Feb. 1965).
21.--¡A"The Politics of Filiality: Justification for Imperial Action in Eighte
enth-Century China¡F' The Journal of Asian Studies, XX VI:2:197-203 (Feb. 1967).
22.--¡AMonarchy in the Emperor's Eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch 'ien-lung R
eign (Cambridge, Mass. 1971).
23.K'ang-hsi, The Sacred Edict, Containing Sixteen Maxims of Emperor Kang-hs
i, tr. by the Rev. William Milne, 2nd ed. (Shanghai, 1870).
24.Kessler, Lawrence D.¡AK'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule, 1661-
1684 (Chicago, 1976).
25.Lee, Robert H. G.¡AThe Manchurian Frontier in Ch 'ing History (Cambridge, M
ass., 1970).
26.Ma, Feng-ch'en, "Manchu-Chinese Conflicts in Early Ch'ing," in E-tu Zen S
un and John DeFrancis (eds.), Chinese Social History (Washington, D.C., 1956).
27.©s´Ë¡G¡m²M¥N¥v¡n(»O¥_¡A1960¦~)¡A²Ä1-3³¹¡C
28.Michael, Franz, The Origin of Manchu Rule in China (Baltimore, 1942).
29.®c±T¥«©w¡G¡m¹l¥¿«Ò¡A¤¤°êÇU¿Wµô§g¥D¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1950¦~¡^¡C
30.¤ºÄðªê¦¸¦¡G¡m²M´Â¥v³q½×¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1944¦~¡^¡C
31.Nivision, David S.¡A"Ho-shen and His Accusers: Ideology and Political Behav
ior in the Eighteenth Century," in David S. Nivision and Arthur F. Wright (eds.)
, Confucianism in Action (Stanford, 1959), 209-243.
32.Oxnam, Robert B., Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Rege
ncy, 1661-1669 (Chicago, 1974).
33.Ripa, Matteo, Memoirs of Father Ripa, during Thirteen Years Residence at
the Court of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China, tr. from the Italian
by Fortunato Prandi (London, 1855).
34.Rossabi, Morris, China and Inner Asia: From 1368 to the Present Day (New
York, 1975).
35.Sanjdorj, M., Manchu Chinese Colonial Rule in Northern Mongolia (New York
, 1980).
36.Ân¶³¡G¡m»OÆW¾G¤ó©l¥½¡n(1836-)¡A¦@6¨÷¡C
37.Smith, Richard J., China's Cultural Heritage: The Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644-19
12 (Boulder, 1983)¡C
38.Spence, Jonathan D., Ts ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor: Bondservant and
Master (New Haven, 1966).
39.--¡A "The Seven Ages of K'ang-hsi (1654-1722)" The Journal of Asian Studies
,XXVI:2:205-11 (Feb. 1967).
40.--¡AThe Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-hsi (New York, 1974).
41.Spence, Jonathan D., and John E. Wills, Jr. (eds.), From Ming to Ch 'ing;
Conquest¡A Region, and Continuity in Seveteenth-Century China (New Haven, 1979).
42.§ü§ø«i³y¡G¡m°®¶©¬Ó«Ò¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1961¦~¡^¡C
43.Tao, Jing-shen, The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China (Seattle¡A 1977).Tsao¡AK
ai-fu, The Relationship Between Scholars and Rulers in Imperial China: A Compari
son Between China and the West (Lanham, Md., 1984).
44.©M¥Ð²M(Wada, Sei):¡mªF¨È¥v¬ã¨s¡]º¡¬w¨÷)¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1955¦~¡^¡C
45.Wada, Sei, "Some Problems Concerning the Rise of T¡Aai-tsu¡Athe Founder of Ma
nchu Dynasty," Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (Toyko¡A 1956)
.
46.Wake man, Frederic¡AJr., The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of
Imperial Order in Seventeenth Century China , 2 vols. (Berkeley, 1985).
47.Waley-Cohen, Joanna, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 175
81820 (New Haven, 1991).
48.Wills, John E., Embassies and Illusions: Dutch and Portuguese Envoys to K
'ang-hsi, (566-657 (Cambridge, Mass.¡A1985).
49.Wu, Silas Hsiu-liang, "Emperors at Work: The Daily Schedules of K'ang-hsi
and Yung-cheng Emperors, 1661-1735," The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies,
New Series, V I: 1-2:210-27 (Aug. 1970).
50.Passage to Power: K'ang-hsi and His Heir Apparent, 1661-1722 (Mass.,Cambr
idge, 1979).
51.¨³°ºa¡G¡m¤TÃ¿°O¨Æ¥»¥½¡n¡]1717¦~¡^¡A¦@4¨÷¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡j
1 Åq®p´Á¦b¥Ã¼Ö´Â(1403-1424¦~)¡C
2 ¥j®ÉÔºÙ¬°µÂV¤H¡C
3 ¤@ºØ´Óª«ªº®Ú¡A¤¤°ê¤H»{¬°¬O´þ¾i¸É®ðªº¨}ÃÄ¡C
4 Franz Michael¡OThe Origin of Manchu Rule in China (Baltimore¡A1942)¡A3¡A11¡F©M¥Ð²M¡G¡mªF¨
5 Wada sei¡O"Some Problems Concerning the Rise of T'ai-tsu¡Athe Founder of Manchu Dy
nasty." Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko¡AToyko¡A16¡G7l-73(1957)¡FDa
vid M¡OFarquhar¡O"The Origins of the Early Manchu State," Paper read before the 62nd
annual meeting or the Pacific Coast Branch¡AAmerican Historical Association¡OSan Di
ego¡AAugust 28¡O1969¡O
6 ¤¤°ê¤H±q¨ü¥¥¤é°_pºâ³¼Æ¡F25³¹ê»Ú¤Wµ¥©ó¦è¤èºâªkªº24³¡C
7 Wada Sei¡O"Some Problems," 41-50¡O§Vº¸«¢¨ªªº©m¤ó¬ORsÄ±Ã¹¡AN«ä¬O"ª÷¤ó"¡C°Ñ¨£½_¸©¥¦N¡G¡
8 ©M¥Ð²M¡G¡mªF¨È¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A²Ä637-649¶¡A<ÅÇ¥¿³°¶Ç¸É¥¿>,¡mªF¬v¾Ç³ø¡n¡A40¡Ol (1957)¡A²Ä110-111
9 David M¡OFarquhar¡A"The Origins 0f the Manchus¡AMongolian Policy," in Fairbank ed¡O)¡ATh
e Chinese World Order¡A203¡O
10 ³\¦h¼Æ¾Ú°O¸ü¨ä®É¤û¿ý¼Æ¤é¬°¥|¦ÊÓ¡B¦p¡m¤j²M|¨å¡n¡B°®¶©´Â¡m¹ê¿ý¡n©Mª»´Ëªº¡m²M¥N¥v¡n(»O¥_¡
atic Studies. 13:195¡O208(1950)¡F³Ìªñªº¤@¶µ¬ã¨sªí©ú¡AºX¨î¬O¨ü»X¥j¼vÅT©Mº¡¬w¬¼Ây¶Ç²Îªº²V¦X²£
11 Ãö©ó³oºØ¥£Áõ¨î«×ªºÂ²©ú±Ôz¡A°Ñ¨£Jonathan D¡OSpence¡OTs'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor¡
12 Arthur W. Hummei (ed¡O)¡AEminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (Washington¡AD.C.,194
3~44)¡AI¡A597¡O
13 ©õ¤éÂÂºÙ¬°©^¤Ñ¡C
14 Piero Corradini¡A"Civil Administration at the Beginning of the Manchu Dynasty"¡AO
riens Extremus¡A9:2:1 36-138(Dec 1962)¡C
15 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä49¶¡C¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¬¥§üÁF¤À®Õªº³‾Æ[³Ó±Ð±Â§i¶D§Ú"º¡¬w"½¦Û±ë¤å"¤å®í"¤@µü¡AN¬
16 ½_¸©¥¦N¡]¤¤Ä¶¥»¡^¡A²Ä18³¹¡A²Ä58-61¶¡C
17 §õ¤è±á¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¡n(»O¥_¡A1960¦~)¡A²Ä16¶¡C
18 «µ§éŃ¬O¤j¦Ú¦V¬Ó«Ò§e¥æªº³ø§i¡C
19 ±N©Ò¦³µ|¦¬©T©w¬°¤@©wªºÁ`¼Æ¡A¬G¦W¡ÇÔ±¡°Ñ¨£²Ä¤T³¹¡C
20 Spence¡A14-16¡A222-240¡O
21 ¥Î¦¶¬âµ§¼g¦b«µ§é¶±ªÅ¥Õ³B©Î¦r¸Ì¦æ¶¡ªºµû»y¡C
22 Jonathan Spence¡A"The Seven Ages of K'ang-hsi" (1654-1722)¡AThe Journal of Asian
Studies¡AXXVI¡G2:206 (Feb¡O1967)¡O
23 Matteo Ripa¡AMemoirs of Father Ripa¡Oduring Thirteen Years¡AResidence at the Court
of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China¡OTr. from the Italian by Fortunat
o Prandi (London¡A1855)¡O63¡O
24 ¿½¤@¤s¡G¡m²M¥N¥v¡n(«¼y¡A1945¦~)¡A²Ä64¶¡C
25 ¥Õ¦â¬Oªv³à¥ÎªºÃC¦â¡A¤j¬ù¬O¬ïµÛ¥Î¨Ó±¥©À©ú´ÂªºÀ¤`¡C
26 ¾G§J²n¡C
27 ªF¬ð³Ö´µ©Z^¦WEastern Turkestan¡A¦b¤é¥»¡B»OÆWÄ¶¬°ªF¤g¦Õ¨ä´µ©Z¡C¤¤°ê¥jºÙ¦è°ì¡A«áºÙsÃ¦¡C
28 Ãö©ó±dº³¹ï¾¿º¸¤¦¤§¾Ô©M¦´Á¤¤«XÃöÃ´¡A¸Ô¨£²Ä¤³¹¡C
29 Alfred K¡OL. Ho¡O"The Grand CounCil in the Ch'ing Dynasty,"¡OThe Far Eastern Quarte
rly¡AXI¡G2¡G167-182(Feb¡O1952)¡OSee also silas Hsiu-liang Wu,"The Memorial System or the C
h'ing Dynasty(1644-1911)¡A" Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 27¡G30(1967)¡OÃö©óx¾÷³Bªº¶
30 ¡m¤j¸qÄ±°g¿ý¡n¡C
31 Harold L¡OKahn¡A"Some Mid-Ch'ing Views of the Monarchy," The Journal of Asian Stu
dies¡OXXIV¡G2¡G230-231 (Feb,1965)¡O
32 Harold L¡OKahn¡A"The Education or a Prince¡GThe Emperor Learns His Roles." In AIber
t Feuerwerker¡ORhoads Murphey¡Cand Mary C¡OWrightceds¡O)Approaches to Modern Chinese His
tory (Berkeley,1967)¡C15-44¡O
33 Kahn¡O"The Education 0f a Prince."30-31¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
21
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T³¹
¬Fªv©M¸gÀÙÅé¨î
1.¬Fªvµ²ºc
ÁöµM²M´Â¬O¤@Ó²§±Ú¤ý´Â¡A¦ý«o±µ¨ü¤F¶Ç²Îªº¾§®a‾´§Ç¡A¨Ã©Û‾Çº~±Ú¤h¤H¶i¤J©x³õ»Pº¡¤H¦@¨Æ¡A§Î¦
1.1¬Ó«Ò©M¶Q±Ú ³B¦bµ¥‾Å¨î«×³»ºÝªº¬Ó«Ò¡A¥H¹L¥h²ÎªvªÌ«Ü¤Ö¦³ªº»{‾uºA«×¿Ë²z¬F°È¡C¬Ó«Ò©Ü¾\
¬Ó«ÒÁÙ¬O©v±Ðº¸£¡A±Õ«Ê¹F¿à³â¹À¡B¹D±Ð¤Ñ®v©M¤Õ©²l¸t¤½(¤Õ¤lªºª½Ã´«á¸Ç)¡A²½«ô¤Ñ¦a¡B¤Õ¸t¤H¡
³Ì«á¡A¬Ó«ÒÁÙÒ¾É¾Ç³N¡A©R¤H½sÄ¡©M¹{¦æ¹Ï®Ñ¤ÎÃþ®Ñ¡A¨ÓÅã¥Ü¦Û¤v¬O¦Ú¥Áªººë‾«»â³S¡C¥L±Â©RÁ|¿ì¶
ºÉºÞ¬Ó«ÒÅã±o´X¥GµL©Ò¤£‾à¡A¦ý«o¤]¨ü¤@¨Ç¨î¡C¾§®a«H±øn¨D¬Ó«Ò×¼w¦æµ½¡AÃö¤Á¦Ú¥Áªº»Ýn¡F¨
²M´ÂÅé¨î¤Uªº¶Q±Ú¶¥¼h¤À¬°¤TÃþ¡G«Ò«Ç©v¿Ë¡B±ÂÀï¶Q±Ú©MºX¤H¡C©v¿ËŃ¬O§Vº¸«¢¨ªªºª½Ã´¨k©Ê«á¸Ç¡
±ÂÀï¶Q±Ú¤À¦¨¤µ¥¡G¤½¡B«J¡B§B¡B¤l¡B¨k¡C³o¨ÇÀï¦ì¤j¦h¬O±Â«Êµ¹¤@¨Ç¥\³Ô°t±o¤W³o¨Ç®íºaªº¤å¦Úª
²Ä¤TÃþ¶Q±Ú¬OºX¤H¡A¥LÌ¤]¨ü¨ì¬Ó«ÒªºÀu¹J¡A¥i¥HÀò¨ú¦~Ä¡Bªª¦a©MÂ³©¬z¶K¡C¬°«O¥þ¥LÌªºÅé±©
1.2¤¤¥¡¬F©²¾÷ºc 1729¦~¥H«e¡A¤¤¥¡¬F©²³Ì«nªº¾÷ºc¬O¤º»Õ¡A©ú´Â¶}°ê¬Ó«Ò¦b1380¦~¼o°£®_¬Û
¤º»Õ¦b±dº³´Â®É´Á¥¢¥h¤F¤@¨ÇÅv¤O¡A¨ä®É±dº³«Ò³vº¥«H¥Î«n®Ñ©Ðªº¨Í¦Ú¬°¥L‾óÀÀ½×¦®©M±Õ¥O¡C¨ì172
ªñ¦~¨Ó¾ÇªÌÌ¹ïx¾÷³Bªº°_½°µ¤F²`¤J±´°Q¡AºÉºÞ¤´¦³¤@¨Ç¤Àª[ªºN¨£¡A¦ý¦ü¥G³£¤w»{¥i¤@±ø¡A§Y¥
x¾÷³B¤§©Ò¥H³Ð¥ß¡A³¡¤À¬O¥Ñ©ó¹l¥¿«Ò»Ýn¤@ÓÁpÃ´ºò±Kªº§U¤â¤p‾Z¤lÀ°§U¥L°_‾ó±Õ¥O¡A¨ÃŃx°ê
x¾÷¤j¦Ú¤@‾ë±q¤j¾Ç¤h¡B¤»³¡©|®Ñ©M¨Í¦¤Î¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¤G«~©Î¤G«~¥H¤W¤å®c¤¤¿î¿ï¡AµM¦Ó°¸º¸¤]|°_¥
§@¬°¬Ó«Òªº¿Ë«H¹õ¹±©M¿Ñ¤h¡Ax¾÷¤j¦Ú¦Ü¤Ö¨C¤Ñ»P¬Ó«Ò¨£¤@¦¸±¡AŃx°È¡BÃä¨¾¡B«×¤ä¡Bµ|¦¬©M¥~¥
x¾÷¤j¦Ú¤@‾ë³£¦³ÝÂ¾¡A¦]¬°¥LÌ°£¤F»â¨úì¦³©xÂ¾ªºÄ¸S¥~¡A¤£¦A¦³¥ô¦óÁ~Ä¡A©Ò¥Hx¾÷³Bªº¶}¤
x¾÷¤j¦Ú¨S¦³©T©wªº¥ôÂ¾´Á¡G¸³»¢¥R¥ôx¾÷¤j¦Ú¤Z39¦~(1779-1797¦~¡B1799-1812¦~¡B1814¡Ð1818
¦bx¾÷¤j¦Ú¤§¤U¬O32Ó³¹¨Ê--16Óº~¤H©M16Óº¡¤H¡C¥LÌ½ü¬yÈ‾Z¡A¤@¥bÈ±Þ‾Z¡A¥t¤@¥bÈ©]‾Z¡A
¦b¥©wÇ¾¿º¸³¡«q¶Ãªºx¨Æ©º°Qµ²§ô¥H«á¡Ax¾÷³B¤´µM«O¦s¤U¨Ó¡CÁöµMx¾÷³B¦b1735¦~³Q°®¶©«ÒºM¾
¦b¤º»Õ©Mx¾÷³B¤§¤U¬O¤»³¡¡A¥¦Ìºc¦¨¤F¤¤¥¡ºÞ²z¾÷¨îªº°©¤z¡C³o¤»³¡¬O¦O³¡¡B¤á³¡¡BÂ§³¡¡B§L³¡¡
¦b¤»³¡¤¤¡A¦O³¡©~º¡C°£¤F¨º¨Ç¤º»Õ¤j¾Ç¤h©Mx¾÷¤j¦Ú¥~¡A©x¦Oªº¥ô´Á¤@‾ë¬°¤T¦~¡A¦b¤T¦~¥ô´Áµ²§
¤á³¡¦b©x¶¥¤W¶È¦¸©ó¦O³¡¡A¦³¨âÓ±`³]ªº©|®Ñ©M¥|Ó¨Í¦¡AÁÙ³]¦³¤@‾SÂ²Á`²z³¡°È¤j¦Ú¡A³q±`¥Ñº¡¤
ÅU¦W«ä¸qÂ§³¡¬OºÞ²zÂ§»öªº¡CÂ§»ö¥]¬A¤@¨ÇÅã¦Ó©ö¨£ªº¨Æ±¡¡A¦p®c§Ê¨åÂ§¡B°ê®aªÁ¨å¡B©x¼ËªA¹¢¡B±
§L³¡Ãöª`x¬F¤ÎªZÂ¾©xªº¦Ò®Ö¥ô§K¡A¦Ó¤£ºÞÁÒ±s«e¨Í½Ã¡A8,646¦W±s«e¨Í½Ã©xª½±µ¨ü¬Ó«Òªº¸`¨î¡C
§L³¡¦³¤@ÓÄÇ¦³½ì¨ýªº‾SÂI¡A¬O±±¨î¤F©x¤èªº³q°TÁpµ¸¡ÇÓ³¡¸æ¾i°¨¤Ç¡A¨ÑÀ³¹M¥¬¥þ°ê¦U³BªºÅæ‾¸©
¦D³¡ºÞ²zªk«ß¨Æ°È¡A¥]¬A¦D»@¡B³j§K©M¨S¦¬®a²£µ¥¨Æ©y¡A¨Ã»P³£¹î°|©M¤j²z¦x|¼f¦U¬Ù‾å¥q¤W§eªº¦
²M´Âªºªk²z©M¥qªk¹ê½î»P¦è¤è¤j¬Û®|®x¡A¥qªk¾÷¨î¤£¿W¥ß©ó¦æ¬F¾÷ºc--¦Ó¶È¶È¬O¦æ¬Fªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¦b®
¤u³¡¬O¤»³¡¤¤©x¶¥³Ì§Cªº¤@Ó³¡¡A²ÎºÞ¤½¦@«Ø¿vªº«Ø³y©M×Âµ¡AÁÊ¸m©M¥X°â¬F©²ªº²£~¡A«O¾i¨Ê«°ª
¤º»Õ¡Bx¾÷³B©M¤»³¡¬O¤¤¥¡¬F©²ªº¤¤¼Ï¾÷ºc¡A¦¹¥~ÁÙ¦³¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç«nªº"¦õ²z"¸Åªù¡C
©x¶¥ºòÀH¤»³¡¤§«áªº¬O²zÃ¿°|¡A³oÓ³¡ªù¤£¬O±q©ú´ÂÄ~©Ó¦Ó¨Ó¡A¤]µL¥ô¦ó§Oªº¾ú¥v¥ý¨Ò¥i´`¡A¤j¬ù¦
²M´Â³£¹î°|ªºº¸£¬O¨â¦W¥ª³£±s¥v©M¥|¦W¥ª°Æ³£±s¥v--©xÂ¾§¡¦bº¡¤H©Mº~¤H¤¤¥¤À¡C¥k³£±s¥v©M¥k°
±s¥v³QºÙ¬°¨¥©x¡A¦]¨ä«ö²z¨É¦³¨¥½×¦Û¥Ñ¤§¬G¡G¥LÌÀòÇŃ¥ô¦ó¨Æ©y¦V¬Ó«Ò¶i¨¥¡C±s¥v¬O¬Ó«Òªº"¦Õ
²M´Â¤¤¥¡¬F©²ªº¥t¤@ÓÅãµÛ‾S¦â¬O³]¿«ªL°|¡C¿«ªL°|ªº¥\‾à¥Dn¦b¤å¾Ç¤è±¡F¥¦ªº¨âÓ´x°|¾Ç¤h(¤@
¿«ªL°|¾Ö¦³¤@®y«D±`§»¤jªº¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡A¦¬ÂÃ¦³±s®Ñ©Ð¨C¥»¹Ï®Ñªº´_¥»¡A¨Ã«O¦s¤j¶qªº«µ§é©MÀÉ®×¡C¿«ª
¿«ªL°|ªº¿«ªL°¦‾à¥Ñ|¸Õ¤¤µn²Äªº¶i¤h¾á¥ô¡C¿«ªL°|¬O¦~»´Å×¤lªºÀxÅ×¾÷ºc¡C¦b¤T¦~¥ô´Á¤º¡A¿«ªL¥
¦³¨âÓ¾÷ºc¦b³B²z¤å®×¶Ç»¼¤¤µo´§«n§@¥Î¡C³q¬F¥q¦¬‾Ç¨Ó¦Û¥~¬Ùªº¤é±`«µ§é(¥»³¹)¡A¦Ó¥B¦³Åv±Ò«
µM¦Ó¡A"¥»³¹"¨î«×¦b¹Å¼y´Â(1796-1820¦~)¥H«áŃÅÜ±o¶V¨Ó¶V¨S¦³¥Î³B¤F¡A³Ì²×¦b1901¦~¼o°£¡A¤Ó
1.3¦a¤è¦æ¬F ¤¤°êªº¦a¤è¦æ¬F--»X¥j¡Bº¡¬w¡BsÃ¦¡B¦èÂÃ©M«C®üµ¥‾S®íªº¦æ¬F°Ï°£¥~¤@¦³¥|‾Å¡G
¤Q¤KÓ¥¿³W¬Ù¨üÁ`þ©M¨µ¼¾ªº¸`¨î(þ¡B¼¾ªº¼Æ¥Ø¦b°®¶©´Â¤À§O¬°¤KÓ©M¤Q¤Ó¡A¦ý¦U´Â§¡¦³©ÒÅÜ¤Æ
¥_¨Êªº´Â§Ê¦ü¥G¦]¦b¥~¬Ùþ¼¾Â¾¦ì¤W¥¿Å¦w¸mº¡¤H©Mº~¤H¦ÓÀò±o¤F¬YºØ¦w¥þP¡F°¦n¤@Óº¡¤H³Q©e¥
57%ªºÁ`þ©M48.4%ªº¨µ¼¾¬Oº¡±Ú¤H¡A»P¦¹¬Û¹ï43%ªºÁ`þ©M51.6%ªº¨µ¼¾¬Oº~±Ú¤H¡C7
¦b¨µ¼¾¤§¤U³]¦³¤@Ó¥¬¬F¨Ï¡B¤@Ó«ö¹î¨Ï©M¤@Ó¾Ç¬F--§¡¥Ñ¬Ó«Ò¿Ë±Â¡C¬F©²µ¹¥LÌ´£¨Ñ¹±ÄÝ¡A¦ý¥L
¦b¬Ù¤@‾Å¸Å¸p¤§¤Uªº¦æ¬F¶¥±è¨Ì¦¸¬O¹D©M©²¡A³Ì©³ºÝªº«h¬O¿¤¡C¤@¨Ç¤j¿¤¤ñ¬ü°êªº¤p¦{ÁÙ¤j¤@¨Ç¡F¿
¦b»P¿¤¬Û¦Pªº‾Å§O¤WÁÙ¦³¤@¨Çµyµy¤j¤@ÂIªº¦æ¬F³æ¦ì¡AºÙ¦{©MÆU¡C¦³¤@¨Ç¦{ª½±µÁõÄÝ©ó¬Ù¡A¥¦Ì¤ñ¤
²M´Â¤¤¥¡©x¨î¡G
¤¤¼Ï³¡--¤º»Õ x¾÷³B ¤»³¡¡]¦O³¡ ¤á³¡ Â§³¡ §L³¡ ¦D³¡ ¤u³¡¡^
¦õ²z³¡--³£¹î°| ¤j²z¦x ²zÃ¿°| ¿«ªL°| ³q¬F¥q °ê¤lºÊ ´Ü¤ÑºÊ
«Ò«Ç³¡--©v¤H©² ¤º°È©² ¸â¨Æ©² ¤Ó±`¦x ¥ú¸S¦x ¤Ó¹²¦x ÂEÄ¤¦x ¤ÓÂå°|
(¤Þ¦Û¿½¤@¤sµÛ¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä503¶¡Aªí1¡C)
1.4¹A§ø°ò¼h±±¨î ¦b¨CÓ¿¤¸Ì¦³¤@¨Ç§ø²ø¡B«°¡BÂí¡B¶m©M¶°¥«¡C³o¨Ç¶m§ø°Ï°ìªººÞ²z‾dµ¹¤Fí¦a
®Ú¾Ú«O¥Ò¨î«×¡A¨C¤Q¤á¥ß¤@µP¡A»â³SºÙµPªø¡C¨C¤QµP¥ß¤@¥Ò¡A¨äº¤ê¥Òªø(©Î¤ê¥ÒÀY)¡F¨C¤Q¥Ò¥ß¤@«
¸Ì¥Ò¸g±`»P«O¥Ò²V²c¡A¨âªÌ¨ä¹ê¬O§¹¥þ¤£¦P¤§¾÷¨î¡C¦b¶m¶¡¡A¨C110¤á¥ß¤@¸Ì¡A¤º¤¤¤Q¤á§t¤B¨k¼Æ³Ì
µM¦Ó¡A¦b1712¦~«á¡A¸Ì¥Òªº©Ê½è¥X²{¤F¬Y¨ÇÅÜ¤Æ¡F³o¤@¦~¡A±dº³«Ò±Ní¦~ªº¤B¨k¼Æ¥ß¬°©wÃB¡A¨Ã«Å¥
²M¬F©²¹ê¦æ¤F¤@ºØ±N«Ò°ê±±¨î¤OÂX®i¨ìªÀ|³Ì©³³¡ªº¥©§®¤èªk¡C³oÓ¤èªkŃ¬O³q¹L°ò¼hºÞ²z¡A§Q¥Î
³B¦b¶m§øªÀ|³Ì©³¼hªº¬OÅ¶¶¡B®ø¥©M¶Ô³Òªº¹A¥Á¡A¥LÌ²×¦~³Ò°Ê¥H¨DÅ¹¡¡C¹A¥ÁÌ°ò¥»¤WÅ¥¤Ñ¥Ñ©
2.¸gÀÙ¨î«×
¤¤°ê¥H¹A~¬°¥D¡A¤g¦a©M¤H¤Oºc¦¨¤F°ê®aªº¸gÀÙ°òÂ¦¡C¤j³¡¤Àµ|¦¬¨Ó¦Û©ó¦a¤Bµ|¡A¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³¤@¨Ç¨ú¦
2.1¤g¦a©Mµ|¦¬¨î«× ²M´Â¤¤«e´Á¡A¦aµ|¬O©Ò¦³µ|¦¬¤¤³Ì¤jªº¤@¶µ¡A»»¶W¹L¨ä¥¦¦¬¤J¡C¦aµ|©º¶°
1712¦~¡A±dº³¹{µo¤F¤@¥÷µÛ¦W¦ÓN¸q²`»ªº¿Ù¦®¡A³W©w¤Bµ|±N¥Ã»¥H1712¦~ªº©wÃB¬°Ç¡C³o¥÷¤W¿Ùº
°ê´Â©Ó¥¤w¤[¡A´þ¥Í¤éÁc¡C¦p¨Ì²{¤µ¤B¼Æ¼W¦¬½áµ|¡A¸Û¤£§´ö¡C»\¦]¥Í¾¦¤éÁc¦Ó¦a¤£¥[‾q¡CÀ³¥O½Ñ¬
¦p¦¹½T©w¤F¤B¼Æ©wÃB¡A¨Ï¤B¤fµ|ÅÜ±o²@µLN¸q¡A¥¦³v¨B¨Ã¤J¤F¦aµ|¡C1716¦~¡A±dº³¦PN¦b¼sªF¬Ù¬I¦
©ºµ|ªº¤èªk¬O"¤@±øÃ@ªk"(º³Ð©ó1581¦~)¡A¸Óªk±N©Ò¦³µ|¶µ²Î¤@¬°¤@Ó©wÃB¡A¨C¦~¤À¨â¦¸Ãº‾Ç¡C®L
¤UªíÅã¥Ü¤F¤£¦P¦~¥÷¦a¤Bµ|ªºÂ³½áÁ`¥Ø¡G14
¦~¥N
½á»È(¨â)
º¨Â³(¥Û¡A¦X133¤S1/3½S)
1661¦~
21,576,006
6,479,465
1753¦~
29,611,201
8,406,422
1812¦~
32,845,474
4,356,382
2.2°ê®a¦¬¤ä °£¦a¤Bµ|¥~¡A°ê®aÁÙ¦³¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¸û¤pªº¦¬¤J¡C¤@ºØ¬°¤õ‾Ó¡A§Yº²Å±»È¤l®É¤¹³\ªºl
¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¥½°ê®aªºÁ`¦¬¤J¥i§¬A¦p¤U¡G15
1¡B¦a¤B»È
¬ù30,000,000¨â
5¡BÃöµ|
4,000,000¨â
2¡B¤õ‾Ó
4,600,000¨â
6¡B‾²½Ò
260,000¨â
3¡Bº¨¶µ
2,000,000¨â
7¡B‾ù½Ò
70,000¨â
4¡BÆQ½Ò
7,500,000¨â
8¡Bº¨Â³
4,000,000¥Û
®Ú¾Ú³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ¡A°ê®aªºÁ`¦¬¤JÀ³¬O4,800¸U¨â©M400¸U¥Ûº¨Â³¥ª¥k¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó750¸U¨âªºÆQ½Ò©¹©¹°¦‾à¦¬
¹ïÓ³oµ§¦¬¤J¡A³Ì¤jªº¤ä¥X¬Ox¶O¶}¤ä©M©xûªºÁ~Ä¡Cº¡¬wºX§L©Mº~xºñÀç§LÁ`¼Æ¤À§O¶W¹L20¸U©M6
¤U¦C¿ï¾Ü©Êªº¹ÏªíÅã¥Ü¤F¨C¦~¶Q±Ú¬z¶K©M©xûÁ~Äªº¼ÐÇ¡C16
Àï¦ì©x»Î
³Ä»È(¨â)
ÝÜ¦Ì(¥Û)
¿Ë¤ý
l0,000
5,000
¤@µ¥¤½
700
350
¤@µ¥«J
610
305
¤@µ¥§B
540
255
¤@µ¥©ó
410
205
¤@µ¥¨k
310
155
¥¿±q¤G«~¤å©x
180
90
¥¿±q¤G«~¤å©x
155
77.5
¥¿±q¤T«~¤å©x
130
65
¥¿±q¥|«~¤å©x
105
52.5
¥¿±q¤«~¤å©x
80
40
¥¿±q¤»«~¤å©x
60
30
¥¿±q¤C«~¤å©x
45
22.5
¥¿±q¤K«~¤å©x
40
20
¥¿¤E«~¤å©x
33.114
16.557
±q¤E«~¤å©x
31.5
15.57
±q¤Wªí¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¤å©xªºÁ~Ä½T¹ê«D±`LÁ¡¡C¥¿¤@«~¤j¾Ç¤h¨C¦~°¦Àò180¨â¡A¦Ó©x»Î¬°¥¿¤G«~ªºÁ`þ°¦
¤@Ó»â¨ú155¨â¥¿±`³ÄªºÁ`þ±o¨ì13,000¨ì20,000¨âªº"¾iG¶O"¡F¦¹¥~¥LÁÙÀò±o¤@¨Ç"¤½¶O"¡C¤åªZ
1765¦~¤¤¥¡©M¦a¤è¬F©²¬ù²¤ªº¸g¶O¶}¤äªí¦C¦p¤U¡G
¤¤¥¡¸g¶O¡G
¦a¤è¸g¶O
1¡B¤ý¤½¦Ê©xÄ
930,000
1¡B§L»è
15¡A000¡A000
2¡B§L»è
6,000,000
2¡B©xûÄÁ~
1¡A000¡A000
3¡B²±¨Ê¼öªe¤§©x§LÄ»è
1,400,000
3¡B"¾iG»È"
4¡A220¡A000
4¡B¥~Ã¿¤ý¤½Ä»È
120,000
4¡B"¤½¶O"
200¡A000
5¡B¨Ê©x¤½¶O¶º¹»È
110,000
5¡B×Âµ
4¡A000¡A000
6¡B¤º»Õµ¥³B¶º»È
18,000
6¡B¦UºØÂø¶O
¡]Åæ‾¸¡B½à½çµ¥¡^
1¡A400¡A000
7¡B¦O³¡²z³¡¾iG¶O
15,000
8¡B¥~Ã¿»X¥j´ÂÂA¤J°^½à»È
10,000
Á`p
25¡A820¡A000
9¡B¦UºØÂø¶O
900,000
Á`p
9,503,000 ¤¤¥¡¬F©²ªºÁ`¶}¤ä±Nªñ950¸U¨â¡A¦a¤è¬F©²ªº¶}¤ä¬ù¬°2,580¸U¨â¡AÁ`p3,500¸U¨â¡A»P¦¹¬
2.3¤H¤f ¦b¤@Ó¹A~ªÀ|¸Ì¡A¤g¦a©M¤H¤f¤£‾à¤À¦Ó½×¤§¡G¦a¤Bµ|ªº¦X¤@§Y¬O¹ï³o¤@¨Æ¹êªº©Ó»{¡C
1660¦~
19,088,000¤B
1753¦~
183,678,259¤B
1700¦~
20,411,000¤B
1779¦~
275,042,916¤B
1730¦~
25,480,080¤B
1800¦~
295,273,311¤B
1741¦~
(¨Ì¾Ú«O¥ÒÕ{¬dº¦¸¬d¥X143,411,559¤f)
1812¦~
355,540,258¤B
1850¦~
429,913,034¤B ¥Ñ¤Wªí¥i¨£¡A²M¥N¦´Á±q1660¦~¨ì1730¦~¤§¶¡¡A¤H¤fªº²Îp¼Æ¦r°¦¬Oµy¦³¼W¥[¡A¦ýí
1741¦~¥H«á¤H¤f¼Æ¾ÚªºÃ¨B¼Wªø¡A¥i¥H±q´XÓ¤è±±o¨ì¸ÑÄÀ¡AºÉºÞ¨º¨Ç¸ê®Æ¥»¨¤]¤£¤@©w§¹¥þ½T¹ê¡
¤¤°êªº¾ú¥v¾Ç®a©M¤H¤f¾Ç®a¶É¦V©ó»{¬°¡A1741¦~¥H«áªº½]¬d¸ê®Æ¬O¨ã³ø¤£¨¬¦Ó«Dµê³ø¡F¦]¬°¤@¤j³¡¤
¹ê»Ú¤W¡A¤H¤f±q1779¦~ªº2.75»õ¼W¥[¨ì1850¦~ªº4.3»õ¡A°¦ªí¥Ü¤H¤f¼Wªø¤F56.3%¡A¦Ó¦~¼Wªø²v°¦¦³0
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Backhouse, Edmund, and J. 0. P. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of
Peking from the 16th to the 20th Century (Boston, 1914).
2. Baker, Hugh D. R., Chinese Family and Kinship (New York, 1979).
3.Barlett, Beatrice S.¡AMonarch and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch 'in
g China, 7725-7820 (Berkeley, 1991).
4.Bodde, Derk, and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China (Cambridge, Mass.,
1967).
5.Chang, Chun-shu, and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang, Crisis and Transformation in
Seventeenth-Century China: Culture, and Modernity in Li Y 's World (Ann Arbor,
1992).
6.Chen, Shao-kwan, The System of Taxation in China in the Tsing Dynasty, 164
4-1911 (New York, 1914).
7.Chi, Ch'ao-ting, Key Economic Areas in Chinese History, us Revealed in the
Development of Public Works for Water Control (London, 1936).
8.Ch' , T'ung-tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch 'ing (Cambridge,
Mass., 1962).
9.Ch'uan, Han-sheng, and Richard A. Kraus, Mid-Ch 'ing Rice Market and Trade
: An Essay in Price History (Cambridge, Mass., 1975).
10.Fairbank, John K., and S. Y. Teng, Ch'ing Administration: Three Studies (
Cambridge, Mass., 1960).
11.Farquhar, David Miller, "The Ch'ing Administration of Mongolia up to the
Nineteenth Century" (Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1960).
12.³Å©vÀ¡G¡m²M¥Nx¾÷³B²ÕÂ´¤ÎÂ¾´x¤§¬ã¨s¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1967¦~¡^¡C
13.Grantham, Alexander E., Manchu Monarch: An Interpretation of China Ch'ing
(London, 1934).
14.Hinton, Harold, The Grain Tribute System of China, 1845-1911 (Cambridge,
Mass., 1961).
15.Ho, Alfred K. L., "The Grand Council in the Ch'ing Dynasty," The Far East
ern Quarterly, XI:2:167-182 (Feb. 1952).
16.Ho, Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953 (Cambridge, Ma
ss., 1959).
17.¿½¤@¤s¡G¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A×q¥»(»O¥_¡A 1962¦~¡^¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä19-21³¹¡F²Ä2¨÷¡A ²Ä7-9³¹¡C
18.Hsiao, Kung-Ch an, Rural China: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Centu
ry (Seattle, I960).
19.--¡AHistory of Chinese Political Thought, Vol. 1 (Princeton, 1978).
20.Hsieh, Pao Chao, The Government of China (1644-1911) (Baltimore, 1925).
21.Huang, Liu-hung, A Complete Book Concerning Happiness and Benevolence: Fu
-hui ch an-shu, A Manual for Local Magistrate in Seventeenth-Century China (Tuc
son, 1984). Tr. Djang Chu.
22.Huang, Pei, "Aspects of Ch'ing Autocracy: An Institutional Study, 1644-17
35," The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series, VI: 1-2:105-148 (Dec.
1967)
23.Huang, Philip C. C., The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China
(Stanford, 1985).
24.Hucker, Charles O.¡A The Censorial System of Ming China (Stanford, 1966).
25.Kessler, Lawrence D., "Ethnic Composition of Provincial Leadership during
the Ch'ing Dynasty," The Journal of Asian Studies¡AXXV I:3:489-511 (May 1969).
26.Liang, Fang-chung, The Single Whip Method of Taxation in China (Cambridge
, Mass., 1961).
27.Mayers, W. F., The Chinese Governmant (Shanghai, 1897).
28.Metzger, Thomas A., "The Organizational Capabilities of the Ch'ing State
in the Field of Commerce: The Liang-huai Salt Monopoly, 1740-1840," in W. E. Wil
lmott (ed.)¡AEconomic Organization in Chinese Society (Stanford, 1972), 11-5.
29.--¡AThe Internal Organization of Ch 'ing Bureaucracy: Legal, Normative and
Communications Aspects (Cambridge, Mass., 1977).
30.Morse, H. B.¡AThe Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire (London, 1
908).
31.¦õ§BÍ¡G¡m²M¥NÆQ¬F¤b¬ã¨s¡n(¨Ê³£¡A1956¦~¡^¡C
32.¬I±Ó¶‾¡G¡m²M¥NµÂ´¤u~ªºµo®i¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1968¦~¡^¡C
33.Sprenkel, Sybille van der, Legal Institutions in Manchu China, A Sociolog
ical Analysis (London, 1962).
34.Sun, E-tu Zen (¥ô¥H³£¡^¡A"Ch'ing Government and the Mineral Industries before 1800,"
e Journal of Asian Studies, XXV :4:835-845 (Aug. 1968).
35.--¡A"The Board of Revenue in Nineteenth-Century China," Harvard Journal of
Asiatic Studies, 24:175-228 (1 962-1963).
36.¥ô¥H³£¡G¡m²M¥NÄq¼t¤u¤H¡n¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s©Ò¾Ç³ø¡n¡A95´ä¡A²Ä3¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä 13-29¶ ¡]197
37.Taeuber, Irene B.¡A and Wang Nai-chi, "Population Reports in the Ch'ing Dyn
asty" Journal of Asian Studies, XIX:403-17 (1959-1960).
38.Tang, Edgar C.¡A"The Censorial Institution in China, 1644-1911" (Ph.D. thes
is, Harvard University, 1932).
39.Torbert, Preston M., The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of
Its Organization and Principal Functions. 1662-1796 (Cambridge, Mass., 1978).
40.Waltner, Ann, Getting an Heir: Adoption and the Construction of Kinship i
n Late Imperial China (Honolulu, 1990).
41.Wang, Yeh-chien¡AAn Estimate of Land Tax Collection in China¡B1753 and 190S (
Cambridge, Mass" 1973).
42.--¡ALand Taxation in Imperial China, 1750-1911 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
43.Watt, John R.¡AThe District Magistrate in Late Imperial China (New York, 19
72).
44.Wiens, Mi Chu, The Origins of Modern Chinese Landlordism (Taipei, 1976).
45.Wilkinson, Endymion¡ALandlord and Labor in Late Imperial China (Cambridge,
Mass., 1977).
46.Will, Pierre-Etienne, R. Bin Wong, with James Lee et al., Nourish the Peo
ple: The State Civilian Granary System in China. 1650-1850 (Ann Arbor, 1991).
47.Williams¡A S. Wells, The Middle Kingdom (New York, 1883), 2 vols.
48.Wu, Silas Hsiu-liang (§d¨q¨}¡^¡A"The Memorial Systems of the Ch'ing Dynasty (1644-1
911)" Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 27:7-75 (1967).
49.--¡ACommunication and Imperial Control in China: Evolution of the Palace
50.Memorial System, 1693-1735 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970),
51.§d¨q¨}¡G¡m²M¥Nx¾÷³B«Ø¸mªº¦AÀË°Q¡n¡A¡m¬G®c¤åÄm¡n¡A»O¥_¡A²Ä2¨÷²Ä4´Á,²Ä 21-45 ¶¡]1971
52.ÄY¤¤¥¡]½s¡^¡G¡m²M¥N¶³«n»É¬F¦Ò¡n(¥_¨Ê¡A1957¦~¡^¡C
53.Zelin, Madeleine, The Magistrate's Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in E
ighteenth Century Ch'ing China (Berkeley, 1984).
¡iª`ÄÀ:¡j
1 S¡OY. Teng¡A"Ming T'ai-tsu's Destructive and Constructive Work." Chinese Culture¡OV
I:3:20 (Sept. 1967).
2 Pao Chao Hsieh¡AThe Government of China (1644-1911)¡A(Baltimore¡A1925)¡A74-75.
3 ³Å©vÀ¡G¡m²M¥Nx¾÷³B²ÕÃº¤ÎÂ¾´x¤§¬ã¨s¡n(»O¥_¡A1967¦~)¡A²Ä121¡B147¤Î¥H«á¡B166-167¡B182-183¡
ar Eastern Quarterly¡OXI:2:167-182(Feb¡O1952)¡FPei Huang¡O"Aspects of Ch'ing Autocracy¡GAn
Institutional Study¡A1644-1735,"Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies¡ONew Series¡AVI¡ON
os¡O1-2 (Decetuber 1967)¡A123-125¡A132¡GThomas A¡O Metzger¡AThe Internal Organization of Ch
ing Bureaucracy¡GLegal¡ONormative and Communi- cation Aspects (Cambridge¡OMass., 1973)¡O
4 ¤ñ¦p¡A¦b1865¦~¡A§õÂE³¹³Q¥ô©R¬°¨â¦¿Á`þ¡A²ÎÁÒ¦¿Ä¬¡B¦¿¦è©M¦wÀ²¤T¬Ù¡A¦Ó¦wÀ²¬Ù§Y¬O¥Lªº±ÚÄy¬Ù¥
5 ª½Áõ¡B¤sªF¡B¤s¦è¡Bªe«n¡B¦¿Ä¬¡B¦wÀ²¡B¦¿¦è¡B®ý¦¿¡BºÖ«Ø¡B´ò¥_¡B´ò«n¡B°¢¦è¡B¥ÌµÂ¡B¥|¤t¡B¼sªF¡
6 ¦³¨â¦¿Á`þ(ÁÒ¦¿Ä¬¡B¦wÀ²¡B¦¿¦è)¡B»Ô®ýÁ`þ(ÁÒºÖ«Ø©M®ý¦¿)¡B¨â¼sÁ`þ(ÁÒ¼sªF©M¼s¦è)¡B´ò¼sÁ`þ(
7 Lawrence D¡OKessler,"Ethnic Composition of Provincial Leadership during the Ch'i
ng Dynasty," The Journal of Asian Studies¡AXXV I:3:496,500(May 1969)¡G
8 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä533-537¶¡GPao Chao Hsieh¡A294¡C
9 K¡OC¡OWu¡O"Local Government in Imperial China"¡Ain his Why Is America Not Better Infor
med on Asian Affairs (Savannah¡OGeogia¡O1968)¡A8-9¡O
10 ¦]¨ä«Ê±¬°¶À¦â¡O¦Ó±o¦W¡C
11 Ãö©ó«O¥Ò¨î©M¸Ì¥Ò¨îªº¸Ô±¡¡A°Ñ¨£Kung-Chuan Hsiao¡ARural China¡GImperial Control in the Nin
12 ¸ÓºØ¥U®Ñ«Ê±¦L¦³³½Åì‾ëªá‾¾¡A¤j¬ù¬O¹³©º¥Ð¦a¤§°ª¤Uªô‾a¡A¬G¦W¡C
13 Kung-chuan Hsiao,89-90¡C¢Åé¬°¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C
14 ¿½¤@¤sµÛ¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä386-387¶¡C
15 ¿½¤@¤sµÛ¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä432¶¡C
16 ¿½¤@¤sµÛ¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä411-416¶¡C
17 ¦³®ÉÄ¶¬°"¤Ï»G¶O"(anticorruption fee)©Î"«P¸Û¶O"(honesty-fostering allowance)¡C
18 ¿½¤@¤sµÛ¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä432-435¶¡C
19 Ping-ti Ho¡AStudies on the Population of China¡A1368-1953(Cambridge¡AMass.,1959)¡A281
-282.
20 Ping-ti Ho¡A35¡O¦]¦¹¡AºÉºÞ1660¦~©x©²ªº¼Æ¾Ú¬O1,900¸U¡A¹ê»Úªº¤H¤f©Î³\¦b1»õ¨ì1.5»õ¥ª¥k¡C
21 Ping-ti Ho,46¡O
22 Ping-ti Ho,46¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
35
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¥|³¹
ªÀ|©M«äQª¬ªp
1.¤¤°êªÀ|
¤¤°êªÀ|ªº©Ê½è¬O¾ú¥v¾Ç®a©MªÀ|¾Ç®a¼ö¤ÁÃö¤ßªº¤@ÓÄ³ÃD¡C°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¾ÇªÌ«ü¥X¡A¥¦ªº©Ê½è¤D¬O¹
¥H¤W³o¤TºØÆ[ÂI--«Ê«Ø©x¹±¨î«×¡B¥H¤h²Ô¶¥¼h¬°°òÂ¦ªººë^²Îªv©M"ªF¤è±M¨î¥D¸q"--¥E¤@¬Ý¦ü¥G¬Û¤
1.1®a®x ¤¤°êªÀ|ªº°ò¥»³æ¦ì¬O®a®x¦Ó«DÓ¤H¡C»P¤@‾ë»{¬°¤¤°ê¤Hªº®a®x³q±`«Ü¤jªºÆ[©À¬Û¤Ï¡A
°ü¤kªº¦a¦ì»P¦è¤è¥@¬É¤j¤£¬Û¦P¡C©d¤l²zÀ³ªA±q¥Lªº¤V¤Ò¡A¦o¨S¦³°]²£Åv§Q¡A¤£¨É¦³¥ô¦ó¸gÀÙ¿W¥ß¦
1.2©v±Ú ©~¦í¦b¤@©w¦a°ì¤º¡B¥X¦Û¦P¤@‾ªÃ´ªº®a®x¡A²Õ¦¨¤F¤@Ó©v±Ú--³oºØ²ß«U¦bµØ«n¦a°Ï«Ü²±
©v±Ú¦³¤@®M©v³W¡A©¹©¹»P¾§®aªº¹D¼w±Ð±ø¬Û¹ïÀ³¡C³o¨Ç¹D¼w§Ù«ß©Î±i¶K¦b©v‾¨¸Ì©Î¦b¾Aíªº³õ¦X©À»
¥Ñ©ó®a®x©M©v±Ú¨ã¦³³o¨Ç‾S®íªº¦a¦ì©M¥\‾à¡A©Ò¥H³Q¬Ý§@¬O¤¤°ê¶Ç²Îªº©v±ÚªÀ|³Ì¦³‾S¦âªº¾÷¨î¡A³
1.3ªÀ|¤À¼h ¤¤°êªÀ|¬O°ª«×¤À¼hªºªÀ|¡C¦b½Ñ¦h¹º¤ÀªÀ|¶¥¼hªº¤Ø«×¤¤¡A¤@Ó«Ü±`¥Îªº¤Ø«×¬O
ºÉºÞ¤¤°êªÀ|¦³¶¥‾Å¹º¤À¡A¦ý«o¨S¦³ºØ©m¨î«×¡A¦]¦¹¤´¬O¤½¥ªºªÀ|¡C½â¥Áªº¤T¥N¤l®]©TµM¤£±o°Ñ¥
È±oª`Nªº¬O¡A°Ó¤H³B¦bªÀ|¶¥±èªº©³¼h¡A©Ò¿×ªº"°Ó"¤£¶È¥]¬AÍ¸ÎªºÃbÂ_°Ó¤H¡A¤]¥]¬A¤p©±¾Q¥D©
1.4¤h²Ô¡G‾SÅv©M¥\‾à ¤h²Ô--§Y¨º¨Ç¤¤Á|ªº¤h¤l--¦bªÀ|¤Wµo´§¤F¥D¾É§@¥Î¡A¨Ã¨É¦³³\¦hµL¥i¤Ç
¤h²Ô±o¨ì«OÅ@¡A¥i§K¨ü´¶³q¤Hªº«I¥Ç¡A¤]¤£¨ü©x¦OªºªÈÄñ¡C¤@Ó¦Ê©m«V°d¤h²Ô©Ò¨üªºÃg»@¡A±N¤ñ¥L¦
¤h²Ô¶¥¼hÁÅ§K±j¨î©Êªº³Ò§Ð¡A¦]¬°¥LÌªº¨¤À©M¤å¤Æ±Ð¾i§K°£¥LÌ°µÅé¤O³Ò°Ê¡C¤h²Ô¤]³Q÷ø§K¡]÷øj
ºÉºÞ¤h²Ô¾Ö¦³½Ñ¦h‾SÅv¡A¦ý¥LÌ¨Ã«Dí¬F©x¹±¶°¹Îªº¤@³¡¤À¡F¥LÌ¬O¦a¤è©xªø»P¦Ê©m¤§¶¡ªº¤¤¤¶¤H¡
¤h²Ô¦bí¦aªÀ|¤¤ªº¤@Ó¥Dn§@¥Î¡A¬O¦b¤½°ó¥~³z¹LÄU¸Ñ¥òµô¡AÀ±®§Ó¤H»P¾F¸Ì¤§¶¡ªº¥Á¨ÆªÈ‾É¡C¥
¤h²Ô»{¬°¦Û¤v¬O¤å¤Æ¿ò²£ªº«O½ÃªÌ¡A¦]¦¹P¤O©ó¶Ç¼½¹D¼w«H±ø¨Ã®½ÃØ«¸ê³]¥ß¨p¹Ñ¡F¨C¤ë¨â¦¸¦b©ÒÄ
¦b°Ê¿º¤£¦wªº®É´Á¡Aí©xx¤£‾àµ¹¦a¤è´£¨Ñ«OÅ@¤§®É¡A¤h²Ô|²ÕÂ´¹Î½m¶m«i¡A¿Ë²v¥LÌu¼Ä¡F¤]|Ä
±qÀ±®§ª§³^¨ìÁ¸ÃÙ¤½¦@³]¬I¨ì²ÕÂ´í¦a¨¾°È¡A¤h²Ô¦b®a¶m¥»¤gµo´§¤F¤£¥i©Î‾Êªº§@¥Î¡A¦b©x©²©M¦Ê©
1.5¬ìÁ| ¦b¦Ò¹î¤F¤h²Ô¦b¤¤°êªÀ|¤¤¥¨¤jªº¼vÅT¤O¤§«á¡A¦³¥²n¨Ó±´¨s¤@¤U¤@Ó¤H¦¨¬°¤h²Ôªº¹L
¬ì¸Õ¤Àµ£¸Õ¡B¶m¸Õ©M|¸Õ´XÓµ¥‾ÅÁ|¦æ¡CnÀò±o°Ñ¥[µ£¸Õªº¸ê®æ¡A¦Ò¥Í¥²¶¡F¥X¨ã¤@¥÷¥Ñ¤@¦W¤h²Ô´
¥Íû¦¨¬°©²¡B¦{¡B¿¤¾Çªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¥LÌ±q¬Ù¸pÀò¨úÁS¿‾¬z¶K¡A¨Ñ¦Û¤vÇ³Æ§ó°ª‾Åªº¬ì¸Õ¡Cí¦a¤h²ÔÁÙ¦
»Pµ£¸Õ¤@¼Ë¡A¶m¸Õ¤]¦Ò¤T³õ¡C³q±`¦b³±¾ú¤K¤ëªì¤E¶}¦Ò¡C¦¹«e¤@¤Ñ¡A¦Ò¥Í«K¶i¤J°^°|¡FµM«áÃö¦b¦Ò©
°^°|¸Ìªö¨ú¤F¥ºÝÄY±Kªº±¹¬I¥H¨¾½d§Î§Î¦â¦âªº§@¹ú¦æ¬°¡A¤×¨ä¬O"¨Ì¾aÃöÃ´"ªº¹úºÝ¡C¦Ò¥Íªº©Ò¦³¦
¶m¸Õ®×¨÷ÀH«á±N§e°e¨ì¥_¨ÊªºÂ§³¡¼f®Ö¦sÀÉ¡C¨º¨Ç¦b¶m¸Õ¤¤¸¨²Ä¦ý¤]Åã¥Ü¥X¸û°ª³y¸Úªº¤H±N±Â¤©°^¥
|¸Õ¤]¦Ò¤T³õ¡G²Ä¤@³õ¦Ò¥Í¼g¥|½g¦³Ãö¾ú¥vÃD§÷ªº¤å³¹--¤T½gÄÄz©M¤@½gµû½×¡F²Ä¤G³õ¥|½g¦Ò¸g¸qª
|¸Õµ²ªG¤T¤Ñ«á§Y¤½¥¬¡A¤¤¦ÒªÌ³Q±Â¤©°^¤hÀY»Î¡A¨ÃÀò¤@Ó¥b¤ë«á°Ñ¥[µ¸Õªº¸ê®æ¡Cµ¸Õ¥Ñ¬Ó«Ò¿Ë¦
¤@‾ë¤H³£»{¬°¡A°¦¦³Í®a¤l§ÌÅ×‾àÀò±oÇ³Æ¦Ò¸Õ©Ò¥²¶ªºªø¦~¾Ç²ß¡CíµM¡AÍ¦³¤H®a‾à§ó»´ªQ¦a¤ä¥
¥X²£¬ìÁ|¥\¦W³ÌÂ×ªº¬Ù¥÷¬O¦¿Ä¬©M®ý¦¿¡A¦b²M¥NÁ`¦@26¡A747¦W¶i¤h¤¤¤À§O¥e¤F2¡A920¤H©M2¡A808¤H
¥Ñ©ó¦¨Ń©MºaÄ£¥Dn¨ú¨M©óÅ×¾Ç¡A¦]¦¹ªÀ|¤W³vº¥¬y¦æ°_¤@ºØ"¸U‾ë¬Ò¤U«~¡A°ß¦³Åª®Ñ°ª"ªº¶É¦V¡C¤
¬ìÁ|¨î«×³Ì¤jªº‾ÊÂI¬O½d³ò‾U‾¶©M¤í‾Ê¹ê¥Î©Ê¡C¤åÅ×©M¤zÅ×¬O¨â½X¨Æ¡Gºë³q¨ä¤¤¤@¶µ¨Ã¤£N¨ýµÛ³Ó¥
¥t¤@¤è±¡A¬ìÁ|¨î«×¤S¿ï¼¤F¤@¨Ç¨ã¦³¸û°ª´¼°Ó¥B¼ô±x¤½°Èªº¤H¡A¬°©xû®Ê¤É¾ð¥ß¤F«ÈÆ[¤½¥¿ªº¼Ð
³q¹L¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õ¬OÀò¨ú¤h²Ô¨¤Àªº¥¿³~¡A¦ý¥¦¨Ã«D°ß¤@ªº³~®|¡CºÊ¥Í--°ê¤lºÊ¾Ç¥Í¨¤À--¤]¥i¥H®½¨ú¡
ÁÙÀ³´£¤Îªº¬O¡A²M´Â¤]¦³¤@®M»P¤å©x¬ìÁ|¥\¦W¬Û¹ïÀ³ªºªZ¬ì¥\¦W¡A¥¦Ì¥i¥Ñ¦Ò¸Õ³Õ¨ú¡A¤]¥i³q¹L®½¶
¦b1850¦~«e¡A¤h²ÔªºÁ`¼Æ¬ù¬°110¸U¤H¡A¨ä¤¤4¡A000¤H¬O¤åªZ¶i¤h¡A¨ä¾l¬O¾Ö¦³¨ä¥¦¥\¦W©MÀY»Îªº¤H
2.«äQ¼é¬y
2.1²Mªì¹ï©ú´Â¤ß¾Çªº¤ÏÀ» ²Mªìªº«äQ¬É¤À¦¨¨âÓ°é¤l¡C©x©²¤½¶}Ò¾É¤Q¤@©M¤Q¤G¥@¬ö®Éµ{¤ó¥S
²M´Â²ÎªvªÌ§â²z¾Çí§@¤@ºØ©Û‾Ç¤h¤Hªº¤â¬q¡C¥Ñ©ó¤h¤H²ßºD¤W¬O¤¤°êªº²Îªv¶¥‾Å¡A±±¨î¤F¥LÌŃ‾à±
¦è¤è¤@‾ëºÙ²z¾Ç¬°"s¾§¾Ç"¡A¬O¤@ºØ¿Ä¾§®a¡B¦ò±Ð©M¹D±Ð½Ñ¦]‾À©ó¤@Åéªº½Õ©M½×õ¾Ç¡A¦Ó¥B´£¨Ñ¤F¤
¦¶¿Q±N²z¾Ç«äQºî¦X¦¨¤@®MÃ´²Îªºõ¾Ç¾Ç¬£¡A¨Ã±N²zªº¥þÅéºÙ¬°¤Ó¥¡G"Á`¤Ñ¦a¸Uª«¤§²z¡A«K¬°¤Ó¥
§º¥N²z¾Ç®aÁö¦³§Î¦Ó¤W¾Çªº¶É¦V¡A«o¨Ã¥¼©¿µø¾§®aªº¹ê½î©Ê¤è±¡C¥LÌ§â²z¬Ý§@¬O¥²¶¿í¦uªº¹D¼wª
²z¾Ç³Ì²×ÅÜ±oªÅ²¨¤Æ¤F¡Cí³oÓ¾Ç¬£¶i¤J©ú¥N(1368-1643¦~)«á¡A²z¾Ç®aÌ©T°õ¦a°í«ù§@©â¹³±´°Q©M
õ¾Ç®a¤ý¶§©ú(1472-1529¦~)°_¦Ó«Ø¥ß¦Û¤vªº"¤ß¾Ç"ÅéÃ´¨Ó¤Ï§Ü¦¶¿Qªº²z¾Ç¡C¤ý¶§©ú¨ü¨ì¤F¦ò±ÐÁI©v
ºÉºÞ¤ý¶§©ú±j½Õ"¦æ"ªº«n©Ê¡A¥Lªºõ¾Ç«o¶i¤@¨B¥[±j¦Ó«D«d®z¤F´Â¦V§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç±´°QªºÁ`ÁÍ¶Õ¡C¤h¤
¦¿Ä¬µL¿üªFªL®Ñ°|¤@§åÄYµÂªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¸Õ¹Ï³q¹L§âª`N¤O±q©â¹³©Ô¦^²{¹ê¡B±qÓ¤H¤Ï«ä©Ô¦^¨ì±q¨Æ¤½¦
²Mªìªº¤j¾§Ì±j‾P¦a¤Ï¹ï©ú¥Nªº¤h¤H¡A¨Ã¥B»{¬°³o¨Ç¤HÀ³¹ï±ß©úªº¥@¤é¤U¡B¹D¼w²_¸¨¤Î©ú´Âªº³Ì²
¦¿Ä¬©ø¤sªºÅUª¢ªZ(1613-1682¦~)¬O²Ä¤@Ó¦V©ú´ÂÀZ¼oªº¾Ç³N¶É¦Vµo°_²r‾P©áÀ»ªº¤H¡C¥L«ü³d¤ý¶§©ú
ÅUª¢ªZ¹M¹CµØ¥_¦a°Ï¡A¨Ã¬ã¨s¦a²z¡BÃä¨¾¡B¹A‾Ñ©M¸g°Óµ¥¤è±ªº¹ê»Ú°ÝÃD¡C¥Lªº¤Q¼Æ³¡µÛ§@¤¤¡A³Ì¦
ÅUª¢ªZ¹ï²M¥N¾Ç³Nªº¥Dn°^Äm¡A¬O«Ø¥ß¤F¤@®M²©R©Êªº¬ã¨s¤èªk¡A¥¦¦³¥H¤U¤TÓÅãµÛ‾SÂI¡G(l)ì³Ð
¥Ñ©óÅUª¢ªZ¹ï©ú¥N¾Ç³N«ä¼é¼sªxªº§å§P©M¹ï¤@ºØsªº¬ã¨s¤èªkªº«Ø³]©Êµo©ú¡A¦]¦¹³Q´L¬°"²M¾Ç"ªº³
¥t¤@Ó«nªº¤Hª«¬O¤ý¤Ò¤§(1619-1692¦~)¡A¥L¹ï¤H±ý»P¤Ñ²zªºÃöÃ´µoªí¤F«D±`²`Âãªº¨£¸Ñ¡G"¤Ñ²z´
¤ý¤Ò¤§Ãö©ó¾ú¥v©M¬FªvªºÆ[©ÀÅã±o«D±`²{¥N¤Æ¡A¨Ã¥O¤H¦Õ¥Ø¤@s¡C¥L§_»{¶W¦ÛµM¤O¶q¡B®ð¼Æ¡B¤Ñ©R©
¤ý¤Ò¤§³QºÙ¬°°ßª«¥D¸qªÌ¡A¬O¦]¬°¥L¬Û«H¦b¸gÀÙÁcºaªº±ø¥ó¤U³Ì‾à¨ú±o¶i¨B¡C¥LÒ¾É¥Í¬¡ªº¦w¹ç©M°
²Mªìªº³o¨Ç¤j®a--±qÅUª¢ªZ¨ì¤ý¤Ò¤§--¿E‾P¦a¤Ï¹ï©ú¥NªºªÅ²¨©M§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç«ä¼é¡A¾ð¥ß°_¤@ºØsªº¾Ç³
2.2²M¥N¤¤´Áªº¦ÒÃÒ¾Ç ¦ÒÃÒ¾ÇªºN«ä¬O"¦ÒÃÒ¨ä¹ê"¡A¦³®É¤]³QÄ¶§@"®Õ°É¾Ç"(textual Criticism
´f´É(1697-1758¦~)¥X¥Í©ó¸g¾Ç¥@®a¡A¥Lªº¾Ç¥H¹ïº~¥NµÛ§@ªº³Õ»D±j°O©M¶É¤ß±µ¨ü¦ÓµÛºÙ¡Aº~¥N¶Z
¦wÀ²¥ð¹çªºÀ¹¾_(1724-1777¦~)©Î³\¬O©Ò¦³²M¥N¾ÇªÌ¤¤³Ì°¶¤jªº¤@¦ì¡C¥L»P´f´ÉªºÃöÃ´¦b®v¤Í¤§¶¡¡A
À¹¾_ªº¾ÇÃÑ±¬Æ¼s¡A¦ý¨M«D½§²L¡C¥L±Mªvªº»â°ì¬O¤p¾Ç(¶Ç²Îº~»y¾Ç)¡B¾úºâ©M¤ô§Q¤uµ{¡B¦a²z¡C24À
¸t¤H¤§¹D¡A¨Ï¤Ñ¤UµL¤£¹F¤§±¡¡A¨D¹E¨ä±ý¡A¦Ó¤Ñ¤Uªv¡C«á¾§¤£ª¾±¡¤§¦Ü©óÅÖºûµL¾Ñ¬O¿×²z¡A¦Ó¨ä©Ò¿
À¹¾_ªº"±ý¾Ç"µLºÃ¬O¨ü¤F¤ý¤Ò¤§ªº¼vÅT¡CÀ¹¾_¹ï¦Û¤vªºõ¾Ç«D±`¦Û±o¡A¥BºÙ¥Lªº¡m©s¤l¦r¸q²¨ÃÒ¡n¬
¦ÒÃÒ¾Ç¦b²M¥N¤¤¸¹F¨ì¤F³»®p¡A¥¦§¹¥þ¥D¾É¤F¤¤°êªº¾Ç³N¬É¡C§Y«K¬O²M§Ê¤]¤£¦AÒ¾É¤£¦X®É©yªº§º¾
¦ÒÃÒ¾Ç®a¥H³z¹ý¡B«ÈÆ[¡B±Ó¾U©M¶}©úªººA«×¡A¹ï¤¤µØ¤å¤Æ¿ò²£ªº´X¥G¦UÓ¤è±§@¤F«s¦Ò¹î¡C¥Ñ©ó¥
²M¥N¾ÇªÌ¸g±`ºÙ¦Û¤v¬°º~¾Ç®a¡B©Ò°µªº¾Ç°Ý¬°º~¾Ç¡C²@µLºÃ°Ý¡A¥LÌªö¥Î"º~"³o¼Ë¿ô¥Øªº¦W¦r¬O¬°¤
¦b¦Ò¹î"¦ÒÃÒ¾Ç¬£"ªº¥\¹LÀu¦H®É¡A¤HÌ|¦]¨ä¥Ø¼Ðªº«æ¼@ÂàÅÜ¦Ó¾_Åå¡C²Mªìªº¤j¾§Ì´£Ò¾Ç°Ýn¸g¥
Á`ªº¨Ó»¡¡A²M¥N¾ÇªÌ¹ïÂ×Íªº¤¤µØ¤å¤Æ¿ò²£§@¤F«sµû¦ô©M«s¾ã²z¡A¦ý¨S¦³«Ø¥ß¤°»òsªº«äQ¦¨¤
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Beattie, Hilary J.¡ALand and Lineage in China: A Study of T,ung-ch,eng Count
y,Anhwei, in the Ming and Ch 9ing Dynasties (Cambridge, Mass., 1978).
2.Buxbaum¡ADavid C. (ed.), Chinese Family Law and Social Change in Historical
and Comparative Perspective (Seattle, 1977).
3.Cahill, James, Chinese Painting (Geneva, 1977).
4.--¡AThe Compelling Image: Nature and Style in Seventeenth-Century Chinese
5.Painting (Cambridge, Mass., 1982).
6.--¡AThe Painter fs Practice: How Artists Lived and Worked in Traditional Chi
na(New York, 1994).
7.Chan¡AWing-tsit, "The Evolution of the Neo-Confucian Concept Li as Principle¡A
" Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series, IV:2:123-149 (Feb. 1964).
8.Chang¡AChung-li, The Chinese Gentry (Seattle, 1955).
9.--¡AThe Income of the Chinese Gentry (Seattle, 1962).
10.±i¼w©÷¡G¡m²M©u¤@Ó¨Ê©xªº¥Í¬¡¡n¡]95´ä¡A1970¦~¡^¡C
11.Cheng, Chung-ying, Tai Chen¡Bs Inquiry into Goodness (Honolulu, 1971).
12.¸ë´ÓªÚ¡G¡mªñ¥N¤¤°ê¸gÀÙªÀ|¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1950¦~¡^¡C
13.Chin, Ann-ping, and Mansfield Freeman. Tai Chen on Mencius (New Haven, 19
90).
14.Ching, Julia, To Acquire Wisdom: The Way of Wang Yang-ming (New York, 197
6).
15.Ch' , T'ung-tsu, Law and Society in Traditional China (Paris and The Hag
ue, 1961).
16.Cohen, Jerome A., et al. (eds.). Essays on Chirm's Legal Tradition (Princ
eton, 1979).
17.Cole,James H.,Shaohsing: Competition and Cooperation in Nineteenth-Centur
y China (Tucson, 1986).
18.Creel, H. G.¡AChinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung (Chicago, 1953
).
19.de Bary, William Theodore, "Chinese Despotism and the Confucian Ideal: A
Seventeenth-Century View," in John K. Fairbank (ed.), Chinese Thought and Instit
utions (Chicago, 1957), 162-203.
20.--,The Liberal Tradition in China (Hong Kong, 1983).
21.--¡AWing-tsit Chan, and Burton Watson, Sources of Chinese Tradition (New Yo
rk, 1960), chs. 19-22.
22.Eastman, Lloyd E.¡AFamily, Field, and Ancestors: Constancy and Change in Ch
ina's Social and Ecomonic History. 1550-1949 (New York, 1988).
23.Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and James L. Watson (eds.), Kinship Organization
in Late Imperial China. 1000-1940 (Berkeley, 1986).
24.Elman, Benjamin A., and Alexander Wood side (eds.), Education and Society
in Late Imperial China, /600-/900 (Berkeley, 1994).
25.Elman, Benjamin A.¡A"Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil
Service Examination in Late Imperial China," The Journal of Asian Studies, 50:1
:7-28 (Feb. 1991).
26.Fei, Hsiao-tung, China's Gentry (Chicago, 1953).
27.--¡APeasant Life in China (London, 1945).
28.Freedman, Maurice (ed.). Family and Kinship in Chinese Society (Stanford,
1969).
29.--,Chinese Lineage and Society (London, 1966).
30.--¡AThe Religion of the Chinese People (New York, 1975).
31.--Fried. Morton H.¡AFabric of Chinese Society (New York. 1953).
32.Fung, Yu-lan, A History of Chinese Philosophy, tr. hy Dark Bodde (Princet
on, 1953).
33.Goodrich, L. Carrington, The Literury Inquisition of Ch 'ien-lung¡]Baltimor
e, 1935).
34.Ho, Ping-ti, The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social M
obility, 1368-1911 (New York, 1962).
34.Hsiao, Kung-ch an, Rural China: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Centu
ry (Seattle, I960).
35.Lang, Olga, Chinese Family and Society (New Haven, 1946).
36.Liang, Ch'i-ch'ao, Intellectual Trends in the Ch'ing Period ¡m²M¥N¾Ç³N§½×¡n,tr. by
Y. Hs (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), Parts I and .
37.Liu, Hui-chen (Wang). The Traditional Chinese Clan Rules (Locust Valley,
N.Y., 1959).
38.Mackerras, Colin P., The Rise of the Peking Opera, 1770-1870: Social Aspe
cts of the Theatre in Manchu China (Oxford at Clarendon, 1972).
39.Mann, Susan, Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950 (Stan
ford, 1987).
40.Marsh, Robert M.¡AThe Mandarins, the Circulation of Elites in China. 1600-1
900 (Glencoe, 111., 1961).
41.Meskill, John, Gentlemanly Interests and Wealth on the Yangtze Delta (Ann
Arbor, 1994).
42.Miyazaki, Ichisada, China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinati
ons of Imperial China, tr. by Conrad Schirokauer (Salem, Mass., 1976).
43.Nivision, David S.¡AThe Life and Thought of Chang Hs eh-ch 'eng (1738-1801
) (Stanford, 1966).
44.Overmyer, Daniel L., Folk Buddhist Religion: Dissenting Sects in Late Tra
ditional China (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
45.Peterson, Willard J., "The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613-1682)¡G" Part 1¡AHarvard J
ournal of Asiatic Studies, 28:114-156(1968).
46.Qian, Wen-yuan, The Great Inertia: Scientific Stagnation in Traditional C
hina (Dover, N.H., 1985).
47.Rawski, Evelyn S.¡AEducation and Popular Literacy in Ch 'ing China (Ann Arb
or, 1978).
48.°ÓlîÜ¡G¡m²M¥N¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õz¿ý¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1958¦~}¡C
49.Shih, Vincent Yu-chung (tr.), The Literary Mind and the Carivng of Dragon
s (Hong Kong, 1982).
50.Skinner, G. William et al.¡AModern Chinese Society: An Analytical Bibliogra
phy(Stanford,1 973).
51.Strassberg, Richard E" The World of Kung Shang-jen: A Man of Letters in E
arly Ch'ing China (New York, 1983).
52.Teng,S.Y.(¾H¶à¬ê),"Wang Fu-chih's Views on History and Historical Writing," The Jou
rnal of Asian Studies, V I:1:111-123 (Nov. 1968).
53.--¡G¡m¤¤°ê¦Ò¸Õ¨î«×¥v¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1967¦~¡^¡C
54.Tu, Wei-ming, Neo-Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-min 's Youth
(14721509) (Berkeley, 1976).
55.¤ý¼w¬L¡G¡m²M¥N¬ìÁ|¨î«×¬ã¨s¡n¡]95´ä¡A1982¦~¡^
56.Waley, Arthur, Yuan Mei: Eighteenth-Century Chinese Poet (Stanford, 1956)
. Weber, Max, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, tr. by Hans H.Gert
h (Glencoe, I. 1951).
57.Wittfogel, Karl A., Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Powe
r (New Haven, 1957).
¡iª`ÄÀ:¡j
1 Karl A¡OWittfogel¡AOriental Despotism¡GA Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven¡O
1957)¡O
2 Hui-chen Wang Liu¡OThe Traditional Chinese Clan¡ORules (Locust Valley¡ON¡OY.¡A1959), 5-
6,8,23,40-45¡FHsiao Kung-Chuan¡A"The Role of the Clan and Kinship Family¡C" in William
T¡OLiu(ed¡O)¡OChinese Society under Communism¡GA Reader (New York¡A1967)¡A36¡A40¡C
3 Ping-ti Ho¡AThe Ladder of Successin Imperiai China¡GAspects of Social Mobility¡A1368
-1911(New York¡A1962)¡A18¡O³o¨Ç¤H¶Ç²Î¤W¥]¬A½æ°Û¤H¡B§j¹ª¤â¡BA¼Ö¤H¡B¤^¤¢¡B®ý¦¿ªº"´k¥Á"¡B²î¤á
4 Ping-ti Ho¡O"The Salt Merchants of Yang-chow¡GA Study of Commercial Capitalism in
Eighteenth-Century China¡A"Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies¡A17:149(1954)¡O
5 H¡OB¡OMorse¡AThe International Relations of the Chinese Empire (London¡A1910)¡AI¡A86 ¡C
0¸U¬v»È¬Ûí©ó5,200¸U¬ü¤¸¡C¨£ Fredefic Wakeman¡OJr¡O¡AStrangers at the Gate¡GSocial Disorder
1966),44¡C
6 ³o¨Ç¤H¤À§O¬O¦Ò¤¤¤Fµ£¸Õ¡B¶m¸Õ©M|¸Õªº¤h¤l¡A®Ú¾Ú¤¤¦Ò‾Å§Oªº¤£¦P³QÂk¬°"§C"²Ô©Î"°ª"²Ô¡C¬ìÁ|©M
7 Chung-li Chang¡AThe Chinese Gentry (Seattle¡A1955)¡A43¡O
8 1800¦~«eªº¥§¡¥ô´Á¬O1.7¦~¨ì4.5¦~¡A1800¦~«á«h¬O0.9¦~¨ì1.7¦~¡F¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä53¶¡C
9 ¥Ñ±dº³«Ò¦b±dº³¤Q¤@¦~(1672¦~)¹{¦æ¡ÇÓ¿Ù±N¦b¨C¤ëªº®Ò±æ¤é(³±¾úªì¤@©M¤Q¤)¥Ñµ£¥Í»w²ß¤Î¦V¦Ê©m«
¤@¡B´°§µ§Ì¥H«¤HÛ¡C ¤G¡B¿w©v±Ú¥H¬L¹lü¡C
¤T¡B©M¶mÄÒ¥H®§ª§³^¡C ¥|¡B«¹A®á¥H¨¬¦ç¹¡C
¤¡B©|¸`»ü¥H±¤°]¥Î¡C ¤»¡B¶©¾Ç®Õ¥HºÝ¤h²ß¡C
¤C¡BÂJ²§ºÝ¥H±R¥¿¾Ç¡C ¤K¡BÁ¿ªk«ß¥HäêM¹x¡C
¤E¡B©úÂ§»ö¥H«p«U¡C ¤Q¡B°È¥»~¥H©w¥Á§Ó¡C
¤Q¤@¡B°V¤l§Ì¥H¸T«D¬°¡C ¤Q¤G¡B®§»z§i¥H¥þ¨}µ½¡C
¤Q¤T¡B§ÙÅÑ°k¥H§K®è³s¡C ¤Q¥|¡B§¹¿úÂ³¥H¬Ù¶Ê¬ì¡C
¤Q¤¡BÁp«O¥Ò¥HÀ±µs¸é¡C ¤Q¤»¡B¸Ñ¤³©Á¥H«¨©R¡C
10 ¡m½×»y¡n¡B¡m¤¤±e¡n¡B¡m©s¤l¡n©M¡m¤j¾Ç¡n¡C
11 Chung-li Chang¡A73,141-142¡O
12 Chung-li Chang¡A97-98¡O
13 ¡m¸Ö¡n¡B¡m®Ñ¡n¡B¡mÂ§¡n¡B¡m©ö¡n¡B¡m¬K¬î¡n¡C
14 Ping-ti Ho¡AThe Ladder of Success¡A189¡O
15 Ping-ti Ho¡O114¡A228-229,247¡O
16 Chung-li Chang¡O116¡Ð118¡A¤j¦h¼ÆÀò¥\¦WªÌ»Ýµ¥¤Q¨ì¤G¤Q¦~Å×‾à¸É‾Ê¡C John R¡OWatt¡A"Leadersh
nd annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch¡AAmerican Historial Association¡ASan D
iego¡AAugust 28¡A1969¡O
17 µ{ÅV(1031-1085¦~)©Mµ{À[(1032-1107¦~)¡F¦¶¿Q(1130-1200¦~)¡C
18 Wing-tsit Chan¡A"The Evolution of the Neo-Confucian Concept Li as a Principle,"
Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies¡ANew Series¡OIV:2:139-141 (Feb,1964)¡O
19 Wing-tsit Chan¡A142¡A213¡O
20 Ãö©óªFªLÄÒ¹B°Ê¡A°Ñ¨£Charles O¡OHucker¡A "The Tung-lin Movement Of the Late Ming Period,"
Thought and Institutions¡A132-162¡O
21 Liang Ch'i Ch'ao¡AIntellectual Trends in the Ch'ing Period (²M¥N¾Ç³N§½×), tr¡OBy Immanu
(Cambridge, Mass.,1959)¡A30¡O
22 Liang Ch'i Ch'ao¡A31-32¡O
23 ¥]¬A¡m¤E¸g¥j¸q¡n¡B¡m©öº~¾Ç¡n¡B¡m¥j¤å©|®Ñ¦Ò¡n¡C
24 ¦b¥Lªº½Ñ¦h¦¨Ń¤¤¡A¤U¦CµÛ§@‾S§O«n¡G¡mÁnÃý¦Ò¡n¡B¡mº¸¶®¤å¦r¦Ò¡n¡B¡mì¹³¡n¡A¡m¥j¾ú¥v¡n¡B¡m
25 Liang Ch'i-ch'ao¡A59-60¡O
26 Liang Ch'i-chao¡A14¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
47
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤³¹
¹ï¥~ÃöÃ´
¦b©ú¥½²Mªì¥æ´À¤§»Ú¡A¦è¼Ú¤H¶}©l¨ì¹F¤¤°ê¡F®t¤£¦h¦P¤@®É¶¡¡A«XÃ¹´µ¤H¤]¬ï¶V¦è§B§Q¨È¶i¦Üº¡¬wÃ
1.¦è¼Ú¤Hªº¨ÓÁ{
¦a²z¤jµo²{®É´Áªº¼Ú¬w¬v¸µÛ¤@ºØsªº«_ÀIºë‾«¡A«Ò°êªº³g±ý¡B°òþ±ÐÂX®i¨ì²§±Ð(§Y«D¦è¤è)¥@¬Éª
1.1±´ÀI®a©M°Ó¤H ¦b¨ºÓ®É¥N¡A¦a²z±´ÀI®a»P«Ò°ê«Ø¥ßªÌ¤§¶¡¨S¦³¤Ó¤j¤À§O¡Cªüº¸¥¬§Jº¸§J(Alf
1517¦~¡A¤ñ°Ç´µ(Tome Pires)¨ü¸²µå¤ú°ê¤ý¤§»º§@¬°©¹¸u©ú§Êªº¨Ï¦Ú¡A¦ÓªGªü¥«ªø¦w¼w©Ô¼w(Fernao
¤j§å¸²µå¤ú¤Hªº²î¶¤³°Äò«e¨Ó¡A©~¾n¨ì¤W¤t®q¡B®ö¥Õ©M¿Dªù¡C1535¦~¡A¸²µå¤ú¤H¥Î¦æ¸ì¤â¬q¡AÀò¨ú¤
¸²µå¤ú²î¶¤±q°¨¤»¥Ò©MªF¦L«×ªº95®Æ¶T©ö¤¤±a¦^ªº°]Í¡A¨Ï¦è‾Z¤ú¤H««²C±ýºw¡CôÛ¥¬µo²{¬ü¬wªº¸
ÀHµÛ¬ìº¸‾S´µ(Cortes)©ºªA¾¥¦èô¡A¦è‾Z¤ú¤H¾Ö¦³¤F¤@Ó¥i¥Ñ¦¹«e©¹¨È¬wªº¾ÚÂI¡C 1564¦~¡A¾¤¤ú¹ê
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¦³³\¦h¤¤°ê¤H¦b¦è‾Z¤ú¤H¥e»âªº³o¶ô¦a¤è±q¨Æ§Q¼íÂ×«pªº¶T©ö¡CµM¦Ó¡A®üµsªº°ÝÃD¶V¨Ó¶
¦]¬°µá«ß»«Âk¾¥¦èôºÞÁÒ¡A©Ò¥Hªö¥Î¾¥¦èô»È¤¸¬°¥æ©öĆ¤¶¡C¦è‾Z¤ú»È¤¸©M‾µ¾|»È¤¸¤]¦³¨Ï¥Î¡A¦ý¼
1626¦~¡A¦è‾Z¤ú¤HÅ§¨ú»OÆWªºÂûÅ¢(°ò¶©)¡A¨Ã¦b²H¤ô«Ø¥ß¤F¤@Ó³q°Ó©M¶Ç±Ðªº°ò¦a¡C¥LÌ¦b¨º¸Ì¤@ª
²üÄõ¤H©ó1604¦~©è¹F¤¤°ê¡A±ß¦è‾Z¤ú¤H¬ù¤T¤Q¦~¡A±ß¸²µå¤ú¤H¤E¤Q¦~¡C«P¨Ï²üÄõ¤H§@¿n¥±À¶iªº¦]‾
1602¦~¡A²üÄõªF¦L«×¤½¥q¥¿¦¡¦¨¥ß¡A¨Ã±q¬F©²¤è±Àò¨ú¤F¾Ö¦³x¶¤¡A¨Ï®ü¥~»â¤W´Þ¥Á¤Æ¡B»PªF¤è½Ñ°
²üÄõ¤H¦b©ú´Â®É³Q¸²µå¤ú¤H±Æ¥¸¦b¼s¦{¤§¥~¡AÀHµÛl644¦~²M´Âªº«Ø¥ß¡A²üÄõ¤H¹ï¶T©öªº´Á±æ¤S«ì´_¤
²üÄõ²Îªv»OÆW©l©ó1642¦~¡A¦ý¦b1662¦~¬ðµMµ²§ô¤F¡C¬O¦~¡A¤@ª½¥HHªù¬°°ò¦a¶iÀ»¤¤°êªu®ü¦a°Ïªº¤
¥ì²ú²ï¥Õ®É¥Nªº^°ê¤H¥Rº¡ÂX±iªº³¥¤ß¡A¥LÌ¦ÛµM¤£¥Ì¦b95®Æ¶T©öÄvÁÉ¤¤¸¨«á¡C1600¦~¡A^°ê¤k¤ý¹
¥¿¦p¸²µå¤ú¤H©M¦è‾Z¤ú¤H³Q¤£¥[°Ï¤À¦a¥s°µ"¦ò¦¾÷"(ªkÄõ§J¤H)¤@¼Ë¡A¤¤°ê¤HºÙ^°ê¤H©M²üÄõ¤H³£¬
¦b¥©w»OÆW¥H«á¡A±dº³¸Ñ°£¤F®ü¸T¡F1685¦~¦b¥|Ó¦a¤è¶}³]¤F®üÃö¡G¼s¦{°âºs¦{(¦bºÖ«Ø)¡B¹çªi©M¶
ªk°ê¦bªF¤è«Ø¥ß¨ä§Q‾qªº¸Õ¹Ï¨ü¨ì¤F¤º³¡¶Éªîªº§xÂZ¡C1604¦~¡A°ê¤ý¦ë§Q¥|¥@(King Henri IV)¦Vªk
Á`ªº¨Ó»¡¡A¦bµØ¥~°ê°Ó¤H¤j¦h¬O¨Ç³o³v¬Õ§Qªº«_ÀI®a©M¤@¨Ç¨S¤°»ò¤å¤Æªº²Ê¤H¡A¥LÌªºªí²{«Ü¤£Åé
1.2¶Ç±Ð¬¡°Ê ÀHµÛµo²{³q¦VªF¤èªºs‾è¸ô¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð|(Catholic Church)--¦Û©v±Ð§ï²¥H¨Ó¤@ª½µ
Ã¹©ú°í©M§Qº¿Äu©ó1583¦~©w©~¨ì¼sªF»F¼y¡C¬°Ç³Æ¶}®i¦³®Äªº¶Ç¹D¤u§@¡A¥LÌ§ï¬ï¤¤¦¡ªA¸Ë¡B¾Ç²ßº
»P¦¹¦P®É¡AÃ¹©ú°í¥Î©Ô¤B¤å¼g¤F¤@¥»¦ÛºÙ¬°"±Ð¸q°Ýµª¿ý"ªº¥¬¹D®Ñ¡C¦b§Qº¿Äu©M¤@¦ì¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌªºÀ°§
ÁöµMÃ¹©ú°í©M§Qº¿Äu»P¨Ó³Xªº¤¤°ê¤H¸Û¤ß¸ÛN¦a°Q½×©v±Ð°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¨â¤H¤´¬OÂÔV¦a¦b¶}©l®É§â¦Û¤v¸
§Qº¿Äuªºµ¦²¤¬O¶i¦æ©M¥º‾³z¡Bªö¨ú¤å¤Æ±µ‾Ç«ººA¡A¨ÃÁ×§K»P¤¤°ê¤Hªº°¾¨£©MÃhºÃµo¥ÍµL¿×ªº½Ä¬ð-
§Qº¿Äu¥H¤@¦W¾ÇªÌ©M¬ì¾Ç®aªºÁnÅA¡A§l¤Þ¤F¤j§å¥õ¼}ªÌ«e¥h¥Lªº´J©Ò¡A²âÅ¥¥LÃö©ó¬ì¾Ç¡Bõ¾Ç©M©v±
¤Ñ¥D±Ð¦b¤¤°ê¿³©ô°_¨Ó¡G1640¦~®É±Ð®{ªºÁ`¼Æ¦b6¦Ü7¸U¤§¶¡¡A¨ì1651¦~¼Æ¥Ø¼W¦Ü15¸U¤H¡C121642¦~¡
²M´Â¨Ã¥¼¦]C¿q|¤h¬°©ú§Ê®Ä©R¦ÓÃg»@¥LÌ¡F¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¹ï©v±Ð¦³±j‾P¶É¦Vªº¶¶ªv¬Ó«Ò¦³¦n´X¦~¹ï¶Ç±
±dº³´Âªì¦~¥X²{¤F°fÂà¡A¨ä®É¥»°ê¦Ú¤u¹ï¬v¤H¦b¤¤°ê¥e¾Ú°ª¦ì¼«ÂV¤£¤w¡CÄá¬F¤j¦ÚÅ¾«ô¥Hº~¤H¾úªk®
1.3C¿q|¼vÅTªº°I¸¨¡GÂ§«U¤§ª§ §Qº¿Äu©M¥Lªº³oÀHªÌ»{¬°¡A°¦n°ê¤Hªº±¡P©M²ß«U¤£»P±Ð|ªº
¤èÀÙ¦U|(Franciscan)©M¦h©ú§Ú|(Dominican)µ¥¤@¨Ç"¼Ú¬w¦Ü¤W¥D¸q"×¹D|§â«D°òþ±Ð¤å¤Æ¬Ý§@¬O
1634¦~¡A¦h©ú§Ú|¤h}¨È´µ(Francisco Dias)©M¤èÀÙ¦U|¤h}¶ø´µ(Francisco de la Madre de Dio
¥Îº~»yªí¹F°òþ±Ð«äQªº°ÝÃD¬Oª§§nªº¤@Ó¥DnµJÂI¡C§Qº¿Äu¿ï¾Üº~»y¤¤¤@¨Ç³Ì¬ÛªñªºµüJ¨Óªí¹F°
¦³ÃöÂ§«U°ÝÃDªºª§½×«h§ó¬°¦y¾U¡A§Qº¿Äu©MC¿q|¤h»{¬°¦b‾ª©vµP¦ì«e©Ò¦æªºÂ§«U¬Oªí¹F±Rq©M´L
C¿q|¤h¤§©Ò¥H§Î¦¨³o¨Ç¨MÄ³¡A¬O¦]¬°¥LÌ¬Û«H¡A¤¤°ê¤h¤l¶¥¼h¤¤ªº¤j³¡¤À¤H§â¿í¦uÂ§³W¬Ý§@¬O«ñ¦
µM¦Ó¡AÂ§«U°ÝÃD¨Ã¥¼Âk©óÏ±I¡A¦Ó¥BÄ~Äò§xÂZµÛ¼Ú¬wªº«äQ¬É©M©v±Ð¬É¡A¨Ã¦¨¬°¤@Ó¼öªù¸ÜÃD¡C¤@¨
1715¦~¡A±Ð¬Ó§JµÜªù‾S¤Q¤@¥@(Pope Clement XI)µo¥¬¤FExllla Die±Ð¥O¡A«¥Ó¤ÏÂ§«U¥ß³õ¡AÄµ§i¹H
1742¦~¡A±Ð¬Ó¥»¥§¨f§J¤Q¥|¥@(Pope Benedict XIV)¦A¦¸¥Ó¥O¤ÏÂ§«U¥ß³õ¡A¦bµØ¶Ç±Ð¤h³Q¸m©óÁöµM¤£
1.4¦è¤è¬ì¾Ç§Þ³Nªº¤Þ¶i ±q±ß©ú®É´Á¨ì²M´Â¤¤´Á¡A¦@¦³¬ù500¦WC¿q|¤h¨ÓµØ¡A¨ä¤¤¦³80¤H¹ï¤å¤
1¡OÅ±³y¤j¬¶¡C¤¤°ê¤H±q²üÄõ¤H¨º¸Ì²Ä¤@¦¸ª¾¹D¤F¤j¬¶¡A°¨¤Wµ¹¥¦°_¦W¬°"¬õ¦i¬¶"¡C¤¤°ê¤H¹L©ó¶ÆºC
2¡O¾úªk¡C°£¤F¤õ¬¶¥~¡AC¿q|¤hÁÙ±aµ¹¤F¤¤°ê¦³Ãö¤Ñ¤å©M¾úªkªºsª¾ÃÑ¡C¤¤°ê¦³¨â³¡¨Ã¥Îªº¾ú®Ñ¡G
¶Ç±Ð¤hÌ¨î§@¤Ñ¤å»ö¾¹¡A¨Ã«ü¾É¤¤°ê©xûÂ½Ä¶¤Ñ¤å¹Ïªí©M¹ï¼Æªí¡C1643¦~µo¥Í¤é¹®É¡A¥LÌªºpºâ³
í²M´Â¨ú¥N©ú´Â®É¡As¤ý´Âªº²Ä¤@¦ì¬Ó«Ò¶¶ªv©e©R´öY±æ¬°®c§Ê¾úªk®v¡A"¾ú¸p"¨Ã¤J¤F"´Ü¤ÑºÊ"¡C¥
3¡O¦a²z°É´ú©MÃ¸¨î¦a¹Ï¡C1708-1715¦~¶¡¡A±dº³±ÂÅv¸ê§Uªk°êÄyC¿q|¤h¥Õ®Ê(Joachin Bouvet)»â¤
4¡O¨ä¥¦¬¡°Ê¡CC¿q|¤hÁÙ¤Þ¶i¤F¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¦è¾Ç¾Ç¬ì¡C§Q°¨Äu©M®}¥ú±ÒÂ½Ä¶¤F¼Ú´X¸Ì±o(Euclid)ªº¡m
¥Ñ©ó¦P¼Ëªºì¦]¡A¶Ç±Ð¤hÌ¤]±Nº~¾Ç¶Ç¦^¤F¼Ú¬w¡CÄ~§Qº¿ÄuÂ½Ä¶¤F"¤Õ¤l¥|®Ñ"ªºN¤j§Q¤åÄ¶¥»«á¡A¤
1.5¤¤°ê³à¥¢¤F²{¥N¤Æªº¾÷| ºÉºÞC¿q|¤h±a¨Ó¤F³o¨Ç¦è¤è¤å©úªº¼Ë¥»¡A¦ý¥LÌ¨Ã¤£¬O±À°Ê¤¤°ê
¦¹¥~¡A±a¨Ó³oºØ¬ì¾Ç§Þ³Nsª¾ÃÑªºC¿q|¤h¡A¥»½è¤W¬O¤@¨Ç©v±Ð¤H¤h¦Ó«D¬ì¾Ç®a¡C°£¤F´X¤QÓ«D±`¦
¿Ø¨ëªº¬O¡A«ê«êŃ¦b¦è¾Ç¦b¤¤°ê°IL«á¤£¤[¡A¦è¤èªº¬Fªv¡B¸gÀÙ¡BªÀ|©M¬ì¾Ç»â°ì¥X²{¤F¥¨¤jªº¶i®
2.«XÃ¹´µªº±À¶i
¤j¬ù¦b¦è¼Ú¤H¸g®ü¸ô¨ì¹F¤¤°êªº®ÉÔ¡A«XÃ¹´µ¤H¤]¥¿¦b¬ï¶V¦è§B§Q¨È¦V¤¤°ê±À¶i¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤¤°ê¬O¦b¨
2.1¬ï¶V¦è§B§Q¨È ©ºªA¦è§B§Q¨È¥Dn¬O«XÃ¹´µ±´ÀIªÌ¡B«_ÀI®a¡B¬¼Ây¤Hªº¥\ÁZ¡C¨ì¤Q¤»¥@¬ö¤¤¸
ôÂÄ§J¤H±q¦è§B§Q¨È³¡¥Áªº¶ÇÅP¤¤¡A±oª¾¤F¦³"ªF¨È¶Àª÷¤§°ê"¬üºÙªº¶ÂÀs¦¿¬y°ìªÎÜÍ±f--¾Ú»¡¨º¸
«XÃ¹´µ¤Hªº±À¶i»Pº¡¬w¤H¦b¤¤°êªº±U°_¦P®Éµo¥Í¡CÁöµM²M´Âªº³Ð«ØªÌ³Æ¨üÃ¹«b«Â‾Ùªº§xÂZ¡A¦Ó¥B¬°¦
2.2¦´Á¬£©¹¤¤°êªº¥~¥æ¨Ï¹Î ÀHµÛ©ºªA¦è§B§Q¨È¨Ã¬ð¤J¶ÂÀs¦¿¦a°Ï¡A«X°ê¤H¦V¤¤°ê¬£¥h¤F¤@¨Ç¸Õ
1654¦~¡A«XÃ¹´µ©e¬£²Ä¤@¦ì¨Ï¦Ú¥Õ§J¤Ò(Feodor Baikov)´M§ä¦³Ãö¨ì¹F¤¤°êªº³Ì¨Î¸ô½u¡B¨â°ê¶¡ªº¶Z
1675¦~¡A«XÃ¹´µ¤S¬£»º¤F¤@¦ì‾«ªö¸´ªº¨Ï¦Ú´µ©¬¶ë²z(Niko- laiG¡OSpathary, ¨äì¨Óªº±Ú©m¬°¦Ì°
2.3¡m¥§¥¬¡±ø¬ù¡n¡A1689¦~ ÀHµÛ"¤TÃ¿¤§¶Ã"ªº¥©w(1681¦~)¡A»OÆW§Ü²M¹B°Êªº¥®§(1683¦~)¤Î
¦b¿º¥¶®§JÂÄ«á¡A´^¬KºM¦^¨Ó¤F¡F¦ý¤£¤[¹Ïº¸¥¬«C¦b336¦WôÂÄ§J¤HªºÀ°§U¤U¤S½L½õ¨ì¼o¼V¤§¤W¡Cs
«XÃ¹´µ¤]µ²@¤£Q¶}¾Ô¡A¦]¬°¡GÁÙ¤£¬O"¤j«Ò"ªº©¼±oÅ×¤Q¨Ó³¡A»P¥L¨º¦ì¤[‾fªº¥S§Ì¦P´x¬Ó¦ì¡F¸Ó°
¤¤¤è¨Ï¹Î¥Ñ¤@µ¥¤½‾ÁÃB¹Ï¤Î´X¦WÅã¶Q²v¶¤¡AÀH¦æªºÁÙ¦³¨â¦W¥RíÂ½Ä¶ªºC¿q|±Ð¤h±i¸Û(Jean Franq
1. ¦è§B§Q¨È»Pº¡¬w¸Ì¤§¹Ò¬É¡A¥H¤J©ó¶ÂÀs¦¿¤§ÃBº¸¥j‾Çªeªþªñ¤§®æº¸¥²»ôªe¡A¤Î´`¦¹ªe¤§¤ô½¡A»¦ÜªF
2. ¶®§JÂÄ¦a©Ò«Ø³y¤§³ùÂS¡Aí±x¦æ´Ãa¡A¨ä©Ò©~¦í¤§«X°ê¤H¡Aí±xÄâ¨ä°]²£°h¦^¡C¶V¬É®Ây¤§Ây¤Ò±N¤©
3. ¨â°ê¥Á«ù®È¦æ§Kª¬®É¡AµL½×©ó¦ó¦a¤§»â¤g¤º¡A±o¥æ³q¥HÀç¨ä¶T©ö¡C
4. µL½×¦ó°ê¤H¡A¤£±o®e¥L°ê¤§°k¤`ªÌ¤Î²æ¨«¤§§L¡A¦ÓÀ³¦L¦æ®«R¡A¥æ¥I©ó¹Ò¬É©Ò¦b¤§©x¸Å¡C
5. ¨â°ê²{©~¥L°ê»â¤g¤º¤§¤H¥Á¡A¤´±o©~¦íì³B¡C
6. ¨â°ê¶¡©ó¹L¥h¤@¤Á¤§¨Æ¡Aí¥Ã¤[§Ñ«o¡A¤ð‾d°O¾Ð¡C
³o¶µ±ø¬ù¤D¤¤°ê»P¤@Ó"¦è¤è"°ê®a¤§¶¡ªº²Ä¤@¶µ¨óÄ³¡A¥¦¬O¦b¤¤«X¥µ¥ªº°òÂ¦¤W¹F¦¨ªº¡AÂù¤è³£¤jÅ
ÀHµÛ¡m¥§¥¬¡±ø¬ù¡nªºÃ±q©MÃ¹«b°ÝÃDªº¼È®É®ø°£¡A±dº³Âà¦Ó¹ï¥IË®¾|‾S°ÝÃD¡C¦¹«á®i¶}¤F´X¦~ªº©
¡m¥§¥¬¡±ø¬ù¡n³Ì¨ãN¸qªº¬O¡A¨Ï¤¤«XÃöÃ´±o¨ì¤F³W½d¡C¦b¸Ó±ø¬ùÃ±q«á¡A¤@¨Ç«XÃ¹´µ°Ó¶¤©M¥~¥æ¨
2.4¹Ï²zµ`¥X¨Ï‾d©~«X°êªº¤gº¸±‾‾S³¡¡A1774¦~ «X°ê¬£¤F´XÓ¨Ï¹Î¨ÓµØ¡A¤¤°ê¤]¬£¤F¨âÓ¨Ï¹Îu
³oÓ¨Ï¹Î¥Ñ¤º»Õ¨ÍÅª¹Ï²zµ`²v»â¡A¥L©ó1712¦~Â÷¨Ê¡A¬ï¶V¤F»X¥j©M¦è§B§Q¨È¡A¦b¨º¸Ì±o¨ì¤F¦è§B§Q¨
2.5¡m«ê§J¹Ï±ø¬ù¡n¡A1727¦~ ¹Ï²zµ`¨Ï¹ÎÅãµM¥[±j¤F¤¤°ê»P¤gº¸±‾‾S³¡ªºÁpÃ´¡A¥i‾à¤]ªý¤î¤Fªü
«X°ê¤H¤]«æ©ó¸Ñ¨M»P¤¤°ê¤§¶¡ªº¤@¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A¦pÃä¬Éªº¹º©w¡B³°¸ô¶T©öªº©µ¦ù¤Î¦b¥_¨Ê³]¥ß¤@©v±Ð¨Ï¹
1. »X¥j»P¦è§B§Q¨È¤§Ãä¬É¥Ñ¤¤«XÁp¦X©eû|°É©w¡CÃä¬É±q¦è±ªºÂÄ«ÛÀ©M¨F²¦‾Ç¨ÌÀ©µ¦ù¦Ü§ô±ªºÃBº¸
2. °£¥§¥¬¡²{¦³¶T©ö¶°¥«¥~¡A¤¹Ç«X°ê¤H¦bÃä¬É¤§«ê§J¹Ï¶}³]¶T©ö¡C
3. Âù¤è°k¥ÇÀ³ÄY¦æ¬d®³¡A¦U¦Û°e¥æÃä¦O¡C
4. ¤£¶W¹L¤G¦Ê¤H¤§«X°ê°Ó¶¤¤¹Ç¨C¤T¦~«e©¹¥_¨Ê¤@¦¸¡A§K‾Ç¶i¥X¤fÃöµ|¡C
5. «X°ê±o¤¹¦b¥_¨Ê«O«ù¤@Ó¦³¦Û¤v±Ð°óªº©v±Ð¨Ï¹Î¡A«X°ê±Ð¤h¤Î¾Ç¤l±o©~¦í¥_¨Ê¡C
6. ¤¤«X¤§¶¡ªº³q°TÀ³¥ÎÂù¤è¬F©²¤§¦L«H--¤¤°ê¬°²zÃ¿°|¦LÃ¢¡A«X°ê¬°ÂÄ¨º‾S¸Åªù(¤¸¦Ñ°|)©Î¦«³Õº¸´µ§J
¦b»â¤g¦w±Æ¤W¡A¤¤°ê³à¥¢¤F¤WÃBº¸»ô´µªe»PÂÄ«ÛÀ¤§¶¡¤Î¨©¥[º¸´ò¥H«n©M¦è«n¬ù40,000¥¤è^¸Ìªº¤
2.6¦«®É©M¼wsªº¨Ï«X¡A1729-1732¦~ ºÉºÞ¡m«ê§J¹Ï±ø¬ù¡n¸Ñ¨M¤F³\¦h«¤j°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¦]¥¦¤¹³\¨â°
¨Ï¹Î¥Ñ¤@¦ìº¡±Ú°O¦W¨Í¦¦«®É²v»â¡A¥X¨Ï¦W¸q¬O®¥¶P«X°ê¨F¬Ó©¼±o¤G¥@(1727-1730¦~)¥[°Ã¡Cí¦«®É
1. Y¤¤°ê¤h§L¦b¶i§ð¤¤µLN¶V¹L«X°êÃä¬É¡A¤£nªö¨ú¼Ä¹ïºA«×¡F
2. µ¹¤©¤¤°ê°l¶Ï°k¤J«X°ê¹Ò¤º¤§Ë®¾|‾S³¡x¶¤ªº‾SÅv¡F
3. ±NË®¾|‾S³¡©¤Î¶Q±Ú¤Þ´çµ¹¤¤°ê¦ÓÄY®æ¬ù§ô¦b«X°ê¹Ò¤ºªºË®¾|‾S³¡¥Á¡A¨Ï¥LÌ¦b¥¼¨Ó¤£µ¹¤¤°ê¨î³y³Â
4. ¤¹³\¤¤°ê¬£¥Nªí¹Î³X°Ý©w©~©ó¥ñº¸¥[--¹yªe¬y°ì(Volga-Don Valley)ªº¤gº¸±‾‾S³¡¸¨¡A¨Ã«P¨Ï¸Ó³¡¦^
¤k¨F¬Ó‾u¸Û¦aªí¥Ü§Æ±æ»P¤¤°ê«O«ù©M¥ÃöÃ´¡A¨Ã±ÂÅv²Mx¥i¥H°l¶Ï°k¤J«XÃ¹´µ¹Ò¤º¤§Ë®¾|‾S¤h§L¡C¦
¦«®É©~‾d«X¨Ê¹F¨âÓ¤ë¤§¤[¡C¦^°ê³~¤¤¡A¥L¦b¦«¤ì´µ§J«ô|¤F«X°ê¤¸¦Ñ°|‾µ®Ñ¤Ú®w¹ç(Bakunin)¡A¨Ã
¦«®É¨Ï¹Îªº‾u¥¿¥Øªº¡AÅãµM¬OQ¨Ï«XÃ¹´µ¦b¤¤°ê¦æ±N¹ïË®¾|‾S³¡µo°Êªº¾Ôª§¤¤«O«ù¤¤¥ß¡A¥t¤@Óªø»
¦b¦«®ÉÁÙ¨S¦^°ê¤§«e¡A¥_¨Ê¤w¨M©w¦A¬£»º¤@Ó¨Ï¹ÎÄâ±aP¤k¨F¬Óªº¦X¾A°ê®Ñ«e©¹«X°ê¡ÇÓ¨Ï¹Î¥ÑÂ§³
2.7«X°ê¦b¤¤°êªº‾S®í¦a¦ì ²M¥Nªì´Áªº¤¤«XÃöÃ´¦P¤¤°ê»P¨ä¥¦¦è¼Ú®üÅv°ê®aªºÃöÃ´¦^µM¬Û²§¡C¨Æ¹
ºÉºÞ²M§Ê°í«ù«X°ê¨Ï¸`¦V¤¤°ê¬Ó«Ò½WÀY¡A¤]ºÉºÞ¤¤°ê°O¸üÁ`¬O§â¨Ï¸`»¡¦¨¬O°^¨Ï¡A¦ý¦b(¤j²M|¨å)¤
¥Ñ©ó¤¤°ê¹ï«XÃ¹´µ¤§‾S®í´L«¡Al¥Í¥X¤F¤@Ó»á¦³N«äªº«áªG¡A§Y«X°ê¾Ô«Rªº«Ý¹J¡C³o¨Ç¾Ô«RÁ`¦@¬
«XÃ¹´µ°Ó¤Hªº¹Òªp¤]¤£¿ù¡A¥LÌ¨ÓµØªº®É¶¡©l©ó1693¦~ªº¥ì¼w¥q(Ides)¨Ï¹Î¡AÀòÇµ²¥ë¦¨¤G¦Ê¤Hªº°
¦b1727¦~ªº¡m«ê§J¹Ï±ø¬ù¡n¤§«á¡A«XÃ¹´µ±Ð¤h¹Î¶¤ÀòÇ¨C¤Q¦~¨Ó¥_¨Ê¤@¦¸¡A¬°³o¸Ìªº«XÃ¹´µ¤H¥¬¹D¡
¡m«ê§J¹Ï±ø¬ù¡n¤¹³\«X°ê¬£¾Ç¥Í«e¨Ó¥_¨Ê¾Ç²ßº~¤å©Mº¡¤å¡C 1728¦~¡A¤@©Ò±Ð²ß«XÃ¹´µ¤Hªº»y¨¥¾Ç°ó
¾ÌÉ³o¨Ç©v±Ð¡B±Ð¨|©M¶T©ö‾SÅv¡A«X°ê¦b½Ñ°ê¤¤¤@ªK¿W¨q¦a¦b¤¤°êªº¨Ê«°«Ø¥ß¤F¤@Ó¥ß¨¬ÂI¡C³o¨Ç‾
«X°ê¦b¤¤°ê¤§‾S®í¦a¦ìªºN¸q¬O¤£À³³Q§C¦ôªº¡A«X°ê¾n¥_¨Ê©v±Ð¨Ï¹Î©M»y¨¥¾Ç°óªº¦¨û‾à°÷±q¤º³¡Æ
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Allan, Charles W.¡AJesuits at the Court of Peking (Shanghai, 1935).
2.Baddeley, John F.¡ARussia, Mongolia, and China (London, 1919), II.
3.Bernard, Henri, S. J., Matteo Ricci's Scientific Contributions to China,
tr. by Edward C. Werner (Peiping, 1935).
4.Chang, T'ien-tse, Sino-Portu-uese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of
Portuguese and Chinese Sources (Leiden, 1969).
5.±i½®°ê :¡m©ú²M¤§»Ú¦è¾Ç¿é¤J¤¤°ê¦Ò²¤¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä38-69 ¶¡]1923¦~6¤
6.Ch'en, Agnes Fang-chih, "Chinese Frontier Diplomacy: the Coming of Russia
ns and the Treaty of Nerchinsk," The Yenching Journal of Social Studies, 4:2:99-
149 (Feb. 1949).
7.--,"Chinese Frontier Diplomacy: Kiakhta Boundary Treaties and Agreements,
" The Yenching of Social Studies. 4:2:151-205 (Feb. 1949).
8.³‾´_¥ú¡G¡m¦³²M¤@¥N¤§¤¤«XÃöÃ´¡n¡]©ø©ú¡A1947¦~¡^¡A²Ä1-2³¹¡C
9.Ch'en, Kenneth, "Matteo Ricci's Contribution to and Influence on Geographi
cal Knowledge in China," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 59:325-359¡A 50
9(1939).
10.³‾¨üÀ[¡G¡m©ú¥½²MªìC¿q|¤hªº¾§±ÐÆ[¤Î¨ä¤ÏÀ³¡n¡A¡m°ê¾Ç©u¥Z¡n¡A5:2:1-64 (1935).
11.Ch'en, Vincent, Sino-Russian Relations in the Seventeenth Century (The Ha
gue, 1966).
12.Cheng, Tien-fong, A History of Sino-Russian Relations (Washington, D.C.,
1957) chs. 2-3.
13.¦¶Á¾¤§¡G¡m¤¤°ê«äQ¹ï©ó¼Ú¬w¤å¤Æ¤§¼vÅT¡n¡]ªø¨F¡A1940¦~} "
14.Cranmer-Byng, J. L., "The Chinese Attitude Towards External Relations," I
nternational Journal (Canadian Institute of International Affairs), XXI:4:57-77
(Winter 1966).
15.Dunne, George H., S. J., Generation of Giants: The Story of the Jesuits i
n China in the Last Decades of the Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, 1962).
16.¤è»¨¡G¡m§õ¤§Ä¦¬ã¨s¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1966¦~¡^¡C
17.Fu, Lo-shu, A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations, 1644-1820(
Tuscon, 1966), 2 vols.
18.Gallagher, Louis J., S. J., China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journal o
f Matthew Ricci. 1583-1610 (New York, 1953).
19.Golder, F. A., Russian Expansion on the Pacific, 1641-1850 (Cleveland, 19
14).
20.Harris, George L., "The Mission of Malteo Ricci, S. J.: A Case Study of a
n Effort at Guided Culture Change in China in the Sixteenth Century," Monumenta
Serial, XXV: 1-168 (1966).
21.Hibbert, Eloise T., Jesuit Adventure in China During the Reign of K'ang H
si (New York, 1941).
22.¿½¤@¤s¡G¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A×q¥»(»O¥_¡A1962¦~¡^¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä22-25³¹¡C
23.®}©v¿A¡G¡m©ú²M¶¡C¿q|¤hÄ¶µÛ´£n¡n (»O¥_¡A1958¦~¡^¡C
24.Lach. Donafd F., Asia in the Making of Europe, Vol. I: The Century of Dis
covery (Chicago, 1965).
25.--,Asia in the Making of Europe, Vol. II: A Century of Wonder. Book One:
The Visual Arts (1970): Book Two: The Literary Arts (1978); Book Three: The Scho
larly Disciplines (1978); (Chicago, 1970¡A1978, 1978 respectively).
26.¼B¿ï¥Á¡G¡m¤¤«X¦´Á¶T©ö¦Ò¡n¡A¡m¿P¨Ê¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä25¨÷¡A²Ä151-212¶¡]1939¦~6 ¤ë¡^¡C
27.Mancall, Mark, China at the Center: Three Hundred Years of Foreign Policy
(New York, 1984).
28.--, Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728 (Cambridge, Mass
.,1971).
29.Masini, Federico (ed.). Western Humanistic Culture Presented to China by
Jesuit Missionaries (XVII-XVIII Centuries) (Rome, 1996).
30.Meng, Ssu-ming,"The E-lo-ssu Kuan [Russian Hostel] in Peking," Hazard Jou
rnal ofAsiastic Studies, 23:19-46 (1960-61).
31.Mungello, David E.¡ALeibniz and Confucianism: The Search for Accord (Honolu
lu, 1977).
32.lested, R. K. I., The Expansion of Russia in East Asia. 1857-1860 (Kuala
Lumpur, 1968).
33.--¡ASino-Russian Relations: A Short History (London, 1984). venstein, E. G.
, The Russians on the Amur; Its Discovery, Conquest, and Colonization (London, 1
861).
34.Matteo, S. J.. The True Meaninff of the Lord of Heaven (¤Ñ¥D¹ê¸q¡^¡Atr. By Douglas L
hire and Peter Hu Kuo-cheu, S. J., Chinese-English edition by Edward J. Malatest
a, S. J. (St. Louis, 1985).
35.Rosso, A. S.¡AO.F.M., Apostolic Legations to China of the Eighteenth Centur
y (South Pasadena, 1948).
36.Rouleau, Francis A., S.J., "Maillard de Tournon, Papal Legate at the Cour
t of Peking," Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 31:264-323 (1962).
37.Rowbotham, Arnold H.¡AMissionary and Mandarin: The Jesuits at the Court of
China (Berkeley, 1942).
38.Sebes, Joseph, S. J.¡AThe Jesuits and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk
(1689) (Rome, 1961).
39.Souza, George Bryan, The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society
in China and the South China Sea, 1630-1754 (Cambridge, Eng., 1986).
40.Spence, Jonathan D.¡AThe Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York, 1984).
41.¤ý¤§¬Û¡B¼B¿Aºa¡G¡m¬G®c«X¤å¥v®Æ¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1936¦~¡^¡C
42.¤ýµÓ¡G¡m¦è¤è¾úºâ¾Ç¤§¿é¤J¡n (»O¥_¡A1966¦~¡^¡C
43.Widmer, Eric, The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking during the Eig
hteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
44.Wills, John E.¡AJr., Embassies and Illusions: Dutch and Portuguese Envoys t
o K'ang-hsi, 1666-1687 (Cambridge, Mass., 1984).
45.--,Pepper, Guns, and Parleys: The Dutch East India Company and China,1662
-1681 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
46.Wu, Aitchen K., China and the Soviet Union: A Study of Sino-Russian Relat
ions (New York, 1950).
47.§d¬Û´ð¡G¡m«X«Ò«I²¤¤¤°ê¥v¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1957¦~¡^¡A²Ä¤@¤Î¤G³¹¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ³‾ª÷¡C
2 ³¢§Ê¥H¡G¡mªñ¥N¤¤°ê¥v¡n(»O¥_, 1963¦~), ²Ä1¨÷, ²Ä117¡Ð118¶¡C
3 °¨ªL¡]Gemmine Matin) and©Ô¹F(Martin de Rada).
4 ô°^(Pieter de Goyer)and ¶}¿A(Jacon de Keyser)¡C
5 George H¡ODunne¡Os¡OJ, Generations of Giants¡GThe Story, of the Jesuits in China in th
e Last Decades of the Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, 1 962)¡O17¡O
6 ¤£¹L, À³¸Ó«ü¥Xªº¬O, ¥LÌ¤Ï¹ï§º¥N²z¾Ç, »{¬°³o¬O¤@®MºUÂøµê°²ªºõ¾Ç§Î¦¡, ¬n¦±¤F¤Õ¤Ò¤lªº±Ð¾É¡
7 ¼BªF¬P, ¦¹¤½¦³¤u³¡©|®Ñ©M³£¹î±s¥vªº©xµó¡C
8 Ân¤@³e¡C
9 §õ®õ¸ü¡C
10 ¶¾µa¡C
11 ¦b¥LÌ¤¤¶¡³ÌµÛ¦Wªº¦³Ãe}§Ú(Diego de Pantoia)¡Bºµ¤T¼(Sabbathinus de Ursis)¡B¦ã¾§²¤(juliu
ean-Francois Gerbillon)©M½±¤Í¤‾(Michel Benoist)¡C
12 Dunne, 212, 314¡O
13 °e«H¤H¬OªiÄõÄyC¿q|¤h¤RÀ±®æ(Michael Boym)¡C
14 ³o¸ÌÀ³ªþ±a»¡¤@¤U, ³oºØ¤èªk§Y«K¬O¦b¥L¦Û¤vªº×¹D|¤¤¤]¹J¨ì¤F¤@¨Ç¤Ï¹ï¡G¤Ö¼Æ´XÓC¿q|¤h, ¦p
15 Dunne, 292.
16 ¨¥ú¥ý¦b¤@½g¦W¤ê<¤£±o¤w®Ñ>ªº½×µÛ¤¤¹ï¥Lªº¥ß³õ§@¤FÅGÅ@, ¥L¦b³o½g¤å³¹¤¤©Z²v¦a«ÅºÙ¡G"¹ç¥i¨Ï¤
17 David E¡OMungello¡OLeibniz and Confucianism¡GThe Search for Accord(Honolulu, 1977)¡O
18 ³Å±Ð¤hªº§½©Ê¦b¥LÌ¦Û¤v¬Ý¨ÓŃ¤Ó©úÀV¤F¡Cºµ¤T¼©MÀsµØ¥Á§@¹L¦h¦¸§V¤OQ©Û¶Ò¤@¨ÇµÛ¦Wªº¤Ñ¤å¾Ç
19 John F. Baddeley, Russia, Mongolia, China (London, 1909), II, 67-68¡O
20 Baddeley, 83¡O
21 Baddeley, 134, 442¡O
22 Baddeley, 395-411.
23 ¦ó¬î²^(¿è)¡G¡m®Ò¤è³Æ¼¡n(¥_¨Ê, 1881¦~), ²Ä6¨÷, ²Ä16-17¶¡C
24 Ãö©óC¿q þ¤h¦b l¼s?§P¤¤ªº§@¥Î, ? ?Joseph Sebes, s.J., The Jesuits and the
Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk(1689)(Rome, 1961)¡O
25 "¦è°ì"©ó1768¦~«s©R¦W¬°sÃ¦¡C
26 Ripa, 105-107¡O
27 Tulisen, Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Kahn of the Torgouth, 17l2-1
715, tr¡Oby George L. Staunton(London, 1821)
28 Caston Cahen, "Deux ambassades chinois en Russie au commencement du XVIIIe si
ecle, Revue Historique 133:82-89(1920)¡F§õª½¤è, <²M¹l¥¿¬Ó«Ò¨â¦¸»º¨Ïu«X¤§°g--¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤¤¸¤¤
29 Immanuel C.Y. Hsu, "Russia Special Position in China during the Early Ch'ing
Period¡O"Slavic Review, 13:4:688 (Dec¡O1964)¡O
30 Gaston Cahen, Histoire des relationsl de la Russia avec la Chine sous Pierre
le Grand, 1869-1730 (Paris, 1911), 165¡O
31 R¡OK¡OI¡OQucstcd, The Expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1857-1860 (Kuala Lumpur, 19
68), 24-29; §d¬Û´ð¡G¡m«X«Ò«I²¤¤¤°ê¥v¡n(»O¥_, 1957¦~), ²Ä20-21¶¡C¥t¨£Eric Widmer, The Russi
ghteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1976)¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
59
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤»³¹
°ê¹B°fÂà¡G¥Ñ²±¨ì°I
§ÚÌ¤w´£¤Î¡A¤¤°ê¦b1800¦~¥H«e¬O¤@Ó¦z¥ß©óªF¨Èªº½÷×µL¤ñªºÃe¤j«Ò°ê¡A¥¦ªºª©¹Ï±q¤¤¨È°ªì©µ¦
1.º¡²M¤O¶qªº°I¸¨
í°®¶©¬Ó«Ò©ó1795¦~»¹¦ì¤§»Ú¡A²M¤ý´Â¤w¨«¹L¤F¥¦ªºÅq®p¡A°I±ÑªººØ¤l¦¤w¼½¤U¡C°®¶©ªº²Ä¤Q¤¤l¦
1.1¦æ¬FµL‾à º¡¬w®c§Ê¹ïº~±Ú©xû©ÒÃhªººÃ¼{¤Î¥Ñ¦¹ªö¨úªº¬Û¤¬¹X¨î¬Fµ¦¡Al®`¤F¦æ¬F®Ä²v¡Cí
1.2»G±Ñ´¶¹M °®¶©´Âªº³Ì«á¤G¤Q¦~¬O«D±`»G±Ñªº¡A§ÚÌ¦b²Ä¤G³¹¤¤¤w½Í¨ì¤F¨º¦ì±s«e¨Í½Ã©M©[«C
µM¦ÓÀ³¸Ó«ü¥Xªº¬O¡A©M«|¤D¬O´¶¹M»G±Ñ²{¹³ªº¤@ÓÂA©ú¨å«¬¨Ò¤l¦Ó¤£¬O»G±Ñ²{¹³ªº®Ú½¡A»G±Ñ²{¹³¬
1.3º¡¤H©MºX¤H¼Z¸¨ ¦]¬°n²Å¦X§@¬°©ºªAªÌªº¨¤À¡Aº¡±Ú¤HµL½×¨äªù²Ä©ÎªÀ|¦a¦ì¦p¦ó¡A³£¬O¤£
x¶¤¤¤ªº»G±Ñ¤]Àb¤HÅ¥»D¡A¾Ú»¡¬O°®¶©«Ò¨p¥Í¤lªºº¡±Ú±N»âºÖ¦w±d¡A¬GN©ì©µ¹ïª÷¤t«qêªº©º°Q¡A¥
1.4°]¬Fµ~¢ ²Mªìªº²ÎªvªÌ´¿¬°«Ò°ê¥´¤U¤F¨}¦nªº¸gÀÙ°òÂ¦¡A±dº³µ¹«á¤H‾d¤U¤F800¸U¨â¡A¹l¥¿‾
1.5¤H¤fÀ£¤O ²M¥N¤H¤fªº¼Wªø»»§Ö©ó‾Ñ¦aªº¼Wªø¡A¤Þ°_¤F¥Í¬¡¤ô¥ªº¤U°¡C1660¦~¤¤°êªº¤H¤f
1.6¤h¤H¥¢³d ¨üÀWÁcªº¤å¦rº»¤§«Â‾Ù¡A¾ÇªÌÌÁ×¶}¤F¬Fªv¦Ó¸Õ¹Ï¦b¥j®Ñ°ï¤¤´M¨D§ÈÅ@¡A³y¦¨¾Ç°Ý
©Ò¦³³o¨Ç©º¥ü--¦æ¬FªºµL‾à¡Bª¾ÃÑ¤À¤lªº¤£t³d¥ô¡B´¶¹Mªº»G±Ñ¡Bx¶¤¾Ô°«¤Oªº°I°h¡B¤H¤f¼WªøªºÀ
2.|ÄÒ°_¸q
¦b²M´Âªº±M¨î¨î«×¤§¤U¡A¤£®e³\¦³"«q°f"¦s¦b¡A°£¤F¤½¶}°_¸q¤§¥~¡A°ß¤@¦³²ÕÂ´ªº¤Ï§Ü§Î¦¡¬O‾µ±K
¤Ñ¦a|µoºÝ©ó¤Q¤C¥@¬ö¤C¤Q¦~¥N¡C³\¦h¤j©ú¿ò¦ÚNÃÑ¨ì¥LÌªº¨Æ~¤w¸g¥¢±Ñ¡A¹E¹P¤JºÖ«Ø¤ÖªL¦x¬°¹
³o¨Ç‾µ±K|ªÀP¤O©ó¤Ï²M´_©ú¡A¥Ú§Ón¬°³Qº¡¬w¤H±þ®`ªºº~¤H³ø¤³¡C¤£ºÞ¤°»ò¤H¡A°¦n¦³¹D¼Ëªº©ê
"ô¦Ñ|"²£¥Í©ó°®¶©´Â(1736-1795¦~)®É´Á¡A¦b§l¦¬|²³¤è±¡A¥¦¤ñ¤Ñ¦a|µy¦³¿ï¾Ü¡A°£¤F¤£Åý«cÀY
"¥Õ½¬±Ð"¬O¤@Ó¾ú¥v±y¤[±o¦hªº¹ÎÅé©M¤@Ó¥b©v±Ð©Êªº²ÕÂ´¡Aº³Ð©ó1250¦~«e«á©Î§ó¦¡C10 ¦b¤¸´Â
¨ä®ÉÁÙµo¥Í¤F¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç³W¼Ò¸û¤pªº°_¸q¡C¹Å¼y«Ò¾ãÓ¤G¤Q¤¦~ªº²Îªv‾u¥i¿×¬O°êµL¹ç¤é¡C¥¿¬O¦b³o¼
3.¦è¤èªº±À¶i»P«Ê°^ÅéÃ´
ÁöµM²M¤ý´Â¨ü¤º³¡°I±Ñªº«d®z¡A¦ý«o¨ÌµM«O«ùµÛ¤@Ó¥¨¤j«Ò°êªºªù±¡A¨Ã¬Ãµø©¹©õªº½÷×¡C¥¦©T¦uµ
¦b¨â¤d¦~®É¶¡¸Ì¡A¤¤°ê¨Ì¾aÀu¶V¤å¤Æ¡BÍ¨¬¸gÀÙ¡Bx¨Æ¤O¶q¥H¤Î¿ñÁïÃ¦°ì¡A¦bªF¨È«O«ù¤FÅb¥ßÂû¸sª
«Ê°^ÅéÃ´Åý¤HÁpQ°_¤F¤¤°ê¥j¥Nªº¨ººØ°µªk¡A§Y¬Ó«Ò±Õ"«Ê"¤¤°ê°ê¤º»P°ê¥~ªº"Ã¿"ÄÝ¡A¨Ã±µ¨ü¥LÌ¬
°^¨Ï¨Ï¹Îªº³W¼Ò¡BÀW²v©M¸ô½u¥Ñ¤¤°ê³W©w--ÃöÃ´¶VªñªºÃ¿ÄÝ¡A¨Ï¹Îªº³W¼ÒŃ¶V¤j¡BÀW²vŃ¶V°ª¡C¤ñ¦
¬°ºû«ù´Â°^ÃöÃ´©Òªáªº¥N»ù¬O©ù¶Qªº¡C¦V¤¤°ê¬£¤@¦¸°^¨Ï¬O¤@¶µ¨‾W¦Ó¤Sªá¶Oª÷¿úªº¨Æ¡C¤ñ¦p¡A´ÂÂ
«Ê°^ÃöÃ´¨Ï¤p°ê¤@¤è©Ó¾á¤F¥¨¤jªº°]¬F©Mª«½èÀ£¤O¡A¦ý«o¨S¦³µ¹¤¤°ê±a¨Ó¤°»ò¸gÀÙ§Q‾q¡C¬°¨ÑÀ³²³¦
¦è¤è¦b«I¤JªF¨È®É©Ò¾D¹JªºŃ¬O³o¼Ë¤@Ó°ê»ÚÃöÃ´ÅéÃ´¡C²M§Ê°í«ù«Ê°^ÅéÃ´¤£¶È¾A¥Î©ó¨È¬wªº©PÃä°
¤Q¤E¥@¬öªì¡A¦è¤è°ê®aªº¬F©²©M¨p°Ó¤w¤£¦A®e§Ô¤¤°êÅéÃ´ªº§ô¿£¤F¡C°Ó¤Hn¨D¦³§ó¤jªº¦æ°Ê¦Û¥Ñ¡A¦
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦b¦è¤è¦X¤OºR´¤¤°êªº¹ï¥~ÃöÃ´¾÷¨î¤§®É¡A«Ê°^ÅéÃ´¤w¸g¤j¤j¥¢¦â¤F¡C¦Û¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤¤¸°_¡
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.¦w³¡°¤Ò¡G¡m¤¤°ê¤HÇU¤Ñ¤UÆ[©À¡n (¨Ê³£¡A1956¦~¡^¡C
2.Chesneaux¡AJean, Les societes secretes en Chine, XIXe et XXe siecles, avec l
a collaboration de Marianne Rochline (Paris, 1965).
3.Chesneaux, Jean, Feiling Davis, and Nguyen Nguyet Ho, Movements Populaires
et Sociotes en Chine auxt XIXe et XX Siecles (Paris, 1970).
4.¦¶µY¡G¡m¬xªù§Ó¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1947¦~¡^¡C
5.Comber, L. F" Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Survey of the Triad So
ciety from 1800-1900 (Locust Valley, N. Y.¡A1959).
6.Fairbank, John K. (ed.). The Chinese World Order: Traditional China,s Fore
ign Relations (Cambridge, 1968).
7.--¡Aand S. Y. Teng, "On the Ch'ing Tributary System " Harvard Journal of Asi
atic Studies, 6:2:135-246 (June 1941).
8.¥¤s©P¡G¡m¤¤°ê‾µ±KªÀ|¥v¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1935¦~¡^¡C
9.¿½¤@¤s¡G¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A×q¥»(»O¥_¡A1962¦~¡^¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä4-6³¹¡C
10.--¡G¡mªñ¥N‾µ±KªÀ|¥v®Æ¡n (¥_¥¡A1935¦~)
11.½_¸©¥¦N¡G¡m²M´Â¥þ¥v¡n(ªF¨Ê¡A1914¦~¡^¡A¦ýÂv¤¤Ä¶¥»(»O¥_1960¦~)¡A²Ä4-52³¹¡C
12.Jones, Susan Mann, and Philip A. Kuhn, "Dynastic Decline and the Roots of
Rebellion," in John K. Fairbank (ed.). The Cambridge History of China (Cambridg
e, Eng., 1978), Vol. 10. 107-162.
13.Morgan, W. P., Triad Societies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong, 1960).
14.Naquin, Susan, Millenarian Rebellion in China: The Eight Trigrams Uprisin
g of 1813 (New Haven, 1976).
15.Ownby, David, Brotherhoods and Secret Societies in Early and Mid-Ching Ch
ina:The Formation of a Tradition (Stanford, 1996).
16.Park, Nancy E., "Corruption in Eighteenth-Century China," The Journal of
Asian Studies, 967-999 ¡]Nov. 1997).
17.Schlegel, Gustave, Thian Ti Hwui: The Hung League or Heaven-Earth League
(Batavia, 1866).
18.¥Ð¦¼±d¡G¡m¤Q¤C¥@¬ö¦Ü¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸¤¤°ê¦|²î¦bªF«n¨È¬w‾è¹B©M°Ó~¤Wªº¦a¦ì¡n ¡A¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡
19.Viraphol, Sarasin, Tribute and Profit: Sino-Siamese Trade, 1652-1853 (Cam
bridge, Mass., 1977).
20.Ward, J. S. M., and W. G. Stirling, The Hung Society or Society of Heaven
and Earth (London, 1925-1926), 3 vols.
21.½Ã»E½å¡G¡m¤¤°êªºÀ°|¡n(«¼y¡A1946¦~¡^¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ´µ»«¿Õ²ï¡BµÜ¥¬¥§‾ý¡Bºq¼w¡B¥ñº¸®õ©M¨Èí¡O´µ±K¡C
2 Kung-ch'uan Hsiao¡ARural China¡A504¡O
3 ¤ý¥úÁ¾¡G¡mªFµØ¿ý¡n¡A±dº³¤¤Q¦~(1711¦~)¡A²Ä18¨÷²Ä2¥U¡Aµ¹¨µ¼¾½d®É‾©ªº½×¦®¡C
4 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä264-267¶¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A©M©[®a°]¨S¤J©x©²ªÌ¬°¼Æ±µL¡A§Y½àµ¹¦Ú¤UªÌ¥ç´_¹é¹éµL´X(
5 ¦P¤W¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä268¶¡C
6 ¦Û1965¦~¦b^°ê§Q‾÷Á|¦æªº²Ä17©¡°ê»Úº~¾Ç¤j|¥H¨Ó¡A¤w²ÕÂ´¤F¤@Ó¬ã¨s¤¤°ê‾µ±K|ªÀªº°ê»Ú¶µ¥Ø¡A¥
7 Jean Chesneaux¡ALes societes secretes en Chine(XIXe et XXe siecles)(Paris,1965)¡O5
0¡O(Avcc la collaboration de Marianne Rochlinc)¡O
8 ½Ã»E½å¡G¡m¤¤°êªºÀ°|¡n(«¼y¡A1945¦~)¡A²Ä¤G³¡¡A²Ä2-3¶¡C¦ý¬O¡A¥t¤@ºØ¸ÑÄÀ«ü¥X"¬x"¦r¬O"º~"¥h
9 ¦³Ãö²Ó¸`°Ñ¨£L¡OF¡OComber¡AChinese Secret Societies in Malaya¡GA Survey of the
Triad Society from 1800 to 900 (Locust Valley¡AN¡OY¡O¡A1959)¡Ach¡O1¡FChesneaux¡A29-43¡O
10 Comber¡A19-20¡FChesneaux¡A57¡O
11 Ãö©ó¤¤°ê¤§¥@¬ÉÆ[ªº¨ô¶V¬ã¨s¡A°Ñ¨£John K¡OFairbank(ed¡O)¡AThe Chinese World Order¡GTraditi
12 ¤é¥»¤]´¿¤@«×(1404-1549¦~¶¡)¦V¤¤°ê¶i°^¡C
13 ¦³Ãö¸Ô±¡°Ñ¨£Immanuel C¡OY. Hsii¡AChina's Entrance into the Family of Nations¡Ochapter I:
s¡OY¡OTeng¡A"On the Ch'ing Tributary System¡O" Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies¡A6:2:135
-246(June,1941)¡O
14 Fairbank(ed¡O)¡AThe Chinese World Order,7¡O
15 ¤@¨â»É¦bí®É§é¦X¤T¤À¤§¤@¨â»È¡F¦b1725¡Ð1776¦~[³¬´¿È¥b¨â»È¡C
16 Hae-jong Chun¡A"Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch'ing Period¡A" in Fairba
nk (ed.), The Chinese World Order,95-97¡A104-106¡O
17 Ta-tuan Ch'en, "Investiture of Liu-ch'iu Kings in the Ch'ing Period." in Fair
bank (ed.), The Chinese World Order, 136-137¡A144¡B148.
18 Wang Gungwu¡A"Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia¡GA Background Essay," in F
airbank(ed.)¡AThe Chinese World Order, 61, See also 110-111,160¡O
19 John K, Fairbank¡ATrade and Diplomacy on the China Coast¡GThe Opening of the Trea
ty Ports¡O1842-1854 (Cambridge¡AMass¡O,1953)¡AI¡O14¡O
20 ¦³Ãö¤¤°ê¦|²î¶T©ö¤§¸ê®Æ¡A¸Ô¨£¥Ð¦¼±d¡G<¤Q¤C¥@¬ö¦Ü¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸¤¤°ê¦|²î¦bªF«n¨È¬w‾è¹B©M°Ó~¤
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
78
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤C³¹
¼s¦{¶T©öÅéÃ´
¤¤°ê¦b1842¦~¹ï¦è¤è¶}©ñ¤§«eªº¤K¤Q¤¦~¤¤¡A¼s¦{¬O°ß¤@ªº¹ï¥~¶T©ö¶}©ñ¤f©¤¡A³o¬q®É´Á¤¤°êªº¹ï¥
1.³æ¤f¶T©öªº½t°_
¼s¦{¦ì©ó«Ò°êªº«nºÝ¡A¦Ûð¥N(618-907¦~)°_¤@ª½¬O¹ï¥~¶T©öªº¤¤¤ß¡C©ú¥½²Mªì®É´Á¡A¼s¦{ªº¶T©ö¹ê
§@¬°¤@Ó¦Ñ¤f©¤¡A¼s¦{¦³½Ñ¦h³‾³W¿n²ß©M»G±Ñ¾î¦æªº²{¹³¡C1689¦~(^°ê)ªF¦L«×¤½¥q²Ä¤@¿´¾p¶i¼s¦
¼s¦{¦a¤èÆZ¾î±MÂ_¦Ó¤S‾î½Ï¤£¸gªººV¶B°Ç‾Á¡A¥H¤Î©ù¶Qªº‾ùµ»ù®æ¡A«P¨ÏªF¦L«×¤½¥q¦b1753¦~¥ª¥k¦
§â¶T©öÂà²¾¦Ü¹çªi¦ÛµM¤Þ°_¤F^°ê«e©¹¼s¦{ªº²î²í¼Æ¶q´î¤Ö¡G1754¦~¦³27¿´¡B1755¦~22¿´¡B1756¦~1
µM¦Ó¡A¬x¥ô½÷¦b1759¦~¤£ÅUÃöµ|¤§Ï«¡A®|¦Û«e©¹¹çªi¡Cí¥L³Q©Úµ´¶i´ä«á¡A«K¾p¦V¤Ñ¬z±±§i¼s¦{ª
2.¼s¦{¶T©ö
¤¤°ê¤Hªº¹ï¥~¶T©öºA«×¬Ol¥Í¦Û«Ê°^¤ßºA¡A¤¤°ê¤H³]Q¡AÍ¨¬ªº¤¤µØ¤W°êµL»Ý¥~¨Ó³fª«¡A¤‾Oªº¬Ó«
¼s¦{¶T©öªº¥Dn‾S©º¡A¬O´Â§Ê±ÂÅv"¤Q¤T®a"ºÙ¬°¦æ(¬O¬v¦æªºÅÜµ)ªº°Ó¸¹¡A§@¬°°ß¤@ªº¹ï¥~¶T©ö¥N²
¥H©¹¦³¤H¿ù»~¦a»{¬°¦æ°Ó°_©l©ó1720¦~¡A³o¤@¦~¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¦æ°Ó¦b¼s¦{²Õ¦¨¤@Ó¦æ|ªº¦~¥÷¡F¦¦b¦¹«
³o¨Ç¦æ¦³¤TºØ¤£¦PªºÃþ§O¡G±M°µ¼Ú¬ü¥ÍNªººÙ"¥~¬v¦æ"¡F±M°µªF«n¨È¥ÍNªººÙ"¥»´ä¦æ"¡F±M°µºÖ«Ø©
»P¤Q¤T¦æ¨Ã¥ßªº¬O§¤¸¨©ó¼s¦{«°Àð¥~‾]¦¿©¤Ãäªº¤Q¤TÓ¥~°ê"°ÓÀ]"¡C°ÓÀ]ªº¦a°ò©M©Ð«Î³W¼Ò¬ù¬°¤G¤
^°êªº°Ó°È¦b©Ò¦³¦è¤è°ê®aªº°Ó°È¤¤¿W¥eÅ¾ÀY¡A¦Ó¥B¥ÑªF¦L«×¤½¥qÃbÂ_§â«ù¡A¦ý¥t¥~¤]¦³¤@³¡¤À¬Û
¥t¤@Ãþ¨p¤H¶T©ö«hµoºÝ©ó¤½¥qªº¤@¶µ¬Fµ¦¡A¸Ó¬Fµ¦¤¹³\¤½¥q²î²íªº°ª‾Å²îû§¨±a¤@©w¼Æ¶qªº¶Àª÷©M³
2.1¦æ°Ó ¦æ°Ó¸g¹L¤F³\¦hÁ}Ãøªº«÷iÅ×±o¥HÅã¶Q¡A¦³¤@¬q®É´Á¡A¥LÌ´X¥G³Q©Ò¿×ªº"¬Ó°Ó"À½¥X°Ó
¤½¦æ±Æ¥¸©Ò¦³«D¤½¦æ¦¨û¡AÃbÂ_¤F¼s¦{ªº¶T©ö¡C¤½¦æ¥H¥~ªº¤H¦ÛµM´£¥X§ÜÄ³¡A¦Ó¤@¨Ç¬v°Ó¤]¤£º¡³oº
¤Q¤K¡B¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¦æ°Ó¤¤³Ì¦³¿ú¤Î³Ì¦³¦Wªº¬O¦P¤å¦æªº¼ï±Ò©x¡B¼s§Q¦æªº¿cZ©x¤Î©É©M¦æªº¥î‾E©x¡C¶
Í¦³ªº¦æ°Ó¨ü¨ì©x³õªºµL±¡À£º^¡A±q1786¦~°_¡A´Â§Ên¨D¥LÌ¨C¦~Ãº‾Ç5.5¸U¨âªº®Ö©w®½»È¡A¦¹¥~¡A
2.2¥æ©öµ{§Ç ¥æ©ö©u¸`©l©ó¬îªì¦è«n©u°±®§®É¡A²×©óÃ]©uªºªF¥_©u¨í°_´Á¶¡¡A¤j¬ù±q10¤ë¨ì
©Ó¿ì¬v°Ó~°Èªº¦æ°Ó¹ï¬v²ît¥þ±ªº³d¥ô¡A¥L¦w±Æ¬v°Ó¦í¶i¦X¾Aªº°ÓÀ]¡A¦V¥LÌ±ÀÂË¶R¿ì¡B³q¨Æ¡B»
2.3©ºµ|»P¥æ¶O «e¨Ó¤¤°ê¶T©öªº°Ó²în©Ó¾á¦U¦â¦U¼ËªºV®½Âøµ|¡A¥Dn¤À¦¨¤T¤jÃþ¡G²î¶r¡B¦UºØ
¥¿³WªºÃöµ|¬O¬Ûí§Cªº¡A¬ù¦bÈ¦Ê©â¤G©MÈ¦Ê©â¥|¤§¶¡¡A¦ý®üÃö©x¦O¸g±`‾Á¨ú¤@¿©ó¦¹ªº¿ú°]¡A°Ç‾
2.4¥æ©ö¶µ¥Ø ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö«á´Á¡A¦b¼s¦{¡B¦L«×©M^°ê¤§¶¡¦s¦bµÛ¤@ºØªYªY¦Vºaªº¤T¨¤¶T©ö¡C¥X¤f¨ì
¤j³W¼Òªº‾ù¸¥X¤f¥i‾à¥X©ó´X¤è±ªºì¦]¡G¸T¤î½_¦Ì¥X¤f¤Î¨î¥Íµ¥X¤f¬°¨C²î140¾á(175®¹)ªº³W©
¤¤°êªº‾ù¸²£¦a¬OºÖ«Ø(¬õ‾ù)¡B¦wÀ²(ºñ‾ù)©M¦¿¦è(¬õºñ‾ù³£²£)¡C¨C¦~ªº2¤ë¡A¤@¤d¦h¦W‾ù°Ó«e©¹¼s
¼s¦{¶T©öªº²±°Iª¬ªp¥i¥H±q°±ªy¼s¦{ªº¥~°ê²î²í¤§¼Æ¥Ø¬Ý¥X¡A±q1751¦~ªº19¿´¼W¦Ü1787¦~ªº81¿´¡Aµ
^°ê
¦~¥÷
¤½¥q²î
´ä¸}²î
ªk°ê
²üÄõ
ç¨å
¤¦³Á
¬ü°ê
¨ä¥¦
Á`p
1751
7
3
2
4
2
1
-
-
19
1780
12
12
-
4
3
3
-
-
34
1787
29
33
3
5
2
2
2
5
81
1792
16
23
2
3
1
1
6
5
57
¤Wªíªí©ú¡A¤Q¤K¥@¬ö³Ì«á¤G¤Q¦~¤¤¡A´ä¸}¶T©ö¦³¤F¼Wªø¡A¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³¬ü°ê¤H¥[¤J¤¤°ê¶T©ö¡A¨ä¼Ð§Ó¬O1
¤Q¤K¥@¬ö®É¼s¦{¶T©öªº¦¬¤ä¥¿Å«D±`¦³§Q©ó¤¤°ê¡A¦]¬°¥¦¤£»Ýn¤°»ò¥~°ê²£«~¡A¦Ó¦è¬v°Ó¤H«hÁÊ¶R¤
3.¥~°ê¤H¦b¼s¦{ªº¥Í¬¡
¼s¦{í§½¹ï©óºÞ²z¥~°ê¤Hªº¬Ýªk¬O¡A¶T©ö°¦¬O¤¤°êµ¹¤©¬v¤Hªº¤@¶µ‾SÅv¦Ó«D¥LÌªº©T¦³Åv§Q¡A¦Ó³oº
3.1¦æ¬°³W«h ¤@®M"¤±ø³Wµ{"º¥ý¦b1759¦~¬x¥ô½÷®×¨Æµo®É¥Ñ¨â¼sÁ`þ§õ¨Í³ó¹{¥¬¡C¦¹«á¹ï³Wµ{
1¡O¥~°ê§L²î¶°±¦¿¥~¡A¤£±o¶i¤Jªêªù¡C
2¡O°ü¤H¤£±o²V¤J°ÓÀ]¡A»Ñ¬¶ºj¤Î¨ä¥¦ªZ¾¹§¡¤£±o«ù¤J¡C
3¡O©Ò¦³‾è¸ô¤Þ¤ô¤H¤Î¶R¿ìµ¥¡A§¶§Ú°ê¿Dªù¦Pª¾¤§‾S³\µn¿ý¡F«D¨ü¶R¿ì¤§ª½±µºÊµø¡A¤£³\¥~°ê²î²
4¡O¦U¥~°ê°ÓÀ]¤£±o¨Ï¥Î¤K¤H¥H¤W¤§µØ¤H¡A¨Ã¤£±o¶±¥Î°ü¹²¡C
5¡O¥~¤H¤£±o»P§Ú°ê©x¦Oª½±µ¥æ‾A¡A°£«D¸g¹L¤½¦æ¤§¤âÄò¡C
6¡O¥~¤H¤£³\ªx¦à¦¿¤W¡A±©¨C¤ëªì¤K¡B¤Q¤K¤Î¤G¤Q¤K¤T¤é¡A±o¹CÄýªá¦a®ü¼l¦x¤@¦¸¡A¨C¦¸¤£±o¶W¹L¤
7¡O¥~°ê¤H¤£Ç¥ÎÃâ¡A¤£±o¥Î´¡ºX¤TªO²î²í¡A°¦Ç¥ÎµL½´¤p²î¡C
8¡O¥~¤H¶R½æ¡A¶¸g¤½¦æ¤§¤â¡A§Y©~¦í°ÓÀ]ªÌ¡A¥ç¤£³\ÀHN¥X¤J¡A¨¾¨ä»P¦l°Ó¦³‾µ±K¥æ©ö¤§¦æ¬°¡C
9¡O³q°Ó´Á¤w¹L¡A¥~¤H¤£±o¦b¼s¦{©~¦í¡C§Y¦b³q°Ó´Á¤º¡A³fª«ÁÊ»ô¡A¥ç¶¸Ë¸ü¦ÓÂk¡A§_«h¡A¥i©¹¿Dª
10¡O¥~°ê²î²í¡A±oª½±µ‾è¦æ¶À®H¡A±r«Þªe¥~¡A¤£±o±Hªy¥L©Ò¡C
11¡O¤£ÇÁÊ¶R¤¤°ê®ÑÄy¡O¾Ç²ß¤¤°ê»y¨¥¤å¾Ç¡C
12¡O¤½¦æ¦æ°Ó¤£Ç¦³t¤í¥~¤H¤§¶Å°È¡C12
°£²Ä¥|±øÃö©ó¶±¥Î¹²§Ð¤@±ø¥~¡A¨ä¥¦¦U±ø³£ÄY®æ°õ¦æ¤F¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦³Ãö°ü¤Hªº±ø¤å¡C1830¦~¡Aí¤T¦W¥
ºÞ§ô¬v¤H¦æ¬°ªº³Wµ{µLºÃ¤Þ°_¤F³o¨Ç°Ó¤Hªº¤£«K¡A¦ý¨³³tÁÈ¨ì¿úªº«e´ºªÖ©wµyµy½w¸Ñ¤F³oºØ¼È®Éªº
¬v®ù ^»y¬O¤¤°êªu®ü°Ó~ªÀ|ªº²V¦X»y¨¥¡A²VÂø¤F^»y¡B¸²µå¤ú»y©M¦L«×»yªºµüJ¡A»¡ªº®ÉÔ¦h¤
3.2¥qªkÅv°ÝÃD ¹ï¬v¤H¬¡°Êªº½Ñ¦h¨î¬O½Ä¬ðªº¤@Ó®Ú½¡F¥t¤@Ó®Ú½¬Oªk«ß¹ê¬Iªº°ÝÃD¡C¤¤°ê
"t³dì«h"¬O¥t¤@Ó¾ÉP¼‾À¿ªº®Ú½¡A¥¿¦p¬Ó«Ò²z½×¤Wn¹ï¤Ñ¤Uµo¥Íªº¤@¤Át³d¤@¼Ë¡AÁ`þ¹ï¨äÁÒ°
¤¤°ê¬F©²°í«ù¡A¦b¤¤°ê¥Ç¸oªº¬v¤HÀ³«ö¤¤°êªºªk«ß¨ü¼f¡C¦ý¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥~°ê¤H«hn¨D¤£¨ü¤¤°êªk«ßª
¦b²o‾A¨ì¤¤¥~Âù¤è¤Hµ¥ªº®×¥ó¤¤¡A¦pªG¸o¥Ç¬O¤¤°ê¤H¡A±N²@¤£¼e«É¦a°õ¦æªk«ß¡A¨ä³t«×©M¤½¥¿©Ê¬Oµ
¤¤°ê¤è±¸ÑÄÀºÙ¡A³oÓ§P¨MÁÙ¬O»´ªº¡A¦]¬°°¦n¨D¥Î¤@±ø©Ê©R¨Ó©è¶Å¨â±ø©Ê©R¡F³oºØ¸ÑÄÀ¡A¥[¤W"»®
4.^°ê§ïÅÜ¼s¦{ÅéÃ´ªº¥ø¹Ï
"»®²Å´µ¸¹"¨Æ¥ó¨Ï¥~°ê¤Hªº¤£¦w¥þP¹F¨ì¤F³»ÂI¡A¤]¥[¼@¤F¹ï¼s¦{¶T©öÅéÃ´ªº´¶¹M¤£º¡±¡ºü¡F©Ò¿×¼
³oÓ¨Ï¹Î¦b1787¦~12¤ë±Òµ{¡A¦ý¬O¥X®v¤£§Q¡C³Í«ä¥d‾S±w¤W¤FÄY«ªºªÍµ²®Ö¡A¨Ï¹Î¼§¤ªº²î²í¤]¹J¤
Ãö©ó¦A¬£¤@Ó¨Ï¹Îªº°Q½×¥¼‾à«P¨Ï¬F©²ªö¨ú¦æ°Ê¡A¨äì¦]¦³¡GªF¦L«×¤½¥qªººA«×ÀÇ¬N¡Fªk°ê²©R¤Þ°
4.1°¨±®º¸¥§¨Ï¹Î¡A1793¦~ °¨±®º¸¥§³ÔÀï(Lord Macartney)©ó1737¦~5¤ë14¤é¥X¥Í©ó¨©º¸ªk´µ‾S(
1792¦~9¤ë26¤é¡A¨Ï¹Î±qÛ´°¥Xµo¡A¤º¤¤¦@84¦W¦¨û¡A¥]¬A1¦W¾÷¦K¡B1¦Wµe®v¡B1¦W¨î¹Ïû¡B1¦W¤u¦K
°¨±®º¸¥§¨ü©RºÉ¤@¤Á¥i‾à¦¬¶°¦³Ãö¤¤°êªº«äQ¡B¬Fªv¡Bx¨Æ¡BªÀ|¡B¸gÀÙ©Mõ¾Çµ¥±¡³ø¡A¦¹¥~ÁÙÀ³¹
1¡On¨D¤¤°ê¦b‾ù¸©M¥Íµ²£¦a¤Î¤ò‾¼Â´«~®ø¶O°Ï°ì¡A³ÎÅý¤@¦Ü¨â¶ô¤g¦a¡A¨Ï^°ê°Ó¤H¥i¦b¨º¸Ì©~¦í
2¡O½Í§P¤@¶µ°Ó°È±ø¬ù¡A¥H«KºÉ¥i‾à¦a§â¶T©öÂX®i¨ì¾ãÓ¤¤°ê¡C
3¡O²M°£¼s¦{²{¦sªººØºØ¹úºÝ¡C
4¡O³ê°_¤¤°ê¹ï^°ê²£«~ªº¿³½ì¡C
5¡O¦w±Æ¦b¥_¨Ê³]¸m¥~¥æ¥Nªí¡C
6¡C¨Ï¤é¥»¡B¥æ³k¤ä¨º©MªF¤è¸s®q¹ï^°ê¶T©ö¶}©ñ¡C
Á`¤§¡A°¨±®º¸¥§¦¹¦æªº¨Ï©R¡A¬O¥´¶}ªF¤è»P^°ê¤§¶¡ªº¶T©ö¡A¨Ã»P¤¤°êµo®i±ø¬ù©Ò³W©wªºÃöÃ´¡C
°¨±®º¸¥§¨ü©RªA±q¤@¤ÁµLl©ó^¤ý¤§ºaÅA¤Î¥L¥»¤H¤§´LÄYªº¤¤°ê®c§ÊÂ§»ö¡C¬°Ç³Æ³oÓ¨Ï¹Îªº¨ì¨Ó¡
°®¶©¬Ó«Ò¹ï²Ä¤@Ó^°ê"´Â°^"¨Ï¹Î¦]¬°¥õ¼}¥Lªº¤Ñ´Â¨Ã«e¨Ó®¥¶P¥Lªº¹Ø¨°¡AP¨ì«D±`ªY¼¢¡A¤U©RnÅ
¨Ï¹Î¦b¤Ñ¬z¨ü¨ìÁ`þªº¼ö±¡±µ«Ý¡A°¨¨®¡B¤â±À¨®¡B°¨¤Ç©MW¤O¸Ë¸üµÛ600½cÂ§«~¡A‾E‾E¿º¿º¦a¹B©¹¥_
°®¶©¬Ó«Ò¬O¤@Ó³ßRµêºa©M¬‾Ä£ªº¦~ÁÚ§g¥D¡A¹ï^°ê¨Ï¹Îªº¨ì¨Ó¤ßº¡N¨¬¡A¦ýíÅ¥¨ì°¨±®º¸¥§¤£Ä@¦
¨º¦¸µÛ¦WªºÂÑ¨£©ó1793¦~9¤ë14¤é¦b¤@®y¥i®e‾Ç¤j«¬¶°|ªº¥¨«¬±cØò¤¤Á|¦æ¡C°¨±®º¸¥§©M´µí§ô²±¸Ë
³Õ³£¶®"¸²µå¤ú"©õ×Â¾°^¡A^¦N§Q¤µ®Ä¨ä¸Û¡F
½Ý¥è¾î³¹21½üªñ«e¡A ‾ª¥\©v¼w¶e»»Ãs¡F
µø¦p±`«o¤ß¹Å¿w¡A ¤£¶Q²§Å¥ª«àHºë¡F
Ãh»Á¡¨Ó¦Ó«p©¹¡A °J²`«O®õ¥H«ù¬Õ¡C
¦¸¤é¡A°¨±®º¸¥§Àò¦w±Æ¹CÄý¸U¾ð¶é¨Ã¦A¤@¦¸ÂÑ¨£¬Ó«Ò¡C¦¹«á¨â¤Ñ¡A¥L¤S¿í¶@Æ[¹C¡B¨ü½àÂ§«~¡A¨Ã³QÁ
°¨±®º¸¥§¸Õ¹Ï»PÅv¶Õ»\¤Ñªºx¾÷¤j¦Ú©Mº®u¤j¦Ú©M«|ŃÂX®i°Ó°È©M¥æ´«¨Ï¸`¨Æ©y¶}©l½Í§P¡A¦ýµLµ²ª
1¡O±N¶T©öÂX®i¨ì¦à¤s¡B¹çªi©M¤Ñ¬z¡C
2¡OÓ«XÃ¹´µ¤H¤§¥ý¨Ò¡A¤¹³\^°ê°Ó¤H¦b¥_¨Ê³]¤@©Ò³f´Ì¡A¥H¾P°â³fª«¡C
3.©ó¦à¤sªþªñ«ü©w¤@¥¼¸g³]¨¾ªº¤p®q¨Ñ^°ê°Ó¤H©~¦í¡B¦s©ñ³fª«¤Î°±ªy²î²í¡C
4¡O©ó¼s¦{ªþªñ«ü©w¤@¤p¶ô¦a¤è¨Ñ^°ê°Ó¤H©~¦í¡A¨Ã¤¹³\¥LÌ¦Û¥Ñ¨Ó©¹©ó¼s¦{©M¿Dªù¡C
5¡O¨ú®ø¿Dªù»P¼s¦{¤§¶¡ªºÂà¹Bµ|¡A©Î¦Ü¤Ö±Nµ|²v°§C¦Ü1782¦~Ãöµ|ªº¤ô¥¡C
6¡OÇ³\^°ê°Ó¤H«ö¤¤°ê©Ò©wµ|²v¤Á¹ê‾Çµ|¡A¤£¦bµ|²v¤§¥~¥t¦æ©º¦¬¡A¨Ã½Ð½ç¤¤°êµ|³æ¤@¥÷¨Ñ^°ê°Ó
²M§Ê»{¬°¥~¥æ½Í§P¬O§¹¥þ¤£¾A©yªº¡AŃ¦¹¦Ó¨¥¡A°¨±®º¸¥§¬O«e¨Ó‾¬¶P¬Ó«Ò¹Ø¨°ªº¡A¦Ó¥L¤w¸g³o¼Ë°µ¤
¨Ï¹Î©ó10¤ë7¤éÂ÷¶}¥_¨Ê¡C°¨±®º¸¥§¦Û1793¦~12¤ë19¤é¨ì1794¦~1¤ë10¤é¦b¼s¦{³r‾d¡AµM«á«e©¹¿Dªù¡
¤¤°ê¤è±ºÉºÞ¨S¦³ª½±µµ¹°¨±®º¸¥§µª´_¡A¦ý«oµ¹^¤ý³ìªv¤T¥@(King George III)µo¤F¨â¹D±Õ®Ñ¡C¦b
¤Wz³o¨Ç±jµw¦Ó¤S»á¨ã¬DÆ]©Êªº¸Ü»y¡A¬O§e¹Fµ¹¤@Ó¦Û¸Ø¬O®ü¤WÅQ¥Dªº°ê®a¤§§g¥Dªº¡A¤£¹L¥¦ÌÁÙ¬
¦b¥t¤@¥÷³æ¿WPµ¹³ìªv¤T¥@ªº±Õ®Ñ¤¤¡A°®¶©¬Ó«Ò»é¦^¤F°¨±®º¸¥§ªº¥þ³¡¤»¶µ½Ð¨D¡A¨Ã»¡³o¨Ç½Ð¨D¬O¤
¥H¤W©Ò¿Ù¦U±ø¡Aì¦]º¸¨Ï¦Ú¤§¦k»¡¡Aº¸°ê¤ý©Î¥¼‾à²`±x¤Ñ´ÂÅé¨î¡A¨Ã«D¦³N¦k¤z--ªpº¸°ê¤ý»÷³B«¬
³o¦¸‾Ó¶O¤F^°ê¤H78,522^Âéªº¨Ï©R¡A¬O¤@³õ¹ý©³ªº¥~¥æ¥¢±Ñ¡C¥¦¬J¨S¦³¹F¦¨¦b¥_¨Ê³]¥ß¥Nªíªº¥Øª
¦Ü©ó^°ê¬F©²¡AÅãµM¹ï¨Ï¹Ît²Hªºµ²ªG«Ü¥¢±æ¡AºÉºÞ¹ï‾S¨Ï¥»¤H¬JµL³d³Æ¤]µL¹Å¼ú¡C°¨±®º¸¥§¤wºÉ¤
4.2ªü¬ü¤h¼w¨Ï¹Î¡A1816¦~ ÀH«á¡A¼s¦{¶T©ö¤@¦p¬J©¹¡A¦ý¤¤^ÃöÃ´¦]´X¥ós¨Æ¥ó¦Óºò±i°_¨Ó¤F¡C
¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¾ÉP¤¤^ÃöÃ´ºò±iªº¨Æ¥ó¥]¬A¡A^°ê¶i§ð¤¤°êªºÃ¿ÄÝ¥§ªyº¸¡A¥H¤Î1 814¦~4¤ë^°êxÄ¥"²æ
³o¨Ç¨Æ¥ó¡A¥[¤W¹ï¼s¦{¶T©öÅéÃ´¤é‾q¼W±jªº¤£º¡±¡ºü¡A«P¨ÏªF¦L«×¤½¥q½Ð¨DÛ´°¦A¬£¤@Ó¨Ï¹Î¥h¥_¨
»P¥L¨º¦ì¶}®Ôªº¤÷¿Ë°®¶©¤£¦P¡A¹Å¼y¬Ó«Ò¥Í©Ê¬á«ù¡A¤£¤ÓÄ@N±µ«Ý¥~°ê¨Ï¸`¡C¥L¾á¤ß^°ê´£¥Xsªº
1816¦~8¤ë13¤ê¡Aªü¬ü¤h¼w±aµÛ¤¤Q¤G¥ó"°^«~"©è¹F¤Ñ¬z¡A±o¤u³¡©|®ÑªïÍÎ¡A³]®b´Ú«Ý¡Cíªü¬ü¤h¼w
8¤ë28¤é±ß¡A¹Å¼y¬Ó«Ò¬Ý¨ì³o¥÷«µ§é»¡ªü¬ü¤h¼wºt²ß¸÷¥n»á¦³"ªø¶i"¡Aªí¥Üº¡N¡A¨M©w¦b¦¸¤é¥l¨£¡C
¦ýí¬Ó«Ò©ó¦¸¤éÀò±x¨Ï¦Ú½T¹J§xË®®É¡A«ã®ðµy®§¡A¥O°u¦¬^¨Ï°^«~¨Ã½ç^°ê°ê¤ý¤@¨Ç¬Ãª±¡C¥LÁÙ¿Ù¥
ªü¬ü¤h¼w©Úµ´¿í±q¤¤°êªºÂ§»ö¬O³Q³vªº°ß¤@ì¦]¡A³o¦b¼Ú¬w¤Þ°_¤F¬Ûí¤jªºÃöª`¡C¨ä®É¬y©ñ¤¤ªº®³‾
¥Ñ©ó°¨±®º¸¥§©Mªü¬ü¤h¼w¨â¦¸¦®¦b§@©M¥½Í§Pªº§V¤O³£§i¥¢±Ñ¡A^¤ý°¡¤U«K±Á{µÛ¤TºØ¦æ°Êªº¿ï¾Ü¡
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥Ñ©ó¨p°Ó©M´ä¸}¶T©öªº¨³³t¼Wªø¡A¥H¤Î±q¦L«×¦V¤¤°ê¨«¨p¾~¤ù¤§öt¤É¡A¼s¦{¶T©öªº©Ê½è
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Auber, Peter, China, An Outline of Its Government, Laws, and Policy: and o
f the British Embassies to, and Intercourse with. That Empire (London, 1834).
2.Chang, Hsin-pao, Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (Cambridge, Mass. 1964
), ch. 1.
3.±i¼w©÷¡G¡m²M¥N¾~¤ù¾Ôª§«e¤§¤¤¦èªu®ü³q°Ó¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç»Î¡n¡A²Ä10¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä97-145¶¡]1935
4.Cranmer-Byng, J. L. "Lord Macartney's Embassy to Peking in 1793," Journal
of Oriental Studies, IV: 1-2:117-183 (1957-1958).
5.Danton, G. H.¡AThe Cultural Contacts of the United States and China: The Ear
liest Sino-American Culture Contact, 1784-1844 (New York, 1931).
6.Goldstein, Jonathan, Philadelphia and the China Trade, 1682-1846: Commerci
al,Cultural, and Attitudinal Effects (University Park and London, 1978).
7.Greenberg, Michael, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (Cam
bridge, 1951).
8.«J«p°ö¡G¡m¤¤f³q°Ó¥H«e§Ú°ê°ê»Ú¶T©ö¤§ńªp¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä217-264¶¡]19
9.Hunter, William 0.. The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1824-1844
(Shanghai, 1911).
10.Lay ton, Thomas, N., The Voyage of the Frolic; New England Merchants and
the Opium Trade (Stanford, 1997).
11.±ç¹Å±l¡G¡m¼sªF¤Q¤T¦æ¦Ò¡n(¤W®ü¡A1937¦~¡^¡C
12.May, Ernest R., and John K, Fairbank (eds.)¡AAmerica's China Trade in Histo
rical Perspective: The Chinese and American Performance (Cambridge, Mass.¡A1986).
13.Morse, H. B.¡AThe International Relations of the Chinese Empire (London, 19
10), I¡Achs. 3-6.
14.--,The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China (Oxford,1926
-1929),5 vols.
15.´^¿A‾q¡G¡m²M¥N¼sªF¬v¦æ¨î«×ªº°_½¡r¡A¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä1-24¶ 1957 ¦~¡^
16.Pritchard¡AEarl H., Anglo-Chinese Relations during the Seventeenth and Eigh
teenth Centuries, University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, 17:1-2:
1-244 (March-June 1929).
17.--,The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1750-I800t Researc
h Studies of the State College of Washington, 4:3-4:95^42 (Sept.-Dec. 1936).
18.--¡A"The Kowtow in the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793." Far Eastern Qua
rterly, 11:2:163-203 (Feb. 1943).
19.--,"Private Trade Between England and China in the 18th Century (16801833
)¡A" Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, I¡AParts 1-2 (Aug. 1957-A
pril 1958).
20.Staunton¡ASir George, An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of G
reat Britain to the Emperor of China (London, 1797), 2 vols.
21.Wakeman, Frederic, Jr., "The Canton Trade and the Opium War" in John K. F
airbank (ed.)¡AThe Cambridge History of China (Cambridge¡A Eng., 1978), Vol. 10, 163
-212.
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 1720¦~¬°¤Q¤»Ó¡A1757¦~¬°¤G¤QÓ¡A1781¦~¬°¥|Ó¡A1790¦~¬°¤Ó¡C
2 ¦¹¬°country¤§µÄ¶¡C
3 Fail H¡OPritchard¡AThe Crucial Years of early Anglo-Chinese Relations¡O1750-1800 (Pu
llman, Washington ,1936), 170-174¡F"Private Trade between England and China in the
18th Century (1680-1833)¡A" Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient,
I. 109 (Aug,1957- April, 1958)¡O
4 ³¢§Ê¥H¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä343¶¡C
5 ±ç¹Å±l¡G¡m¼sªF¤Q¤T¦æ¦Ò¡n(¤W®ü¡A1937¦~)¡A²Ä368¶¡C
6 1782¦~®É¡A¥LÌ©ì¤í¬v°Óªº¶Å°È¹F3,808,075^Âé¡CMorse¡AI¡O68¡O
7 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A²Ä82¶¡C
8 Morse¡AI. 77-78¡F³¢§Ê¥H¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä457-472¶¡C
9 Michael Greenberg¡ABritish Trade and the Opening of China¡A1800-1842(Cambridge,195
1)¡A3¡O
10 ¬ù¦X133¤S1¡þ3½S¡C
11 Pritchard, Critical Years, 180.
12 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä836-837¶¡C
13 William C¡OHunter,¡OThe " Fan Kwae " at Canton before Treaty Days, 1824-1844 (Sha
nghai¡A1911), 40¡O
14 H¡OF¡OMac Nair, Modern Chinese History¡GSelected Readings (Shanghai¡A1913)¡AI¡O42¡O
15 H¡OF¡OMacNair¡A42-43¡O
16 Pritchard,Critical Years,255-258
17 ¬Oµoµ¹§¤Âí¤Ñ¬zªºª½ÁõÁ`þ±çªÖ°ó©Mªø¿c²±¬FLç¡C
18 ³¢§Ê¥H¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä231-232¶¡F¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä811¶¡C
19 J¡OL¡OCranmer-Byng¡A"Lord Macanney's Embassy to Peking in 1793."Journal of Oriental
Studies¡AIV¡G1-2¡G163(1957-1958)¡O
20 Tr. by j¡OL. Cranmer-Byng¡A164¡O
21 ½Ý¥è¾î³¹¬O‾«¸Ü¤¤ªº®È¦æªÌ¡C
22 Cranmer-Byng¡A176¡O
24 MacNair¡OI¡A2-4¡O
26 MacNair¡AI¡A4¡Ð9¡O
28 Pritchatd¡ACrucial Years¡A375¡O
29 Prichard, Crucial Years, 401-402.
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
85
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤K³¹
¾~¤ù¾Ôª§
¤Q¤K¥@¬öªº¼s¦{¶T©ö¶¶®tÄY«¦a°¾¦V©ó¤¤°ê¤@Ãä¡C¥~°ê°Ó¤H«e¨ÓÁÊ¶R‾ù¸¡B¥Íµ¡B¤j¶À©M¨ä¥¦³fª«¡
1.¾~¤ù¶T©ö
´£Ò¾~¤ùªºÄ¢µ‾¦b¤½¤¸¤C¥@¬ö¥½©Î¤K¥@¬öªì¥Ñªü©Ô§B¤H©M¤g¦Õ¨ä¤H¶Ç¤H¤¤°ê¡A¤¤°ê¤HºÙ¨ä¬°"Ä¢µ‾"¡
1773¦~¡A^°ê¤H¨ú¥N¸²µå¤ú¤H¦¨¬°¾~¤ù¶T©öªº»âÀY¦Ï¡A¬O¦~¡AªF¦L«×¤½¥q¦b¦L«×Àò±o¤FºØ´Ó¾~¤ùªºÃ
¾~¤ù¤jP¤À¤TºØÃþ«¬¡G¤ê"¤½‾Z¤g"(©s¥[©Ô°ê²£¾~¤ù)¡B"¥Õ¥Ö"(¦è¦L«×³ÂºÚ²£¾~¤ù)©M"ª÷ªá"(¤g¦Õ¨ä
¥¿³Wªº¶T©ö¬O³q¹L¥H³f©ö³f©Î°O±b¥æ©öªº¤è¦¡¶i¦æªº¡A¦Ó¾~¤ù¶T©ö«h¤£¦P--¥Ñ©ó¦¹ºØ¶T©öÄÝ«Dªk©Ê½
°¦¦³¹³¶ø§Qªâ‾S(D¡OW¡OC¡OOlyphant)¨º¼Ëªº¤HÅ×¨Ò¥~¡A¥L¬O¤@Ó"°òþªº°@q¹²¤H©M¤¤°êªºªB¤Í"¡C
¬ü°ê°Ó¤H¬J¸gÀç¤g¦Õ¨ä²£¾~¤ù¡A§ó¸g¾P¦L«×²£¾~¤ù¡A¦L«×¾~¤ùºc¦¨¤F¥LÌ³fª«Á`¶q¤¤ªº¥D¤z--¬ù¥e9
°µ¾~¤ù¥æ©öªº¾÷ºc¡A§Y©Ò¿×ªº"½`¤f"¡A³q±`¾Ö¦³¤G¸U¨ì¤@¦Ê¸U¤£µ¥ªº¸êª÷¡C¥LÌ¦b¥~°ê°ÓÀ]¤¤¥I²MÁ
¾~¤ù¿é¤Jªº¨³³t¼Wªø¦ÛµM»P¤¤°ê¹ï¦¹ºØ¬r«~¤§»Ý¨Dªº¼WªøÁpÃ´¦b¤@°_¡C¤Q¤E¥@¬öªì¸ªºÏ¥Á¥Dn¬O¤
§l¹¾~¤ù¹ï¸gÀÙªº¼vÅT¬O«D±`ÄY«ªº¡A¦]¬°§â¿úªá¦b¾~¤ù¤W¡A¾ÉP¤F¹ï¨ä¥¦°Ó«~¤§»Ý¨D°±º¢¡A¨ä«áª
ºÉºÞ¾~¤ù¶T©ö²£¥Í¤F¤Wz³o¨Ç¸gÀÙ¼vÅT¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó‾Ê¥F¤@®M§¹µ½ªº®üÃöÃ´²Î¡A¤@¤ä¦³®Äªº½r¨p¤ô®v©M¤
¤¤°ê¤è±ªº¸TÏ¤£¤O«ê«ê»P^°ê¤Hªº¤j¤O±À¶i¾~¤ù¶T©ö¬Û»²¦Ó¦æ¡CªF¦L«×¤½¥q±q¾~¤ù¥Í²£¤¤Àò¨úªº§
2.1834¦~ªº«ß³Ò¨õ¨Ï©R
1834¦~µo¥Í¤F¤@¥óN¸q²`»ªº¨Æ¥ó¡A¨Ï¨ì¤¤^ÃöÃ´¤j¤jć¤Æ¡G¨ºŃ¬OªF¦L«×¤½¥q¹ïµØ¶T©öÃbÂ_Åv³Q¨
ªF¦L«×¤½¥qªºÃbÂ_Åv¦æ±N²×¤îªº®ø®§©ó1830¦~¶Ç¨ì¤F¼s¦{¡C¤@¶¡¦b¤¤°ê¸gÀç¤F¦Ê¦h¦~ªº¤½¥q§Y±N¸Ñ
³o¨Ç±¹¬I¾ÉP¤F¤¤^ÃöÃ´ªº¤@Ó®Ú¥»©ÊÅÜ¤Æ¡A^°ê¬F©²¨ú¥N¤FªF¦L«×¤½¥q»P¤¤°ê¥´¥æ¹D¡A©x¤èÃöÃ´
¥¿¬O¦b³o¼Ëªºª¬ªp¤U¡A«ß³Ò¨õ¶}©l¼i¦æ¨ä¨Ï©R¡C^°êµ¹¥Lªº°V¥O±j½Õ¡A¹ï¤¤°ê°ÝÃDªö¨ú©M¸Ñ¦ÓÃ°
µM¦Ó¡A¦Û§ä³ÂÐªº¨Ã¤£°¦¬O³o¨Ç°V¥O--«ß³Ò¨õªº¶ÆºCÓ©Ê©M‾U‾¶ªº²z¸Ñ¤O¡A¤]¨¬¥Hª`©w¥Lªº¨Ï©Rªº
¤£¥X©Ò®Æ¡AÁ`þ10 ©Ú¦¬¥Lªº«H¨ç¡A¨Ã©R¥L¥ß§YÂ÷¶}¼s¦{¡C«ß³Ò¨õ¹ïÁ`þªº°µªk¬Ý§@¬O¤@ºØ«V°d¡A«
Á`þ¬£§L¥]³ò¤F°ÓÀ]¡A¨Ã«ÅºÙ«ß³Ò¨õ¬O¸o»íº×º¡A¥L¤@¥¹Â÷¶}¼s¦{¡A¶T©öŃ±N«ì´_¥¿±`¡C³o¤@Â÷¶¡
¾ÉP«ß³Ò¨õ¥¢±Ñªºì¦]¡A¬J¦³¥LÓ¤Hªº¦Û©R¤£¤Z¡A¤]¦³µ¹¥Lªº°V¥O¤§¦Û¬Û¥Ù¬Þ¡C¥L¦æ¨Æªº¤è¦¡¦n¹³
3.¼É«e¤iªº¥ÀR
¼w§È®É±µ¥ô¤F°Ó°ÈºÊþ¤§Â¾¡A¨Ã¥Bªö¨ú¤@ºØÏÀq¬Fµ¦¡C§@¬°ªF¦L«×¤½¥qªº¤@¦Wªø´Á¶±û¤Î¸Ó¤½¥q¾n¼
Ã¹ªv¦ÚÀï¤h©ó1835¦~1¤ë¦¨¬°s¥ôºÊþ¡A§@¬°¤@¦WªF¦L«×¤½¥qªº¤Hû¡A¥L±q¥¼¦³ºë©ú±j¤z¤§¦W¡A¬Æ¦Ü
¸q«ß¬O¤@¦ì°¨¼w©Ô´µ(Madras)Á`þ¤§¤l¡A¥L¤£º¡«ß³Ò¨õ¤£§@§´¨ó¡B¦Û©R¤£¤Zªº«ººA¡A¤]¤£ÃÙ¦¨Ã¹ªv¦
¸q«ß¦bÀò±o¥ß¸}ÂI«á¡A¶i¤@¨Bª§¨ú»P¼s¦{í§½ª½±µ¥µ¥¦a¥´¥æ¹D¡A¦Ó¥B¨ú±o¤F³¡¤Àªº¦¨¥\¡CÁ`þ¤¹³
¸q«ß¦b¨ìÂ¾¤§ªìŃ±o±x¡A¤¤°ê¤è±¦³¤@¨Ç¤H¸Õ¹Ï¨Ï¾~¤ù¶T©ö¦Xªk¤Æ¡A³oÓQªk½¦Û¼s¦{µÛ¦W®Ñ°|"¾Ç
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¨â¥÷¿E‾P¤Ï¹ï¦¢¸Tªº«µ§é¤W§e¨ì¬Ó«Ò¨º¸Ì¡C²Ä¤@¥÷«µ§é 13 ±j½Õ¡A¸T¤î¾~¤ùªº¤£¤O¨M¤£À
¾H§Ê©¦b1836¦~2¤ë¸p²z¨â¼sÁ`þ¤@Â¾¡A¥L¬O¤@¦ì¶Ô«j²MGªº©xû¡C¥Lµ¹¤Wz²Ä¤G¥÷«µ§é¤¤´£¨ìªº¤E
4.ªL«h®}¦b¼s¦{
í¾H§Ê©¦b¼s¦{±À¦æÅFÅF‾P‾Pªº¸TÏ¹B°Ê¤§®É¡A¥_¨ÊÃzµo¤F¤@³õ¼sªxªºª§½×¡AÄ³ÃD¬OÃö©ó¹ý©³²M°£¾
´Ü®tªL«h®}(1785-1850¦~)¡AºÖ«Ø«J©x¤H¡A¬O¥j¦Ñ¤¤°ê°ö¾i¥X¨Óªº¨å«¬©xû¡C1804¦~¦Ò¤¤Á|¤H¡A1811
ªL«h®}³]¦æÁÕ©ó¸fµØ®Ñ°|¡A»}¨¥¾~¤ù¤§®`¤£¹t¨M¤£Â÷¸f¡C¥Lªº¤è°w¬O©ñ¤âÄYÃg¤¤°êªº¾~¤ù³c¤l¡B½`¤
¥~°ê¨«¨pªÌºc¦¨¤F¤@Ó§ó¬°Á}¥¨ªºÃøÃD¡CªL«h®}É§U©óÂ½Ä¶¦b¿Dªù¥Xª©ªº¥~°ê³ø‾È¤Î¤@¨Ç¥~°ê¦a²zµ
²³¦i¨}²û¤£»ô¡A¹E¦³§¨±a¾~¤ù¡B»¤´bµØ¥Á¡A¥HP¬y¬r¦U¬ÙªÌ......¥H¤¤°ê¤§§Q§Q©ó¦i......°Z¦³¤Ï¥
³o«Ê«H¦b1840¦~1¤ë¥Ñ"¾á³Â¤h¸‾¸¹"(Thomas Coutts)²î¥DÅs³â(Warner)±a©¹Û´°¡A¦ý^°ê¥~¥æ³¡©Úµ
ªL«h®}±q¤Ñ²z¡B¤H¤ß¡B¤¤°êªº¸T«ß©M¬F©²¨Mµ¦µ¥´XÓ¤è±¡AÄU¿Ù¦b¼s¦{ªº¥~°ê°Ó¤H¡C¥L«ÅºÙ¥L¥»¤H¨
¬v¤H¤£²z|¥L³]¸mªº3¤ë2l¤é¤§³Ì«á´Á¡AªL«h®}«K«Â‾Ùn³B¦º¨â¦W¤½¦æªº«O°Ó¡C¬v°ÓÌ¹³©º©Ê¦a¥æ
ªL«h®}©ñ¥XÁnºÙ¡A°¦n¥ý¥æ¥X¥|¤À¤§¤@ªº¾~¤ù¡A¶R¿ì¡B¹²§Ð©M¼p®v§Y¥iªð¦^°ÓÀ]¡F¦A¥æ¥X¥|¤À¤§¤
¥²¶«ü¥Xªº¬O¡A¦b³ò§x°ÓÀ]¤§«eªº¼Æ¤ë¤¤¡A¾~¤ù¶T©ö¤@ª½³B¦b°±¹yª¬ºA¡C1839¦~3¤ë22¤é¡A°¨¦a¦Ú(M
¥»Á`ºÊþ‾÷......ÂÔ¥H¤£¦CÄA¤k¤ý°¡¤U¬F©²ªº¦W¸q¨Ã¥Nªí¬F©²¡A³d¥O¦b¼s¦{ªº©Ò¦³¤k¤ý°¡¤U¤
¥Ñ©ó³o¥÷«Å¨¥¡A¾~¤ùªº©Ò¦³Åv©ö¤â¤F¡G¥¦¤£¦A¬O°Ó¤Hªº¨p¤H°]²£¡A¦Ó¦¨¤F^°ê¬F©²ªº¤½¦@°]²£¡Çq
¦b³Q©ñ¥X³n¸T¤§«á¡A¸q«ß©M¥þÅé^°ê¤H©ó1839¦~5¤ë24¤é«eu¿Dªù¡A¦Ó¨S¦³±µ¨üªL«h®}ªº¨ãµ²n¨D¡
1839¦~7¤ë12¤é¡A¤@À°^°ê¤ô¤â¦b¤EÀs±þ¦º¤@¦W¤¤°ê§ø¥Á¡A21 ³oÓ¨Æ¥óµ¹¼s¦{¤Î¿Dªù¦a°Ïºò±iªº§½
µM¦Ó¡A¦³¤@¥ó¨Æ¤´µMÄa¦Ó¥¼¨M¡G¨ºŃ¬O¥X¨ã¥Ìµ²¡Çq«ß¹ï¦¹¹x©T©è¨î¡A²z¥Ñ¬O¤£¸g¥¿í¼f°T§Y§P³B
1839¦~12¤ë6¤é¡A»P^°ê¤Hªº¶T©ö³Q"¥Ã¤["¤¤Â_¤F¡A¦ý¤@¨Ç¤jÁxªº^°ê°Ó¤H¤´³]ªkÄa±¾¬ü°ê°êºXÄ~Ä
5.¾~¤ù¾Ôª§
^°ê»©ºx¥Ñ®üx¤Ö±NÅt«ß(George Elliott)²Î²v«e¨Ó¡A³o¤äx¶¤¥]§t°t³Æ540ªù¤õ¬¶ªº16¿´xÄ¥¡B
Åt«ß³Q¥ô©R¬°º®u©eû¡B¥Nªí©M¥þÅv¤½¨Ï¡A°ó§Ì¸q«ß«h³Q¥ô©R¬°°Æ«Ó¡C^°êµ¹¥LÌªº°V¥On¨D¬O¡G(
5.1²Ä¤@¶¥¬q ³o³õ¾Ôª§¥»¨¥i¤À¬°¤TÓ¶¥¬q¡C²Ä¤@¶¥¬q±q1840¦~6¤ëÅt«ß©è¹F¤¤°ê«ùÄò¨ì1841¦~1
¨ì¦¹®É¬°¤î¡A¬Ó«Ò¤@ª½§¹¥þ«H¥ôªL«h®}¡A¥L´¿¹ªÀyªL«h®}»¡"®Ó¤£¼{ëµ¥©s®ö¡A¦ý§Ùëµ¥¤£¥i¬ÈßÄ"¡
µaµ½¬O¤@¦ì¬¾âªº¬F«È¡A¤]¬O¤@¦W¸Þp¦hºÝªº¥~¥æ®a¡A¥L«Ü²M¡¥_¨Ê®c§Êt¦a¸Ì¹ï^°ê®üxÅã¥Ü¥Xª
^°êªº©x¶¥§Ç¦C¤¤¤]µo¥Í¤F²Î«ÓªºÅÜ¤Æ¡A¸q«ßªºÅv¶Õ¤£Â_¤W¤É¡Aª½¨ì¥L©ó1840¦~11¤ë29¤é¨ú¥NÅt«ß¦
µaµ½¨S¦³¦b‾ó¬ù¤W¥[»\¥Lªº©x¦L¡A¦ý¦PN±N¤W«µ¬Ó«Ò¥H¨D°¡Ç¡C»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥L½T«O¤F^°ê¤H¦PNºM¥
^°ê¬F©²¦P¼Ë¹ï‾ó¬ùªº±ø´Ú¤£º¡¡A»{¬°¡G½ß´Ú¤Ó¤Ö¡A¤£¨¬¥H©èÀv³Q¦¬Ãº¾~¤ùªº»ùÈ¡FºMÂ÷©w®ü¤Ó¦¡
¸q«ßÁx´±ÂÆµø°V¥O¤@¨Æ¡A©Î³\¥i¥H±q¥H¤Uªº¨Æ¹ê¤¤±o¨ì¸ÑÄÀ¡G¥L¦b¹L¥h¤T¦~¤¤¤@ª½¨S¦³±o¨ì¥ô¦ó°V¥
5.2²Ä¤G¶¥¬q Âù¤è¬F©²¤§§_»{¡m¬ï»ó‾ó¬ù¡n¡A«Å§i¤Fs¤@¶¥¬q¾Ô¨Æªº¶}©l¡C¬Ó«Ò¥ô©R«¿¨à«³¤s¬°
5.4²Ä¤T¶¥¬q 1841¦~8¤ë¡A¿\¹©¬d©è¹F¿Dªù¡A¸q«ßªð¦^^°ê¡A³o¼Ð§ÓµÛ²Ä¤T¶¥¬q¾Ô¨Æªº¶}©l¡C¿\¹
¿\¹©¬d¤£§é¤£¦©¦a°õ¦æ¤Fµ¹¥Lªº°V¥O¡A‾d¤U¤@¨Ç²î°¦¦u½Ã95´ä¡AµM«á©ól841¦~8¤ë21¤é¥Xµo¥_¾p¡A²v
1¡O½ß´Ú2,100¸U¬v»È»È¤¸¡G1,200¸U¬°x¶O½ßÀv¡A600¸U¬°©Ò¾P¾~¤ù¤§½ß´Ú¡A300¸U¬°ÀvÁÙ¦æ°Ó©ì¤í¬v
2¡O¼o°£¤½¦æ¤§ÃbÂ_¶T©ö¨î«×¡C
3¡O¶}©ñ¼s¦{¡BHªù¡BºÖ¦{¡B¹çªi©M¤W®ü¤Ó¤f©¤¡A¨Ñ^°ê»â¨Æ¡B°Ó¤H¤Î¨ä®a²²³q°Ó¨Ã©~¦í¡C
4¡O³ÎÅý95´ä¡C(±ø¬ùªº¤¤¤å¥»©e°û¦a«ÅºÙ¡A¦]^°ê°Ó²î»¸ô¶[‾A¨ÓµØ¡A©¹©¹¦³lÃa¶×¸ÉªÌ¡A¦ÛÀ³µ
5¡O¨â°ê©x¤è¥µ¥¥æ©¹¡C
6¡O®Ö©wÃöµ|¡A¤£¤[«á½T©w¡C
³o¶µ±ø¬ù¬O¾Ô³ÓªÌ¦b¬¶¤f¤U±j¥[µ¹¾Ô±ÑªÌªº¡A¥¦¨S¦³¼Ú¬ü°ê»Ú¨ó©w¤¤³q±`¦³ªº¥J²Ó¼fÄ³¡C³Ì¿Ø¨ëªº¬
1843¦~1O¤ë8¤éÃ±q¤F¡m¤¤f³q°ÓªþÂHµ½«á±ø´Ú¡n(¤SºÙ¡mªêªù±ø¬ù¡n)¡A¸Ó±ø´Ú½T©w¤F¶i¤fÃöµ|²v¦b
Ä~^°ê¤H¤§«á¡A¬ü°ê¤H©Mªk°ê¤H±µ¿æ¦Ó¦Ü¡A¦Ó¥Bn¨D±o¨ì¦P¼Ëªº±ø¬ù¡C¤£®ø»¡¡A¤¤°ê¤H¦b¾D¨ü¾~¤ù¾
¦b³o¨Ç±ø¬ù¤¤¡A¦³¤T¶µ³W©w¹ï¤¤°êªº¦M®`³Ì¤j--®Ö©wÃöµ|¡Bªv¥~ªkÅv©M³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J¡C¤¤°ê¤H¦PN³o¨
^°ê¡B¬ü°ê©Mªk°ê¬Û¤¬¤ä«ù»P¤¤°êÃ±qªº³o¨Ç±ø¬ù¡Aºc¦¨¤F¤@Ó±ø¬ùÅéÃ´ªº¶}ºÝ¡A³oÓÅéÃ´±N¸g¥H«
Ń²M¤ý´Âªº°I±Ñ©M^°ê¦b¤u~²©R«áÀò±oªºs¤O¶q¨Ó¬Ý¡A¾Ôª§ªºµ²ªG¬O¤£¥iÁ×§Kªº¡C¦ý¦b¾Ôª§ªº¶i¦
¦^ÅU¾ú¥v¡A¾~¤ùÅãµM°¦¬O¾Ôª§ªºª½±µì¦]¦Ó«D®Ú¥»ì¦]¡C¥Ñ©ó¤¤¦è¤è¹ï°ê»ÚÃöÃ´¡B¶T©ö©M¥qªkºÞÁÒª
¾~¤ù¾Ôª§Ä²µo¤F¤@¨Ç¨ã¦³²`»¼vÅTªºÃz¬µ©Ê¨ÆºA¡C¦b¬Fªv¤W¡A³ÎÅý95´ä¨Ï^°êÀò±o¤F¤@Ó¦b¤¤°ê°µ¶
¦ý¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¨Ã¨S¦³«P¨Ï¤¤°ê¤HÅå¿ô¡A¤¤°ê¤H¤]¨S¦³NÃÑ¨ì¦Û¤vªº¸¨«á¡CªL«h®}¦b¥L¦³¾÷|¹ï§Ü¼Ä¤H¤
°¦¦³¤Ö¼Æ¤@¨Ç‾S§OÄµÄ±ªº¤H»{ÃÑ¨ì»Ýn¤F¸Ñ¦è¤è¡AªL«h®}ªº¦P¹±¡B"¤µ¤å¾Ç¬£"ªº³Ç¥X¾ÇªÌÃQ½¡A¦b1
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Beeching, Jack, The Opium Wars in China, 1834-1860 (London, 1975).
2.Chang, Hsin-pao, Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (Cambridge, Mass., 196
4).
3.»ô«ä©Mµ¥(½s¡^¡G¡m¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1954¦~¡^¡A¦@6¨÷¡C
4.¡m²M¥v°ÝÃD¡n¡]¾~¤ù¾Ôª§‾S¿è¡^¡A²Ä3¨÷²Ä1´Á¡]1977¦~12¤ë¡^¡C
5.Fairbank, J. K., "Chinese Diplomacy and the Treaty of Nanking," Journal of
Modern History, 12:1:1-30 (March 1940).
6.--,"The Manchu Appeasement Policy of 1843," Journal of the American Orient
al Society, 59:4:469^84 (Dec. 1939).
7.--¡ATrade and Diplomacy on the China Coast (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), 2 vols.
8.Fay, Peter W., The Opium War, 1840-1842 (Chapel Hill, 1975).
9.Fox, Grace, British Admirals and Chinese Pirates, 1832-1869 (London, 1940)
.
10.Grosse-Aschhoff, Angelus, Negotiations between Ch 'i-ying and Lagrene, 18
44-1846 (New York, 1950).
11.Holt, Edgar, The Opium Wars in China (Chester Springs, Pa., 1964).
12."Journal of Occurrences at Canton, 1839," Intro, by E. W. Ellsworth and n
otes by L. T. Ride and J. L. Cranmer-Byng, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of th
e Royal Asiatic Society, 4:4:1-33 (1964).
13.Kearny, Thomas, "The Tsiang Document, Elipoo, Keying, Pottinger and Kearn
y and the Most Favored Nation and Open Door Policy in China in 1842-1844, an Ame
rican View," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, 16:1:75-104 (April
1932).
14.Kuo, P. C., A Critical Study of the First Anglo-Chinese War, with Documen
ts (Shanghai, 1935).
15.Leonard, Jane Kate, Wei Yuan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime Worl
d (Cambridge, Mass., 1984).
16.Morse, H. B.¡AThe International Relations of the Chinese Empire (London, 19
10), I¡Achs. 6-12.
17.Owen, David E.¡A British Opium Policy in India and China (New Haven, 1934).
18.Teng Ssu-yii, Chang Hsi and the Treaty of Nanking, 1842 (Chicago, 1944).
19.Tsiang, T. F.(½±§Êï°¡n¡A"New Light on Chinese Diplomacy¡A1836-49," The Journal of Mo
story, 3:4:578-591 (Dec.1 931).
20.--¡A"The Extension of Equal Commercial Privileges to Other Nations than the
British after the Treaty of Nanking" The Chinese Social and Political Science R
eview, 15:3:422-444 (Oct. 1931).
21.--,"Difficulties of Reconstruction after the Treaty of Nanking" The Chine
se Social and Political Science Review, 16:2:319-327 (July, 1932).
22.½±§Êï°¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤jºõ¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1959¦~)¡C
23.--¡mµaµ½»P¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä6¨÷²Ä3´Á¡A²Ä1¨÷¡G26¶¡]1931¦~10 ¤ë¡^¡C
24.--¡G¡mªñ¥N¤¤°ê¥~¥æ¥v¼Æ¾Ú¿èn¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1958¦~¡^¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä1-2³¹¡C
25.Wakeman¡AFrederic, Jr. Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South Chin
a, 1839-1861 (Berkeley, 1966).
26.--,"The Canton Trade and the Opium War" in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Ca
mbridge History of China (Cambridge" Mass.¡A1978), 10:163-212.
27.Waley, Arthur, The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (London, 1958).
28.Wong, George, H. C.¡A"The Ch'i-shan-Elliott Negotiations Concerning an Offs
hore Entrepot and a Re-Evaluation of the Abortive Chuenpi Convention " Monumenta
Serica¡A 1:539-73 (1940-55).
29.Wright, Stanley F., Hart and the Chinese Customs (Belfast, 1950), ch. 2.
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Hsin-pao Chang¡ACommissioner Lin and the Opium War (Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1964)¡A41¡O
2 Greenberg, 110.
3 ¾~¤ù¥]¸Ë¦¨½c¡A"¥Õ¥Ö"¨C½c«¬ù100¤ç©Î133¤S1/3½S¡A"¤½‾Z¤g"¨C½c¬ù120¤ç©Î160½S¡C
4 Hsin-pao Chang¡A31¡A49¡FGreenberg¡A137¡O
5 1¥«¿úµ¥©ó1/10¥«¨â¡A1¥«¨â¬ùµ¥©ó1¤S1/3^°ê¦w¤h¡C
6 Hsin-pao Chang¡A35¡A40¡F³¢§Ê¥H¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä104-105¶¡C
7 Greenberg¡A142¡FHsin-pao Chang¡A42.
8 Hsin-pao Chang¡A48¡O
9 §õÂE»«¡C
10 ¿c©[¡C
11 Hsin-pao Chang¡A54-57¡O
12 Hsin-pao Chang,61¡O
13 ¤W§é¤H¬O¤º»Õ¾Ç¤hÝ¼Ó³¡¨Í¦¦¶³Õ¡C
14 ¤W§é¤H¬O§L³¡µ¹¨Æ¤¤³\²y¡C
16 S¡OY¡OTeng and John K¡OFairbank¡OChina's Response to the West¡GA Documentary Survey,¡O18
9-1923(Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1954)¡O24-27¡Aµy¦³§ï°Ê¡C
17 Hsin-pao Chang¡A264-265¡O
19 ¾PÏ«ùÄò¤F¤G¤Q¤T¤Ñ¡Aª½¨ì6¤ë25¤éÅ×µ²§ô¡C
21 ªLºû³ß¡C
23 T¡OF¡OTsiang¡A"New Light on Chinese Diplomacy¡A1836-49," The Journal of Modern Histor
y, 3¡G4¡G578-59 1(Dec,1931)¡G½±§ÊºV<µaµ½»P¾~¤ù¾Ôª§)¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä6¨÷²Ä3´Á¡A²Ä1¡Ð26¶(19
24 George H¡OC¡OWong¡A"The Ch'i-shan-Elliott Negotiations Concerning an Off-shore Entr
epot and a Re-Evaluation of the Abortive Chuenpi Convention," Mortumema Serica¡A14¡G
539-573 (1940-1955)¡O
25 ¤@¦W^x¤h§L³Q±þ¡A¤@¦Wx©x¤Î¤Q¥|¤H¨ü¶Ë¡CÃö©ó¸Ó¨Æ¥óªº¸Ô±¡¡A°Ñ¨£Frcderic
Wakeman jr¡O¡AStrangers at the Gate¡A11-12¡O
26 Stanley F. Wright¡AHart and the Chinese Customs (Belfast¡A1950), 58¡O
27 T. F¡OTsiang¡A"The Extension of Equal Commercial Privileges to Other Nations tha
n the British after the Treaty or Nanking," The Chinese Social and Political Sci
ence Review(CSPSR)¡A15¡G3¡G422-444 (Oct, 1931)¡FThomas Kearny," The Tsiang Document, Eli
poo, keying, Pottinger and Kearny and the Mose Favored Nation and Open Door Poli
cy in China in 1842-1844, An American View, CSPSR¡A16¡G1¡G75-104(April, 1932)¡O
28 ¦b¤¤¥j®É´Á¦³ªü©Ô§B¤H¦b¬u¦{©M¼s¦{ªº¥ý¨Ò¡A¨ä®É¥LÌ¬O¥Ñ³¡©¬ù§ôªº¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
102
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤E³¹
²Ä¤G¦¸±ø¬ù¦w±Æ
¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¤§«á¡A ^¥H¤¤°ê»P¦è¤è²Ä¤@§å±ø¬ùªºÃ±q¤H¨¤À²æ¿o¦Ó¥X¡A¦¨¬°¤¤°ê¹ï¥~ÃöÃ´¤¤³ÌÂ×Í¦
1. ^ªºs¥~¥æ
´÷±æÅv¶Õ©MÂ¾¦ìªº ^¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¦Û¤v³]ªk³Õ¨ú¤F´Ü®t¤j¦Úªº©xµó¡A¥L¥¤O¦V´Â§Ê¸Ø¤j^°ê¤H«H¥ô¥L§
1.1»P¿\¹©¬dªº¥æ±¡ ^ªº¿Ëµ½©MÓ¤H¥~¥æ¬Fµ¦´¶¹M¹B¥Î¨ì¥~°ê¥Nªí¨¤W¡A¦ý¥H¥L»P¿\¹©¬dªº¥æ
1.2 1844¦~«µ§é ^ªº¦w¼¾¡B¿Ëµ½©MÓ¤H¥~¥æ¤§¬Fµ¦¡A¦®¦b®ø°£¬v¤HªººÃ¼{¡B³Õ¨ú¥LÌªº«H¥ô¡
«e«á¤T¦~¤§¶¡¡A¦i±¡ÅÜ¤Û¦hºÝ¡A«D¥X¤@P¡A¨ä©Ò¥H¼¾¹tÅùíÝ¤§ªk¡A¥ç¤£±o¤£²¾¨B´«§Î¡C©T¦b®æ¤§¥H¸
¥B¦i«U«¤k¡A¨C¦³´L«È¡A¥²¥H°ü¤k¥X¨£......¥£Å×§½«P¤£¦w¡A¦Ó©¼¤D²`¬°ºa©‾¡C¦¹Ä_¦è¬v¦U°ê«U¡
¦¹µ¥¤Æ¥~¤§¤H¡A©óºÙ¿×Åéµô¡A¬NµM²öÄ±¡AY°õ¤½¤å¤§®æ¦¡¡A»P¤§Åv¿Å°ª¤U¡A§Y¨Ï¦Þ±Í®BµJ¡A¤´¥¼§K³
^ªº¤â¬q¹ï¿\¹©¬d«ÜºÞ¥Î¡A¿\¹©¬d³vº¥¹ï¦Û¤v¦³‾à¤O¦b¤¤°êµ²¥æªB¤Í¬Ûí¦Û»¨¡C¿\¹©¬d¤£¬O°Ó¤H¡
³oºØ§Î¶Õ¦b1844¦~¦~¤¤¿\¹©¬d³Q¼w§È®É¨ú¥N«áµo¥Í¤F«Ü¤jªºÅÜ¤Æ¡A¼w§È®É¬OªF¦L«×¤½¥qªº¤@ÓÂÂ¶±
1.3"¼s¦{¤J«°°ÝÃD" ¾Ô«á®É´Á³Ì´Æ¤âªº¨Æ¥ó¡A¬O^°ê¤H¶i¤J¼s¦{«°ªºÅv§Q°ÝÃD¡C¦b¤Ó¤f©¤¤¤¡A
¾ú¥v¤W¡A¼s¦{¤@¦V¥H»P¬v¤H½Ä¬ðµÛºÙ¡G¾ÚºÙ¦b¤¤¥j®É´Á«Kµo¥Í¹L±þ¼®ªü©Ô§B¤Hªº¨Æ¥ó¡C¦b¾~¤ù¾Ôª§´
¨¬°´Ü®t¤j¦Ú©M¨â¼sÁ`þªº ^¡A§¨¦b^°ê¤H¤£Â_¥[±jªº¤J«°n¨D©M¼s¦{²Ô¥Á¹x©Tªº©è¨î¤¤¶¡¡C
¨ü^°ê¤H°hÅýªº¹ª»R¡A¼s¦{¥Á²³ÅÜ±o¤ñ¥H©¹§ó¥[¤jÁx¡A¥LÌ¦V¥~¥Xªº^°ê¤H§ëÂY¥Û¶ô©M«V°dªº¨Æ¥ó¹
¥Ñ©ó¦V^°ê¤H§´¨ó¡A ^ªº¤½²³§Î¹³µL¥i®¾¦^¦alÃa¤F¡C¥LNÃÑ¨ì"¼s¦{¤H«°°ÝÃD"¿ð¦|Ä²µo¤@³õ¥
2.¼s¦{¤è±ªº±jµw¬Fµ¦¡A1848-1856¦~
¤¤°ê¤è±¦b¼s¦{ªº¤H¨ÆÅÜ§ó»P^°ê¤è±ªº¤H¨ÆÅÜ§ó¦P®Éµo¥Í¡C¤å¿«Àï¤h(Sir S¡OGeorge Bonham¡A18
¤å¿«»P´Ü®t¤j¦Ú®}¼s¿§©ó1848¦~4¤ë29¤é²Ä¤@¦¸|±à¡CºÉºÞ¤å¿«¹ï|±àªºÂ§»öP¨ìº¡N¡A«oµo²{®}¼s
1849¦~4¤ë1¤é¡A®}¼s¿§¦V¤å¿«Âàz¬Ó«Òªº¿Ù¦®¡AºÙ¬Ó«Ò¤£‾à¸m¼s¦{¤H¥Á¦Ûµo¤@P¤§ÁÖ±¡¦Ó¤£ÅU¡C¤å¿
1850¦~¡A©T°õªº¹D¥ú¬Ó«Ò¾r±Y¡A20³ªº¨à¤l«wÂ×¬Ó«ÒÄ~¦ì¡A°õ¦æ¤F¤@¶µ§ó¥[¤£§´¨óªº¹ï¥~¬Fµ¦¡C¤@¨
µM¦Ó¡A¤¤°ê¤§ºA«×ÁÍ©ó±jµw¨Ã¥¼¤Þ°_^°ê¤Hªº¤ÏÀ³¡Asªº¦Û¥ÑÄÒ¬F©²ªö¨ú¤@ºØÅ©Mªº«ººA¡A¦Ó¤å¿«¦
°£¤F"¼s¦{¤J«°°ÝÃD"¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç°ÝÃD¤]¨Ï¤¤¦èÃöÃ´ÁÍ©óºò±i¡G¥~°ê¤H©l²×Q±N¶T©ö±q¤Ó¤
1856¦~¡A¤T°ê¤½¨Ï¦A¦¸´£¥X×¬ùn¨D¡C´Â§Ê§iª¾¥i¤¹³\§@¤@¨Ç¦X²zªº¤pÅÜ°Ê¡A¦ý«¤j±ø´Ú¤£¤©¦Ò¼{¡
3.¨ÈÃ¹¾Ôª§
Ä²µo^°êµo¬ª¨ä¼««ãªº¬O1856¦~ªº"¨ÈÃ¹¸¹"(Arrow)¨Æ¥ó¡C"¨ÈÃ¹¸¹"¬O¤@¿´¤T®é¦|²î¡A¸Ë³Æ¼Ú¦¡²î´ß
¦bÛ´°¡A¤Ï¹ïÄÒÄY¼F§åµû¤Ú®LÂ§©M¥]¥O¤S¤@¦¸±N^°ê©Ô¤J¤@³õ¹ï¥~¾Ôª§¡C1857¦~3¤ë3¤é¡A®æ©Ô´µ¹y(
ªk°ê¬F©²§Q¥Î1856¦~2¤ë¦b¼s¦è¬Ù(¸Ó¬Ù©|¥¼¹ï¦è¤è¶}©ñ)µo¥Íªº¶Ç±Ð¤h°¨¿à‾«¨j(Abbe Auguste Chap
^°êµ¹ÃBº¸ª÷³ÔÀïªº°V¥On¨D¬O¡G(1)¹ï^°ê¦Ú¥Á©Ò¨ü¶Ë®`¤©¥H¸ÉÀv¡F(2)¦b¼s¦{©M¨ä¥¦¤f©¤¼i¦æ±ø¬
¬ü°ê©Ò¬£ªº¥þÅv¥Nªí¬O¦C½ÃG(William B¡OReed)¡A¥L¬O¤@¦ì¨Ó¦Û¶O«°ªº¬Fªv®a¡A´¿¦b¦{¬F©²¥ôÂ¾¡A
ÃBº¸ª÷³ÔÀï©ó1857¦~7¤ë2¤é©è¹F95´ä¡A¦ý«oµo²{"¦L«×§LÅÜ"(Sepoy Mutiny)»Ýn¥L¤À¬£¤@³¡¤Àx¶¤«
Ápx»´¨ú¼s¦{ªí©ú¤F¸¦Wµ`¨S¦³§@¥ô¦ó¥[±j«°¨¾ªº§V¤O¡A¾Ú»¡¥L¬Û«H¥e¤R¡A¦b§ß¥ä®É³Q§iª¾^¦i±N¦
3.1¤Ñ¬z½Í§P ¦b¸Ñ¨M¼s¦{°ÝÃD¤§«á¡AÃBº¸ª÷©M¸‾Ã¹¦V¥_¶iµo¡A¥Hn¨D´Â§Êµ¹¤©º¡Nµª´_¡C¥LÌ¦b
§ÚÌ°O±o¡A ^¨ü¥l©ó1848¦~ªð¨Ê¡A1850¦~«wÂ×¬Ó«Òµn°ò®É¡A¥L³Q¤£¥ú±m¦a¶S¬°¤«~©xµó¡C¥L¤@ª½²
3.2 1858¦~¡m¤Ñ¬z±ø¬ù¡n ¤Ñ¬z½Í§P¶°¤¤¦b¥|Ó¥Dn°ÝÃD¤W¡G¦b¥_¨Êªø¾n¤½¨Ï¡A¶}©ñªø¦¿ªu©¤ªº
®Û¨}¥¼¸g´Â§Ê¨Æ¥ý³\¥i«K§@¥X¤FÅý¨B¡AµM¦Ó¬Ó«Ò§â¥~¥æ¥Nªí¾n¨Êµø§@«Ê°^ÅéÃ´ªº²×µ²©M¹ï¤¤°ê¤Ñ¤U¦
1858¦~6¤ë26¤é¡AÃBº¸ª÷ªº¥S§Ì¥¬¾|´µ(Federick Bruce)Äµ§i»¡¡A¦pªG¤Ñ¶Â«e¤´¤£¦b±ø¬ù¤WÃ±¦r¡A¨º
¦b±ø¬ùÃ±¸p«á¡A¥¬¾|´µ§@¬°«H¨ÏÄâ±ø¬ù¦^°ê¥H©º±o¤k¤ýªº§åÇ¡A¦Ó±ø¬ù´«¤å±N¦b¦ÛÃ±q¤é°_¤@¦~¤º¦
3.3¤W®üµ|«h°ÓÄ³ ÃBº¸ª÷Â÷¶}¤¤°ê´Á¶¡¡A«wÂ×¬Ó«Ò³]p¥X¤@±ø±Kµ¦¡A§Y¥L±N¦V^°ê¤H´£Ä³§K°£¨
1858¦~1O¤ëªº¤W®üµ|«h°ÓÄ³¡A¦b¤@ºØ»P¥|Ó¤ë«eªº¤Ñ¬z½Í§P§¹¥þ¤£¦Pªº®ðª^¤¤¶i¦æ¡C¦b¤é¥»§¹¦¨¨Ï
¦Ü©ósµ|«h¡A¶i¥X¤f³fª«È¦Ê©â¤ªºì«h±o¨ì¤F½T»{¡A°¦¾~¤ù¡B‾ù¡Bµ°£¥~¡C½Í§P½T©w¤F¾~¤ù¶i¤f
4.²Ä¤G¦¸¨ó©w
4.1¤jªfªºÀ»°h 1859¦~3¤ë1¤é¡A¥¬¾|´µ³Q©e©R¬°^°ê¾n¤¤°ê‾S©R¥þÅv¤½¨Ï¡A¨ü©R¦b¥_¨Ê´«¬ù¡A¦ý
^ªk¤½¨Ï°h¦^¤W®ü¡A¦ý±µ´À¦C½ÃG¥X¥ô¬ü°ê¤½¨ÏªºµØY¿«(John E¡Oward)«o¨M©w±µ¨ü¤¤°ê¤H«ü©wªº¶
¥¬¾|´µ¦]¦b°ÊªZ¤¤ªí²{±o"¤Ó¹L³¿²õ"¦Ó¦b^°ê¾D¨ì¤FÄY¼Fªº§åµû¡A¥~¥æ¤j¦ÚÃ¹‾À³ÔÀï(Lord Russell
4.2¥_¨Ê¨ó©w ºÉºÞ^°ê»{ÃÑ¨ì¥¬¾|´µªº¿ù»~µ¦²¤¡A¦ý¤k¤ý¤´¨MN¦b¥_¨Ê¼i¦æ´«¬ù¡CÛ´°¹ï¥¬¾|´µ
^ªkÁpxÂ¶¹LµØ«n¡A©ó1860¦~8¤ë¦V¥_±À¶i¡A¶i§ð¥_¶í©M¥Õªe¡A¦A¦¸«Â‾Ù¥_¨Êªº¦w¥þ¡C®Û¨}«æ¦£»°u
¦b³o¨Ç§½¶ÕÄY®mªº¤é¤l¸Ì¡A«X°ê¤j¨Ï¥ì®æ¨º´£~¤Ò¿n¥¦a¦b^ªk¥þÅv¥Nªí»P‾d¦b¥_¨Êt³d©M½Íªº¬Ó«
4.3«X°êªº±À¶i 1860¦~11¤ë14¤é¡A¦bÁpxºM¥X¥_¨Ê«á¤£¨ì¤@¬P´Á¡A¥ì®æ¨º´£~¤Ò±o¨ì¤F¡m¤¤«XÄò
¥ì®æ¨º´£~¤Ò´¿¾á¥ô¹L¨F¬Ó¨Í½Ã©x¡A¥L¦b1859¦~®L±µ´À´¶´£¶®§Ê¥X¥ô¾nµØ¤j¨Ï¡C¥L¬O¤@Óºë©úªºµ¦¹
¥ì®æ¨º´£~¤ÒºòÀHÁpx«á¹Ðªð¦^¥_¨Ê¡A¥L¬¾â¦a¦b¤¤°ê¤H±«e¸Ë§@¬O¤@Ó¥²»ÝªºªB¤Í¡C¥L¦V®¥¿Ë¤ý¦
1860¦~1O¤ë24¤éÃ±¸p¡m¥_¨Ê±ø¬ù¡n¤§«á¡A¥ì®æ¨º´£~¤Ò¢¤£¤Î«Ý¦a´¨¥¡AµØ¥_ªºÄYÃ]«Ü§ÖŃn°Á{¡
ÁpxºMÂ÷¡A¥ì®æ¨º´£~¤Ò»P²M¬F©²½Í§P®É¤£|¦³¥ô¦ó¥~°ê¤zÂZ¡C11¤ë14¤éÃ±¸p¤F¡m¤¤«X¥_¨Ê±ø¬ù¡n¡
²Ä¤G®M±ø¬ù¾d©T¤F¾~¤ù¾Ôª§«áÃ±qªº²Ä¤@®M±ø¬ù¡Aºc¦¨¤F¤@³¡°í©Tªº±ø¬ùÅéÃ´¡A¤¤°ê¦b1943¦~¤§«e¤
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1. ³¥¥¿°ª¡G¡mªñ¥N¤¤°ê¥~¥æ¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1970¦~¡^¡C
2.Bonner-Smith, D" and W. R. Lumby, The Second China War, 1856-1860 (London,
1954).
3.Buksgevden (Boxhowden), Baron A., Russkii Kitai: Ocherki diplomaticheskikh
snoshenii Rossii s Kitaem - Pekinskii dogovor 1860 g. (Russia's China: an accou
nt of the diplomatic relations between Russia and China - the Treaty of Peking,
1860)¡A(Port Arthur, 1902).
4.»‾¤¤§¡G¡m²M©u¤¤«XªF¤T¬Ù¬É°È¥æ‾A¡n (»O¥_¡A1970¦~¡^¡C
5.³‾´_¥ú¡G¡m¦³²M¤@¥N¤§¤¤«XÃöÃ´¡n¡]©ø©ú¡A1947¦~¡^¡A²Ä3³¹¡C
6.½±©s¤Þ¡G¡m²Ä¤G¦¸¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1965¦~¡^¡C
7.Costin, W. C., Great Britain and China, 1833-1860 (Oxford, 1937).
8.Dean, Britten, China and Great Britain: The Diplomacy of Commercial Relati
ons, 1860-1864 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
9.Dennett, Tyler, Americans in Eastern Asia (New York, 1941), chs. 17-18.
10.Drake, Fred W., China Charts the World: Hsii Chi-yii and His Geography of
1848 (Cambridge, Mass., 1975).
11.Fairbank, John K., Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of
the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854 (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), 2 vols.
12.--¡A"The Manchu Appeasement Policy of 1843," Journal of the American Orient
al Society, 59:4:469-84 (Dec. 1939).
13.--¡A"The Manchu-Chinese Dyarchy in the 1840's and¡A50¡As¡A"The Far Eastern Quarte
rly, XII:3:265-278 (May 1953).
14.--¡A"Synarchy under the Treaties," in John K. Fairbank (ed.), Chinese Thoug
ht and Institutions (Chicago, 1957), 204-231.
15.--¡A"The Creation of the Treaty System," in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cam
bridge History of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1978)¡AVol. 10¡A213-263.
16.Gerson, Jack J.¡AHoratio Nelson Lay and Sino-British Relations 1854-1864 (C
ambridge, Mass., 1972).
17.Graham. Gerald S., The China Station: War and Diplomacy, 1830-1860 (New Y
ork, 1978).
18.Gulick, Edward V.¡APeter Parker and the Openning of China (Cambridge, Mass.
, 1973).
19.Hsii, Immanuel C. Y., China's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Di
plomatic Phase, 1858-1880 (Cambridge, Mass.¡A1968), chs. 2-7.
20.Huang, Yen-y , "Viceroy Yeh Ming-ch'en and the Canton Episode (1856-1861
)" Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 6:1:37-127 (March 1941).
21.Hurd, Douglas, The Arrow War: An Anglo-Chinese Confusion, 1856-1860 (New
York, 1968).
22.Lane-Poole, Stanley, and Frederick V. Dickins, The Life of Sir Harry Park
es (London, 1894), Vol. 1.
23.Lay, Horatio N., Our Interests in China (London, 1864).
24.Lin, T. C.¡A"The Amur Frontier Questions between China and Russia, 1850-186
0," Pacific Historical Review, 3:1-27 (1934).
25.Quested, R. K. I., The Expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1857-1860 (Kuala
Lumpur, 1968).
26.--."Further Light on the Expansion of Russia in East Asia: 1792-1860," Th
e Journal of Asian Studies, XXIX:2:327-345 (Feb. 1970).
27.Shen, Wei-tai, China's Foreign Policy, 1839-1860 (New York, 1932).
28.Tong, Te-kong, United States Diplomacy in China, 1844-1860 (Seattle, 1964
).
29.½±§Êï°(TsiangT.F.)¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤jºõ¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1959¦~¡^¡A²Ä1³¹¡C
30.--¡G¡q³Ìªñ¤T¦Ê¦~ªF¥_¥~¥æ¥v¡r¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä8¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä1-70¶ ¡]1932¦~¡^¡C
31.Tsiang, T. F.¡A"The Secret Plan of 1858," The Chinese Social and Political
Science Review, 15:2:291-299 (July 1931).
32.Wakeman, Frederic, Jr., Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South C
hina, 1839-1861 (Berkeley, 1966).
33.Wong, George H. C.¡Aand Allan B. Cole, "Sino-Russian Border Relations, 1850
-1860," The Chung Chi Journal (Hong Kong), 5:2:109-125 (May 1966).
34.Wong, J. Y" Yeh Ming-ch 'en: Viceroy of Liang Kuang, 1852-8 (Cambridge, E
ng., 1976).
35.--¡A"Lin Tse-hsii and Yeh Ming-ch'en: A Comparison of Their Roles in the Tw
o Opium Wars," Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i, 111:1:63-85 (Dec. 1977).
36.--¡ADeadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism and the Arrow War (J856-1860) in Chin
a (New York, 1998).
37.§d¬Û´ð¡G¡m«X«Ò«I²¤¤¤°ê¥v¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1957¦~¡^¡A²Ä2³¹¡C
38.¾~¤ù¾Ôª§Ãzµo¡AªF¦L«×¤½¥q½ü²î¸¹§ðÀ»¤¤°ê¦|²î¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Fairbank¡ATrade and Diplomacy¡AI, 110¡O
2 Fairbank¡ATrade and Diplomacy¡AI, 110¡Afootnote f¡O
3 Fairbank¡ATrade and Diplomacy¡AI¡A111-112¡O
4 Teng and Fairbank¡AChina's Response,38-40¡O
5 Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, I, 269-270.
6 Morse¡AI¡A366¡O
7 Morse¡AI¡A395-398¡A402¡C
8 Fairbank¡ATrade and Dipiomacy, I¡A278¡FMorse¡AI, 403¡O
9 ¤è¨È©ú¡C
10 Hansard Parliamentary Debate, 144¡G1802(1857)¡O
11 Yen-yu Huang¡A"Viceroy Yeh Ming-ch'en and the Canton Episode(1856-1861)¡A" Harvar
d Journal of Asiatic Studies¡A6¡G1¡G37-127(March 1941)¡O
12 Horatio N¡OLay¡AOur Interests in China (London¡A1864)¡A49¡Fand Note on the Opium Questi
on(London¡A1893)¡A12¡O
13 Hsu¡OChina's Entrance¡A52-54¡O
14 Hsu¡OChina's Entrance, 67-68¡O
15 «n¨Ê¡B¤û²ø¡Bµn¦{¡Bº~¤f¡B¤E¦¿¡BÂí¦¿¡B»OÆW©²¡B²H¤ô¡B¼é¦{©MÃ£¦{
16 Hsu¡AChina's Entrance, 71-75;T. F¡OTsiang¡A"The Secret Plan of 1858," CSPSR¡A15¡G2¡G290-
99(July,1931).
17 «íºÖ¡C
18 S¡Ow williams¡A"Narrative of the American Embassy to Peking," Journal of the Nort
h-China Branchof the Royal Asiatic Society¡F3¡G315-349(Dec, 1859)¡C
19 Hsu¡OChina's Entrance,95¡O
20 China¡GDispatches,¡OVol. 19¡ADoc¡O26¡OWard to Cars¡ANov¡O28¡A1860 (National Archives¡AWa
n¡AD¡OC¡O)¡FQuested¡AThe Expansion of Russia¡O260-262¡O
21 ¦Û1859¦~7¤ë¨ì9¤ë¡A¤S±q1859¦~12¤ë¨ì1860¦~4¤ë¡C
22 ³o¬q®É´Á¤º«X°ê¤H¦b¤¤°êªº¬¡°Ê¡A°Ñ¨£Quested¡Achs¡O2-4¡FA¡OBuksgevden¡ARusski Kitai¡GOcherk
1860 g¡O(Port Arthur¡A 1902)¡O¤]¨£Hsu¡AChina's Entrance,103-105¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
117
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q³¹
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R¡B±Éx«q¶Ã
¤Î¦^¥Á«q¶Ã
¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸ªº¤¤°ê¤£¶È¾D¨ü¹ï¥~¾Ôª§ªºWÃø¡AÁÙ³Æ¨ü¤@Ã´¦C®ø‾Ó©Êªº¤º³¡°Ê¿º¤§§xÂZ¡C¨â¦¸¾~¤ù¾
1.ªÀ|°Ê¿ºªº®Ú½
¶Ç²Îªº¤¤°ê¤H¬Û«H³o¼Ëªº¤@®M²z½×¡G§Y¤º¶Ã©M¥~±w¨âªÌ¦P®Éµo¥Í¦b¤¤¥¡¬FÅv°I±Ñ¤§®É¡A«K¬O°ê®a¤º³
1.1ªÀ|¸gÀÙ¦]‾À ¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸¥H«eªº¨â¤d¦~¸Ì¡A¤¤°êªºªÀ|µ²ºc©M¥Í²£¤è¦¡´X¥G¨S¦³µo¥Í¤°
§â³oÓÆ[©À¹B¥Î¨ì²M¥N¡A§ÚÌ±Nµo²{±d¹l¤z¤T´Âªº¤@¦Ê¤¤Q¦~©M¥»PÁcºa¡A¤w«P¨Ï¤F¤H¤fªº¨³²r¼Wª
Ó¤H¤g¦a¾Ö¦³¶qªº«ùÄò´îÁY¡AN¨ýµÛ¹A¥Át¾á¤é‾q¥[«¡Aí¤p¶ô¥Ð‾aªº²£¥X¤£¦A‾àºû«ù¥Íp®É¡A¹A¥
¤U¦C²{¹³¤Ï¬M¤F‾Ñ¦aªº°ª«×¶°¤¤¡G50%¨ì60%ªº‾Ñ¦a´x´¤¦bÍ¸Î®a®x¤â¤¤¡A¥t¥~10%¥ÑºX¤H©M©x²ø¥e¦³
1.2¾~¤ù¾Ôª§ªº¼vÅT ¡m«n¨Ê±ø¬ù¡n¨S¦³¼g¤W¸T¤î¾~¤ù¶i¤fªº±ø´Ú¡A¥~°ê°Ó¤H§Q¥Î³o¤@ÂI¡A¥[±j¤F
1.3¬Fªv»G±Ñ ¥¿¦p²Ä¤»³¹¤¤©Ò½×¡A¬F©²©x¦Oªº‾S©º¬Oª¾ÃÑ²LÁ¡¡B±o¹L¥B¹L©M¤£t³d¥ô¡A¹ï¥Á²³ºÖ
1.4ªZ³ÆªQ¦¢ ¬°²M¤ý´Âªº«Ø¥ß¥X¹L¤OªººX¤H¦¤xÀZ¼o¤£³ô¡A¦b±dº³¦~¶¡¡A¥LÌŃ¤w°I±Ñ¨ìµL¤OÂí
1.5¦ÛµMä®` ¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥|¤Q©M¤¤Q¦~¥Nµo¥Í¤F³\¦h¦ÛµMä®`¡A¤ñ¸û«¤jªº¦³1847¦~ªe«nªºÄY«¤z
1.6«È®a¤H©M°òþ±Ð ²M¤ý´Â³Ì±ß©ºªAªº«n¤è¦a°Ï¤×¨ä®e©öÃzµo°_¸q¡A¦]¬°¨ä¦a¶ZÂ÷¬F©²¤¤¼Ï(¥_¨
«n¤èªº¸gÀÙ¿½±ø¦]"¥»¦a¤H"»P©Ò¿×ªº"«È®a¤H"©Î"¨Ó¤H"¤§¶¡ªºªÀ|½Ä¬ð¦Ó´_Âø¤Æ¡B¦y¾U¤Æ¡C«È®a¤H³
¥Ñ©ó«È®a¤H¨S¦³«Ü²`ªºªÀ|®Ú°ò¡A¥LÌÁ`ªº¨Ó»¡¤ñ¥»¦a¤H§ó¨ã¿W¥ß©Ê¡B§ó¤jÁx©M§ó«i©ó¦æ°Ê¡C¥LÌ¥
³q¹L¥H¤Wªº±Ôz¡A§ÚÌýÃ¸¤F³o¼Ëªº¤@´Tµe±¡G³oÓ°ê®a³Æ¨üªÀ|¸gÀÙ¹ú‾f¡Bx¨Æ°I®z¡B¬Fªv»G±Ñ¡
2.¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©RªºÃzµo
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R»â³S¬x¨q¥þ(1814-1864¦~)¥X¥Í¦b¼s¦{«°¥~¬ù30^¸Ì³Bªºªá¿¤¡A¬O¤@Ó«È®a¹A¤áªº²Ä¤T
1837¦~²Ä¤T¦¸¸¨º]¤§«á¡A¬x¨q¥þªq³à¸U¤À¡A¥HP±o¤F«‾f¡C¦b‾«´¼©ü°g¤§»Ú¡A¤ÛÄ±¨ì¦³¤@Ó¦Ñ¹á¡A§
í¬x¨q¥þ±q©ü°g¤¤¿ô¨Ó«á¡A©Ê®æ©M¥~»ª³£¤j¤jÅÜ¤F¼Ë¡A¬Ý¤W¥h¨§÷°ª¤j¤F¨Ç¡A¨B¥ï§óÃ°¤F¨Ç¡A¦Ó©
ÀH«á¤»¦~¡A¬x¨q¥þÄ~Äò°µ¶m§ø¹Ñ®v¡C1843¦~¡A¥L²Ä¥|¦¸»°¦Ò¡A¤S¤@¦¸¸¨º]¡A³o®É¥¿¬O³òÂ¶"¼s¦{¤J«°
¤@¤Ñ¡Aªí§Ì§õqªÚ¨Ó±´±æ¬x¨q¥þ¡A¥X©ó¦n©_¡A¥LÉ¨«¤F®Ñ¬[¤Wªº¨º¥»°òþ±Ð¤p¥U¤l¡C§õqªÚ¹ï¤p¥U¤
¬x¨q¥þ©M¶¾¶³¤s¼o¹ì§Ñ¹¦a°Ñ¸Ô°òþ±Ð¤p¥U¤l¡A¦ý¤£‾à§¹¥þ²z¸Ñ¨ä¤¤ªº³\¦h§©À¡C¥LÌ»{¬°"¤Ñ°ê"§
1847¦~¡A¬x¨q¥þ©M°ó§Ì¬x¤‾«\«e©¹¼s¦{¡A¦V¬ü°ê«n¤è®ûÂ§|(American Southern Baptist)¶Ç±Ð¤hÃ¹
(1)±R«ô¬Ó¤W«Ò¡F (6)¤£¦n±þ¤H®`¤H¡F
(2)¤£¦n«ô¨¸‾«¡F (7)¤£¦n¦l¨¸²]¶Ã¡F
(3)¤£¦n¦kÃD¬Ó¤W«Ò¤§¦W¡F (8)¤£¦n°½ÅÑ§Tm¡F
(4)¨C©PÂ§«ô¹|ÃÙ¬Ó¤W«Ò®¦¼w¡F (9)¤£¦nÁ¿ÁÀ¸Ü¡F
(5)§µ¶¶¤÷¥À¡F (10)¤£¦n°_³g¤ß¡C7
¬x¨q¥þªº°òþ±ÐÄÝ¬£¤jP¬Os±Ð¦Ó«D¤Ñ¥D±Ð¡A¦]¬°s±Ð±Ð¸q§ó²Å¦X¹B°Êªº‾S©º¡A§Y¥»½è¤W¬O¹ï²{¦s‾
¦¹®É¡A¬x¨q¥þ©M¦P¹D¤w‾µ±K§¹¦¨¤Fµo°Ê²©RªºÇ³Æ¡C1850¦~11¤ë¡Aí©xx¸Õ¹Ï¦V¤@¨Ç¨¬°«ô¤W«Ò|
¤Ó¥x»P‾µ±K|ªÀ«O«ù¤@ºØL§®ªºÃöÃ´¡A¬x¨q¥þÄ±±o‾µ±K|ªÀªº°¸¹³±R«ôÀ³¤©¥¸³d¡A¥B»{¬°³o¨Ç¤H«
¤Ó¥x‾dµÛªøµo¡A¤£¦P©ó¨ººØ«eÃB«c¥ú¦Ó«á¸£»WÄ|ªº¬y¦æµo¦¡¡F¦]¦¹³QºÙ§@"ªø¤ò¸é"©Î"ªø¤ò"¡C¤Ó¥
´Â§Ê©xx¦b¥Ã¦w¹ê¬I¤F¤@³õ±j¤jªº³ò§x¡A¤Ó¥xµLªk¬ð‾}¥]³ò´X¹F¥b¦~¤§¤[¡C¤@®É¶¡¤Ó¥x¤h®ð¤j¸
©xx°¦‾à³]¥ß¨âÓ¤jÀç¨Ó«Â‾Ù¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¨Ê«°ªº¦w¥þ¡G¤@Ó¤jÀç¤ã¦b«n¨ÊªºªF¥¡AºÙ¦¿«n¤jÀç¡A¥t¤@
¬x¨q¥þ¬£»º¤@¤ä¥ÑªL»ñ²»©M§õ¶}ªÚ²v»âªºx¶¤¶ixµØ¥_¡A¥t¤@¤äx¶¤«h¥ÑÃ¹¤jºõ²v»â¦V¦è¶ix¦wÀ²¡
3.¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êªº¨î«×
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¨Æ¤@ºØ‾«Åv²Îªv¡A¨ä¤¤©v±Ð¡Bx¬FºÞ²z¡B¤å¤Æ©MªÀ|¤@‾ë¨Ó»¡³£¬Û¤¬¥æÂ´¡Cº³£ºÙ§@"¤Ñ¨Ê
3.1¤g¦a¨î«× ¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê½Ñ¦hµo©ú¤¤³Ì«nªº¤@¶µ¡A¤]³\í¼Æ¼o°£¤g¦a©M°]²£ªº¨p¦³Åv¡C³o¶µµo©ú
³oºØ¦@¦P¨Ï¥Î¤g¦aªº«äQ¡A¥i¨£©ó¤¤°ê¥j¥N¨åÄy¡m©PÂ§¡n¤§¤¤¡Aº~´Âªº¿y¦ìªÌ¤ý²õ´¿¦bµu©Rªºs´Â(
3.2x¬F¦X¤@ ¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êªºx¨î½¦Û©ó¡m©PÂ§¡n¤Î¥Ñ©ú´Â±N»â±Ä~¥úµo©úªº¨î«×¡A‾S©º¬Ox¨Æ©M¥Á
x©x¤]¬O¥Á¬Fªø©x¡A¨C¤G¤Q¤Ó®a®x²Õ¦¨¤@°ò¥»ªºªÀ|³æ¦ì¡A¨CÓ³æ¦ì³]¦³¤@Ó°ê®w©M¤@®y±Ð°ó¡A¥
¤Ó¥xÄY¸T²½³þ‾ª©v¡Aíµo²{°¸¹³©M¼q¦t®É¡A§Y¤©o´¡F©x¦õÌ³q±`¦b¶¤¥î©Ò¨ì¤§³B¦Vs¦a¤èªº©~¥
3.3¤å¤Æ©M©v±Ð¦X¤@ ¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êºnªº¤@¶µ¥ô°È¡A¬O¦V¥Á²³Äé¿é°òþ±Ð«äQ¡C®Ú¾Ú¬x¨q¥þ¹ï¡m¸t¸g
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¤]¶i¦æ¤F¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õ¡A¦b¤Ó¥¬ì¸Õ¤¤¡A¥Õ¸Ü¤å¨ú¥N¤F²M§Ê¬ì¸Õ©Òn¨Dªº¥j¤å¼g§@¡C¤Ó¥¬ì¸Õª
3.4s¾úªk ¤Ó¥xªö‾Çªº¾úªk§O¨ã¤@®æ¡A¥¦¬J«D³±¾ú¤]«D¶§¾ú¡A¦Ó¬O¤¶¥G¨âªÌ¤§¶¡¡C¤@¦~³Q¤À¬°
3.5ªÀ|¬Fµ¦ ¦b¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¤º¡A¨k¤k¥µ¥¡A°ü¤k¤¹³\¦bx¬F¾÷ºc¤¤¥ôÂ¾¡A¾ÚºÙ¬x¨q¥þ©f©fªº¾£¤U¦³
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êÁÙªö¨ú¤F¤@¨ÇªÀ|ºÖ§Q±¹¬I¨ÓÀ°§U‾f´Ý©t¹è¤Hµ¥¡C³o³õ¹B°Êªº¥µ¥¥D¸q©M¸T±ý¥D¸qºë‾«¡A¤
4.¥~°êªº¤¤¥ß¥ß³õ
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êªì´Á¡A°òþ±Ð«H¥õ³Õ±o¤F¬v¤H¡B¤×¨ä¬O¨º¨Çs±Ð¶Ç±Ð¤hªº¦P±¡¡AºÉºÞ¥LÌ«Ü¾á¼~¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¨
¤å¿«ªº³X°Ý°£¦¬¶°¤F¤@¨Ç±¡³ø¥~¡A§OµL¦¨®Ä¡C¥L¬O«e¨Ón¨D¤Ó¥x´L«^°êªº±ø¬ùÅv§Qªº¡A¦ý¤Ñ¤ý«
¤Wz¤p¥U¤l¤¤ªí²{¥XªºÀÀ¤H¤Æ¦â±m«D±`Åå¤H¡A¤W«Ò³Q±aÂ÷¤F¨ººØ°ª°ª¦b¤Wªºª¬ºA¡A¼ô±x¤Z¶¡¤§¨
¦pªG°òþ±Ð°ê®a°Ñ»PÂíÀ£³o³õ¹B°Ê±N¬O«Ü´d«sªº¡A¦]¬°°_¸qªÌÌ©êµÛ¤@ºØª§¨ú¶i¨Bªº¿E±¡©M§@¥þ±§
¬ü°ê¤H¦b¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êªì¦~¤]°õ¦æ¤@ºØ¤¤¥ß¬Fµ¦¡AºÉºÞ¥LÌÅãµM¤£¬O¦P±¡²M¬F©²¡Cªk°ê§@¬°¤Ñ¥D±Ð¦b®ü¥
Ãö©ó¤Ó¥x¬°¦ó¤£°õ¦æ¤@¶µ´M¨D¥~°ê©Ó»{ªº¿n¥¬Fµ¦¡A©l²×±o¤£¨ì¸ÑÄÀ¡F§ó¥O¤HºÃ´bªº¬O¡A¥LÌ¤@¤
5.´¿°êÃ¿©M´ðx
¤Ó¥x¦´Áªº³Ó§Q½©ó³\¦h¦]‾À¡Gº¥ý¡A¥LÌ¤Ï¹ïº¡¬w²§±Ú²Îªvªº¥Á±Ú©ÎºØ±Ú²©R¡A³Õ±o¤F¼sªxªº¦
¦b³o¼Ëªº§Î¶Õ¤U¡A´Â§Ê¹³¦b¥Õ½¬±Ð°_¸q´Á¶¡(1796-1804¦~)¨º¼Ë¡A¨D§U©ó²ÕÂ´¹Î½m¨Ó«OÅ@¦a¤è¡Cí18
´ò«n´ð¶m¿¤ªº´¿°êÃ¿(1811-1872¦~)ÁöµM¨Ã«D¤‾Å×µØ¾î¸¡A¦ý«o¬O¤@¦ì°í«ù«H©À¡B§¶§¶¤£Âªº¤h¤H¡C
1852¦~¦~¤¤¡A´¿°êÃ¿³Q©e¥ô¬°¦¿¦è¬Ù¶m¸Õ¥D¦Ò©x¡Au¥ô³~¤¤±o±x¨ä¥À¤`¬G¡A¨ÌÓªÀ|²ß«Un¦^¶m¦u¨
´¿°êÃ¿«Ü²M¡¡AºñÀç§L©M¹Î½m³£¤£¬O¤Ó¥²©Rxªº¹ï¤â¡F¦pªGn¦³©Ò«Ø¾ð¡AŃ¥²¶¶W¶V¬Ó«Òªº©R¥O¦
¨Ì¾Ú¤Wz«äQ¡A´¿°êÃ¿‾Ý¦³¦¨¦Ë¦a©Û¶Ò¤F¤TÓÀçªº³¡¶¤¡A¨CÀç§t360¤H¡A¦@p1080¤H¡C¦UÀç©x¦õ±q¾§
´ðxªº§L¤B¥Ñ©x¦õ©Û¶Ò¡A§L¤B¹ï©Û¶Ò¥LÌªº©x¦õ®Ä©¾¡F¦Ó©x¦õ«h¥Ú§Ó®Ä©¾´¿°êÃ¿¡A¦]¦¹´ðx¬O¤@¤ä¨
´Â§Ê¤£Â_¶Ê«P´¿°êÃ¿¬£x¶¤«e¥h´ò¥_¬Ù±Ï´©¡A¦ý¾D©Úµ´¡A¦]¬°´¿°êÃ¿¤£Q¦bµÂ²Mí¦a¤gê©M¹ï³°¶¤¤
´ðx»P¤Ó¥xªº³Ìªì¹ïÂS¨Ã¤£¥O´¿°êÃ¿®¶¾Ä¡F¥L¾D¨ü¤F´X¦¸®À§é¡A¦U¬Ùþ¼¾§åµû¥L¤z¥´¹p¤£¤U«B¡CÂ
´ðxÀH«á¼³Ó©ùµM®¼¶i¦¿¦è¡A¥]³ò¤F«Âí¤E¦¿¡A¤Ó¥x¤£¶È¤©¥H¦³¤Oªº©è§Ü¡A¦Ó¥B¹ê»Ú¤W¦¨¥\¦a±N´
6.¤Ñ°ê¤º°R
1856¦~¡A¦b«n¨Êµo¥Í¤F¤@³õÄY«ªº¤º°R¡A±j‾P¦a¾_¾Ù¤F¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¡C³o³õäÃøªº®Ú¥»ì¦]¡A¬OªF¤ý¨¨
¬ù¦b1851¦~1¤ëª÷¥Ð°_¸q¤§«eªº¤»Ó¤ë¡A¨¨q²M¬ðµM‾fË¡A¤SÅ¤¤S°×¡Aµ²ªG¤£‾à°Ñ»P°_¸qªºÄw¹º¡CÅã
¨¨q²M¹ï¦b¤Ó¥x³Ó§Q¤¤©Ò°_ªº§@¥Î«D±`¦Û»¨--¦Ó¥Lªº§@¥Î²@µLºÃ°Ý¬O«Ü¤jªº--¥HP¥L¤º¤ßµÞµo¤F¨
ªÌ©¹´ò¥_¡CªF¤ý¶}©l§ó¥[ÀWÁc¦a‾«ÆFªþÅé¡A¨Ã¥H¤W«Òªº¦W¸q«ã½|¬x¨q¥þ¡C¦b1856¦~À»‾}²Mx¦¿«n¤jÀ
1856¦~ªº¤º°R«D±`²`¨è¦a«d®z¤F¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¹B°Êªº¤h®ð©M¤O¶q¡A¥HP¥¦¦A¤]¨S‾à«ì´_¤¸®ð¡C¬x¨q¥þ¦Û¤
7.¾Ôª§ªºÂà§éÂI
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A²Mxªº«ü´§§Ç¦C©M¥~°ê¹ï¤¤°ê¤º¾ÔªººA«×¤]µo¥ÍµÛ¤@¨Ç«nªºÅÜ¤Æ¡C¤Ó¥x²Ä¤G¦¸À»‾}¦
´¿°êÃ¿¤É¥ô¸û°ªªº±^¦ì¡A¼Ð§Ó¤F©º¶Ï¾Ô¨Æªº¤@ÓÂà§éÂI¡C´ðxÂX¥R¬°12¸U¤Hªº±j¤j§@¾Ô¶¤¥î¡A¨Ã¥Ñ¤
³oÓ®ÉÔ¡A¥~°ê¹ï¤¤°ê¤º¾ÔªººA«×¤]¦bµo¥Í«æ¼@ªºÅÜ¤Æ¡C¥~°ê¤Hªì´Á¦]¬°¤Ó¥x«H©^°òþ±Ð¤ÎÂX®i°
¹ïÓ²M§Ê¦P¦è¤èÃöÃ´ªº§ïµ½¡A¤Ó¥x«K¬Û§Î¨£²Ò¤F¡C¥LÌ¤£¶È¨S¦³§@¥ô¦ó§V¤O±N¬v¤H»P²M¤ý´ÂÂ÷¶¡¶
§Ú¤£«ü±æ«q¶Ã¤@¤è|¦³¥ô¦óªº¦nÂà¡A¨S¦³þÓ¥¿¬£ªº¤¤°ê¤H|»P«q¶Ã¹B°Êµo¥Í¥Ê¸‾¡C¥LÌ¤@¨ý¿N±
Ã¹§µ¥þ´£¨Ñ¤F¥t¤@¬q°O¸ü¡A¥L´¿À³¤Ñ¤ý¤§ÁÜ¡A©ó1861-1862¦~¶¡¦b«n¨Ê«×¹L¤F¤Q¤Ó¤ë¡C¥L¦b1861¦~
¦Ü©ó¤Ñ¤ý(¬x¨q¥þ)¥H¥¨¤j¼ö±¡«Å´ªº©v±ÐÆ[ÂI¡A§Ú»{¬°¥¦Ì¦b¤W«Ò²´¸Ì¤jÅé¬O°Q¹½ªº¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A§
¥L(¬x¨q¥þ)n§Ú¨Ó¡A¦ý¤£¬On§Ú¨Ó¶Ç¼½C¿q°òþªººÖµ¨ÃÅý¤HÌ¬Ô¨Ì¤W«Ò¡A¦Ó¬OÅý§Ú¨Ó°µ©x¡AÅý§
Á`¤§¡A¥~°ê¤H¦´Á¹ï¤Ó¥xªº¦P±¡¡A¤wÅý¦ì©ó¹ï¥¦ªº¥¢±æ¤ÎÇ³Æ´©§U²M§Êªº¨M¤ß¡A²M§Êªº¦s¦b³Q»{©
¥~°ê³Ì¦¤z¹w¤¤°ê¤º¾Ôµo¥Í¡A¬O¦b1860¦~©¾¤ý¶i§ð¤W®ü¤§®É¡A¸Ó«°ªºÍ¸Î°Ó¤H©M¹ê~®a®½¸ê²ÕÂ´¤F¤
8.¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êªº±Y¼ì
¸g´¿°êÃ¿±ÀÂË¡A´Â§Ê±ÂÅv§õÂE³¹²Õ«Ø¤@¤äsx¥H¤ä«ù´ðx¡C´¿°êÃ¿Åý¥X¥Lªº¤T¤d¦h¦W´ð«i§@¬°³o¤ä
¥ª©v´Å¦b®ý¦¿ªº³Ó§Q¥i»P§õÂE³¹¦b¦¿Ä¬ªº¦¨¥\¬ÛB¬ü¡F¥LÌ¨ó¤O¤ÁÂ_¤F¤Ñ¨Êªº¨ÑÀ³¨Ó½¡A¸Ó«°²{¦b³
©¾¤ý¦b¥}¸T®É¨ü¨ì¤F´¿°êÃ¿ªºÂ§¹J¡A¥L«Ü½àÃÑ©¾¤ýªºx¨Æ¤ÑÅ×¡A´¿°êÃ¿½Ð¥LÇ³Æ¤@¥÷¦Û¨Ñª¬¡C±q186
´¿°êÃ¿Àò½ç«Ê¤@µ¥«JÀï¦ì¡A§Ì§Ì©M§õÂE³¹¨ü«Ê¤@µ¥§B¡A¦¹¨è´¿°êÃ¿©Î³\¬O¥þ°ê³Ì¨ü´Lq¤Î³Ì¦³Åv¶Õª
9.¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¥¢±Ñªºì¦]
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R¼vÅT¤F¤¤°ê¤Q¤KÓ¬Ù¤¤ªº¤Q¤»Ó¬Ù¡A©µÄò¤F¤Q¥|Ó¦~ÀY¡C¨ä¿³°_½´«k¿E©ù¡A¦Ó¨ä°I¤`¥
9.1¾Ô²¤¿ù»~ ¥e»â«n¨Ê«á¡A¤Ó¥xÀ³¤@¹ª§@®ð®u¨÷¥_¤W¦Ü¥_¨Ê¡A³o¼ËŃ¦³¥i‾à±Nº¡²M®c§Ê»°¨«¤F
§Y¨Ï¥¼‾à§ð§J¥_¨Ê¡A¤Ó¥x¤]¦Ü¤ÖÀ³¶°¤¤¤O¶q¡A¹ý©³ºR´ªø¦¿¨â©¤ªº²Mx¤jÀç¡A¤£µ¹¥¦Ì¥H¥ô¦ó««
9.2NÃÑ§ÎºA½Ä¬ð ¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êªº¤Ïº¡¸¹¥l¦]¨ä°òþ±Ð²z©À¦Ó¨ü¨ìl®`¡Co´¼q¦t‾«¹³¤ÎÂZ¶Ã¶m§ø¥Í
°_ªì¡A¬x¨q¥þ´¿§Q¥Î©v±Ð¨Ó¤ä«ù¤Ïº¡¥Á±Ú²©R¡A¨Ã«ÅºÙ¦Û¤vªÓt‾«¸t¨Ï©R¤Î³Ð¥ß¤F¤@®Ms«¬ªº¤T¦ì¤
9.3»â¾É¶°¹Îªº¥¢»~ ¦b¬x¨q¥þ¤§¤Uªº³Ì¦¤Óº»â¤¤¡A«n¤ý©M¦è¤ý¦b1852¦~°}¤`¡AªF¤ý©M¥_¤ý¦b
¬x¨q¥þ‾Ê¥F»â³S¤ÑÅ×¡A¨Ï¥L³B©ó¤@ºØ¥ª¥k¬°Ãøªº¹Ò¦a¡C¥L¬J¤£‾à¨îqªø´Áªº«Ø³]©Ê¬Fµ¦©Î¥þ§½©Êªº
9.4¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¥Í¬¡ªº¦Û¬Û¥Ù¬Þ ²©RªÌ«Å´¼o°£¨p¦³¨î¡A¦ý¨ä»â¾É¤H¦Û¤v«o¿n²³¤FÃe¤jªº°]Í¡C¥L
¬x¨q¥þ¤@¤è±¸T¤î¤H¥Á¾\Åª³Q¥¸³d¬°"§‾®Ñ"ªº¤Õ©sµÛ§@¡A¥t¤@¤è±¥L¦Û¤v«o¦Û¥Ñ¦Û¦b¦a¾\Åª³o¨Ç®ÑÄ
9.5ñD¸}ªº¥~¥æ ¤Ó¥x¦b¶}©l®ÉÀò±o¥~°ê¦C±jªº¦P±¡¡A¦ý¥LÌ¨S¦³§Q¥Î³o¤@ÂI§@¬°Ä¹±o¥~°ê©Ó»{
10.¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©Rªº¿ò²£
ºÉºÞ¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¥H¥¢±Ñ§i²×¡A¦ý¥¦ªº¸g¾ú«o¹ï¤¤°ê²£¥Í¤F²`»ªº¼vÅT¡C¬Fªv¤W¡A¥¦«P¨Ï¬F©²ªºÅv¤O±qº
¦¹ºØÅÜ¤Æªº¥²µMµ²ªG¬O¡A¥~¬Ù¤jû¦b°ê¨Æ¤¤ªº¼vÅT¤é‾qÂX¤j¡C¦b²M¥N¦´Á©M¤¤´Á¡A¬F©²°ª«×¶°Åv¤Æ¡
x¨Æ¤W¡A´ðx©M²ax¬O¨p®ax¶¤ªº¥ý¾ÉªÌ¡A¦Ó¨p®ax¶¤¤D¬O¦¹«áx»Öªº¨å«¬‾S©º¡C´¿°êÃ¿©M§õÂE³¹®
³Ì«á¡A¤Ó¥¤Ñ°êªº¸g¾úÁÙ¿EÀy¤F«á¥Nªº²©RªÌ¡A¨º¨Ç¤Ó¥x¾l³¡Âà¤J¦a¤U¥[¤J¤F¤Ñ¦a|¡A¨ÏºØ±Ú¤Î¥
¤£¶È¬O¦b¤¤°ê¡AŃ¬O¦b¼Ú¬w¡A¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R¤]¦¨¬°¤@Ó±Ò}ªº¬u½¡C¹ï1848¦~¼Ú¬w²©Rªº¥¢±ÑP¨ì¥
11.±Éx«q¶Ã©M¦^¥Á«q¶Ã
ºÉºÞ¤Ó¥x¦b1864¦~³QÂíÀ£¡A¦ý¥t¥~´X³õ³W¼Ò¸û¤pªº«q¶Ã¤´¸vh©ó¤£¦P¦a°Ï¡CÃzµo©ó1853¦~¨Ã«ùÄò¨
"±É"¬O¤sªF¡Bªe«n¡B¦¿Ä¬©M¦wÀ²µ¥¦a‾µ±KÀ°|ªº¦WºÙ¡A¦¨û¥Dn¬O¤@¨Ç¬y¥Á¡BµL¿à©M¾a±j¦æ°Ç‾Á¤Î
±Éx°ò¥»¤W¬O¤@ºØÂô¿º¥|¤èªºÀ°ê¤§¶°¦XÅé¡A¥LÌªº¤O¶q¥Dn¨Ì¿à©óÃM§Lªº§Ö³t¹B°Ê¡A¨Ãªö¨úÁ×§K»
´¿°êÃ¿©º°Q¤F¤@¦~¥¼¨£¦¨®Ä¡A¨ü¨ì±s¥vÌªº¦y¾U§åµû¡C´¿°êÃ¿PÄ±¨ì¦Û¤v¦~ÁÚ¤£ÀÙ¡A¤]¬°¨ä´ðxªº°
¶³«nªº¦^¥Á«q¶Ã¦b¦è¤è¤åÄm¤¤³QºÙ§@‾Z¶ë«q¶Ã(Panthay Rebellion)--©Ò¿×"‾Z¶ë"¡A¬O½q¨l»y¤¤ºÙ©I
1855¦~¡A¦]¬°¤@¨ÇÄq²£(º~¤H©M¦^¥Á³£«ÅºÙ¾Ö¦³³o¨ÇÄq²£)ªºª§°õ¤Þµo¤F¤@³õ¤½¶}ªº«q¶Ã¡C«q¶Ãº»â§
ÁÙ¦³¤@³õ§xÂZ²M§Êªº«q¶Ã¡C³QºÙ¬°"ªF¤z¤H"ªº¦è¥_¦^¥Á¦b°¢¦è¦³¤»¦Ê¸U¤H¡A¦b¥Ì«n¦³¤K¦Ê¸U¤H¡C¥L
1862¦~¡Aí¤Ó¥x¶iÅ§°¢¦è¤§®É¡A¦^¥Á¦b¤@¨Ç°Ñ¥[¹L¶³«n°_¸qªº»â³S²v»â¤U¡A¦A¦¸°_¦Ó¦VÀ³¡C¤@Ó¨
ÀHµÛ¤Wz³o¨Ç¤º³¡«q¶Ãªº¿º¥¡A²M¬F©²«s¾ð¥ß¤F¹ï«Ò°ê¤j³¡¤À¦a°ÏªºÅv«Â¡F²M¤ý´Â¦ü¥G§áÂà¤FË®¹
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Beal, George E., Jr., The Origin of Likin, 1853-1864 (Cambridge, Mass., 1
958).
2.Boardman, Eugene P., Christian Influence upon the Ideology of the Taiping
Rebellion (Madison, 1952).
3.Cheng, J. C.¡A Chinese Sources for the Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864 (Hong K
ong, 1963).
4.½±¬P¼w¡G¡m´¿°êÃ¿¤§¥Í¥¤Î¨Æ~¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1935¦~¡^¡C
5.Chiang, Siang-tseh, The Nien Rebellion (Seattle, 1954).
6.¦¿¦a¡G¡mªì´Á±Éx¥v½×ÂO¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1859¦~¡^¡C
7.--¡G¡mmx¥vªì±´¡n (¥_¨Ê¡A1956¦~)¡C
8.Áé¤å¨å¡G¡m¤Ó¥x¦b¥Ã¦w¡n (¥_¨Ê¡A1962¦~¡^¡C
9.Clarke, Prescott, and J. S. Gregory (eds.)¡AWestern Reports on the Taiping:
A Selection of Document (Honolulu, 1982).
10.Curwen, C. A., Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch 'eng (Cambrid
ge, Eng., 1977).
11.½d¤åÄi¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R¹B°Ê¡n¡]95´ä¡A1948¦~¡^¡C
12.--¡G¡mº~¦l³£¤l¤â´¿°êÃ¿ªº¤@¥Í¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1949¦~¡^
13.--µ¥¡]¦X½s)¡G¡m±Éx¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1953¦~¡^¡A¦@6¨÷¡C
14.Feuerwerker, Albert, Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century China (Ann Arbor, 1
975).
15.Giguel, Prosper, A Journal of the Chinese Civil War, 1864, edited by Ste
ven Leibo (Honolulu, 1985).
16.Gregory, J. S., Great Britain and the Taipings (New York, 1969).
17.Hail, William J., Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion (New York, 196
4).
18.¦V¹Fµ¥¡]¦X½s¡^¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1952¦~¡^¡A¦@8¨÷¡C
19.®L ¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê«e«áªø¦¿¦U¬Ù¤§¥Ð?°ÝÃD¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä10¨÷²Ä2´Á¡A²Ä 409-474¶¡]1
20.ÃC¤@¤s¡G¡m´¿°êÃ¿¡n¡]«¼y¡A1944¦~¡^¡C
21.Jen, Yuwen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, 1973).
22.Kuhn, Philip A., Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Milit
arization and Social Structure, 1796-1864 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
23.--¡A"The Taiping Rebellion," in John K. Fairbank (ed.)¡AThe Cambridge Histor
y of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1978)¡AVol. 10¡APt. I¡A264-350.
24.Lay, W. T. (tr.), The Autographic Deposition of Chung Wang, the Faithful
King, at His Trial after the Capture of Nanking (1865).
25.Liu, Robert H. T.¡AThe Taiping Revolution: A Failure of Two Missions (Lanh
am, Md.¡A1979).
26.Ã¹º¸ºõ¡G¡m´ðxs§Ó¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1939¦~¡^¡C
27.--¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R«eªº¤H¤fÀ£¢°ÝÃD¡n¡A¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|¡m¤¤°êªÀ|¸gÀÙ¶°¥Z¡n¡A²Ä8¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²
28.--¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¥vºõ¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1937¦~¡^¡C
29.Ã¹¥ÉªF¡G¡m¤¤°êÂçª÷¥v¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1936¦~¡^¡C
30.Meadows, Thomas T.¡AThe Chinese and Their Rebellions (London, 1856).
31.Michael, Franz, "Military Organization and the Power Structure of China
during the Taiping Rebellion," Pacific Historical Review, XVIII:469-83 (1949).
32.--¡AThe Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents, Vols. 2 and 3 (Seattle,1
971).
33.--¡Aand Chung-li Chang, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seat
tle, 1966), Vol. 1.
34.¥Õ¹ØÂU(½s¡^¡G¡m¦^¥Á°_¸q¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1953¦~¡^¡A¦@4¨÷¡C
35.´^¿A‾q¡G¡]¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R«ä¼é¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1946¦~¡^¡C
36.Perry, Elizabeth J. (ed.), Chinese Perspectives on the Nien Rebellion (A
rmonk, N. Y., 1981).
37.Porter, Jonathan, Tseng Kuo-fan's Private Bureaucracy (Berkeley, 1972).
38.Ân¤¸¡G¡m¬x¨q¥þ©M¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R¡n¡A¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä49-94¶¡]1963 ¦~¡^¡C
39.Shih, Vincent Y. C., The Taiping Ideology: Its Source, Interpretations a
nd Influences (Seattle, 1967).
40.Smith Richard J., Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever- Victo rious Army
in Nineteenth Century China (New York, 1978).
41.So, Kwan-wai, Eugene Boardman, and Ch'iu Ping, "Hung Jen-kan: Taiping Pr
ime Minister," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 20:1-2:262-294 (June 1957).
42.Spector, Stanley, Li Hung-chang and the HuaiArmy: A Study in Nineteenth-
Century Chinese Regionalism (Seattle, 1964).
43.S pence, Jonathan, D.¡AGod's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of
Hong Xiuquan (New York, 1996).
44.Taylor, George, "The Taiping Rebellion, Its Economic Background and Soci
al Theory," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, 32:545-614 (193233)
.
45.Teng, S. Y., "Hung Jen-kan, Prime Minister of the Taiping Kingdom and Hi
s Modernization Plans," United College Journal, 8:87-95 (Hong Kong, 1970- 1971).
46.--The Taiping Rebellion and the Western Powers: A Comprehensive Survey(O
xford, 1971).
47.--¡ANew Light on the History of the Taiping Rebellion (Cambridge, Mass.,19
50).
48.--¡AThe Nien Army and Their Guerrilla Warfare, 1851-1868 ¡]Paris, 1961).
49.--¡AHistoriography of the Taiping Rebellion (Cambridge, Mass., 1962).
50.¾H¶à¬ê¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¤§¿³¤`»P¬ü°ê¤§ÃöÃ´¡n¡A¡]¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s©Ò¾Ç³ø¡A95´ä¡A ²Ä3¨÷²Ä1´Á¡^ ²
51.Teng, Yuan-chung, "The Failure of Hung Jen-kan's Foreign Policy" The Jou
rnal of Asian Studies, XXVIII:l:125-)38 (Nov. 1968).
52.Wagner, Rudolf G., Reenacling the Heavenly Vision: The Role of Religion
in the Taiping Rebellion (Berkeley, 1984).
53.¤ý¾ðºi¡G¡m«w¦P¶³«n¦^¥Á¨ÆÅÜ¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1968¦~¡^
54.Wu, James T. K.¡A "The Impact of the Taiping Rebellion upon the Manchu Fis
cal System," Pacific Historical Review, 19:265-275 (Aug. 1950).
55.Yap, P. M.¡A"The Mental Illness of Hung Hsiu-ch'iian, Leader of the Taipin
g Rebellion," The Far Eastern Quarterly, XIIl:3:287-304 (May 1954).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Ã¹º¸ºõ¡G<¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R«eªº¤H¤fÀ£¢°ÝÃD>¡A¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|(¤¤°êªÀ|¸gÀÙ¶°¥Z>¡A²Ä8¨÷²Äl´Á¡A²Ä39¶(
32:545-614 (1932- 33) ; Ping-ti Ho, Studies on the Population of China¡A282¡O
2 ´^¿A‾q¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R«ä¼é¡n(¤W®ü¡A1946¦~)¡A²Ä14-15¶¡F¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä3¨÷¡A²Ä38-39¶¡C
3 Ã¹º¸ºõ¡A²Ä35¶¡C
4 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A²Ä143¶¡C
5 ¦V¹Fµ¥(¦X½s)¡G¡m¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¡n(¤W®ü¡A1952¦~)¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä632¶¡F¤]¨£Wakeman ch¡O12¡C
6 P M¡OYap¡A"The Mental Illness of Hung Hsiu-ch'tian¡ALeader of the Taiping Rebel1ion,
" The Far Eastern Quarterly,¡O13¡G3¡G287-304(May 1954)
7 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A²Ä161¶¡C
8 ¡mª÷¥Ð°_¸q¡n(«n¹ç¡A1975¦~)¡C
9 ÂÂªº°O¸üºÙ¤@ª½¨ì1851¦~9¤ë¤Ó¥x§ð§J¥Ã¦w«áÅ×¦æ«Ê¤ý¡A¦ý«á¨Óªº¤@¨Ç¬ã¨s»é¥¸¤F³oÓ»¡ªk¡F¨£S¡OY
10 Teng¡ANew Light.
11 ªZ©÷¡Bº~¤f©Mº~¶§¡C
12 ¥L±N¤Ó¥x»P‾µ±K|ªÀ¤ÀÂ÷¶}¨Óªº¨M©w¡A´£¨Ñ¤F¥L¬°¦ó©Úµ´´©§U¤p¤M|ªº¤@Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡A¤p¤M|¬O¤T¦X|
13 1‾a²£1,200¤ç(1¤ç=1¤S1¡þ3½S)ªº¥Ð³Q¹º§@¤W¤Wµ¥¡A²£1,100¤çªº¬°¤W¤¤¡A²£1,000¤çªº¬°¤W¤U¡F900¤ç
14 1‾a¤W¤W¥Ð©è1.1‾a¤W¤¤¥Ð¡B1.2‾a¤W¤U¥Ð¡B1.35‾a¤¤¤W¥Ð¡B1.5‾a¤¤¤¤¥Ð¡B1.75‾a
¤¤¤U¥Ð¡B2‾a¤U¤W¥Ð¡B2.4‾a¤U¤¤¥Ð¡B3‾a¤U¤U¥Ð¡C
15 §óºë½T¦a»¡¡A³o¨ÇÀY»Îªº¦WºÙ³£³Q»{¬°¤£¦X¾A¡A¬G¤Ó¥x±N"¨qÅ×"§ï¬°"¨q¤h"¡B"Á|¤H"§ï¬°"³Õ¤h"¡B
16 McNair¡AI¡A345-346¡O
17 ¦b¤@¨Ç¬Ù¥÷¡AÂçª÷°ª¹F20%¡C"Âçª÷"³Ìªì¬O«ü¤@ºØ"È¦Ê©â¤@"ªºªþ¥[µ|¡A¦ý±q¥¼¦³©ú¤å³W©w¸ÑÄÀ¥¦ªº§
18 Ã¹º¸ºõ¡G¡m´ðxs§Ó¡n(¤W®ü¡A1939¦~)¡A²Ä66¶¡C
19 McNair,I¡A349¡O
20 McNair,I¡A349-351¡O
21 Ãö©ó²ax¿³°_ªº¬ã¨s¡A°Ñ¨£Stanley Spector ,Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army¡GA Study in Nin
nalism (Seattle,1964), chs¡O2-3¡C
22 ¦³Ãö³o¥÷§R¸`¹Lªº¦Ûz¤§^¤å¥»¡A°Ñ¨£w¡OT¡OLay(tr¡O)¡AThe Autobiography of Chung-wang (Shan
23 ³o¥÷ì¤åª½¨ì±Nªñ¤@¦Ê¦~¤§«áÅ×¥Xª©¡A®Ñ¦W¬°¡m§õ¨q¦¨¦Û¨Ñ¤â¸ñ¡n(»O¥_¡A1962¦~)¡C
24 ¦b1964¦~¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¥¢±Ñ¤@¦Ê©P¦~¬ö©À´Á¶¡¡A©¾¤ý¦b¥}¸T¤¤ªº¦æ¬°¦b¤¤°ê¤j³°¨ü¨ì¤F¬Ûí¿E‾Pªº§å§P¡C
25 ½d¤åÄi¡G¡mº~¦lë×¤l¤â´¿°êÃ¿ªº¤@¥Í¡n(¤W®ü¡A1949¦~)¡C
26 ¦b1864-1866¦~¶¡¡A¥þ³¡¤Q¤Ó¨µ¼¾§¡¥Ñº~¤H¥R¥ô¡A¦b1867-1869¦~¶¡¡A¤Q¥|Ó¨µ¼¾¥Ñº~¤H¾á¥ô¡Aº¡¤H
27 ¦¹©xÂ¾³Ð³]©ó1861¦~¡At³d¤Ñ¬z¡B¤û²ø(Àç¤f)©MªÛÐMÂç¤TÓ¥_¤è¤f©¤¡C
28 Vincent Y¡OC¡OShih, The Taiping Ideology¡GIts Source,Interpretations and Influences
(Seattle,1967)ª§ÅG»¡¡A¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¹B°Ê¤£¬O¤@³õ²©R¡A§ó¤£¬O¤@³õ¹A¥Á²©R¡C
29 ¥Ñ°¨©ú¤ß(¥ç§@°¨©ús)³Ð«Ø©ó1762¦~¡C¦³Ãö¸Ô±¡°Ñ¨£Immanuel C¡OY¡OHsu¡AThe Ili Crisis¡GA Stud
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
136
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¤@³¹
²M´Â¤¤¿³»P¦Û±j¹B°Ê
1860¦~»P^ªk¶ü©M¤Î1864¦~ÂíÀ£¤F¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê¡A²M¤ý´Â®ø°£¤F¤º¥~¨âÓP©R«Â‾Ù¡AµÎ½w¤F¤@¤f®ð¡CÀH«
¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤»¤Q¡B¤C¤Q¦~¥Nªº¤h¤j¤Ò«Ü§Ö±N³oºØ¤ý´Âªº"²Ä¤G¦¸Ácºa"ºÙ¬°"¦Pªv¤¤¿³"¡C³o¸Ì©Ò¿×ªº"¤¤
¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W¨º¨Ç¦¨¥\ªº¤¤¿³¡A1 ³q±`³£»P¤@¨Ç±j¦³¤Oªº¡BºÍ´¼©M½å©úªº²ÎªvªÌ¦³Ãö¡A¦ý¦Pªv¬Ó«Ò¦b¥
µM¦Ó¡A¦Pªv¤¤¿³ÅãµM°¦‾àºâ¬O¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W¤@Ó¸û§C¼h¦¸ªº´_¿³¡C¥¦ÁöµM¼È®É¨î¤î¤F°I¸¨¡A¦ý«o¥¼‾à¨
1.s»â¾É¤H¤Î¨‾¨»¬FÅÜ
¤@Ósªº¬Fªv»â¾É¤H¦b¥_¨Ê±U°_¡A¹ï½l³ys®É¥N°_¤F¦ÜÃö«nªº§@¥Î¡C³o¸Ìn°lz¤@¤U¾ú¥v¡C1860¦
ÀHµÛ¬v¤Hx¶¤ºMÂ÷¥_¨Ê¡A®¥¿Ë¤ý²v¤@À°¤jû«µ½Ð¬Ó«Ò¦^Æq¡C¬Ó¤W¿ðºÃ¤£¨M¡A¤@¤è±¬O¦]¬°²Û©ó¥L©ÄÀ
1851¦~µn°òªº«wÂ×¬Ó«ÒÅé½è¤@ª½µê®z¡A¦bÁ×Ãø¼öªe´Á¶¡¡A¥L¸Õ¹ÏÉ§U´MÅw§@¼Ö¨Ó§Ñ«o´d«s©M²Û®¢¡A¥
µÂ¶¶©M¤Wz¨â¦ì¿Ë¤ý¥ß§Y‾óÀÀ¤F¤@¥÷¿ò¶@¡A¥ô©R¥LÌ¦Û¤v©M¥t¥~¤¦ì¤jû¬°ÃÙÁ¸¬F°È¤ý¤j¦Ú¡C®¥¿Ë¤
OÁH¬O¤@ÓÅ×´¼¨ô¶V¦Ó¤S³±ÀI¬¾¶Bªº°ü¤H¡A¦b¤j¦æ¬Ó«Ò¬V‾f´Á¶¡¡A´¿¨ó§U¬Ó«Ò§å¾\«µ§é¡A¦P®Ét¦a¸
¦b¤@¦¸‾µ±K±µÀY®É¡A¨â¦ì¤Ó«á»P®¥¿Ë¤ýÄ³©w¤£¦bÃÙÁ¸¬F°È¤ý¤j¦Ú§¹¥þ±±¨î§½¶Õªº¼öªeªö¨ú¥ô¦ó¦æ°Ê¡
½T¹ê¡A^°ê¤H¦b¤ä«ù®¥¿Ë¤ý¤è±µo´§¤FÃöÁäªº§@¥Î¡C¨¬°¥_¨Ê±ø¬ùªºÃ±q¤H¡A®¥¿Ë¤ý¥H¨äµ½N¡B¾÷±
1861¦~9¤ë11¤é¡A®¥¿Ë¤ýªð¦^¥_¨Ê¡C»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¤j¾Ç¤h©P‾ª°ö©M¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç‾d©~¥_¨Êªº©xû¤]¹ïµÂ¶¶¾Õ
10¤ë26¤é¡A¨â®c¤Ó«á¤£ÅUÃÙÁ¸¬F°È¤ý¤j¦Úªº±j‾P¤Ï¹ï¡A¦b©É¿Ë¤ý©M¾G¿Ë¤ýªº³¦P¤UÄâ¥®«Òªð¨Ê¡A¦Ó«
¦b³o³õ¬FÅÜ¤¤Àò³Óªº¨â®c¤Ó«á©M®¥¿Ë¤ýÁp¦X°õ¬F¡AÅý¥À«á°õ´x¬F°Èªº°µªk¦b²M´Â½T¬O¨S¦³¥ý¨Òªº¡C¶
¥®¬Ó«Òªº¦~¸¹¬O"¦Pªv"--©Î³\t¥ÜµÛ¨â®c¤Ó«áªº¦@¦P²Îªv--¥H²Ä¤G¦~1862¦~¬°¤¸¦~¡COÁH¤£³ßÅw"¥À
¥~°ê¹ï³o³õ¬FÅÜªº¤ÏÀ³¤jÅé¤W¬O»{¦Pªº¡A^°ê°Æ¥~¥æ¤j¦ÚµÜ¨È¼w(A¡OH¡OLayard)©ó1862¦~3¤ë18¤é¦b
2.¦X§@¬Fµ¦©M¥~¥æ²{¥N¤Æ
1860¦~»P^ªk¶ü©MªººGµh±Ð°V¡A«P¨Ï®¥¿Ë¤ý¹ï¬v¤HªººA«×µo¥Í¤F¹ý©³ªºÂàÅÜ¡C¦b¦¹¥H«e¡A¥L¤]¬O¿E‾
®¥¿Ë¤ý¦b»PÃBº¸ª÷³ÔÀï©M¸‾Ã¹¨kÀïªº©P±Û¤¤¡A©ú½T¦a»â®©¨ì¤F¦è¬v¾¹±ñªººë¨}¡C¥O¥LÅå³ßªº¬O¡A¥Lµ
¬°¤¤°ê³]psªºµo®i¤è¦Vªº¨Ã¤£°¦¦³®¥¿Ë¤ý¤@¤H¡A¦è¤è¤H¤]°µ¤F³o¤è±ªº¤u§@¡C¥LÌ©Ó»{¤F³o¼Ëªº¨
¤w¸g¾n¸`¥_¨Êªº¥~°ê¥~¥æ©x¤]±o¥H§ó¦n¦a²z¸Ñ¤¤°ê¤HªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤£ª¾¤£Ä±¦a±o¨ì¤F¬YºØµ{«×ªºº~¤Æ¡C¬
¤¤°ê©M¦è¤è©Ò§@¥Xªº¬Fµ¦§ïÅÜ¡A¾ÉP¤F¤Q¦~®É¶¡ªº¬Û¹ï©M¥¡B©M¿Ó¡Bµ½N©M¦X§@¡A¨Ã¬°¤¤°êµo°_¥~¥
¥~¥æªº§ï¨}©l©ó1861¦~1¤ë11¤ê®¥¿Ë¤ý©M¤å²»¤W«µªº"²ÎÄw¥þ§½°uÀÀµ½«á³¹µ{"¡A¸Ó³¹µ{«ØÄ³³]¥ß¤@Ó
2.1Á`²z¸Åªù ²M§Ê±q«e¤@ª½¨S¦³³]¥ß¥~¥æ©x¸Å¡A¦]¬°¤¤°ê±q¨ÓŃ¤£¦b¥µ¥ªº¡B¥~¥æªº‾Å§O¤W©Ó»{
1¡O¥¦³Ìªì³Q³]Q¬°¤@ÓÁ{®É©Ê¸Åªù¡A¥Ñ¤@¦ì«Ò«`¿Ë¤ýt³d¡A¥t¥Ñ¤@¨Ç¤j¦Ú10¨ó¿ì¡A³o¨Ç¤j¦Ú¦P®ÉÝ
2¡O§@¬°¤@Ó¿ì¨Æ¾÷ºc¡A¥¦¨S¦³½s¨î¡A¨S¦³©w‾Å§O¡A°¦¬O¤@Ó¥X©óÅv©y¤§»Ý³Ð¥ßªºÁ{®É¾÷ºc¡C²z½×¤W
3¡O¥¦¤À§@¤ÓªÑ¡G«X°êªÑ¡B^°êªÑ¡Bªk°êªÑ¡B¬ü°êªÑ©M®ü¨¾ªÑ¡C¥t¦³¨âÓªþÄÝ¾÷ºc¡G®üÃöÁ`µ|°È¥q
4¡O¥¦¤£¶È¿ì²z¥~¥æ¨Æ°È¡AÁÙ¶}®i¤@¨Ç²{¥N¤Æ¶µ¥Ø¡C¥¦´£Òs¦¡¾Ç°ó¡B¦è¬v¬ì¾Ç¡B¤u~©M¥æ³q¡A³o¨Ï
5¡O¥¦¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤»¤Q¦~¥Nµo´§¤F¿n¥ªº§@¥Î¡A¦ý¦b1869-1870¦~¥H«áªº¼vÅT¤é´î¡Aí®ÉOÁH¤Ó«á¦A«
6¡OÁöµMÁ`²z¸Åªù¥¼‾à¦³®Ä¦aµo´§¥~¥æ¾÷ºcªº§@¥Î¡A¦ý¥¦§@¬°²{¥N¤ÆªºÒ¾ÉªÌ«o¬Ûí¦¨¥\¡A¥¦¬O¤¤°ê
2.2³q°Ó¤j¦Ú °£Á`²z¸Åªù¤§¥~¡A¥t¦b¤Ñ¬z³]¥ß¤F¿ì²z¥_¤è¤T¤f³q°Ó¤j¦Ú¡A¥Hº¡¬w¶Q±Ú±R«p¬°º¥ô
³]¥ß³o¨Ç³q°Ó¤j¦Ú©xÂ¾ªº¤@Óì¦]¡A¬O¬°¤F¦b¥_¨Ê¥H¥~ªº¦a¤èºÞ²z¶T©ö¡A¥H«K§ùµ´¦b¨Ê«°¥X²{¤Ó¦hª
2.3¦P¤åÀ] ¦P¤åÀ]©ó1862¦~¸g®¥¿Ë¤ý´£Ä³¦b¥_¨Ê¶}¿ì¡A¥~°ê¤H«hºÙ¨ä¬°Â½Ä¶¾Ç°|©Î¥~»y¾Ç°|¡C¥¦
1867¦~¡A¤Bñ¤¨}ªð¦^¬ü°ê¤JÅª¦L²Ä¦w‾Ç(Indiana)¤j¾Ç¡A¦b°ê»Úªk©M¬Fªv¸gÀÙ¾Ç»â°ì§@¬°´Á¨â¦~ªº¶i
ºÉºÞ¦p¦¹¡A¦P¤åÀ]¼Ð§Ó¤F¤¤°ê¬I¦æ¦è¦¡±Ð¨|ªº¶}ºÝ¡C¥Ñ©ó³\¦h¬v±Ð²ß¤]¦b¥LÌªºµØ¤H¾Ç¥ÍÀ°§U¤U±q¨
¨ä¥¦¦a¤è¤]¶}¿ì¤FÃþ¦üªº¥~»y©M¦è¾Ç¾Ç°ó¡A1863¦~¤W®ü¶}¤F¤@©Ò(¼s¤è¨¥À])¡A1864¦~¼s¦{¶}¿ì¤F¤@©
2.4®üÃö ®¥¿Ë¤ý¥HÁ`²z¸Åªù¥D«ù¤Hªº¨¤À¡A©ó1861¦~4¤ë7¤é¥ô©R§õ®õ°ê¬°®üÃöÁ`µ|°È¥q¡A³d¦¨¥L
^ªk¬ü¤T°ê»â¨Æ¾á¤ß¨ä¥¦¦a°Ïªº°Ó°È|¨ül®`¡A¹E»P¨â¦¿Á`þ®i¶}½Í§P¡A¨Ã«Ø¦¨¤F¤@¶µ¨óÄ³¡A§Y¦b¤
1854¦~7¤ë12¤é¡A¸g¤¤°ê®üÃöÁ`ºÊþªº§¹¥þ¦PN¡A^°êªº«Â§´º¿(Thomas Wade)¡B¬ü°êªº¸ë¬yN(Lewi
§õ®õ°ê¹ï³o¶µ¥ô©Rªº¤ÏÀ³«D±`©_©Ç¡A¤]¥¨äµLÂ§¡C¥L¬J¤£±µ¨ü¤]¤£©Úµ´¥ô©R¡A¦Ó¬O¥H°±d¬°¥Ñªð¦^¤
¦b¤@¥÷¤é´Á¬°1864¦~6¤ë21¤éªº³q§i¤¤¡A»®¼wÄÄz¤FÄÝ©ó¥~Äy¶±û"¦u«h"¤§ÃþªººØºØ³W©w¡C¥L«ØÄ³¥L
À³®É¨è»Ê°O¡Aµ|°È¥q¸p¤D¤¤°ê¤§®üÃö¦Ó«D¥~°ê¤§®üÃö©Ò¦³¡A¬G¦Ó¡A¥»¸p¦Uû¤§¤ÑÂ¾À³¦VµÛ¤¤°ê¤§©x¥
»®¼w¶Ô©ó«ä¦Ò¡A¿ì¨Æ±oÅé¡B½Tí¡A¨Ï¥L±oÃd©ó´Â§Ê¡A´Â§Ê±N¥L¤Þ¬°©¾«H¤§¦Ú¤Î¥~¨ÆÅU°Ý¡C¦b¥L¦³¥Í¤
2.5°ê»Úªkªº¤Þ¶i ¦b¾~¤ù¾Ôª§«e¡A´Ü®t¤j¦ÚªL«h®}´¿©µ½Ð¬ü°ê¶Ç±Ð¤h§B¾rÂ½Ä¶¤F¥Ë®õº¸µÛ¡m°ê»Ú
«æ©ó¤F¸Ñ¦è¬v¥~¥æªº®¥¿Ë¤ý¡A¨p¤U¸Ì«Ü«æ¤Á¦aQª¾¹D°ê»Úªk¡C³q¹L¬ü°ê¤½¨Ï»Z¦w¦Úªºµ½NÀ°§U¡A¤Bñ
¦b®Õq¤â½Z´Á¶¡¡AÁ`²z¸Åªù±o¨ì¤F¤@ÓÅçÃÒ¨ä¹ê¥Î©Êªº¾÷|¡Cs¥ô´¶¾|¤h¤½¨Ï§õºÖ´µ(Yon Rehfues)
¹B¥Î³oºØsªºª¾ÃÑ¨Ã»²¤§¥H¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¥~¥æ²{¥N¤ÆÁ|±¹¡A¤¤°ê¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤»¤Q¦~¥Nªº¾ãÓ¤Q¦~¤¤¡A³]ª
3.x¨Æ²{¥N¤Æ©M¦´Á¤u~¤Æ
»P®¥¿Ë¤ýªº¥~¥æ²{¥N¤Æ¬ÛB¬üªº¡A¬O¥L¥»¤H³Ð«Ø¤@¤äs¦¡¤ô®vªº§V¤O¤Î¥~¬Ù»â³S--´¿°êÃ¿¡B¥ª©v´Å©
3.1¥ýÅXªÌ ´Ü®t¤j¦ÚªL«h®}¬O²Ä¤@ÓÒ¾ÉÉìD¦è¤è«äQªº¤H¡A¥L©R¤HÂ½Ä¶¿Dªù¡Bs¥[©Y©M¦L«×ªº
¾~¤ù¾Ôª§ªº±ÑÁZ¡A³Q¤¤°êªº¤j¦h¼Æ¤h¤j¤Ò»¡¦¨¬O¾ú¥vªº°¸µM¨Æ¥ó¡C¦ý¬O¡A¤Ö¼Æ¤@¨Ç»PªL«h®}µ²¥æ©Î¨
¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¶}³Ð©ÊªºµÛ§@¥]¬A¡A¤@³¡²±µüÃÙ´¬ü°ê¬Fªv¨î«×ªº±Ôz©Ê®ÑµÛ¡A¦W¤ê¡m¦X²³°ê»¡¡n¡A¤Î¤@³
1860¦~ªº¾Ô±Ñ§ó²r‾P¦a¾_¾Ù¤F¾Ç¬É©M©x³õ¤¤¤Hª«¡A´¿¤@«×»PªL«h®}¥æ©¹ªº¶¾®Ûªâ(1809-1874¦~)²v¥ý
3.2®¥¿Ë¤ý»P§õ®õ°ê--ªü«ä¥»Ä¥¶¤ ¦Û±j¹B°Ê¦b¨Ê«°ªº¥Dn±À¦æ¤H¬O®¥¿Ë¤ý©M¤å²»¡A¥LÌ¦V´Â§ÊÄé
¦bªü«ä¥»²vÄ¥¶¤©ó1863¦~9¤ë©è¹F¤¤°ê®É¡A®¥¿Ë¤ý§i¿Ù¥L¡A¥Lªº©x»Î¬O°ÆºÞ±a¡A¨äÅv¤O¶È¬°²Î±aÄ¥¶¤
´¿°êÃ¿©Ó»{¡A¤¤°ê»P¨ä®e‾Ç¤@¤ä®åö}¤£¹¥¥B©Î±N¤Þ°_µLªk¹w®Æ¤§ªÈ¸‾ªº¬v¤H¤ô®v¡AÁÙ¤£¦p±N¨ä¸Ñ´²¨
3.3¦U¬Ù¦Û±j¹B°Êªº¶}©l ¤j³¡¤Àªº¦Û±j³W¹º¬O¥Ñ´¿°êÃ¿¡B¥ª©v´Å©M§õÂE³¹µ¥¤@¨Ç¥~¬Ùþ¼¾±À¦æªº
¦pªG»¡¤õ½üµ¹¤FJªLÁl¦p¦¹±j‾Pªº¾_¾Ùªº¸Ü¡A¥L¤]¤£¬O°ß¤@¤@Ó¦³¦¹P¨üªº¤H¡A¦b¨º¨Ç¥Ø¥ú²`»ªº¤
¦b´¿°êÃ¿ªºÒÄ³¤U¡A1865¦~¦b¤W®ü«Ø¥ß¤F¦¿«n¨î³y§½¡A¸Ó§½ªº¾÷¾¹¥Ñ®e¶£±q¬ü°êÁÊ±o¡A®e¶£¬O²Ä¤@
¦pªG»¡´¿°êÃ¿¶}ÅP¤F¦è¤Æ¤§¸ôªº¸Ü¡A¥ª©v´Å©M§õÂE³¹«h¬O°«§Ó©ù´¦aºò´¤¤F¦è¤Æªº¤õ§â¡C¥ª©v´Å¤@¦
¦Û±j¹B°Êªº¥Dn¤Hª«¬O§õÂE³¹¡A¥L»P±`³Óx¤ÎµØº¸©M¤àµnµ¥³\¦h¬v¤Hx©xªº¥æ©¹¡A¨Ï¥L»{ÃÑ¨ì¤Fºj¬
ÂE³¹¹Á©¹^ªk´£þ§L²î¡A¨£¨ä¤j¬¶¤§ºë‾Â¡B¤lÃÄ¤§²Ó¥©¡B¾¹±ñ¤§ÂA©ú¡B¶¤¥î¤§¶‾¾ã¡A¹ê¤¤°ê©Ò¤£‾à¤
§õÂE³¹Äµ§i»¡¡A¦pªG¤¤°ê¤£¦b³y²î©Mºj¬¶¨î³y¤è±«æ°_ª½°lªº¸Ü¡A¤é¥»¤£¤[Ń|®Äªk¦è¬v¦Ó¶W¹L¤¤°
ÀHµÛ´¿°êÃ¿©ó1872¦~¥h¥@¤Î¥ª©v´Å¦b1868¦Ü1880¦~¶¡§ë¨©óÂíÀ£¦è¥_©MsÃ¦ªº¦^¥Á«q¶Ã¤§§Ð¡A§õÂE³
¦ý¬O¡A§õÂE³¹¹ï²î¬¶ªº¹L«×±Mª`©M¥L¹ï¦è¤è¬Fªv¨î«×¤Î¤å¤Æªº¬Û¹ïºzµø¡A¨î¤F¦Û±j¹B°Êªº½d³ò¡C¥
3.4¦uÂÂ¬£ªº¤Ï¹ï ÁöµM¦Û±j¹B°Êªº½d³ò¦³¡A¨ä»â³SÌ¬Ý«Ý¤¤°ê©Ò±Á{°ÝÃDªº²´¬É¤]»á¦³§½¡A
¸Ó¤j¾Ç¤h(§YØ¤‾)¬J¥H¦¹Á|¬°²¿Ãª¡A¦Û¥²§O¦³¨}¹Ï¡C¦pªG¹ê¦³§®µ¦¡A¥i¥H¨î¥~°ê¦Ó¤£¬°¥~°ê©Ò¨î¡A¦
OÁH¤Ó«á²z¸ÑÉìD¦è¬vªº«n©Ê¡A¦ý¤]¤£Q±o¸o¦uÂÂ¬£¡A¦o¤@¤è±¦PN³]¥ßºâ¾ÇÀ]¡A¥t¤@¤è±¤S©e©
4.¦Û±j¹B°Êªº¦UÓ¶¥¬q
4.1²Ä¤@¶¥¬q ®Ú¾ÚµÛ«ÂIªºÅÜ¤Æ©M²z©ÀªºÅÜ¾E¡A¦Û±j¹B°Ê¥i¤À¬°¤TÓ¶¥¬q¡C²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¤jP±q1861
1861¦~ ¸g®¥¿Ë¤ý´£Ä³¡A¦b¥_¨Ê³]¥ßÁ`²z¸Åªù¡A¦b¤Ñ¬z©M¤W®ü³]¥ß³q°Ó¤j¦Ú¸p¸Å¡C
1862¦~ ¸g®¥¿Ë¤ý´£Ä³¡A¦b¥_¨Ê³]¥ß¦P¤åÀ]¡C
§õÂE³¹¦b¤W®ü³]¥ß¤TÓ¬v¬¶§½¡A¥t©RÄÝ¤U¦V^°êx©x¾Ç²ß¾Þ¥Î¤õ¬¶¡A¦V¼w°êx©x¾Ç²ß¾Þ¥Î¨Bº
1863¦~ §õÂE³¹¦b¤W®ü¶}¿ì¥~»y¾Ç°ó(¼s¤è¨¥À])¡C
§õ®õ°ê--ªü«ä¥»²î¶¤©è¹F¡C
´¿°êÃ¿¬£®e¶£«eu¬ü°êÁÊ¶R¾÷¾¹¡C
1864¦~ §õÂE³¹¦bÄ¬¦{¶}³]¤@Ó¤p«¬¬v¬¶§½¡C
¼s¦{¶}¿ì¤@©Ò¥~»y¾Ç°ó(¦P¤åÀ])¡C
1865¦~ ´¿°êÃ¿©M§õÂE³¹¦b¤W®ü¶}³]¦¿«n¨î³y§½¡Aªþ³]¤@ÓÂ½Ä¶À]¡C
1866¦~ ¥ª©v´Å¦bºÖ¦{«°¥~ªº°¨§À¶}³]ºÖ¦{²î¬F§½¡A¾÷¾¹±qªk°êÁÊ±o¡Cªþ³]¤@Ó²î¬F¾Ç°ó¡A¤º¤À«e«á¨â°ó
¬£»ºÙyÝÏ²v¶¤ªº¸Õ±´©Ê¨Ï¹Î«eu¼Ú¬w¡C
1867¦~ §õÂE³¹¶}³]ª÷³®¾÷¾¹¨î³y§½¡C
±R«p¶}³]¤Ñ¬z¾÷¾¹§½¡C
1868¦~ »º¨Ï¹Î©¹¸u¦C°ê¡A¥H»Z¦w¦Ú¬°"¿ì²z¦U°ê¤¤¥~¥æ‾A¨Æ°È¤j¦Ú"¡A¨ó§Uº¡º~¨Ï¦Ú¡C(°Ñ¨£¤U¤@³¹)
1870¦~ §õÂE³¹±N¤Ñ¬z¾÷¾¹§½ÂX¥R¬°¥|Ó¼t¡C
1871¦~ Äw¹º¦b¤jªf×¿v¤@¦è¦¡¬¶»O¡C
1872¦~ ¸g´¿°êÃ¿©M§õÂE³¹´£Ä³¡A¬£»º¤T¤Q¦W¤Ö¦~¾Çµ£u¬ü°ê‾d¾Ç¡AŃÅª©ó±d‾I¨f®æ¦{¤§«¢‾S¦ò¼w(Hart
1872-1881¦~¶¡¡A¦@¦³120¦W¾Çµ£¤À¥|§å³Q»º‾d¬v¡C
§õÂE³¹»º©x¦õu¼w°ê‾d¾Ç¡C
§õÂE³¹«µ½Ð¶}³]ÑÅKÄq¡C
³o¤@¶¥¬q¦Û±jªºÅãµÛ‾S©º¬O±j½Õµo®ix¤u¥ø~¡A³o¨Ç¥ø~¦³¦p¤U‾SÂI¡Gº¥ý¡A¥¦Ì§¡¬°"©x¿ì"¥ø~¡
4.2²Ä¤G¶¥¬q ÀHµÛ¦Û±j¹B°Êªº±À¶i¡A¤¤°ê¤H¶V¨Ó¶V»{ÃÑ¨ì¡A°]Í¬OÅv¤Oªº°òÂ¦--¤@Ó°ê®an±j¤j
°£¤F"©x¿ì"ªºx¤u²£~¥~¡A¦¹®É¥X²{¤F¥t¤@ºØÃþ«¬ªº¥ø~¡A¥H¶Ç²ÎªºÆQ¬F¬°¼Ò¦¡¡A§Y"©xþ°Ó¿ì"¡C3
¥Ñ©ó´¿°êÃ¿¦b1872¦~¥h¥@¡A¦Ó¥ª©v´Å«h±M¨ÆÂíÀ£¦è¥_¦^¥Á«q¶Ã¡A¦]¦¹¡A¦b³o²Ä¤GÓ¶¥¬q¡A§õÂE³¹ÅãÅ
1872¦~ ¦b§õÂE³¹ªº¤ä«ù¤U¶}³]"©xþ°Ó¿ì"ªº½ü²î©Û°Ó§½¡C
1875¦~ p¹º×³yÅK¥Ò²î¡C
¬£»ººÖ¦{²î¬F§½ªº¾Ç¥Í‾d¾Çªk°ê¡C
1876¦~ §õÂE³¹¬£»º¤C¦W©x¦õu¼w°ê¡C
±qºÖ¦{²î¬F§½¿ï°e¤T¤Q¦W¾Ç¥Í©MÃÀ®{u^ªk¨â°ê¡C»º¨Ï©¹¸u^°ê©Mªk°ê¡A¦¹«á¼Æ¦~¶¡¤S»º¨Ï©¹¸u¨ä¥¦°ê®
1877¦~ §õÂE³¹¦b¤Ñ¬z¶}¿ì¶}¥Äq°È§½¡C
¤BÄ_©¦b¥|¤t¶}³]¤@Ó¾÷¾¹¨î³y§½¡C
1878¦~ ¥ª©v´Å¦b¥ÌµÂ³Ð¿ì¤@ÓÂ´©O§½¡C
§õÂE³¹³Ð¿ì¤W®ü¾÷¾¹Â´¥¬§½¡C
1879¦~ ¤jªf»P¤Ñ¬z¤§¶¡¶}³]¹q³ø½u¸ô¡C
1880¦~ §õÂE³¹¦b¤Ñ¬z¶}¿ì¤@©Ò¤ô®v¾Ç°ó¡C
§õÂE³¹«µ½Ð§åÇ¾Q³]ÅK¸ô¡C
ªö‾Ç¤@¶µ«Ø³]s¦¡¤ô®vp¹º¨Ã¶}©lÁÊ¶R¥~°ê®v²î¡C
1881¦~ ¶}³]¹q³øÁ`§½¡C
¤W®ü¦Ü¤Ñ¬zªº²Ä¤@±ø¹q³ø½u¸ô¶}³q¡C
¦b¤Ñ¬z¥H¥_¾Q×¤F¤@¬qªø¤G¤Q¸Ì(¤»^¸Ì)ªºÅK¸ô¡C»º¤Q¦W¤ô®v¾Ç¥Í¥X¬v‾d¾Ç¡C
1882¦~ §õÂE³¹¦b®È¶¶¶}¿v¤@®yx´ä©M¤@©Ò²î¶õ¡C
1883¦~ §õÂE³¹¬£»º¤Q¤T¦W¤ô®v¾Ç¥Í©M¥|¦WÃÀ®{u^°ê¡Bªk°ê©M¼w°ê¬ã²ß³y²î¡A¤Q¤T¦W¾Ç¥Íu^°ê¾Ç‾è®
4.3²Ä¤T¶¥¬q ±q1885¦~¨ì1895¦~´Á¶¡¡A¹ï³°®üx«Ø³]ªº«µø©µÄò¤F¤U¥h¡A1885¦~²Õ«Ø®üx¸Åªù¡A
¦b¸gÀÙÅé¨î¤è±¡A¨âºØs«¬ªº¤u°Ó¹ê~--"©x°Ó¦X¿ì"©M"°Ó¿ì"--¦V¥e¥D¾Éªº©x¹±«¬"©xþ°Ó¿ì"¥ø~ª
1885¦~ §õÂE³¹¦b¤Ñ¬z¶}³]ªZ³Æ¾Ç°ó¡C
¥_¨Ê¦¨¥ß®üx¸Åªù¡A¥H¾J¿Ë¤ý¬°º¡A§õÂE³¹¬°°Æ¡C
1886¦~ ±i¤§¬}¦b¼s¦{«Ø¤@‾¼Â´§½¡C
1887¦~ ±i¤§¬}©M§õÂE³¹¤À§O¦b¼s¦{©M¤Ñ¬z¶}³]¤F¤@¨Ç¨î³y§½¡C
§õÂE³¹¦b¶ÂÀs¦¿¶}¿ìºzªeª÷Äq¡C
1888¦~ ³]¥ßÂk§õÂE³¹¸`¨îªº¥_¬v¤ô®v¡C
1889¦~ ±i¤§¬}¦b¼s¦{¶}³]¤@®aÂ´¥¬§½©M¤@®aÅK¬F§½¡C
1890¦~ ±i¤§¬}¶}¿ì¤j§MÅKÄq¡Bº~¶§ÅK¼t©MµÓ¶mÑÄq¡C
1891¦~ §õÂE³¹¦b¤W®ü¶}¿ìÛ³¹³y‾È¼t¡C
¶}³]"©x°Ó¦X¿ì"©Ê½èªº¶Q¦{¨îÅK¼t¡C
1893¦~ §õÂE³¹³]¾÷¾¹‾¼Â´Á`§½¡C
±i¤§¬}¦bªZ©÷«Ø¥|®a´Ö‾¼©MµÂ´¼t¡C
1894¦~ ´ò¥_¬Ù«Ø¨â®a¤õ®ã¤½¥q¡C
³Ð«Ø"©x°Ó¦X¿ì"©Ê½èªº´ò¥_Ábµ§½¡C
5.¦Û±j¹B°Êªº§½»P¼vÅT
¥H¤W©Ò¦C©Î¥i´£¨Ñ¤@´T¾Ä¤O«÷iªº¥Í°Êµe±¡A¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W¥¦Ì°¦¥Nªí¤F«D±`½§²Lªº²{¥N¤Æ¹Á¸Õ¡A¨ä¬¡°
5.1‾Ê¥F¨ó½Õ ¦b¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê²©R¥H«á¡A²M´Âªº¤¤¥¡Åv¤O«æ¼@°I¸¨¡A¥H¦Ü©ó°£¤F¦Pªv´Â(1862-1874¦~
5.2²´¬É‾U‾¶ ¦Û±j¹B°ÊªºÒ¾ÉªÌ±À°Ê²{¥N³W¹º¡A¥Dn¬O¬°¤F¨Ï°ê®a‾à°÷©è±s¥~¨Ó«I²¤¡BÂíÀ£°ê¤º
¦¹¥~¡A‾Ê¥F¤j²³ªº°Ñ»P¤]¨î¤F²{¥N¤Æªº½d³ò¡C¦Û±j¹B°Êªº»â¾É¤Hªö¨úªº¬O¦Û¤W¦Ó¤Uªº¤è¦¡¡A¤£¨ã³
5.3¸ê¥»¹¼¥F ¤¤°ê¬OÓ³h½aªº°ê®a¡A¸ê¥»¨ÑÀ³¦³¡AµL½×¬O©x®aªºÁÙ¬O¥Á¶¡ªº¸ê¥»³£«Üµu‾Ê¡A³o
5.4¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸q ¦Û±j¹B°Ê¦~¥N«ê¦n»P¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸q±j¤Æªº®É¥N¬Û§k¦X¡G1874¦~¤é¥»¤H«I²¤»OÆW
5.5§Þ³N¸¨«á©M¤h¤é¤U ¦è¬vªº¾÷¾¹©M¥ø~ºÞ²z¹ï¤¤°ê¤H¶Ç²Îªº«äºû¨Ó»¡¬O‾¥Íªº¡A¦Ó¥Bn§JªA
°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A½å‾à¥¿ª½¤§¤H³q±`¹ï¬v°ÈÁ×¤§±©®£¤£¤Î¡A°¦¦³¤@¨Ç«~®æ§C¤UªÌÄ@N‾A¨¬²{¥N¤Æ³W¹º¡A³o¾
5.6ªÀ|©M¤ß²z´k©Ê ¤j³¡¤À¤h¤j¤Ò±N¦i°È©M¬v°Èµø¬°"¨õ"¡B"³¥"¤§¨Æ¡A¦³l©ó¥LÌªº´LÄY¡C¦uÂÂ
´¿¿Ö±à®¥ªó¡A¥³‾ÅK¸ô§Q‾q......ªóN¥ç¬°µM¡A¿×µL¤H´±¥D«ù¡C´_½Ð¨ä¼¶¡¬°¨â®c¨¥¤§¡A´ë¿×¨â®c¥
©x²Ô¸T¥Î¬v¤H¾÷¾¹¡A²×¤£±o©ñ¤â¬°¤§......¤å¤J¾Ç¤h°Ê¥H±R©|²§ºÝ¡B¥ú©Ç³°Â÷¨£³d¡C¤¤°ê¤H¤ß‾u¦³¸
¦uÂÂ¬£¤Ï¹ï²{¥N¤Æªº¨Æ¨Ò¤ñ¤ñ¬Ò¬O¡G1874¦~¡A¥Ñ©ó¾÷¨®¼²Ë¤F¤@Ó¬Ý«È¡A^°ê¤H×¿vªº¤W®ü¦Ü§d²Sµ
¦Û±j¹B°ÊÁöµM¦³¨äºØºØ‾ÊÂI¡A¦ý«o¼Ð§ÓµÛ¤u~¤Æªº¶}©l¡A¨Ã¦b¤¤°ê¼½¤U¤F²{¥N¸ê¥»¥D¸qªººØ¤l¡A¥¦¨
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Banno¡AMasataka¡AChina and the West: 1858-1861: The Origins of the Tsungli Yam
en (Cambridge, Mass., 1964).
2.Bennett, Adrian A., John Fryer: The Introduction of Western Science and Te
chnology into Nineteenth-Century China(Cambridge, Mass.¡A1967).
3.Biggerstaff¡AKnight, The Earliest Modern Government Schools in China (Ithaca¡A
1961).
4.Brunner, Katharine F.¡AJohn K. Fairbank, and Richard J. Smith (eds.)¡AEntering
China¡As Service: Robert Hart¡As Journals, 1854-1863 (Cambridge, Mass., 1986).
5.--(eds.), Robert Hart and China¡As Early Modernization: His Journals, 1863-1
6.Carlson, C. Ellsworth, The Kaiping Mines, 1877-1912 (Cambridge, Mass., 195
7).
7.--¡AThe Foochow Missionaries, 1847-1880 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
8.Chan, Wellington K. K., Merchants, Mandarins, and Modern Enterprise in Lat
e Ch'ing China (Cambridge, Mass., 1977).
9.Ch'en, Gideon, Lin Tse-hsii, Pioneer Promoter of the Adoption of Western M
eans of Maritime Defense in China (Peiping, 1934).
10.--¡A,Tseng Kuo-fan: Pioneer Promoter of the Steamship in China (Peiping, 19
35).
11.--,Tso Tsung-t ' ang, Pioneer Promoter of the Modern Dockyard and the Woo
len Mill in China (Peiping, 1938).
12.Cheng, Yingwan, Postal Communication in China and Its Modernization, 1860
-1896 (Cambridge, Mass" 1970).
13.»ô«ä©M¡G¡mÃQ½»P±ß²M¾Ç¡n¡A¡m¿P¨Ê¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä39´Á¡A²Ä177-266¶¡]1950¦~12 ¤ë¡^¡C
14.Cohen, Paul A., Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang Tfao and Reform in
Late Ch,ing China (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
15.--."Wang T¡Aao¡As Perspective on a Changing World¡A¡Ain Albert Feuerwerker, Rhoad
s Murphy, and Mary C. Wright (eds.), Approaches to Modern Chinese History (Berke
ley, 1967)¡A133-162.
16.Cowan, C. D.¡AThe Economic Development of China and Japan (London¡A1964).
17.¥þº~¤É¡G¡m²M©uªº¦¿«n¨î³y§½¡n¡A¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|¡m01¥v»y¨¥¬ã¨s©Ò¶°¥Z¡n¡A²Ä2¨÷²Ä 1´Á¡A²Ä145-1
18.--¡G¡m¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§¥H«eªº¤¤°ê¤u~¤Æ¹B°Ê¡n¡A¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|¡m01¥v»y¨¥¬ã¨s©Ò¶°¥Z¡n¡A²Ä25¨÷¡A²Ä59
19.--¡G¡m²M¥½º~¶§ÅK¿±¡A¡mªÀ|¬ì¾Ç½×¤å¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä1-33¶¡]1950¦~4¤ë¡C
20.Douglas, Robert K., Li Hung-chang (London, 1895).
21.»«©v¤@¡G¡m§õÂE³¹¦~¡]¤é¡^ ÃÐ¡n¡]95´ä¡A1968¦~¡^¡C
22.Elvin, Mark, and G. William Skinner (eds.). The Chinese City between Two
Worlds (Stanford, 1971).
23.Eng., Robert Y., Economic Imperialism in China: Silk Production and Expor
ts, 1861-1932 (Berkeley, 1986).
24.Fairbank, John K.¡A"The Creation of the Foreign Inspectorate of Customs at
Shanghai," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, 19:4:496-514 (Jan. 1
936); 20:1:42-100 (April 1936).
25.Fairbank, John King, Martha Henderson Coolidge, and Richard Smith, H. B.
Morse: Customs Commissioner and Historian of China (Lexington, 1995).
26.Feuerwerker, Albert, China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsiian-huai (
1844-1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1958).
27.Folsom, Kenneth E.¡AFriends, Guests, and Colleagues: The Mu-Fu System in th
e Late Ch'ing Period (Berkeley, 1968).
28.³Å©vÀ¡G¡m²M¥NÁ`²z¦U°ê¨Æ°È¸Åªù»Px¾÷³B¤§ÃöÃ´¡n¡A¡m¤¤¤s¾Ç³N¤å¤Æ¶°¥Z¡n¡A ²Ä12¨÷¡A²Ä285
19.Gerson, Jack J., Horatio Nelson Lay and Sino-British Relations, 1854-1864
(Cambridge, Mass., 1972).
20.Giquel, Prosper, The Foochow Arsenal and Its Results, from the Commenceme
nt in 1867 to the End of the Foreign Directorate on the 16lh February, 1874, tr.
by H. Lang (Shanghai, 1874).
31.Hao, Yen-p'ing, "A "New Class" in China's Treaty Ports: The Rise of the C
ompradore-Merchants," The Business History Review, XLIV: 4:446-59 (Winter, 1970)
.
32.--.The Compradore in Nineteenth Century China: Bridge Between East and We
st (Cambridge, 1970).
33.--.The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China: The Rise of Sin
o-Western Mercantile Capitalism (Berkeley, 1986).
34.Hou, Chi-ming, Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China, 1840
35.Hsii, Immanuel C. Y.¡AChina 's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Dip
lomatic Phase, 1858-1880 (Cambridge, Mass., 1968)¡AParts II and III.
36.¶À¶h®p¡B«¸ÅM¡G¡m¤¤°ê¬v°È¹B°Ê»P¤é¥»©úªvºûs¦b¸gÀÙµo®i¤Wªº¤ñ¸û¡n¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡]1963¦~)²
37.Huenemann, Ralph William, The Dragon and the Iron Horse: The Economics of
Railroads in China,1876-1957 (Cambridge, Mass., 1984).
38.Kennedy, Thomas L., The Arms of Kiangnan: Modernization in the Chinese Or
dnance Industry, 1860-1895 (Boulder, 1978).
39.King, Frank H. H., Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1845-1895 (Cambrid
ge, Mass., 1965).
40.Kuo, Ting-yee, and Kwang-ching Liu, "Self-Strengthening: The Pursuit of W
estern Technology," in John K. Fairbank (ed.)¡AThe Cambridge History of China (Cam
bridge, Eng., 1978)¡AVol. 10¡A 491-542.
41.La Fargue, Thomas E.¡AChina's First Hundred (Pullman, Wash., 1942).
42.Le Fevour, Edward, Western Enterprise in Late Ch 'ing China: A Selective
Survey of Jardine, Matheson and Company's Operations, 1842-1895 (Cambridge, Mass
., 1970).
43.Leung, Yuen-sang. The Shanghai Taotai: Linkage Man in a Changing Society,
1843-90 (Singapore, 1990).
44.§õ°ê¬è¡G¡m¤¤°ê¦´ÁªºÅK¸ô¸gÀç¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1961¦~¡^¡C
45.Li, Lillian M.¡AChina's Silk Trade: Traditional Industry in the Modern Worl
d, 1842-1937 (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).
46.¼B»ñ¿«¡G¡ms«Ø³°x¡n (»O¥_¡A1967¦~¡^¡C
47.¼Bºµ²»¡G¡m²M©u¥|¤Q¦~¥~¥æ»P®ü¨¾¡n¡]«¼y¡A1943¦~¡^¡n
48¼B¼s¨Ê¡G¡mð©µÙ]¤§¶R¿ì®É¥N¡n¡A¡m²MµØº~¾Ç¾Ç¥Z¡n¡AsÃ´¦C¡A²Ä1¨÷²Ä2´Á¡A²Ä 143-183 ¶¡]19
49.Liu, Kwang-ching, Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China, 1862-1874 (C
50.--¡A"Li Hung-chang in Chihli: The Emergence of a Policy, 1870-1875" in Albe
rt Feuerwerker, Rhoads Murphey, and Mary C. Wright (eds.), Approaches to Modern
Chinese History (Berkeley, 1967), 68-104.
51.--¡A"The Confucian Patriot and Pragmatist: Li Hung-chang's Formative Years,
1823-1866" Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30:5^5 (1970).
52.--¡A"The Limits of Regional Power in the Late Ch'ing Period: A Reappraisal,
" The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series, X:2:176-223 (July 1974).
53.--¡A"The Ch'ing Restoration" in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge Histo
ry of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1978), Vol. 10¡A409-490.
54.§f¹ê±j¡G¡m¤¤°ê¦´Áªº½ü²î¸gÀç¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1962¦~¡^¡C
55.--¡G¡m¤B¤é©÷»P¦Û±j¹B°Ê¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1972¦~¡^¡C
56.Lutz, Jessie Gregory, China and the Christian College, 1850-1950 (Ithaca,
1971).
57.Meng, Ssu-ming, The Tsungli Yamen: Its Organization and Functions (Cambri
dge, Mass., 1962).
58.¦È¦w¥@¡G¡m¬v°È¹B°Ê¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1961¦~¡^¡C
59.Murphey, Rhoads, The Treaty Ports and China's Modernization: What Went Wr
ong (Ann Arbor, 1970).
60.Ocko, Jonathan K., Bureaucratic Reform in Provincial China: T'ing Jih-ch
'ang in Restoration Kiangsu (Cambridge, Mass., 1983).
61.Pong, David, "Keeping the Foochow Navy Yard Afloat: Government Finance an
d China's Early Modern Defense Industry, 1866-1875," Modern Chinese Studies, 21:
1:121-52(1987).
62.Rowe, William T.¡AHankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889
(Stanford, 1984).
63.Saxton, Alexander P., The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese
Movement in California (Berkeley, 1971).
64.Spector, Stanley, Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army (Seattle, 1964).
65.®]¶´Å¡G¡m¤¤¤é¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§«e¥~°ê¸ê¥»¦b¤¤°ê¸gÀçªºªñ¥N¤u~¡n¡A¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A ²Ä5¨÷¡A²Ä1¤@4
66.Teng, Ssu-yii, and John K. Fairbank, China's Response to the West (Cambri
dge, Mass., 1954)¡Achs. 5-14.
67.Teng, Yung-yiian T.¡A"Prince Kung (I-hsin) and the Survival of Ch'ing Rule,
1858-1898" (Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Depa
rtment of History, 1972).
68.Thomas, Stephen C.¡AForeign Intervention and China's Industrial Development
, 1870-1911 (Boulder, 1984).
69.Ts'ai Shih-shan, "Chinese Immigration through Communist Chinese Eyes: An
Introduction to the Historiography," Pacific Historical Review, XLIII:3:395-408
(Aug. 1974).
70.½±§Êï°¡G¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤jºõ¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1959¦~¡^
71.¤ýº¸±Ó¡G¡m²M©u§L¤u~ªº¿³°_¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1963¦~¡^¡C
72.--¡G¡m¤W®ü¬ì§Þ®Ñ°|¥v²¤¡n¡]95´ä¡A1980¦~¡^¡C
73.¤ý©¾«H¡G¡mºÖ¦{²î¼t¤§ªu²¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡A²Ä8¨÷²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä1-57¶¡]1932¦~12 ¤ë¡^¡C
74.Wright, Mary C.¡AThe Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-chih Res
toration, 1862-1874 (Stanford, 1957).
75.Wright, Stanley F.¡AHart and the Chinese Customs (Belfast, 1950).
76.Á`²z¸Åªù¤º´º¡A¥Dn¤j¦Ú¦bÄ³¨Æ¡C
77.1868¦~¥H»Z¦w¦Ú¬°¥¿¦¡»â¶¤ªº¤¤°êu¬ü°ê¨Ï¹Î¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¦p¦è©P´Âªº«Å¤ý(¤½¤¸«e827-782¦~)¤¤¿³¡AªFº~´Âªº¥úªZ«Ò(¤½¤¸25-57¦~)¤¤¿³©Mð´Âªº«n©v(¤½¤¸756
2 Mary C¡OWright¡OThe Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism¡GThe T'ung-chih Restoration¡A
1862-1874 (Stanford¡A1957)¡A50¡O
3 ¥¬¾|´µ(Fcdcrick Bruce)¡C
4 Masataka Banno¡AChina and the West¡G1858-1861¡GThe Origins of the Tsungli Yamen (Ca
mbridge¡AMass¡O¡A1964)¡A241¡O±×Åé¥Ñ¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C
5 ¸³¤¸¾J¡C
6 "Á`²z¦U°ê¨Æ°È¸Åªù"ªºÂ²ºÙ¡C
7 Banno¡A240-41¡O
8 Wright¡AThe Last Stand¡A21-22¡O
9 ¤Ñ¬z¡B¤û²ø©MªÛÐM(µn¦{)¡C
10 ¶}©l®É¤@‾ë¦³3¦Ü5¤H¡A«á¨Ó¼W¦Ü9¦Ü11¤H¡C
11 Ssu-ming Meng¡AThe Tsungli Yamen¡GIts Organization and Functions(Cambridge, Mass¡O¡A
1962)¡O
12 ¦¹³B©xµó¤¤ªº"¬v"¦r¹ê»Ú¤W¬O«ü"¤f©¤"¡C
13 Hsu¡OChina's Entrance¡A107¡O
14 ¥Ñ®}¾ðµY±Â½Ò¡C
15 W¡OA¡OP Martin¡ACalendar of the Tungwen College(Peking¡A1879)¡A10¡O
16 ¦³Ãö¦P¤åÀ]©M¦b¦¿«n¨î³y§½¤ÎºÖ¦{²î¬F§½¤ºªº¨ä¥¦¾Ç°ó¤§¸Ô±¡¡A°Ñ¨£Knight Biggerstaff , The Ea
17 Wright¡AHart and the Chinese Ctlstoms,151¡O
18 §d°¹ü¡A±q«e´¿¬O¼s¦{ªº¦æ°Ó¡C
19 John K¡OFairbank¡AK¡OF¡OBruner¡Aand E¡OM¡OMatheson(eds¡O)¡AThe I G. in Peking (Cambridg
75)¡A2, vols¡O
20 MacNair¡AI¡A384¡Ð85¡O±×Åé¥Ñ¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ¥[¡C
21 1852¦~ÂX½s¬°100¨÷¡C
22 ¢Åé¬°¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ¥[¡C
23 ¶¾®Ûªâ¡G¡m®ÕªâÃf§ÜÄ³¡n(¤W®ü¡A1897¦~)¡A¨÷2¡A²Ä4¡Ð6¶¡C¦¹³Bªº"§ÜÄ³"¹ê»ÚN
«ä¬O"ª½¨¥¤£¿Ð"¡A¦P©ó¡m«áº~®Ñ¡n¤¤ªº"§ÜÄ³"¤§N¡C
24 Lay. Our interests in China¡A19¡O
25 ¸Ô±¡°Ñ¨£John L¡ORawlinson¡AChina'sStruggle for Naval Dvelopment,1839-1895¡A34-37¡FKath
,John K¡OFairbank¡Aand Richard J¡OSmith(eds¡O)¡AEntering China's Service¡GRobert Hart's Jou
nals, 1854-1863 (Cambridge,Mass¡O¡A1986),257¡A316-317¡O
26 Teng and Fairbank¡AChina's Response, 62¡O
27 Teng anf Fairbank, China's Response, 69.
28 K¡OC¡OLiu¡A"Li Hung-chang in Chihli¡GThe Emergence of a Policy¡A1870-1875¡O" 1966¦~4¤ë
)¡AApproaches to Modern Chinese History ,68-104¡O
29 ½Ñ¦p²îÄ¥¡Bºj¬¶¡BÅK¸ô¡B»É½u(§Y¹q³ø)¤Î¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¦è¦¡¥ø~¡A¨ä¤§©Ò¥HºÙ"¬v°È"¬O¬°¤F°Ï¤À©ó"¦i°È
30 §õÂE³¹¼g¹D¡G"¤¤°ê¤åª«¨î«×¡A¨Æ¨Æ»¥X¦è¤H¤§¤W¡C¿W¤õ¾¹¸U¤£‾à¤Î¡C"Teng and Fairbank¡AChina'
31 Teng and Fairbank¡AChina's Response,76-79¡O
32 ¦È¦w¥@¡G¡m¬v°È¹B°Ê¡n(¤W®ü¡A1961¦~)¡A²Ä79-86¶¡C
33 ³oÓ³N»y¸g±`³QÂ½Ä¶"government supervision-merchant management''¡A¦ý¦¹Ä¶ªk»á¤£¥¿½T¡C
34 Albert Feuerwerker, China's Early Industrialization¡GSheng Hsuan-huai(1844-191
6) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge¡A1958)¡A9-10¡O
35 Kwang-ching Liu¡A"British-Chinese Steamship Rivalry in China¡A1873-85¡A"in C¡OD¡OCowan
(ed¡O)¡AThe Development of China and Japan (London¡A1964)¡A53¡O
36 ¦¶¨ä©ù¡C
37 ð§Ê¼Ï¡A¦r´º¬P¡C
38 ²±«ÅÃh¡C
39 ¥þº~¤É¡G<¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§¥H«eªº¤¤°ê¤u~¤Æ¹B°Ê>¡A¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|¡m¾ú¥v»y¨¥¬ã¨s©Ò¶°
¥Z¡n¡A²Ä25¨÷(1954¦~6¤ë)¡A²Ä74¶¡C
40 Feuerwerker,249¡O
41 1876-1878¦~¶¡ªº¾n^ªk¤½¨Ï³¢CÂv¡C
42 Li Chien-nung¡AThe Political History of China,1840-1928(New York¡A1956)¡Aed. and
tr. by S¡OY. Teng and J¡OIngalls¡A108-109¡O¶ÂÅé¥Ñ¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ¥[¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
156
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¤G³¹
¹ï¥~ÃöÃ´»P®c§Ê¬Fªv
186l-1880¦~
1.¹ï¥~¨Æ°È
¦Û±j¹B°Ê´Á¶¡¡A¤¤°ê¤´µM±o¨ì¥~°ê´£¨Ñªº«ØÄ³©M¹ªÀy¡A®üÃöÁ`µ|°È¥q»®¼w©M^°ê¾n¥_¨Ê¤½¨Ï«Â§´º¿¤
1.1ÙyÝÏ¨Ï¹Î¡A1866¦~ 1865¦~¡A»®¼w¦VÁ`²z¸Åªù»¼¥æ¤F¤@¥÷ÃD¬°¡m§½¥~®ÇÆ[½×¡nªº§é¤l¡C¦b³o¥÷
¥LÌªº´°«P©Ò±a¨Óªºª½±µµ²ªG¡A¬OÁ`²z¸Åªù¦b1866¦~¨M©w¬£»º¤@Ó«D¥¿¦¡ªº¸Õ±´©Ê¥~¥æ¨Ï¹Î©¹¼Ú¬w¡
1.2»Z¦w¦Ú¨Ï¹Î»P×¬ù¡A1868-1870¦~ í¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤»¤Q¦~¥N¦è¤è¬F©²°õ¦æ"¦X§@¬Fµ¦"(Cooperatio
´¿°êÃ¿¬Oí®É³Ì«nªº¬Fªv¤Hª«¡A®É¥ô¾n«n¨Êªº¨â¦¿Á`þ¡C¥L«ØÄ³¡A¤¤°êÀ³©e°û¤Î°í¨M¦a©Úµ´¥~°ê¦
¹ê»Ú¤WÁ`²z¸Åªùªº®£Äß¬O¨S¦³®Ú¾Úªº¡A¦]¬°^°ê¬F©²¨Ã¤£ÃÙ½à¤¤°ê³q¦b¤¤°ê±À°ÊÜ«P¦Ó¤S¤£¦X®É©yª
§ÚÌ¨M¤£n´Á±æ¤¤°êªº¬F©²©Î¬O¥Á²³¡A°¨¤W|¥Î§ÚÌ¦P¼Ëªº²´¥ú¥h¬Ý«Ý¨Æª«¡C§ÚÌ¥²¶»Ê°O§ÚÌ¸g¹
^°ê¬F©²ÃÙ¦¨¦b¤¤°ê°õ¦æ"¦w¥þ¤è°w"(safe course)¡A¥H¾d©T¤w¸g¨ú±oªº¦a¦ì¡A¨Ã¥B¹B¥Î¹D¼wªº¼vÅT
µM¦Ó¡A¥Ñ©óÁ`²z¸Åªù¦bÛ´°¨S¦³¥~¥æ¥Nªí¡A©Ò¥H¹ï^°êªº¬Fµ¦¤@µL©Òª¾¡C¦ý¬O¡A¦pªG¥LÌ¨S¦³¦nªº±
»Z¦w¦Ú©MÀH¦æªº¤@¦ìº¡±Ú°Æ¨Ï¤Î¤@¦ìº~±Ú°Æ¨Ï¡A5 ±a»â¨Ï¹Î©ó1868¦~5¤ë¨Ó¨ì¬ü°ê¡C¥[§QºÖ¥§¨È¦{ªø
¨Ï¹Î¤S¨Ó¨ì¤FÛ´°¡A¨ü¨ìºû¦h§Q¨È¤k¤ýªº±µ«Ý¡C±µ´À´µ¤¦¥ßªº¥~¥æ¤j¦Ú§J©ÔÄõ¹y³ÔÀï«s±j½Õ¡A^°
Ń¨äª½±µ¥Ø¼Ð¦Ó¨¥¡A»Z¦w¦Ú¨Ï¹Î¨ú±o¤F¥¨¤jªº¦¨¥\¡A¦]¬°¥¦¨Ï¦è¤è¦C±j©Ó¿Õ¡A¦b§Y±N¨ì¨Óªº×¬ù¤¤ª
¹ê»Úªº×¬ù½Í§P¬O¦b¨S¦³¬¶Ä¥«Â‾Ù±ø¥ó¤U¹ïµ¥¦a¶i¦æªº¡A³o¬O¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¥H¨Óªº²Ä¤@¦¸¡C½Í§P¹F¦¨¤F1
1.3¤Ñ¬z±Ð®×¡A1870¦~ Ń¦b»Z¦w¦ÚÁÜ½Ð¶Ç±Ð¤h¨ì¤¤°ê¼s×À¤sªe¡A¾ð°_°{«G¤Q¦r¬[ªº®ÉÔ¡A¤¤°ê°ê
1870¦~ªº¤Ñ¬z±Ð®×¬O¤Þµo³o³õ¤j³W¼Ò¤Ï¬v±Ð°Ê¶Ãªº¾É¤õ½u¡C¤Ñ¬z¦¨¬°Ãzµoªº¦aÂI¤£¬O¥©¦X¡A¦]¬°¡A¦
´¿°êÃ¿ªº«~®æ©M«i®ð¤S¤@¦¸®i²{¥X¨Ó¤F¡A¥L¨S¦³¤@¤ß¨DÃ¦a¥hªï¦X¤½²³ªº±¡P¡A¤]¤£¼~¥Lªº¬Fªv«e³
«O¦u¬£¥ß§Y±N´¿°êÃ¿¥¸¬°«q®{¡A¤j¾Ç¤hØ¤‾¼J‾º¦bÃg¥û°ÝÃD¤W»Pªk°ê°Q»ùÁÙ»ùªº¥DN¡A¥L¦y¾U¦aª§Å
§õÂE³¹«Ü§Ö©Mªk°ê¸Ñ¨M¤F³o¤@®×¥ó¡A¦PN¬°¦ºªÌ©M°]²£l¥¢½ßÀv40¸U¨â¥Õ»È¡A¬£»º¹Dºp¨Ï¹Î¡A¬y©ñ¤
1.4ÂÑ¨£°ÝÃD¡A1873¦~ ºÉºÞ¥~°ê¥~¥æ©x¦Ûl861¦~°_Ń¦b¥_¨Ê©~¦í¡A¦ý¥LÌÂÑ¨£¬Ó«Òªº½Ð¨D¤@¦A³Q
Á`²z¸Åªùªºµ¦²¤±À¿ð¤FÂÑ¨£¡A¦ý¨S¦³¸Ñ¨M³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¦~¥®¬Ó«Ò±Nnªø¤j¡C¦b1867¦~ªº×¬ù½Í§P¤
1872¦~¡A¬Ó«Ò¤w©¡¦¨¦~¨Ã¦¨±B¡A¦ý¬O¨S¦³ÁÜ½Ð¥~°ê¥~¥æ¤Hû°Ñ¥[³oÓ¼y¨å¡A¦]¦¹¤]ŃÁ×§K¤FÂ§¨î°ÝÃ
1873¦~6¤ë29¤é¬OÓ¬P´Á¤Ñ¡A¥~°ê¥~¥æ©x³Qn¨D©ó¤W¤È¤®É¥b¶°¦X¡A¦ý¬Oª½¨ì¤EÂI¥LÌÅ×¦bµµ¥ú»Õ¨ü
1.5°¨¹Å²z®×¡A1875¦~ ¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤C¤Q¦~¥Nªì¡AÃöµ|¤§¾Ô³y¦¨¼Ú¬w¤j¿½±ø¡A³s±a¹ï¤¤°êªº¶T©ö¤]²£
1874¦~¡A}´µ²Ö¸Ì(Disraeli)¬F©²ªº¦L«×³¡¤j¦Ú‾Áº¸‾÷§B¸Ì³ÔÀï(Lord Salisbury)¡A©R¥O¦L«×¬F©²©
«Â§´º¿ÃhºÃ³o¼Ë¤@±ø½u¸ô‾à§_¥Î©ó¶T©ö¡A¥O¥L³ðÅåªº¬O¡A¥LµoÄ±¤¤°ê¬F©²¤£¶ÈªYµM¦PN¤F¥Lªº½Ð¨D¡
°ê»Úªk³W©w¡Aí¤@¦ì¥~°ê¤H¥Ñ©ó¦Û«_ÀI¦Ó¨³´ÀI¹Ò®É¡AªF¹D°ê¨S¦³«OÃÒ¨ä¦w¥þªº³d¥ô¡CµM¦Ó¡A^°
°¨¹Å²z¨Æ¥ó³Ì«nªº«áªG¬O¤¤°ê¬£»º¤F¹Dºp¨Ï¹Î¡A¸Ó¨Ï¹Î¦¨¬°¤¤°ê¦b°ê¥~ªº²Ä¤@Ó±`¾n¨Ï¹Î¡C¨Ï¹Îª
¤¤°ê¦bÅTÀ³¦è¤è¥~¥æ¥NªíºD¨Ò¤è±ªº¿ð½w¡A¥i¥HÂkµ²¬°¦p¤U´XÓì¦]¡G¦bÅé¨î¤W¡A¥¦±q¨Ó¨S¦³¦V°ê¥
±s¥v¡B¿«ªL©M«O¦uªº¤h²Ô©x¹±ªº¦Ñ¥Í±`½Í¬O¡G¦V¨Ó¬O¥H®LÅÜ¦i¡A¥¼»D¥H¦iÅÜ®L¡C¥LÌ´£Ò«O¦u¥D¸q¨
2.OÁH¤Ó«á¤Î¨ä¬Fªv
±q1861¦~¦Ü1908¦~¡AOÁH¤Ó«á²Îªv¤F¤¤°ê±Nªñ¥bÓ¥@¬ö¡AÅv¶É¤@®É¡C¦oª§±j¦n³Ó¡A¦æ¨ÆªGÂ_¡A¤]¤£¥
2.1Ãg§Ù®¥¿Ë¤ý ¥¿¦p«e¤@³¹©Òz¡AOÁH¤Ó«á©M®¥¿Ë¤ý¥X©óÅv©y¤§p¡A¦b¨‾¨»¬FÅÜ¤Î¨ä«á®É´Á¤º©¼
®¥¿Ë¤ý15¬O¹D¥ú¬Ó«Ò(1820¦~-1850¦~)ªº²Ä¤»¤l¡A¬G«wÂ×¬Ó«Ò(1851¦~-1861¦~)ªº§Ì§Ì¡A¬°¤Hºë©ú¾÷±
1869¦~¡A®¥¿Ë¤ý¾D¨ü¤F²Ä¤G¦¸¥´À»¡C³o¥ó¨ÆÃöÃ´¨ì¦Û1861¦~¬FÅÜ«e°_Ń¤@ª½¬OOÁHªº¿Ë«H¤ÓºÊ¦w¼w®
O¦w¤Ó«á¦b1881¦~¥h¥@¡A¾Ú»¡¦o¬O³QOÁH¬r¦ºªº¡C®¥¿Ë¤ý¥¢¥h¤F¤@¦ì¤ä«ùªÌ¡A¥L¦b¬F©²¤¤ªº¦ì¸m§ó¥
2.2±±¨î¤ý¦ìÄ~©Ó 1872¦~¦Pªv¬Ó«Ò¦¨¦~¡A¥L¬DO¦w¤Ó«á±ÀÂËªº¤@¦ì¦~»´¤k¤l°µ¬Ó«á¡A¦Ó¨S¦³¬D¥À
¦Pªv¬Ó«ÒµL¶à¦Ó¤`¡AºÉºÞ¦¹®É¬Ó«á¤wÃh¥¥¡C¤ý¦ìÄ~©Ó°ÝÃDÅÜ±o¤Q¤ÀL§®¡A¥Rº¡±K¿Ñ¡COÁH¥ß§Y¬Ý¨ì¤
¿Ø¨ëªº¬O¡As¬Ó«Òªº¦~¸¹©R¦W¬°"¥úºü"¡A§Y"¥úºa©µÄò"¤§N¡C1875¦~1¤ë15¤é¡A¨â¦ì¬Ó¤Ó«á"®¦Ç"¦U
1886¦~¡A¥úºü¬Ó«Ò16³¡A«Å¥¬¤Fn©ó¤U¤@¦~¿Ë¬FªºN¹Ï¡C¥Lªº¤÷¿Ë¾J¿Ë¤ý«D±`¤F¸ÑOÁH¡Aª¾¹D¦o¤£Ä
¬°¤F¨Ï´Â§Ê¤£¨ü¦oªº¾ÞÁa¡A¥úºü«Ò©M¾J¿Ë¤ý«±Ò¦A«ØÀ[©M¶éªº¤uµ{¡A§Æ±æ¦o¦b¦¹À[¾i¤Ñ¦~¡A©ñ±ó¹ï°
¦³¤H¥i‾à|¶¡¡A¤@Ó¤k¤H«ç»ò‾à´x±±¦p¦¹¤jªºÅv¤O¡A©xû¤S¬°¤°»ò¤£©Úµ´¦oªºÀ[«ü®ð¨Ï¡C¦oªº±o³x¥
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Biggerstaff, Knight, "The Official .Chinese Attitude Toward the Burlingame
Mission," American Historical Review, 41:4:682-702 (July 1936).
2.--¡A"The First Chinese Mission of Investigation Sent to Europe," PacificHist
orical Review, 6:4:307-320 (Dec. 1937).
3. --¡A"The Ch'ung Hou Mission to France, 1870-1871, Nankai Social and Economi
c Quartely, 8:3:633-647 (Oct. 1935).
4.Bland, J. O. P., and E. Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager, Being
theHistory of the Life and Times ofTzu Hsi (London, 1910).
5.British Parliamentary Papers, China, No. 1 (1874), Correspondence respecti
ng the Audience granted to Her Majesty's Minister and the other Foreign Represen
tatives at Peking by the Emperor of China.
6.Buck, Pearl S.¡A Imperial Woman: Story of the Last Empress of China (New Yor
k, 1955).
7.§Óè¡A¡mªì¨Ï®õ¦è°O¡n¡A4¨÷¡A1877¡C
8.Cohen, Paul A.¡AChina and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Grow
th of Chinese Antiforeignism, 1860-1870 (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).
9.Der Ling, Princess, Old Buddha (New York, 1932).
10.Fairbank, John King, "Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre,"Harvard Jour
nal of Asiantic Studies¡A20:3^1:480-511 (Dec. 1957).
11.--¡AK. F. Bruner, and E. M. Matheson (eds.). The I.G. in Peking: Letters of
Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868-1907 (Cambridge, Mass., 1975)¡A 2 vol
s.
12.Frodsham, J. D., The First Chinese Embassy to the West: The Journals of K
uo Sung-tao, Liu Hsi-hung, and Chang Te-yi (Clarendon, 1974).
13.Haldane, Charlotte, The Last Great Empress of China (Indianapolis, 1965).
14.Hao,Yen-p'ing and Erh-min Wang, "Changing Chinese Views of Western Relati
ons, 1840-95" in John K. Fairbank and Kwang-ching Liu (eds.), The Cambridge Hist
ory of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1980)¡AVol. II¡A142-201.
15.Hsii, Immanuel C. Y.¡AChina's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Dipl
omatic Phase, 1858-1880 (Cambridge, Mass., 1968)¡APt. III.
16.Latourette, K. S.¡A A History of Christian Missions in China (New York, 192
9).
17.§õ®ÉÀ®¡A¡m¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§«e¤T¤Q¦~¶¡¤Ï¬v±Ð¹B°Ê¡n¡A¡m(¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A1958¦~²Ä6´Á¡A²Ä 1-15 ¶¡C
18.Liao, Kuang Sheng, Antiforeignism and Modernization in China, 1860-1980 (
New York, 1984).
19.§f¹ê±j¡A¡m1860-1874¤¤°ê©x²Ô¤Ï±Ðªºì¦]¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1966)¡C
20.Michie, A., The Englishman in China during the Victorian Era, As Illustra
ted in the Career of Sir Rutherford Alcock K.C.B., D.C.L., Many Years Consul and
Minister in China and Japan (London, 1900), 2 vols.
21.Miller, Stuart Creighton, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of
the Chinese, 1785-1882 (Berkeley, 1969).
22.Pelcovits, Nathan A., Old China Hands and the Foreign Office (New York, 1
948).
23.Ross, John, Chinese Foreign Policy (Shanghai, 1877).
24.¥Ð«O¾ô±ç¡A¡m²M¦Pªv´Â¥~°ê¤½¨ÏÇUÂÑ¨£¡n¡A¡m²M¥v¾Ç¥Z¡n¡A6:1-31 ,1933¦~4¤ë¡C
25.Tsiang, T. F.¡A"Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Relations, 1870-1894," The Chinese
Social and Political Science Review, 17:1:1-106 (April 1933).
26.Wang, S. T.¡AThe Margary Affair and the Chefoo Convention (New York, 1939).
27.Warner, Marinat The Dragon Empress: The Life and Times ofTz'u-hsi, Empres
s Dowagerof China, 1835-1908 (New York, 1972).
28.Williams, F. W., Anson Burlingame and the First Chinese Mission to Foreig
n Powers (New York, 1912).
29.Wright, Mary C" The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-chih Re
storation, 1862-1874 (Stanford, 1957), chapters 10-11.
30.°K©w¤¤¡A¡m¨º©Ô¤ó¤ÏeÖÅnÂ®ú¡n¡A¡m v¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A1958¦~²Ä10´Á¡A²Ä3141?¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Robert Hart ," Notes on Chinese Matters¡A" in Frederick W¡OWilliams¡AAnson Burlingam
e and the First Chinese Mission to Foreign Powers (New York¡A1912)¡A285¡O
2 Hsu¡AChina's Entrance¡A167¡O
3 ¨C¦~Á~¤ô¬°8,000^Âé¡A¥~¥[¶}¤ä¡C
4 Foreign Relations of the United States,1868¡AI¡A494¡O
5 §Óè©M®]®a¨¦¡C
6 Hsu, China's Entrance¡A169¡O
7 Ãö©ó¶Ç±Ð¤h°ÝÃD¬ã¨s¡A½Ð°Ñ¨£Paul A¡OCohen¡AChina and Christianity¡GThe Missionary Movement
sm¡A1860-l870(Cambridge¡AMass.¡A1963)¡Achs¡O3-7¡O
8 John K¡OFairbank¡A" Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre," Harvard Journal of Asi
atic Studies¡A20:34:501 (Dec¡A1957)¡O
9 ¦P¤Wª`¡A482-483¡C
10 ¦P¤Wª`¡A488¡C
11 ±æ®ü¼Ó¡C
12 Knight Biggerstaff ,"The Ch'ung Hou Mission to France¡A1870-1871" Nankai Socia
l and Economic Quarterly¡A8:3:633-647(Oct¡O1935)¡A
13 Ãö©ó³o¦¸ÂÑ¨£ªº¦³½ì±Ôz¡A°Ñ¨£British Parliamentary Papers¡AChina ,No¡OI (1874) Correspond
Majesty's Minister and the
other Foreign Representatives at peking by the Emperor of China¡O
14 1839-1843¦~¡B1845-1848¦~©M1864¦~¨Ó¦Û´ÂÂA¡B‾[²y¡B¦Ñ¾â¡BÅÞÃ¹©M¦w«nªº°^¨ÏÁÙ¦b³o»q¨ü¨ì¤F®b½Ð
15 ¨ä¦W¦r¬°«³ªY¡C
16 ¾Ú¬Y¨Ç°O¸ü¡A¥Lªº¥Øªº¦a¬O¼s¦è¡F¦Ó¥t¤@¨Ç°O¸ü«hºÙ¬OÄ¬¦{¡C
17 À¹Ïx¡C
18 §õ¤è±á¡A381-384¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
182
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¤T³¹
¥~°ê«I¥e»OÆW¡BsÃ¦»P¦w«n
¤Q¤E¥@¬ö³Ì«á¤T¤Q¦~¬O¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸q¦bµØ¥[ºòÂX±iªº®É´Á¡C¦Ó³o®É¼Ú¬w¥¿¸g¾úµÛ"ª«½è¥D¸q¤@¥N"¡A¨
ªº½T¡A¤j³¡¤Àªº¦]‾À¥H«eŃ¤w¸g¦s¦b¡A¦ý¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤»¤Q¦~¥Nªº¤@¨Çs¶i®i¡F«o¬°³o¨Ç¦]‾À´£¨Ñ¤F¦³®
1.¤é¥»«I²¤»OÆW¡A1871-1874¦~
¦b1871¦~¤§«e¡A¤¤¤é¤§¶¡ªº©x¤è©¹¨Ó¤w¤¤Â_¤F¤T¦Ê¦~¤§¤[¡C¤é¥»¦b©ú¥N(1368-1643¦~)´¿°µ¹L¤¤°êªº
ÀHµÛ¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¤¤°ê©M¤é¥»¦b°Ó~»P¥~¥æ¤W¹ï¦è¤èªº¶}©ñ¡A¤é¥»°Ó¤H¤]f¼^°ê©M²üÄõªº²î°¦¨Ó¨
¶i¨Bªº©xû¦p§õÂE³¹©M´¿°êÃ¿ÃÙ¦P«Ø¥ß±ø¬ùÃöÃ´¡A§õÂE³¹»{¬°¡AÁöµM¤é¥»´¿¬°©ú´Âªº´Â°^°ê¡A¦ý«o±
¦b³o¨Ç«ØÄ³ªº¹ªÀy¤U¡A²M§Ê©ó1871¦~7¤ë24¤é§åÇ»P¤é¥»½lµ²¤@¶µ³q°Ó³¹µ{¡A¥¦¥]¬A¦p¤U«n±ø´Ú¡G
1873¦~¡A¤é¥»¥~°È¤j¦Ú°Æ®qºØ¦Ú¨Ó¨ì¥_¨Ê¡Aªí±¤W¬O¬°¤F¥æ´«±ø¬ù§åÇ®Ñ¡A¹ê»Ú¤W«o¬O¬°¤F°Ñ¥[ÂÑ¨
¦Û1372¦~¥H¨Ó¡A‾[²y¤@ª½¬O¤¤°êªº¥¿¦¡´Â°^°ê¡C¦b²M¥N¡A¥¦¨C¨â¦~‾Ç°^¤@¦¸¡A»P´ÂÂA©M¦w«n¦P¬°³Ì
¦]¦¹¡Aí°Æ®qºØ¦Ú¦b1873¦~¤½¶}ÁnºÙ¥L¦³¬°‾[²y¥N¨¥ªºÅv§Q®É¡AÁ`²z¸Åªù«Kª½ºI¤Fí¦a§i¶D¥L¡G¥Ñ©
¤é¥»x¶¤«Ü§Ö¦b»OÆWµn³°¡A¥_¨Ê©R¥OºÖ«Ø²î¬F¤j¦ÚÂn¸¶©¨¾¦u»OÆW¡C¦b»P§õÂE³¹¥J²ÓÀË°Q¤F§Î¶Õ«á¡
¦bªk°êªk¾Ç®a¤º¨Î®á‾Ç¼w(Gustave Boissonade)ªºÀ°§U¤U¡A¤j¤[«O§Q³qª§ÅG»¡¡A¤¤°ê¦b»OÆW®q¤W¨S¦
2.«X°ê«I¥e¥ì²p¡A1871-1881¦~
¥ì²p¬O¤¤°êªº¤@Ó©²¡A¤UÁÒ»P«XÄÝ¬ð³Ö´µ©Z±µÄ[ªºsÃ¦¥_³¡¹Ò¤ºªº¤EÓ«°¥«¡C¤E«°¤§¤@ªº¥ì¹ç³Q¦è¤
2.1²M¥N¦bsÃ¦ªº²Îªv»P¦^¥Á«q¶Ã sÃ¦¦^¥Á«q¶Ãªº®Ú½¦b©ó²M«Ò°ê¦a¤è¦æ¬Fªº»G±Ñ¡C¦Û1759¦~°®
¦b³o°Ê¶Ã¤§»Ú¡A¤@Ó‾Eü«_ÀI®aªü¥j¬f(Yakub Beg¡A1820-1877¦~)©ó1865¦~«I¤JsÃ¦¡A¸g¹L¤@Ã´¦C
¤¤°ê¤H¥²¶¥ý±N°¢¡B¥Ì¨â¬Ù¦^¥Á¤§¶Ã¥©w¥H«á¡AÅ×‾à¹L°Ýªü¥j¬fªº°ÝÃD¡C1866¦~¡A²M§Ê‾S¬£»Ô®ýÁ`
2.2®ü¨¾»P¶ë¨¾¤§ª§ ¸g¹L¤F¤Q¦~¦Û±j¹B°Ê¤§«á¡A®¥¿Ë¤ý©M¤å²»º¥ý¹ï®ü¨¾¤O¶qªº¤£¨¬P¨ìÅåW¡C
®ü¨¾¬£´£¥X¤F¤ÂI½×¾Ú¡G(1)¥_¨Ê¶Z®ü©¤ªñ¡A¦ÓsÃ¦«hÂ÷¨Ê®v»¡A¦]¦ÓÃä¨¾¤£¦p®ü¨¾ºòn¡F(2)´Â§Ê°
¥t¤@¤è±¡A¨ä¥¦³\¦h©xûÁö¹ï®ü¨¾ªº«n©Ê¤£ªí²§Ä³¡A¦ý¥D±i¤£À³í¥ÎÄë¬¹¶ë¨¾ªº¿ìªk¨Óµo®i®üx¡
¶ë¨¾½×ªÌ¤]¦V´Â§Ê´£¥X¤F¤ÂI½×¾Ú¡G(1)sÃ¦¬O¦è¥_¨¾°Èªº²Ä¤@½u¡A¥¦¦u½ÃµÛ«Ì»Ù¥_¨Êªº»X¥j¡AYs
³o¨âÓ¶°¹Î´£¥Xªº½×¾Ú³£³Ï¤Á¤¤ªÖ¡B¨¥¤§¦¨²z¡C¦ý¬O¡A¦¹®Éªu®üÅãµMÁÙ¥¼¦³ª½±µªºªÈ‾É¡AsÃ¦«oµo¥
¥ª©v´Å§¤Âí¥ÌµÂÄõ¦{¡A¬°Ç³Æ³o¦¸¾Ô§Ð¦Ó¼uºëºÜ¤O¡C¥Lªºµ¦²¤¬O"½w¶i³t¾Ô"¡C¨ì1876¦~ªì¡A¥L°µ¦n¤
²M«Ò°ê¬JµM«ì´_¤F¹ïsÃ¦ªº²Îªv¡A¤¤°êŃ¨ã³Æ¤F«X°ê¤¹¿ÕÂkÁÙ¥ì²pªº±ø¥ó¡C¦ý¬O¡A¥Ñ©ó«X°ê¾n¥_¨Ê¤
2.3±R«p¥X¨Ï©M¡m¸Ì¥Ë´X¨È±ø¬ù¡n¡A1879¦~ ±R«p(1826-1893¦~)¬O¤@ÓµL‾à³z©³ªºº¡¬w¶Q±Ú¡A¥L¹
³o®ø®§¨Ï¤¤°ê©x³õÅå´j²ö¦W¡CÁ`²z¸Åªù»{©w¡A»P¨ä¦p¦¹³o‾ë¦a¦¬´_¥ì²p¡AÁÙ¤£¦p¤£¦¬´_¡C¥ª©v´Å«h¾
§õÂE³¹í®É¬O¤Ö¼Æ¬£¡A¤£±o¤H¤ß¡CºÉºÞ°ê®aÁÙ¨S¦³°µ¦nÇ³Æ¡A¤h¤j¤Ò¤¤¶¡«o²±¦æµÛ¨D¾Ô³®¢¤§¤ß¡Aµ
²M§Ê¥ô©R´¿°êÃ¿ªº¨à¤l¡Bí®Éªº¾n^¾nªk¤½¨Ï¼Ý«i«J´¿¬ö¿A¡A§@¬°²Ä¤G¦¸¥X¨Ï«X°ê«q±ø¬ùªºº®u¥
¤¤°ê¹ï¸Ó±ø¬ùªº§_»{¡B¹ïÃ±¬ùªÌªºÃg»@¡B¥H¤Î¨º¨Ç¬DÆ]¨¥Ãã¿E«ã¤F«X°ê¡A¥¦¬£¤F¤G¤Q¤T¿´¾ÔÄ¥¾p©¹¤
¤àµn´¿¾á¥ô±`³Óxªºº»â¡A³oÓºû¦h§Q¨È®É¥N^°êÍ¦³¶Ç©_¦â±mªº¤Hª«¡A¦Û1880¦~¬K¤@ª½¾á¥ô¦L«×Á
2.4´¿«J©M¡m¸t©¼±o³ù±ø¬ù¡n¡A1881¦~ í¤àµnÄU§i¤¤°êªö¨ú©M¥¸Ñ¨M¤â¬q¤§®É¡A´¿«J«h¦b¬°¥X¨Ï
«X°ê¤H°_ªì©Úµ´¦b¸t©¼±o³ù½Í§P¡A°í«ù±N½Í§P¦aÂI²¾¨ì¥_¨Ê¡A§@¬°¹ï¤¤°ê¦n¾ÔºA«×ªºÃg»@¡C¥Ñ©ó¾á¤
¤@‾ë»{¬°³o¦¸©M¥¸Ñ¨M¬O¤¤°êªº¥~¥æ³Ó§Q¡A¨ä«¤j«áªG¦³¤G¡G²Ä¤@¡A¥¦§Uªø¤F¤¤°ê«O¦u¥D¸q¶Õ¤Oªº©
³oÓ¨óÄ³ªº²Ä¤GÓ«n«áªG¡A¬OsÃ¦ªº¦a¦ìµo¥Í¤FÅÜ¤Æ¡CsÃ¦¾ú¨Ó³Q¬Ý§@¬O"¦è°ì"¡A±q¨ÓŃ¤£¬O¤¤°
3.ª§¹Ü¦w«nªº¤¤ªk¾Ôª§¡A1884-1885¦~
¥ì²p¦M¾÷èè¸Ñ¨M¡Aªk°ê«I²¤´Â°^°ê¦w«nªº°ÝÃD«K¥X²{¤F¡C¦w«n¥jºÙ¶V«n¡A¦¦b¤½¤¸«e¤T¥@¬öŃ¨ü¨
¦è¤èªº¼vÅT¬O1615¦~¥ÑC¿q|±Ð¤h±a¶i¦w«nªº¡A¦ý¬O¦b³oÓ¾§®a¥e²Îªv¦a¦ìªº°ê®a¸Ì¡A±Ð|ªº¬¡°Ê¶
3.1ªk°êªº¤J«I ¹Å¶©«Ò¤Î«áÄ~½Ñ«Ò³£¬O«O¦uªº¾§®a¤H¤h¡A¥LÌ´£Ò¤¤°êªº¾Ç»¡»P¨î«×¡A¤ä«ù¤³¬v
ªk°ê¦bªF¤è«Ø³]´Þ¥Á«Ò°êªº¦æ°Ê±o¨ì¼w°êªº¹ªÀy¡A¾ÚºÙ¡A¦b1878¦~ªº¬fªL|Ä³¤W¡AÚ´µ³Á§iª¾ªk°ê¥
¦¹®É¡A¦Û±j¹B°Ê¤¤ªº»â¾É¤Hª«ª½ÁõÁ`þ§õÂE³¹¡A¤Ï¹ï¦b§¹¦¨¤¤°ê®üx«Ø³]©M®ü¨¾p¹º¥H«e¬D¾Ôªk°ê¡
3.2²M¬yÄÒªº¿³°_ §õÂE³¹©M®¥¿Ë¤ýªº¼fVºA«×¡A¨ü¨ì¤@§å§Ó½ì¬Û§ëªº¦~»´©xû©áÀ»¤Î¼J‾º¬°¸k¹t
²M¬yÄÒÂÆµøªk°ê¬°"±j©¸¤§¥½"¡A»{¬°¥¦¬OÓÃxÁ{±Y¼ìªº°ê®a¡C¥LÌ¥D±i¥H¾Ôª§¨Ó®Â½Ã¤¤°êªººaÅA©M´
²M§Ê¦b©M¾Ô¤§¶¡Á|´Ñ¤£©w¡A¥¦³´¤J¤FºaÅA©M®£Äßªº¨âÃø¹Ò¦a¡GºaÅAn¨D¥¦«O½Ã¦Û¤vªº´Â°^°ê¡A¦Ó¹ï¦
3.3¾Ôª§Ãzµo ¾nªF¨Êªº¤¤°êx¶¤¦]¥¼±µ¨ìºM°h©R¥O¡A©Úµ´í¦aªk°ê¤Hn¥LÌºMÂ÷½Ì¤sªºn¨D¡A©ó
3.4©M¥¸Ñ¨M ±q1884¦~8¤ë¦Ü11¤ë¶¡ªº¤TÓ¤ë¡AOÁH¤Ó«áªGÂ_¦a¤ä«ù¶i¦æ¾Ôª§¡C¨ì12¤ëªì¡A¥H¤U´
²M§Ê¦b¾ãÓ¨Æ¥ó¤¤ªºÀu¬X¹èÂ_»PÁ|´Ñ¤£©w¡A¥O¤H«s¼¦¡C²M§Ê¨Ã¤£Q¶i¦æ¾Ôª§¡A¦ý«o¬°²M¬yÄÒ©Ò¢¡A¦
¤¤°ê»Pªk°êµu¼È¤ÎäÃø©Êªº¹ï§Ü«á¥¢¥h¤F¦w«n¡A¼Ð§ÓµÛ¦³¤G¤Q¦~¾ú¥vªº¦Û±j¹B°Êªº¥¢±Ñ¡C¥~¥æ¡Bx¨
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Cady, John F.¡ASoutheast Asia: Its Historical Development (New York, 1964),
chs, 12¡A18.
2.--¡AThe Roots of French Imperialism in Eastern Asia (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967).
3.Campbell, Robert R" James Duncan Campbell: A Memoir by His Son (Cambridge,
Mass., 1970).
4.Ch'en, Ta-tuan, "Investiture of Liu-ch'iu Kings in the Ch'ing Period," in
John K. Fairbank (ed.)¡AThe Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relat
ions (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 135-164.
5.Chesneaux, Jean, and Marianne Bastid, Histoire de la Chine, Vol. I, Des gu
erres de I 'opium a la guerre fronco-chinoise, 1840-1885 (Paris, 1969).
6.‾³¿«Å×¡A¡m¥ª¤åÁ¸¤½¦b¦è¥_¡n¡]«¼y,1945¦~¡^¡C
7.Chu, Wen-djang, The Moslem Rebellion in Northwest China, 1862-1878: A Stud
y of Government Minority Policy (The Hague, 1966).
8.Eastman, Lloyd E., Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy durin
g the Sino-French Controversy, 1880-1885 (Cmahridge, Mass., 1967).
9.--¡A"Ch'ing-i and Chinese Policy Formation during the Nineteenth Century," T
he Journal of Asian Studies¡AXXIV:4:595-6I 1¡]Aug. 1965).
10.--¡A"Political Reformism in China before the Sino-Japanese War," The Journa
l of Asian Studies, XXVII :4:695-710 (Aug. 1968).
11.Fletcher, Joseph, "The Heyday of the Ch'ing Order in Mongolia, Sinkiang,
and Tibet," in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge
, Eng., 1978)¡AVol. 10¡A351-408.
12.Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (New
Brunswick, 1970).
13.Hall, D.G.E., A History of Southeast Asia (London, 1964), chs. 9, 22¡A34-35
.
14.Hs , Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The lli Crisis: A Study of Sino-Russian Diploma
cy, 187 1-1881 (Oxford, 1965).
15.--¡A"The Great Policy Debate in China, 1874: Maritime Defense vs. Frontier
Defense," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 25:212-28 (1965).
16.--¡A"British Mediation of China's War with Yakub Beg, 1877," Central Asiati
c Journal (Leiden), 9:2:142-149 (June 1964).
17.--¡A"Late Ch'ing Foreign Relations, 1866-1905¡F' in John K. Fairbank and Kwan
g-chi Liu (eds.), The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, Eng.¡A1980), Vol. 11,
70-141.
18.Jelavich¡A Charles and Barbara, Russia in the East, 1876-1880 (Leiden, 1959
).
19.Kiernan, E.V G.¡ABritish Diplomacy in China, 1880 to 1885 (London, 1939).
20.Lamb, Alastair, Britain and Chinese Central Asia (London, I960).
21.Langer, William, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (New York, 1950).
22.Lee, Robert, France and the Exploitation of China: 1885-1901: A Study in
Economic Imperialism (Hong Kong, 1989).
23.§õ®¦²[¡A¡m´¿¬ö¿Aªº¥~¥æ¡n (»O¥_,1966)¡C
24.Liu, Kwang-ching, "The Military Challenge: the Northwest and the Coast,"
in John K. Fairbank and Kwang-ching Liu (eds.), The Cambridge History of China (
Cambridge, Eng.¡A 1980)¡AVol. 11¡A 202-273,
25.McAleavy, Henry, Black Flags in Vietnam (New York, 1968).
26.Sakai, Robert K.t "The Ryukyu (Liu-ch'iu) Islands as Fief of Satsuma" in
John K. Fairbank (ed.)¡CThe Chinese World Order: Traditional China¡Bs Foreign Relati
ons (Cambridge, Mass" 1968), 112-134.
27.ªò´`¥¿¡A¡m¤¤ªk¶V«nÃöÃ´©l¥½¡n¡]¥_¥¡A1935¦~¡^¡C
28.ªò´`¥¿µ¥¤H ¡]¦X½s¡^¡A¡m¤¤ªk¾Ôª§¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1955¦~)¡A7¨÷¥»¡C
29.Skrine, C. P. and Pamela Nightingale, Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on
British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918 (London, 1973).
30.°K¦PÂ§Ä¶¡A¡m¥ì²p¥æ‾Aªº«X¤è¤å¥ó¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1966)¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¨â¥÷Ãö©ó«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº³Ç¥X¬ã¨s¬OWilliam Langer¡AThe Diplomacy of Imperialism¡A1890- 1902 ¡]Ne
Materialism¡A1871-1900¡]New York¡A1941)¡O
2 ¦³Ãö‾[²yÂù«¦a¦ìªº¬ã¨s¡A¥i°Ñ¨£¨â½gÀu¨qªº¤å³¹¡GRobert K¡OSakai¡A"The Ryukyu(Liu-ch'iu)Isla
2-134¡FTa-tuan Ch'en¡A"Investiture of Liu-Ch'iu Kings in the Ch'ing Period," ibid¡O¡A135
-164¡O
3 1879¦~í¤¤°ê¦bsÃ¦³´¤J¦P«X°êªº¥ì²p¦M¾÷®É(¨£¤U¤@¸`)¡A¤é¥»§]¨Ã¤F‾[²y¡A
¨Ã§ó¦W½ÄÃ¿¤¡C
4 Immanuel C¡OY¡OHsu¡A"The Great Policy Debate in China¡A1874¡GMaritime Defense vs¡OFrontie
Defense," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies¡O25¡G212-228(1965)¡O
5 §YØ¨}¹Çù(Eugene K¡OButzow)¡C
6 ¦Ü§B³£³[¡C
7 Hsu¡OThe Lli Crisis¡A62¡O
8 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²¤¦³§ï°Ê¡C
9 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²¤¦³§ï°Ê¡C
10 ¥Ñ¦C‾Á¤Ò´µ°ò¤W? ´»I¡C
11 Immanuel C¡OY¡OHsu¡A"Gordon in China¡A1880,''Pacific Historical Review¡A23¡G2¡G147-166(M
1964)¡O
12 ß_¥±ªLÀï¤h(Lord Loftus Duffedn )¡C
13 ÔO¦b¦R?µfÅc«n¦{¡C
14 Hsu¡AThe Ili CHsis¡A189-196¡O
15 åÓØA¥ýý¥S§Ì¨¿À®¡B¨¿ H¡B¨¿´f±ÀÂ½¡C
16 ±ý¦Ò¹î¶V«n¦¹´Á©Î¦¹«eªº v¥v¡AÖT ¢?D¡OG¡OE¡OHall¡AA History of Southeast Asia (London¡A196
ribute in Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1788-1790," in Fairbank(ed¡O),"The Chinese Wo
rldOrder," 165-179¡O
17 êP©óªk ø¦b¦w«n¬¡eÖÄ?±¡¡A¥i ¢?J¡OF¡OCady, The Roots of French Imperialism in Eastern Asia
ia¡GIts Historical Development (New York¡A1964)¡ACh¡O18¡FHall¡ACh¡A34¡O
18 ¥Ñ¤@¦ìÅc¤Ñ¦a þ¦³?ÀMªº¤Ó¥?ðNühI¥ÃºÖîI? ?19 Lloyd E¡OEastman¡A"Ch'ing-i and Chinese Polic
e Journal of Asian Studies¡AXXIV¡G4¡G604-605(Aug¡O1965)¡O
20 §Yª÷µn Ö(J¡OD¡OCampell)¡C
21 Lloyd E¡OEastman¡AThrone and Mandarins¡GChina's Search for a Poticy during the Sino
-French Controversy¡A1880-1885(Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1967)¡Ach¡O4¡O
22 ¦¹§Ð¤¤¤è? I øGT¤l§÷ ¢?¡C
23 ªò´`¥¿¡G¡m¤¤ªk¶V«nêP S©l¥½¡n(¥_¥¡A1935¦~)¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
192
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¥|³¹
«Ò°ê¥D¸q¥[ºòÂX±i¡G
¤é¥»«I²¤´ÂÂA»P"¤¤°êªº¥Ê¤À¦M«æ"
´ÂÂA¾Fªñ¤¤°ê¥_³¡¡A¦b©ú²M¨â¥N¡A¥¦³Q¤¤°ê¤H¬Ý¦¨¬O¥«nªº"¥~Ã¿"©M¥Dn´Â°^°ê¡F´ÂÂA§õ´Â(1392
1.´ÂÂAªº¶}©ñ
1635¦~¡A¤@¿´²üÄõ²îº}¬y¦Ü´ÂÂA®ü©¤¡A¦¹¬°´ÂÂA»P¦è¤è±µÄ²¤§©l¡C°òþ±Ð¦b¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¤U¥b´Á¶}©l¦b´
¤¤°ê©M¤é¥»¶}©ñ¤§«á¡A"Áô¤h¤ý°ê"¤é‾q¨ü¨ì¦è¤è°ê®an¨D¶T©ö¡B¶Ç±Ð©M«Ø¥ß¥~¥æÃöÃ´ªºÀ£¤O¡C¦ý¬O¡
²M§ÊÁ`²z¸Åªù¥¿¦b¾Ç²ß¦p¦ó¾AÀ³ÅÜ¤Æ¤¤ªºªF¨È°ê»Ú§Î¶Õ¡A¦]¬°¥¦ª¾¹D¤¤°êµL¤O«O½Ã´ÂÂA§K¨ü¦è¤è«I¥
¼w¤t®É´Á(1603-1867¦~)¡A¤é¥»»P´ÂÂAªºÃöÃ´¥Ñ¹ï°¨®qªº«Ê«Ø»â¥D4t³d¡A¦ý¦b1868¦~©úªvºûs¥H«á¡
¤é¥»»â³S5¬°¤F³ø´_³o¦¸¦³Nªº«V°d¡A¨M©w©ó1873¦~¬£¤@¤ä°Q¥ï¶¤«e©¹´ÂÂA¡C³o¤@¦æ°ÊÁÙ¦³¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç
ºÉºÞ»©º¥I½ÑªF¬y¡A¦ý¤é¥»ÁÙ¬O¦b1875¦~¬£¥X¤F¤@¤ä°t³Æ¬¶¸¥ªº±´´ú¶¤¡Cí¤é¥»¤H¦b¦¿µØÆW¹J¨ìÅ§À
Ä~¦b´ÂÂAªö¨úªº±j¦³¤Oªº¦æ°Ê¥H«á¡A¤é¥»¤S©ó1879¦~§]¨Ã¤F‾[²y¸s®q¡C³o¨Ç«I²¤¦æ°Ê¾_Åå¤F¤¤°ê¾n¤
§õÂE³¹¨M©w±À°Ê´ÂÂA¦V¦è¤è°Ó~»P¥~¥æ¶}©ñ¡C1882¦~¡A¥L¬£´¿¦bªk°ê¾Ç²ß°ê»Úªkªº°¨«Ø©¾©M´£þ¤B¦
ÀH«á´X¦~¡A°¨«Ø©¾¤S¤¶²Ð^¡Bªk¡B¼wµ¥°ê¥Nªí»P´ÂÂAÃ±q±ø¬ù¡A³oÓ"Áô¤h¤ý°ê"²×©ó¦V¦è¤è¶}©ñ¡A¨
2.°ê¤º¼É¶Ã»P°ê»Ú¬Fªv
2.1 1882¦~§LÅÜ ´ÂÂA°ª©v©ó1873¦~¿Ë¬F«á¡A¶{¦m«d¹Ü¤j°|§gªº¶Õ¤O¦Ó¨ú±o¶V¨Ó¶V¤jªºÅv¤O¡C¦o¤
¤¤°ê¬F©²¤S¤@¦¸¬£»º¤B¦¼©÷»P°¨«Ø©¾u´ÂÂA½Õ¬d¦¹®×¡C¤@¦W´ÂÂA§Ê¦Ú¦V°¨«Ø©¾©Z¨¥¡G¤@¤Á²V¶Ãªº®Ú
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A§ó¦hªº¤é¥»»P¤¤°ê§L²î¨Ó¨ì´ÂÂA¡C«öÓ°¨«Ø©¾ªºÄU§i¡A´ÂÂA°ê¤ý»P¤é¥»¹F¦¨¤@¶µ¨óÄ³¡A¦
1882¦~§LÅÜ¤§«á¡A§õÂE³¹¶}©l¿n¥¦æ°Ê¡A¥[±j¤¤°ê¦b´ÂÂAªº¦a¦ì¡C¤¤°ê©M´ÂÂA½lµ²¤F¤@¶µ°Ó¬ù¡A±ø¬
2.2 1884¦~¼É°Ê ¦¹®É¡A°K¥@³Í»P¶{¦m³s¤â¹ï§Ü¤é¥»¤éº¥¼W±jªº¼vÅT¡C¦¹«á´X¦~»q¡A´ÂÂA¤H¤¤ªº
¦¹®É¡A°K¥@³Í©M´ÂÂAªº¿ËµØ¬£´xºÞµÛ´ÂÂA¬F©²¡C¦ý¦b1884¦~¡A¤¤°ê¦]¤¤ªk¾Ôª§±q´ÂÂAºM¦^¤F¤TÓÀç
ªF¨Ê¥ß§Y¬£¤@¤ä°Q¥ï³¡¶¤©M¤@¦W‾S¨Ï14«e©¹´ÂÂA¡A±j¢´ÂÂA¬F©²¬°¦ºÃøªÌ»P°]²£l¥¢½ßÀv11¸U¬ü¤¸
(1)¤¤¡B¤é¨â°êÀ³©ó¥|Ó¤ë¤§¤º¦U±Nx¶¤ºÉ¼ÆºM¥X¡F
(2)Âù¤èÀ³ÄU´ÂÂA¸u½Ð§O°ê¤H¬°±Ð½m¡A¤¤¡B¤é¨â°ê¤Hû§¡¤£±o°V½m´ÂÂAx¶¤¡F
(3)¤é«á¥ô¦ó¤@°ê¦p±ý¬£§L«e©¹´ÂÂA¥¶Ã¡AÀ³¨Æ¥ý¦æ¤åª¾Ó¹ï¤è¡A¤@«S¨Æ©w¡AÀ³§YºM§L¡A¤£±o‾d¨¾¡C
³o¤@¨óÄ³¹ê»Ú¤W¨Ï´ÂÂA²_¬°¤F¤¤¡B¤é¨â°êªº¦@¦P«OÅ@°ê¡A¨ú®ø¤F¤¤°êªº°ß¤@©v¥D°ê¦a¦ì¡A¨Ã¥B½T»{¤
¥t¤@¤è±¡A«X°ê©ó1885¦~¥e»â¤F´ÂÂAªF¥_®ü©¤(¥_½n39«×)ªº¤£á´ä¤¸¤s´ä¡A^°ê¤S³ø´_©Ê¦a¹Ü¨ú¤F´
¥O¨ÆºA¤õ¤W¼åªoªº¤@¥ó¨Æ¬O¡G1884¦~¬FÅÜ¤¤°k¤`¤é¥»ªº´ÂÂA¿Ë¤é¬£ÀY¥Øª÷¥É§¡³Q¨ë±þ¡C´ÂÂA´¿¹ð¦¸
2.3ªF¾ÇÄÒ«q¶Ã¡A1894¦~ ªF¾ÇÄÒ¹B°Êì¥»¬O©v±Ð©Ê½èªº¡A±a¦³¤@¨Ç¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¦â±m¦ý¤£§t¬FªvNÃÑ
¦¹«á¤£¤[¡AªF¾ÇÄÒµ¦¹º¤F¤@¦¸«q¶Ã¡C´ÂÂA¤ý«Ç¦V°K¥@³Í¨D´©¡C¤é¥»¤½¨Ï§Æ¹Ï³y¦¨¤é¥»¥X§LªºÉ¤f¡A¼
¤¤°ê¤Hè¼³ÀªF¾ÇÄÒ¤H¡A¤K¤z¦W¤é¥»§L°¨¤WŃ¥X²{¦b´ÂÂA¡CÀHµÛ«q¶Ã³QÂíÀ£¤U¥h¡A¤é¥»¤Hn¨D´ÂÂA§
3.¾Ôª§Ãzµo
§õÂE³¹¨M¤ß´M¨D¥~¥æ¸Ñ¨M¡A¥L§Æ±æª§¨ú±o¨ì¦è¤è¦C±jªº¦P±¡¡A¢¨Ï¤é¥»©M¥¸Ñ¨M¨ÆºÝ¡C«X°ê¾nµØ¤½¨
§õÂE³¹ªº¥~¥æ¤£¶È¨S¦³¨ú±o¥ô¦ó¿n¥¦¨®Ä¡A¦Ó¥B©µ»~¤Fx¨ÆÇ³Æ¤u§@¡Cª½¨ì¥~¥æ¸Ñ¨Mªº§Æ±æ¥þ§i‾}
³o³õ¾Ôª§¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¨âÓ±q¨Æ²{¥N¤Æ¾ú¤@¥N¤H¤§¤[ªº°ê®a¶¡ªº¤@³õ«¤j¸û¶q¡C¦b³°¤W¡A¤é¥»¦b¥Ä[±
¨â¤äÄ¥¶¤©ó1894¦~9¤ë17¤é¦bÀn½t¦¿¤f¥~ªº¶À®ü®ü±¤W¬Û¹J¡Çg¹L¤Ó¤p®Éªº¥æ¤õ¡A¤¤¤èl¥¢¤F4¿´
¶i¦æ¤F¤T¤Q¦~®É¶¡ªº¦Û±j¹B°Ê¡A¤¤°ê¦b®ü¡B³°¨â¤è±«o¸¨±o³oºØ®¢°dªº¥¢±Ñ¡A¨Ï§õÂE³¹±Á{ÄY¼Fªº§
4.©M¥¨óÄ³
¦¦b¤¤°ê®üx±Ñ¥_¤§«e¡A¥_¨Êªº´Â§Ê¤w¸g¶}©lµÛ¤â©M¥Ç³Æ¡C´Â§Ê´¿¬£»º¦bÁ`²z¸Åªù¥ôÂ¾ªº¤á³¡¥ª¨
¤é¥»¬F©²´£¥æªº©M¥±ø´ÚJ²³¤F°ê¤º¤£¦P¶°¹Îªº¦UºØn¨D¡C³°x°í«ù³Î¥e¿ñªF¥b®q¡A³o±N«K©ó¤é¥»±
¦b°¨Ãö©M½Í¶}©l®É¡A§õÂE³¹¤OÄU¤é¤è½Í§P¤Hû¥ìÄð³Õ¤å»P³°¶ø©v¥ú¨c°O¦è¤è«Ò°ê¥D¸q®É¥N¨È¬wªº§ó¤
(l)²M¬F©²©Ó»{´ÂÂA°ê¿W¥ß¦Û¥D¡A¤£¦A¦V¤¤°ê´Â°^¡F
(2)¦V¤é¥»½ß´Ú¥Õ»È¤G»õ¨â¡F
(3)³ÎÅý»OÆW¡B¼ê´ò¦C®q©M¿ñªF¥b®q¡F
(4)¶}©ñ«¼y¡BÄ¬¦{¡BªC¦{©M¨F¥«¬°°Ó°ð¡F
(5)¤é¥»¦Ú¥Á±o¦b¤¤°ê¶}³]¤u¼t¡A±q¨Æ¤u~©M¦UºØ¨î³y~¡C
¤¤°ê°ê¤ºªº¤ÏÀ³¬OÄY¼F§åµû³o¶µ±ø¬ù¡C³\¦h¾ÇªÌ«ü³d§õÂE³¹¤÷¤l½æ°ê¦Û«O¡C¨â¦¿Á`þ±i¤§¬}±j‾P¤Ï¹
»OÆW®q¤Wªº©~¥Á±j‾P©è¨î³ÎÅý»OÆW¡A³oÓ®qÀ¬¦b¤¤ªk¾Ôª§¥H«á§ï¬°¦æ¬Ù¡A¥Ñ©ó1885-1891¦~º¥ô¨µ¼¾
5.²M´Â¥¢±Ñªºì¦]
«sµû¦ô³o³õ¾Ôª§¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¤¤°êª`©w¥¢±Ñªºì¦]¬O¦h¤è±ªº¡Cº¥ý¡A¤é¥»í®É¤w¬O¤@Ó²{¥N°ê®a¡
¨ä¦¸¡A¤¤°ê¤è±Åv³d¤£©ú½T¡A«ü´§¤£²Î¤@¡A¨S¦³°Êû°_¥þ°êªº¤O¶q¡C§õÂE³¹´xºÞ¥~¥æ©M´ÂÂAªºx°È¡
²Ä¤T¡A²M§Ê©M¥_¬v¤ô®v»â¾É¼hªº»G±Ñ¡A±q¾Ôª§¤@¶}©lŃª`©w¤F¤¤°ê³Ò¦ÓµL¥\ªº©R¹B¡COÁH¤Ó«á®¿¥Î®
¦b¥_¬v«ü´§¼h¤º³¡¡A»G¤Æ»P®²ßªxÀÝ¤@®É¡C§õÂE³¹¥»¤H¨ÃµLG¥¿¤§¦W¡A¥L¿ï¥Î¹±ÄÝ®É¡A°¦¬Ý»P¥LÓ¤
²Ä¥|¡A§õÂE³¹ªº¥~¥æ¦³¥»¨ªº§½©Ê¡A¥L¹L¤À¬Û«H¨ººØ"¥H¦i¨î¦i"ªº¦Ñµ¦²¤¡C¥L³Q³Ø¦è¥§»~¾É¡A¥H¬
Á`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A³o³õ±Ñ¥MµL¥i§_»{¦aÃÒ©ú¤F¦Û±j¹B°Êªº¥¢±Ñ¡A³o¤@¥¢±Ñ¦b¤Q¦~«eªº¤¤ªk¤§¾Ô¤¤¤w¸gÅãÅS¥
6.¾Ôª§ªº¤ÏÅT
³o¦¸¾Ô±Ñ¼Ð§Ó¤F²M¤ý´Âªº§Y±NÀ¤`¡A¨Ã¥B¤Þµo¤F«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº¥[ºòÂX±i¤Î°ê¤º¬Fªv¹B°Êªº¿³°_¡C¦b³o¨
6.1«Ò°ê¥D¸q¥[ºòÂX±i ¤¤°êªº¾Ô±Ñ¼ÉÅS¤Fº¡²M¤ý´Âªº»G¤Æ»PµL‾à¡A¤]©Û¨Ó¤F¦C±jª§¬Û¦bµØ³Î¥e¤g
6.2¥Á±Ú¤u~¨ü¨ìÀ£¨î ¤é¥»¦b©M¬ù¤¤Àò±o¤F¦bµØ³]¼tªºÅv§Q¡A¦U°ê¦]¨É¦³³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J¡A¥¦Ì¤]¾Ö
6.3¤é¥»ªº±U°_ ¤é¥»¨ú¥N¤¤°ê¦¨¬°»ªFÀY¸¹±j°ê¡A¥¦«n¦³»OÆW¡A¥_¦³´ÂÂA¡A¨ú±o¤F¤é«á¦VªF«n¨È
6.4¤¤°êªºs¬Fªv¹B°Ê ¾Ô±ÑµL¥i¸mºÃ¦aÃÒ©ú¤Fº¡¤HµL¤OÀ³¥I®É¥Nªº¬D¾Ô¡A¦Û±j¹B°Ê¨ººØªí±ªº²{
7.¾Ô«á¹ï¥~ÃöÃ´
7.1¤T°ê¤z‾A 1895¦~4¤ë23¤é¡A§Y¡m°¨Ãö±ø¬ù¡nÃ±q¶È¤»¤Ñ¡A«X¡Bªk¡B¼w¤T°êÁp¦XÓ|ªF¨Ê¡A´£¥
¤é¥»¬F©²¨M©w±N¿ñªF¥b®qÂkÁÙ¤¤°ê¡A¥N»ù¬O¤¤°ê¦b¥ý«eªº2»õ¨â½ß´Ú¤§¥~¦A¤ä¥I5,000¸U¨â¡C¤T°ê±N³
«X°ê¤H¦¨¤F¤¤°ê¤H²´¤¤ªº^¶‾¡A¨Ã¦]¥D°Ê¦V¤¤°ê´£¨Ñ¹ï¤é½ß´Ú¶U´Ú¡A¥O¤¤°ê¤HP¿E¤£¤w¡C²Ä¤@§å½ß´
7.2¤¤«X‾µ¬ù «X°ê¦ù¥X¤Í¦n¤§¤âªº¦æ°Ê¡A¨Ï¤¤°ê°ª‾Å©xûP¿E®÷¹s¡A±i¤§¬}»P¼B©[¤@µ¥°ª‾Å©xû
«X°ê¤è±¡Aºû‾S§BÀï§Æ±æ²M¬F©²¦PNÅý«X°ê¨ú¹Dº¡¦{¡A§â¦è§B§Q¨È¤jÅK¸ôÂX®i¨ì®ü°Ñ´Q¡A©Ò¥H¥LÅwª
«X°ê¨ú±oÅK¸ô×¿v‾SÅvªºQªk»P¤¤«Xµ²ùªºÄ@±æ¡A²×©ó¦b1896¦~¨F¬Ó¥§¥j©Ô¤G¥@(Nicholas II¡^¥[°
¦b¸t©¼±o³ù´Á¶¡¡Aºû‾SºÜ¤O¨Ï§õÂE³¹¬Û«H¡A¬°¤F¦bºò«æ±¡ªp®ÉºûÅ@¤¤°êªº»â¤g§¹¾ã¨Ã¦V¤¤°ê´£¨Ñx¨
(1)¤¤°ê¤¹³\«X°êªu¨ª¶ð¨ì®ü°Ñ´Qªºª½½u¸ôµ{×¿v¤@±øÅK¸ô¡AÅK¸ô¥i¥æ¥Ñ¥Á¿ìªº¤¤ªFÅK¸ô§½ºÞ²z¡C
(2)¤¤°ê¹º¥X¤@¤ù¤g¦a¥H¨ÑÅK¸ô«Ø¿v©Ð«Î©MºÞ²z¤§¥Î¡A¸ô§½¦b¸Ó°Ï¤º¾Ö¦³¥þÅv¡A¥]¬AÄµ¹îÅv¡C¤T¤Q¤»
(3)¤¤«X¨â°ê¦PN¡A¤é¥»Y¶i§ð¤¤°ê¡B´ÂÂA©Î«X°êªº»ªF¦a°Ï¡A¤¤«X¨â°êÀ³¤¬¬Û´©§U¡C
ÅãµM«X°ê±j½Õªº¬O«e¤G±ø¡A¦Ó¤¤°ê«h±j½Õ²Ä¤T±ø¡C
«á¨Ó¦³¶Ç¨¥»¡¡A§õÂE³¹´¿±q«X°ê¨ü¸ì150¸U¬ü¤¸¡A¦ýºû‾S§_»{¦¹¨Æ¡C¤£¹L¡A§Y¨Ï¸ì¸ïÄÝ¹ê¡A³oµ§¸ì´Ú
7.3³Î¦a¨g¼é ¦b¤T°ê¤z‾A¨Æ¥ó¥H«á¡A¼w°ê¦V²M§Ên¨D¨ú±o¤@³B®üx°ò¦a§@¬°¹S³Ò¡A¦]¬°¦¹®É¨ä¥¦
¦³¤F³o¨Ç¥ý¨Ò¤§«á¡A³Î¦a¨g¼é¦p³¥¤õ‾ë½‾©µ¶}¨Ó¡C^°ê¤£¥Ì¸¨«á©ó¼w¡B«X¨â°ê¡A‾²É¤F«Â®ü½Ã¡A¬°´
¥Ê¤À¤¤°ê¨Ï²M«Ò°ê±Á{³Q¤À³Îªº«Â‾Ù¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¥~°ê¤éº¥¥[ºòªºÂX±i¡A«P¶i¤F¤¤°ê¤º³¡ªººûs¹B°Ê¡
7.4ªù¤á¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦ ^°ê¦b¤¤°ê¾Ö¦³‾S®íªº§Q‾q½d³ò¡A¦ý¥¦ÁÙn¨D¨ä¥¦¦C±j¨É¦³‾S®í¶Õ¤Oªº¦a°Ï¶}
(1)¤@°êÀ³¦PN¦b¨ä§Q‾q½d³ò©Î‾²É¦a¤º¤£¤z‾A¥ô¦ó³q°Ó¤f©¤©Î¨ä¥¦°ê®aªº¬J±o§Q‾q¡C
(2)¤@°ê¦b¨ä¶Õ¤O½d³ò¤º¤£±o¦b´ä¤fµ|©ÎÅK¸ô¹B¶Oµ¥¤è±ª[µø¥L°ê°ê¥Á¡C
(3)¤¤°ê²{¦æ±ø¬ùµ|«h¾A¥Î©ó¦U°ê¦bµØ¶Õ¤O½d³ò¡A¤¤°ê¬F©²±o¥Héu¦¬Ãöµ|¡C
¹ï©ó³oÓÓ|¡A¨S¦³¤@Ó°ê®a©ú½TªíºA¡A¦U°ê³£¼Ò½k¦a«ÅºÙ¡A¬O§_±µ¨ü³oÓÓ|±Nµø¨ä¥¦°ê®a¦Ó©w¡
"ªù¤á¶}©ñ"°¦¬O¤@¶µì«h«Å¨¥¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¬ü°ê¬F©²ªº¥¿¦¡¬Fµ¦¡F¬ü°ê¬J¤£¥´ºâ¡B¤]¨S¦³¤O¶q±j¨î±À¦æ¡
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Anderson, David L., Imperialism and Idealism: American Diplomats in China,
1861-1898 (Bloomington, 1985).
2.±i½®Åï¡A¡m¥Ò¤È¤¤°ê®üx¾ÔÁZ¦Ò¡n¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n ,²Ä10¨÷²Ä1´Á¡]1935¦~1¤ë¡^¡C
3.Ch'en¡AEdward I-te, "Japan's Decision to Annex Taiwan: A Study of Ito-Mutsu
Diplomacy, 1894-95," The Journal of Asian Studies¡BXXXVIi:I:61-72 (Nov., 1977).
4.Ch'en, Jerome, Yuan Shih-k'ai, 1559-1916 (Stanford, 1961), chapters 1-2.
5.½±¤¶¥Û¡G¡m½±Á`²Î‾µ¿ý¡n¡A¥Ñ¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡nªÀÄ¶¦Û¤é¤å¡A²Ä¤@¨÷(»O¥_¡A1974)¡C
6.Choe, Young, The Rule of Taewon Gun, 1864-73 (Cambridge, Mass., 1972).
7.Chun, Hae-jong, "Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch'ing Period¡A"in J
ohn K. Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Rela
tions (Cambridge, Mass., 1968)¡A90-111.
8.Cook, Harold F., Korea¡Bs 1884 Incident: Its Background and Kim Ok-kyun's El
usive Dream (Seattle, 1972).
9.Deuchler, Martina, Confucian Gentlemen and Barbarian Envoys: The Opening o
f Korea, I875-J885 (Seattle, 1978).
10.Hunt, Michael H., Frontier and the Open Door: Manchuria in Chinese-Americ
an Relations, 1895-1911 (New Haven, 1973).
11.--,The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1
914 (New York, 1985).
12.Iriye, Akira¡APacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Expansion, 1897-1
911 (Cambridge, Mass.¡A1972).
13.Joseph, Philip, Foreign Diplomacy in China, 1894-1900 (London, 1928).
14.Kim, C. I. Eugene, and Han-Kyo Kim, Korea and the Politics of Imperialism
, 1876-1910 (Berkeley, 1967).
15.Kim, Key-hiuk, The Last Phase of the East Asian World Order: Korea, Japan
, and the Chinese Empire, 1860-1882 (Berkeley, 1980).
16.Langer, William, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (New York, 1950).
17.Lee, Yur-Bok, West Goes East: Paul Georg von Mollendorff and Great Power
Imperialism in Late Yi Korea (Honolulu, 1988).
18.Lensen¡AGeorge Alexander, Balance of Intrigue: International
19.Rivalry in Korea and Manchuria, 1884-1899, 2 vols. (Honolulu, 1982).
20.Lim ley, Harry J., "The 1895 Taiwan Republic," The Journal of Asian Studi
es, XXVII:4:739-762 (Aug. 1968).
21.ªL©ú¼w¡A¡m°K¥@³Í»P´ÂÂA¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1970¦~¡^¡C
22.Lin, T. C., "Li Hung-chang, His Korea Policies 1870-1885" Chinese Social
and Political Science Review, 19:2:200-233 (1935).
23.Lone, Stewart, Japan's First Modern War: Army and Society in the Conflict
with China, 1894-95 (Basingstoke, 1994).
24.¡m°¨ÃöÄ³©M¤¤¤é½Í¸Ü¿ý¡n¡A¸ü©óµ{ºt¥Í½s¡m¤¤°ê¤º¶Ã¥~º×¾ú¥vÂO®Ñ¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1936 ¦~¡^¡A²Ä5¨÷
25.Mayo, Marlene J., "The Korean Crisis of 1873 and Early Meiji Foreign Poli
cy," The Journal of Asian Studies¡AXXXI:4:793-820 (Aug. 1972).
26.McCordock, R. Stanley, British Far Eastern Policy, 1894-1900 (New York, 1
931).
27.³°¶ø©v¥ú¡A¡mî¿î¿¿ý¡n¡]ªF¨Ê¡A1929¦~¡^¡C
28.Rockhill, William W., China's Intercourse with Korea from XVth Century to
1895 (London, 1905).
29.ªò´`¥¿µ¥½s¡A¡m¤¤¤é¾Ôª§¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1956¦~¡^¡A7¨÷¥»¡C
30.®çËº®ëLµ¥½s¡G¡m§õ³Å¬Û¹C¾ú¦U°ê¤é¡n¸ü¥ªµÏ¥Í½s¡m¤¤°êªñ¦Ê¦~¥v¸ê®ÆÄò½s¡n¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä387-4
31.Tsiang, T. F., 4tSino-Japanese Diplomatic Relations, 1870-1894," Chinese
Social and Political Science Review, 17:1 -106 (1933).
32.Varg, Paul A., The Making ofa Myth: The U.S. and China, 1897-1912 (East L
ansing, 1968).
33.--,Open Door Diplomat: The Life of W. W. Rockhillt Illinois Studies in th
e Social Sciences, 33:4 (Urbana, 1952).
34.¤ý«H©¾¡A¡m¤¤¤é¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§¤§¥~¥æI´º¡n¡A¡]¥_¥¡A1937¦~¡^¡C
35.¤ýªå¥Í½s¡A¡m¤Q¦~¨Ó¤¤°ê»P¤é¥»¡]1856-1916)¡n¡A²Ä2¨÷¡]¤Ñ¬z¡A1932-33¦~¡^¡C
36.Wright, Mary C.,"The Adaptability of Ch'ing Diplomacy: The Case of Korea,
" The Journal of Asian Studies¡BXVII:3:363-381 (May 1958).
37.«À¿ü¥ú¡A¡mªF¤è§L¨Æ¬ö²¤¡n¡C
38.Yarmolinsky, Abraham (tr. and ed.), The Memoirs of Count Witte (New York,
1921).
1 ¸Ô²Ó¸ê®Æ¡A½Ñ°Ñ¨£Hae-jong Chun¡A"Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch'ing Period¡F" i
ese World Order¡A90-111
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
2 º~¦W¬°§õº³¡C
3 Ãö©ó¦¹®É´ÂÂAªº¹x©T¥ß³õ»P²M´Â¥~¥æ½Õ¾ãªºÂ²©ú¬ã¨s¡A¥i°Ñ¨£Mary C¡OWright¡A"The Adaptability o
y 1958)¡CÃö©ó¤¤°ê¤¶¤J´ÂÂA°ÝÃD¨Ã³Ì²×¾ÉP»P¤é¥»¥æ¾Ô¡A¥i°Ñ¨£¤ý«H©¾¡G¡m¤¤¤é¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§¤§¥~¥æI´º¡n
4 ©v¤ó®a±Ú¡C
5 ¦p¦è¶m¸t¹D¡BªO®Ù©º¥|¦¡B°Æ®qºØ¦Ú¡C
6 ¦p©¥Ü¨ãµø¡B¤ì¤á§µ¤¹»P¥ìÄð³Õ¤å¡C
7 ¥Ñ¶Â¥Ð²M¶©»P¤«¤WÄÉ«ü´§¡C
8 ´Ë¦³Â§¡C
9 ¦ó¦p¼ý¡C
10 ¦pºÖ«Ø¨µ¼¾¤B¤é©÷¡C
11 ªá©Ð¸q½è¡C
12 ¦Ë²K¶i¤@¦¡C
13 ¤‾¤t¡C
14 §Y¤«¤WÄÉ¡C
15 ½±§Êï°¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤jºõ¡n(»O¥_¡A1939¦~)¡A²Ä139¶¡C
16 ¤À§O¾n¦b¼sªF»PºÖ«Ø¡C
17 ¡m°¨ÃöÄ³©M¤¤¤é½Í¸Ü¿ý¡n¡A¨£µ{ºt¥Í½s¡m¤¤°ê¤º¶Ã¥~º×¾ú¥vÂO®Ñ¡n(¤W®ü¡A1936¦~)¡A²Ä5¨÷¡C
18 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A²Ä464-465¶¡C
19 ¥LÌ¦@¤W®Ñ¤C¦¸¡A¨ä¤¤4¤ë30¤éªº²Ä¤G¦¸¤W®Ñ³W¼Ò³Ì¤j¡A¦³1,200-1,300¤H¦b¤WÃ±¦W¡C
20 ¼B»Ê¶Ç¡C
21 ð´º±]¡C
22 ±i¤hl¡C
23 Abraham Yarmolonsky(tr¡Oand ed¡O), The Memoirs of Count Witte(New York¡A1921)¡A83¡O
24 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä84¶¡C
25 ¥]¬A¤Ú¾¤»È¦æ¡B²üÄõ»È¦æ¡B¸Ì©ù«H¶U¤½¥q¡BµØ«X¹D³Ó»È¦æ¡C
26 ¬ù¦X¤@»õ¨â©Î1,582¸U^½S¡C
27 Yarmolinsky¡A85¡A87¡O
28 ®çËº®Áô½s¡A¡m§õ³Å¬Û¹C¾ú¦U°ê¤é°O¡n¡A¸ü¥ªµÏ¥Í½s¡m¤¤°êªñ¦Ê¦~¥v¸ê®ÆÄò½s¡n¼W½s¡A«¦L¥»¡A(»O¥
29 Yaymolinsky¡A103¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
202
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¤³¹
1898¦~ªººûs¹B°Ê
¥Ê¤À¦M¾÷¥[³t¤F1898¦~ºûs¹B°Êªº¨ì¨Ó¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¡A³o³õ¹B°Ê¤w»W¿n¤F¤Q¦~ªº°Ê¤O¡A¦]¬°¦Û±q1885¦~¤
¦b³o¶^ÌX°_¥ñªººx´õ¤¤¡A«Ò«á¤§¶¡ªºÅv¤O°«ª§¡B«O¦u¬£©M«æ¶i¬£¤§¶¡ªºª§°õ¡BÅ©Mªº§ï²ªÌ©M¿E¶iª
1.¦´Áºûs¬£©M¶Ç±Ð¤hªº¼vÅT
¨î«×©ÊÅÜ²ªº½t°_¥i¥H°l¹¨ì¶¾®Ûªâ¡A¥Lªº¡m®Õ?Ãf§ÜÄ³¡n¦b¥»®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤@³¹¤¤¤w²¤¦³´£¤Î¡C¶¾»{¬°¡A
¤¤°ê²Ä¤@¦ì¾n^ªkªº¤½¨Ï(1876-1878¦~)³¢CÂv¬O¥t¤@¦ì´£Òº¥¶i¦¡§ï²ªº¤H¡A¥L¹ï¦è¤èªºª½±µÆ[¹î
¦b«D©x¤è¤H¤h¤¤¡A¤ýÃü(1828-1897¦~)¦]¨ä¶i¨BªºÆ[ÂI¦Ó¦W»D¹IÂâ¡A¥L¦¦~¦]¦P±¡¤Ó¥x¦Ó¨£ºÃ©ó²M
¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§(1894-1895¦~)¤§«á¡A¨î«×©ÊÅÜ²ªº¥D±i§l¤Þ¤F¤£¤Ö¾ÇªÌ¡A®É¨Æµû½×®a¡B§@®a©M©xû¡C¨ä¤¤
¤HÌ´¶¹M»{ÃÑ¨ì§ï²ªº¥²n©Ê¡A¤@³¡¤Àì¦]¬O¶Ç±Ð¤hªº¼vÅT¡C¦Û¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤C¤Q¦~¥N¥H¨Ó¡A³\¦h¤ñ¸û¶
ÀHµÛ1887¦~¼s¾Ç|¦b¤W®ü¦¨¥ß¡A¶Ç±Ð¤h§ó©ö©ó±µÄ²¨ì¤¤°êªº¼s¤jÅªªÌ©M¤W¬yªÀ|¡C¾Ç|©Ò¼ö°Jªº½Ñ¦
2.«O¦uªº§ï²ªÌ¡G‾Î¦P?©M±i¤§¬}
´£Ò«O¦u§ï²ªº«Ò®v‾Î¦P?(1830-1904¦~)¬O¥_¨Êªº±j¶Õ¤Hª«¡A¤¤¤é¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§«á¡A¥L©M±i¤§¬}--¤@Ó¦
‾Îªº¹ï¤â±i¤§¬}¤]¬O¤@¦ìÅ©Mªº§ï²®a¡BÀu¨qªº¾ÇªÌ¡C1852¦~¡A¥L¨ú±oª½Áõ¶m¸Õªº²Ä¤@¦W¡A1863¦~
±i¤§¬}Q³q¹L´_¿³¾§®a¡B³q¹L±Ð¨|©M¤u~¡A¥H¤Î³q¹Lªö¥Î¦è¤è¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N©M§Þ‾à¨Ó®¾±Ï¤¤°ê¡C1898¦~¡
"¤¤Åé¦è¥Î"5 ³o¥yÂ²½mªº¤f¸¹¡AÅé²{¤F±i¤§¬}ªº«äQ¡A§Y´_¿³¾§®a¬°°ê®aªº¹D¼w°òÂ¦¡Aªö¥Î¦è¤èªº¾
±i¤§¬}»¡¡A¤£¥i§ïÅÜªº¬O°ò¥»ªº¤H»ÚÃöÃ´¡A¦Ó¤£¬Oªk«ß©M¨î«×¡F¬O¸t¤H¤§¹D¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¾÷¾¹©M¤u¨ã¡F¬
1895¦~«á¡A°£¤F¥ºÝ«O¦u¬£¥~¡AÅÜ²¦ü¥G¦¨¤F©xû©M¾ÇªÌÌªº¦@ÃÑ¡AŃ¹³®c¤º¥_¬£»â³S¤j¾Ç¤h®}®ä(
3.«æ¶iªº§ï²ªÌ¡G±d¦³¬°©M±ç±Ò¶W
±d¦³¬°(1858-1927¦~)¬O¤@¦ì«D¤Z¤Hª«¡A¦ý¥Lªº«äQ«o¦b¨âÓ¥ºÝ¤§¶¡¿E‾PnÂ\¡C¥L¥X¥Í©ó¼sªF«n®ü
Â÷¶}¦Ñ®v«á¡A¥L¤s©~¿W¾Ç¡A6 Q³Ð«Ø¦Û¤vªº¾Ç¬£¡C¦Ü¦¹¡A¥Lªº«äQI´º§¹¥þ¬O¶Ç²Îªº¡A¤£¨ü¦è¤è¼vÅ
1888¦~¡AÁÙ¬O¥¥Áªº¥L(¨S¦³©xÂ¾)¹Á¸ÕµÛ¦V¬Ó«Ò¤W®Ñ¡A¨ä¤¤¡A¥LÃÙ´¤é¥»¥é®Ä¦è¤è¦C±j¹D¸ôªº²{¥N¤
±dªð¦^¼sªFÁ¿¾ÇµÛ®Ñ¡A¨Ã¥H¤@ÓÂ÷¸g«q¹DªÌªº¦WÁn§l¤Þ¤F¦~»´ªº¾ÇªÌ¡A±ç±Ò¶W(1873-1929¦~)¬O¨ä¤¤
3.1¤µ¤å¸g¾Ç¹B°Ê ¦¹®É¡A±d¦³¬°ªº«äQ¶É¦V¸g¾ú¤F¤@³õ¼@‾PªºÅÜ¤Æ¡A¥L¹³«Ü¦h¦P®É¥Nªº¤H¤@¼Ë¡A
¤µ¤å¸g¾Ç«üªº¬O‾³(¤½¤¸«e221-¤½¤¸«e206¦~)º~(¤½¤¸«e202-¤½¤¸«e220¦~)®É´Áªº¸g¨å¤Îµûª`¡A»P§ó¦
²M®Éª÷¥Û¾Çªº´_¿³©MÀH«á¦b®Õ°É¤è±ªº¿³½ì¡A§ós¤F¥j¦Ñªº¤µ¥j¤å¹ï¥ßªº¸ÜÃD¡A²M¥N¤µ¤å¾ÇªÌ¶°¤¤Ã
±d¦³¬°¨M©w¹Ü¨ú¤µ¤å¸g¾Ç¹B°Êªº»â¾ÉÅv¡A§â¤½¦Ï¾ÇªºÃöÁä«äQ´|¦X¶i¦Û¤vªºµÛ§@¡AÉ¦¹¤ä«ù¥L´£Òª
1897¦~¡A¥L§¹¦¨¤F²Ä¤G¥»µÛ§@¡m¤Õ¤l§ï¨î¦Ò¡n¡C12¥L¤jÁx½×Â_¡G«e¤H»{¬°¤Õ¤l°¦½sÄ¡¤»¸g¬O¿ù»~ªº¡
¤µ¤å¾Ç¬£¬Y¨ÇÁô±âªº§©À¡A§¹¥þ³Q±d¥Î¨Ó±À¶i¦Û¤vªº¨Æ~¡C"³q¤T²Î"ªº§©À¡A¥L¸ÑÅª¬°N«ü®L(¤½¤¸
³o¨â¥»®Ñ°ò¥»¤W«s¸ÑÄÀ¤F¥j¥NªºµÛ§@¡A¦ý¥Lªº¥t¤@¥»§¹¦¨©ó1887¦~ªìªºµÛ§@¡m¤j¦P®Ñ¡n«h¬O¥L¦Û¤
¤j¹D¤§¦æ¤]¡A¤Ñ¤U¬°¤½......¬G¤H¤£¿W¿Ë¨ä¿Ë¡A¤£¿W¤l¨ä¤l¡C¨Ï¦Ñ¦³©Ò²×¡A§§¦³©Ò¥Î¡A¥®¦³©Òªø¡AÅ
¨ü³o¨Ç‾Q¦«¨¹¦¡ªº«äQªº¹ª»R¡A±d³]Q¤F¤@Ó²zQªº¥@¬É¡A¨ä¤¤¡G
1¡O¨S¦³°ê®a¡G¾ãÓ¥@¬É¦b¤@Ó³æ¤@¬F©²¤§¤U³Q¤À¦¨¤£¦Pªº¦a°Ï¡F
2¡O¤¤¥¡©M¦a¤è¬F©²¥Á¿ï²£¥Í¡F
3¡O¨S¦³®a®x©Î®a±Ú¡A¦Ó¬O¨k¤H©M¤k¤H¦P©~¤@¦~«á¡A¨CÓ¤H¥i¥H¥æ´«¥ë¦ñ¡F
4¡O«Ø¥ß¥¥°ü²£«e±Ð¨|¨î«×¡A¬°À¦¨à³]¥ß¦«¨à©Ò¡F
5¡O¨àµ£«öÄÖ¤W¥®¨à¶é©M¦U‾Å¾Ç®Õ¡F
6¡O¦¨¤H¥Ñ¬F©²¤À°t±q¨Æ¹A~¡B¤u~©M¨ä¥¦ªº¥Í²£¨Æ~¡F
7¡O‾f¦³Âå°|¡A¦Ñ¦³¾i¦Ñ°|¡F
8¡O®Ú¾Ú¤u§@¦¬¤J¡A¦³¤½¦@±JªÙ©MÀ\ÆU¨Ñ©Ò¦³¶¥¼hªº¤H¨É¨ü¡F
9¡O¹ïµo©úªÌ¡Bµo²{ªÌ©M¨º¨Ç¦b²£«e±Ð¨|¡B¦«¨à©Ò¡B¥®¸X¶é¡BÂå°|©M¾i¦Ñ°|ªº«Ø¥ß¤¤°^Äm«D¤Zªº¤Hµ¹¤©‾S
10¡O¦º¤H¤õ¸®¡A¤ÆªÎ¼t«Ø¦b¤õ¸®³õªþªñ¡C16
¥Lªº¾Ç¥Í¬Ý¨ì³o¥»‾Q¦«¨¹¦¡ªÀ|¥D¸qªºµÛ§@¡A¦ý¥¦¨Ã¥¼¤½¤§©ó²³¡C¦]¬°±dÂ_¨¥²{¶¥¬q¬OÓ²V¶Ãªº¦~¥
3.2±d¦³¬°§V¤Oª§¨ú»{¦P ÁöµM±d¬°¦Û¤v¾ð¥ß°_¥¤jªº¦WÁn¡A¦ý¥LÁÙ¤í‾Ê¸û°ªªº¥\¦W¡A¥H¹F¨ì¥X¥K
±dªº¤jÁx¦a°ÊûÁ|¤H¡B¹ï¸g®Ñ²§©ó¶Ç²Îªº¸ÑÅª¡A¥H¤Î¹ï§ï²ªº´£Ò¡A¥¤j¦a¿E«ã¤F«O¦u¤À¤l¡A|¸Õ¥
±d¦b1895¦~5¤ë29¤éªº²Ä¤T¥÷¤W®Ñ¡A¥Ñ³£¹î°|©ó6¤ë3¤é§e¥æµ¹¬Ó¤W¡A³o¥÷¤W®Ñ«ØÄ³Í°ê¡B¾i¥Á¡B¨|¤h
³o®É¡A±d¡B±ç§â¥LÌªºª`N¤OÂà¦V²Õ«Ø©M°Ñ»P"¾Ç|"¤Î³ø‾È¡C1895¦~9¤ë¡A¥LÌ¥[¤J±j¾Ç|¡A¨ä¥¦¦¨
¦b¤W®ü¡A¦³¦h¹F¤T¤Q¥÷±À°Ê§ï²ªº³ø‾È©MÂø§Ó¡F¦b¤Ñ¬z¡A1897¦~11¤ë¡A¥Xª©¤F¥ÑÄY´_(1854-1921¦~)
3.3±d¦³¬°ªº±U°_ 1897¦~¼w°ê‾²É½¦¦{©MÀH«á¨ä¥¦¦C±jÅÌ¨ú‾SÅvªº¦æ°Ê¡A¥[³t¤F¤@³õsªº¥Á±Ú¦M
³o¤@¦³¦Wªº|¨£©ó1898¦~1¤ë24¤é¶i¦æ¡A±d²Ä¤@¦¸¥¿¦¡«Å¶Ç¦Û¤vªºÆ[ÂI¡A¦p¥L¦Û¤v©Òz¡A|¨£ªººë±m
ºa¸S22¡G"‾ª©v¤§ªk¤£‾àÅÜ¡C"
±d¡G"‾ª©v¤§ªk¡A¥Hªv‾ª©v¤§¦a¤]¡A¤µ‾ª©v¤§¦a¤£‾à¦u¡A¦ó¦³¥Î©ó‾ª©v¤§ªk¥G"
§L³¡©|®Ñ¹ù¦u«í¡G"¦p¦óÅÜªk"
±d¡G"©yÅÜªk«ß¡A©x¨î¬°¥ý¡C"
§õÂE³¹¡G"µM«h¤»³¡ºÉºM¡A«h¨ÒºÉ¼o¥G"
±d¡G"¤µ¬°¦C°ê¨Ã¥ß¤§®É¡A«D´_¤@²Î¤§¥@¡A¤µ¤§ªk«ß©x¨î¡A¬Ò¤@²Î¤§ªk¡A®z¤`¤¤°ê¡A¬Ò¦¹ª«¤]¡A¸Û©y¤µºM
|¨£«ùÄò¨ì¶À©ü¡Aºa¸S²Ä¤@ÓÂ÷¶}¡A¥L©úÅã¹½ć©ÒÅ¥¨ìªºªF¦è¡C‾Î¦P?¤]¦b|³õ¡A¥L¦³ÂI³Q±dªº«æ¶i
í¬Ó«Ò¬Ý¨ì³ø§i®É¡A¥L«D±`Q¥l¨£±d¡A¦ý¤S¤@¦¸³Q®¥¿Ë¤ýÄd¦í¤F¡C¦ý¬O¡A1¤ë29¤é¡A¥úºü¬Ó«Ò©R¥O¡A
1¤ë29¤é¡A±d²Ä¤»¦¸¤W®Ñ¡An¨D¬Ó«Ò¿ï©w°êµ¦¡B¿î¿ïÅ×«T¾á¥ô¤½Â¾©M³Ð¥ß"¨î«×§½"¨ó§U§ï²¨Ã‾óÀÀ¾Ë
1898¦~2¤ë¡A±d²Ä¤C¦¸¤W®Ñ¡A¦A¦¸«ØÄ³¬Ó«Ò¥é®Ä©¼±o¤j«Ò©M©úªv¤Ñ¬Ó¡C¬°¨Ï¬Ó«Ò¤F¸Ñ¦è¤èªº§ï²¡A±d
1898¦~5¤ë30¤é¡A®¥¿Ë¤ý«³ªY¥h¥@¡A±d´°«P‾Î¦P?¥ß§Y¥[³t§ï²¡C‾Î¦P?»{¬°¡A±döt¤ÉªºÁn±æ©M¹ï¬Ó«Ò
¦b¬Ó«Ò°Ý¹L¥L(±d)ªº¦~ÄÖ©M¸ê¾ú«á¡A±d»¡¡G"¥|¦i¥æ¢¡A¤À³Î¦s¦Ü¡AÂÐ¤`µL¤é¡C"
¬Ó«Ò¡G"¤µ¤é¸Û«DÅÜªk¤£¥i¡C"
±d¡G"¤µ³«D¤£¨¥ÅÜªk¡AµM¤ÖÅÜ¦Ó¤£¥þÅÜ¡AÁ|¨ä¤@¦Ó¤£§ï¨ä¤G¡A³sÃþ¨Ã±Ñ¡A¥²¦ÜµL¥\¡C"
"©Ò¿×ÅÜªkªÌ¡A¶¦Ûªk«ß¨î«×¥ý«á§ï©w¡A¤D¿×¤§ÅÜªk¡C¤µ©Ò¨¥ÅÜªÌ¡A¬OÅÜ¨Æ¦Õ¡A«DÅÜªk¤]¡C"
¬Ó«Ò¦PN±dªº³]§½¬ã¨s¦UºØÅé¨îªº«ØÄ³¡A¨Ã»¡¡G"¦¼±ø²z¬Æ¸Ô¡C"
±d¡G"¬Ó¤W¤§¸t¬J¨£¤Î¦¹¡A¦ó¬°¤[¦Ó¤£Á|"
¬Ó«Ò±½µø¤F¤@²´«Ì¥~±¡AµM«á¹Ä®§µÛ»¡¹D¡G"©`´wÿ¦ó"
±d¡G"Ń¬Ó¤W²{¦b¤§Åv¡A¦æ¥iÅÜ¤§¨Æ¡AÁö¤£‾àÅÜ¡A¦Ó§ãn¥H¹Ï¡A¥ç¨¬¥H±Ï¤¤°êö¡C±©¤è¤µ¤j¦Ú¡A¬Ò¦Ñ
¹L¤F¦nªø¤@|¡A¬Ó«ÒÂIÂIÀY¡A»¡¡G"¦¼¤U¥h²²......¦¼©|¦³¨¥¡A¥i¨ã§é±ø³‾¨Ó¡C"
±d‾¸°_¨ÓÂ÷¥h¡A¬Ó«Ò¥Ø°e¥L¥Xªù¡C®çÌªº¨Í±q»¡³o»òªøªº¥l¨£ÁÙ±q¨Ó¨S¦³¹L¡C24
¦P¤@¤Ñ¡A§Y6¤ë16¤é¡A±d³Q¥ô©R¬°Á`²z¸Åªùªº³¹¨Ê¡C¤T¤Ñ«á¡A¥L¤S¤@¦¸³q¹LÁ`²z¸Åªù¤W®Ñ¡An¨Dªö¥Î
4.¦Ê¤éºûs
±d¦³¬°ªºÅÜªk«äQ¦b1898¦~¤§«e¤Q¦~ªºµo®i¡A¥i¥HÂk‾Ç¦p¤U¡G¥L¬Û«H¡A¤¤°ê²{¦sªº¬Fªv¨î«×©MºÞ²zµ
³o¼Ë§»¤jªºp¹º¬O«O¦u¬£§ï²ªÌ°µ¹Ú³£¤£´±Qªº¡A‾Î¦P?¾_Åå¤£¤w¡C‾Î¦b§ï²ªº»â¾ÉÅv©M¬Ó¤Wªº®¦Ãd
²{¦b¡A¬Ó«Ò©M±d¦b¤jÁxªºÅÜªkp¹º¤¤¥[³t«e¶i¡A¥úºü¦]¬°®`©È¬Ó¤Ó«á¡A¤£´±©e¥ô±d¶i¤J«D±`«nªº
s¬Fªººë‾«ªí²{¦b1898¦~9¤ë12¤éªºªk¥O¤¤¡A³o¨ÇÆ[ÂI«e©Ò¥¼»D¡A¦Ó¥B¶}©ú¡A§Y¤¤¥~¬F©²ªº°ò¥»ì«h
°ê®a®¶¿³±f¥¿¡AÝªö¦èªk,¸Û¥H¬°¥Á¥ß¬F¡A¤¤¦è©Ò¦P¡A¦Ó¦è¤H¦Ò¨s¸û¶Ô¡A¬G¥i¸É§Ú©Ò¥¼¤Î¡C¤µ¤h¤j¤Ò
±q6¤ë11¤é¨ì9¤ë20¤éªº103¤Ñ¤¤¡A±Ð¨|¡B¦æ¬FºÞ²z¡B¤u~©M°ê»Ú¤å¤Æ¥æ¬y»â°ìªº¬ù40¨ì55¶µÅÜªkªk¥O
³ü¡B±Ð¨|¡G
1¡O¼o¤KªÑ§ï¸Õµ¦½×(1898¦~6¤ë23¤é)¡C
2¡O³]¥ß¨Ê®v¤j¾Ç°ó(6¤ë11¤é¡A8¤ë9¤é)¡C
3¡O¦U¬Ù³]¥ßs¦¡¾Ç°ó¡AP¤O©ó¤¤¾Ç©M¦è¾Çªº¬ã¨s¡C¦U¬Ù|ªº®Ñ
°|§ï¬°¾Ç°|¡A©²¦{¿¤¾Ç§ï¬°¤¤¾Ç°ó¡A¶m¾Ç§ï¬°¤p¾Ç°ó(7¤ë10¤é)¡C
4¡O³]¥ß½sÄ¶¾Ç°ó(8¤ë6¤é)¡C
5¡O³Ð¿ì¨Ê®v¤j¾Ç°óªþÄÝÂå¾Ç°ó(9¤ë8¤é)¡C
6¡O¥Xª©©x¿ì³ø‾È(7¤ë26¤é)¡C
7¡OÁ|¦æ¬Fªv¸gÀÙ‾S¬ì¦Ò¸Õ(7¤ë13¤é)¡C
¶L¡B¦æ¬FºÞ²z¡G
1¡OµôºM¤¾û©M¤£¥²nªº¾÷ºc¡A¥]¬A¡G
a¡O¸â¨Æ©²¡B³q¬F¥q¡B¥ú¸S¦x¡BÂEÃ»¦x¡B¤Ó±`¦x¡B¤Ó¹²¦x¡B¤j²z¦x¡C
b¡O´ò¥_¡B¼sªF©M¶³«n¨µ¼¾¡C
c¡OªFªeªe¹DÁ`þ¡Aº¨¹B¤Ù½Ã©MÆQ¹B¨Ï(8¤ë30¤é)¡C
2¡O¥ô¥Î¬F©²¤¤ªº¶i¨B¤H¤h(9¤ë5¤é)¡C
3¡Oº°¿º©ì©µ®²ß¡A¨Ã¥B§R§ïÂÂ¨Ò¡A¥t©ws«h¡A´£°ª¦æ¬F®Ä²v(6¤ë26¤é)¡C
4¡O¤h¥Á¤W®Ñ¨¥¨Æ¡A¤£³\µy¦³ªý¹j(9¤ë11¤é)¡C
5¡O¤¹³\º¡¤H¸gÀç¥|¥Á¤§~(9¤ë14¤é)¡C
°Ñ¡B¤u~¡G
1¡O«Ø³]ÅK¸ô(6¤ë25¤é)¡C
2¡Oµo®i¹A¤u°Ó(6¤ë20¤é)¡C
3¡O¼úÀyµo©ú(7¤ë5¤é)¡C
4¡O¬ü¤Æ¨Ê®v(9¤ë5¤é)¡C
¸v¡B¨ä¥¦¡G
1¡O°ª‾Å©xû¹C¾ú¥~°ê(6¤ë12¤é)¡C
2¡O«OÅ@¶Ç±Ð¤h(6¤ë12¤é)¡C
3¡O§ï¶i©MÂ²¤Æªk³W(7¤ë29¤é)¡C
4¡OÄw³Æ¹wºâ(9¤ë16¤é)¡C
ÁöµM¥úºü¬Ó«Ò©M±d¦³¬°¥þ¤O±À¦æ§ï²p¹º¡A¦ý«o¨ü¨ì¤j¦h¼Æ¤¤¥¡©M¬Ù‾Å°ª‾Å©xûªº©è¨î¡C¼o°£¤KªÑ¤
5.¬Ó¤Ó«á»P¬FÅÜ
ÁöµM¦Û1889¦~OÁH¤Ó«áŃ°h©~À[©M¶é¡A¦ý¦oÁÙ¬Oºòºò¦a´x´¤µÛ¬F©²Åv¤O¡C¦o¹ï³Ì°ªÅv¤O¤Q¤À±ÓP¡A¤
¥ô¦ó¼vÅT¾§®a¹D¼w³W½d§©Àªº¬Fªv©MªÀ|Åé¨î¿E¶iÅÜ²¡A‾S§O¬O¼vÅTOÁH¤Ó«á¦a¦ì©MÅv«Â©Ò¨Ì¿àªº§
¦ý¬O¡AÀHµÛÅÜªkªº±À¶i¡A¥Ñ©ó¼o°£¤KªÑ¤å¡Bµô´î¾÷Ãö¤¾û©M¤TÓ¨µ¼¾Â¾¦ì¡A¥H¤Î¤j¶qªº²M°£¦æ¬F¤¤ªº
¬Ó¤Ó«á¦bºa¸Sªº¤ä´©¤U¡Aö¨Ï¤@¦W±s¥v¡A«µ½Ð¬Ó¤Ó«á©M¬Ó¤W©ó10¤ë¥÷¨ì¤Ñ¬z¾\§L¡A¨º®É¡Aºa¸S¤Î¨ä
9¤ë18¤é¡Aºa¸S½Õ°Ê³¡¶¤¨ì¤Ñ¬z©M¥_¨Ê¡A¨Ã©R¥O°Kªð¦^¤Ñ¬z¡C°K¥H¥LÁÙ¦bµ¥µÛ»P¬Ó«Òªº¥t¤@¦¸|¨£¨Ó
9¤ë20¤é¡A¬Ó«Ò¥l¨£°K®É¡A¦ü¥G¬Oµ¹¤F¥L¤@¹D‾µ±Kªº¶@¥O¡A¥ô©R¥L¦b§¹¦¨¨Ï©R«á¾á¥ôª½ÁõÁ`þ¡C¤U¤È
¶e®±d©M§ï²¬£¤H¤hªº©R¥O«Ü§ÖŃÃ±µo¤F¡C±d¤w©ó¤@¤Ñ«e¼¤@¿´±q¤jªf¨ì¤W®üªº^°ê¨T½üÂ÷¶}¤F¥_¨
¤j¦h¼ÆªºÅÜªk±¹¬I³Q±ÀÂ½¡A¦Ó"¦Ê¤éºûs"´Á¶¡¼o°£ªº¤C¶µ¤¾Â¾©M¤TÓ¨µ¼¾Â¾¦ì±o¨ì«ì´_¡A¤KªÑ¤å¤]«
¦ý¦b¬YºØµ{«×¤W¡A¾A«×ªº§ï²¤´¦bÄ~Äò¡C¥_¨Êªº¨Ê®v¤j¾Ç°ó©M¬Ù|ªº¾Ç°ó³Q¤¹³\¦s¦b¡C¦pªG¥LÌ¾A¦
¥Ñ©ó¬Ó«Ò±À¶i¤F¤@³õ§¹¥þ©¿µø‾ª¨îªºÅÜªk¡A¨Ì¾a¤£¥i«H¥ôªº¤Hª«©M¸Õ¹Ï±q¬Ó¤Ó«á¤â¤¤¹Ü¨úÅv¤O¡A¦]¦
6.ÅÜªk¥¢±Ñªºì¦]©M¼vÅT
ÅÜªk¥¢±Ñªºì¦]¡A¥Dn¦³ºûs¬£‾Ê¥F¸gÅç¡B¾Ô²¤¤í©P¸Ô¡B¬Ó¤Ó«á¿WÅó¤jÅv©M«O¦u¬£¤j¤O¤Ï¹ï¡C
6.1ºûs¬£‾Ê¥F¸gÅç 1898¦~¡A±d¦³¬°°¦¦³40³¡A¦Ó¥Lªº¥Dn¤ä«ùªÌ±ç±Ò¶WÅ×25³¡A¨â¤H¥H«e³£¨S
¤×¨ä¬O±d¦³¬°¡A¥L°¦¬O¤@Ó²zQ¥D¸qªÌ©M«äQ®a¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@Ó¹ê½îªº¬Fªv®a¡C¥L¹ï²{¹ê¬Fªv¨S¦³¤Ó¦
¶i¨B¤H¤h¹ïµ¥µÛ¥LÌªº¦MÀI¤£¬O¤@µL©Òª¾¡A±dªº§Ì§Ì¦ŃÄU¥L²æ¨¡A¦ý¨M©w°£±¼±dªº‾Î¦P?¥H¬Ó«Ò§Ô
6.2OÁHªºÅv¶Õ ¦Û1861¦~¥H¨Óªº¤T¤Q¤C¦~¡A¬Ó¤Ó«á¤@ª½¬O°ê®aªº³Ì°ªÅv¤O¤Hª«¡C¦o¸gÅçÂ×Í¤Î¦a
6.3«O¦u¬£ªº¤Ï¹ï ¦Û»{¬O¾§®a¹D¼w¶Ç²Î¦uÅ@ªÌªº«O¦u¬£35 §ðÀ»§ï²¬£"µL§gµL¤÷"¡A¦b´£Ò¥ÁÅv©
§Y¨ÏÅ©Mªº§ï²¬£©M¨º¨Ç¦P±¡§ï¨îªº¤H³£Ãø¥H±µ¨ü±dªº¸Ñ»¡¡C¨Ï±d¼w¨ì¬Ó«ÒÃöª`ªº‾Î¦P?¦bÅª¹L¡ms
²Ä¤K¨÷¤¤¡A......"¤Õ¤l¨îªkºÙ¤ý"¤@½g¡AÂø¤ÞÆ@½n¤§®Ñ¡A¼vÅTªþ|¡A¥²ÃÒ¹ê¤Õ¤l§ï¨îºÙ¤ý¦Ó¤w¡CÅÑ®
¦]¦¹¡A±dÅ×´¼ªºµo´§¬°¥LÄ¹±o¤µ¤å¾Ç¬£¤ä«ùªÌªº¥¨¤jÁnÅA®É¡A¤]²¨»¤F¤@¤j§åÅ©M¦ÓÂÔVªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¥
Á`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A±d¬O¤@Ó«äQ®a¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@Ó¹ê½îªº¬Fªv®a¡C¥Lªº¿E¶i§ï²¬O¤@¦¸®¾±Ï²M¤ý´Âªº«i´±¹Á¸
1898¦~ºûs¥¢±Ñ©Ò³y¦¨ªº¼vÅT¬O²³¦h¦Ó²`»ªº¡Cº¥ý¡A¥¦ÃÒ©ú±q¤W¦Ó¤Uªº¶i¨B§ï²¬O¤£¥i‾àªº¡C¨ä¦
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Ayers, William, Chang Chih-tung and Educational Reform in China (Cambridge
, Mass., 1971).
2.Barnett, Suzanne Wilson, and John K. Fairbank (eds.)¡AChristianity in China:
Early Protestant Missionary Writings (Cambridge, Mass., 1985).
3.Bohr, Paul Richard, Famine in China and the Missionary: Timothy Richard as
Relief Administrator and Advocate of National Reform, 1876-1884 (Cambridge, Mas
s., 1972).
4.Burt, E. W.¡A"Timothy Richard: His Contribution to Modern China: Internation
al Review of Missions, 293-300 (July 1945).
5.Cameron, Meribeth E.¡AThe Reform Movement in China, 1898-1912 (Stanford, 193
1).
6.Candler, W. A., Young J. Allen (Nashville, 1931).
7.±i¤§¬}¡A¡mÄU¾Ç½g¡n¡A1898¡A¤G¨÷¡C
8.Chan, Sin-wai (tr.), An Exposition of Benevolence: The Jen-hs eh of T'an
Ssu-t'ung (Hong Kong, 1984).
9.Chang, Hao, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-19
10¡C--¡A"Intellectual Change and the Reform Movement, 1890-8," in John K. Fairba
nk and Kwang-ching Liu (eds), The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1
980), Vol. II¡A274-338.
11.³‾Áê¡A¡m¥³¦¦¬FÅÜ®É¤ÏÅÜªk¤Hª«¤§¬Fªv«äQ¡n¡A¡m¿P¨Ê¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä25¨÷¡A²Ä59-106¶¡]1939¦~6
12.»ô«ä©M¡A¡mÃQ½»P±ß²M¾Ç¡n¡A¡m¿P¨Ê¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä39¨÷¡A²Ä177-226¶¡]1950¦~12 ¤ë¡^¡C
13.«e§BÃÙ,¡m¥³¦¦ÅÜªk¡n¡A¥|¨÷¥»¡A¡]¤W®ü¡A1953)¡C
14.¿ú¿p¡A¡m§Ü¦³¬°¾Ç³Nzµû¡n¡A¡m¿P¨Ê¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä1I¨÷¡A²Ä3´Á¡A²Ä583-656¶(1936 ¦~7¤ë¡^¡C
15.Chong, Key Ray, Americans and Chinese Reform and Revolution: 1898-1922: T
he Role of Private Citizens in Diplomacy (Lanham, Md., 1984).
16.¥þº~¤É¡A¡m²M¥½ªº¦è¾Ç½¥X¤¤°ê»¡¡n¡A¡mÀ«n¾Ç¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä2´Á¡A²Ä57-102¶¡]1935¦~6¤ë¡^¡C
17.--¡A¡m²M¥½¤Ï¹ï¦è¤Æªº¨¥½×¡n¡A¡mÀ«n¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä5¨÷¡A²Ä3-4´Á¡A²Ä122-66¶ (1936¦~12¤ë¡^¡C
18.Cohen, Paul A.¡A"Christian Missions and Their Impact to 1900," The Cambridg
e History of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1978), Vol. 10¡A543-90.
19.--,and John Schrecker (eds.)¡AReform in Nineteenth Century China (Cambridge
,Mass., 1976).
20¡C--¡AFairbank, John King (ed.), Missionary Enterprise in China and America (C
21.Forsythe, Sidney A., American Missionary Community in China, 1895-1905 (C
22.Ho, Ping-ti, "Weng T'ung-ho and the 'One Hundred Days of Reform'," Far Ea
stern Quarterly, X:2:125-135 (Feb. 1951).
23.Hsiao Kung-ch'uan, A Modern China and a New World: K'ang Yu-wei, Reformer
and Utopian, 1858-1927 (Seattle, 1975).
24.JÀØ¡A¡m¥³¦¦ÅÜªk¡n¡A¡]¤W®ü¡A1956¡^¡C
25.Hummel, William F., "K'ang Yu-wei, Historical Critic and Social Philosoph
er, 1857-1927," Pacific Historic Review, 4:4:343-355 (Dec. 1935).
26.Hunter, Jane, Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of
-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984).
27.Hyatt, Irwin, Our Ordered Lives Confess: Three Nineteenth Century America
n Missionaries in East Shantung (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
28.Kamachi, Noriko, "American Influences on Chinese Reform Thought: Huang Ts
un-hsien in Carlifornia, 1882-1885," Pacific Historical Review, XLVII:2:239-260
(May 1978).
29.--¡AReform in China: Huang Tsun-hsien and the Japanese Model (Cambridge,Mas
s., 1981).
30.Kwang Luke S. K.¡A A Mosaic of the Hundred Days (Cambridge, Mass., 1984).
31.Levenson, Joseph R.¡A Liang Ch 'i-ch 'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Camb
ridge, Mass., 1953).
32.±ç±Ò¶W¡A¡m¥³¦¦¬FÅÜ°O¡n¡C
33.--¡AIntellectual Trends in the Ch 'ing Period¡m²M¥N¾Ç³N§½×¡n¡Atr. by Immanuel
34.C.Y. Hsu (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), Pt. III.
35.¼B»ñ¿«¡A¡m°K¥@³Í»P¥³¦¦¬FÅÜ¡n¡A(1964¡A»O¥_¡^¡C
36.¼B¤‾¹F¡A¡m¥³¦¦ÅÜªk¹B°Ê¤¤±d¦³¬°©Ò´£¥Xªº¬Fªvºõ»â¡n¡A¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A1958¦~ ²Ä4´Á¡A¶1-10
37.Lo Jung-pang (ed.), K'ang Yu-wei: A Biography and a Symposium (Tucson, 19
67).
38.Onogawa, Hidemi (¤p³¥¤t¨q¬ü¡^¡A¡m±d¦³¬°ÇUÅÜªk½×¡n(K'ang Yu-wei's ideas of reform)¡Ai
China, ed. by the seminar on modern China¡AToyo Bunko, Tokyo, 2:101-188 (1958).
39.Pusey, James Reeve, China and Charles Darwin (Cambridge, Mass., 1983).
40.Rabe, Valentin, The Home Base of American China Missions, 1880-1920 (Camb
ridge, Mass., 1978).
41.Soothill, W.E., Timothy Richard of China (London, 1924).
42.´ö§Ó¶v¡A¡m¥³¦¦ÅÜªkÂ²¥v¡n¡A¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1960¡^
43.Thompson, L.G. (tr.)¡A Ta T'ung-shu: The One-World Philosophy of K'ang Yu-w
ei (London¡A 1958).
44.¤ý¾ðºi¡A¡m¥~¤H»P¥³¦¦ÅÜªk¡n¡A¡m»O¥_¡A1965)¡C
45.Wong, Young-tsu, "The Significance of the Kuang Hs Emperor to the Refor
m Movement of 1898,"in Transition and Permanence: Chinese History and Culture (D
ec. 1972). A Festschrift in honour of Dr. Hsiao Kung-ch'uan.
46.Woodbridge, Samuel I" China 's Only Hope: An Appeal by Her Greatest Vicew
yt Chang Chih-tung (New York, 1900).
47.°K¥@³Í¡A¡m¥³¦¦¤é°O¡n¡A(1909 , 1922)¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Timothy Richard, Forty-Five Years in China (New York¡A1916)¡A197¡C
2 ±d¦³¬°»P¤@¦ì¥~°ê¤H±½Í®É©Ó»{¡G"§^¤§©óÅÜ²¤§¥D¦]Ã´¨â¶Ç±Ð¤h¤§µÛ§@¡A´Lqªº§õ´£¼‾¤Ó©M´LqªºªL
3 Hsiao Kung-chuan¡O"Weng T'ung ho and the Reform Movement of 1898," Tsing-hua Jou
rnal of Chinese Studies¡ANew Series¡A1¡G2¡G153(April 1957)¡O
4 ³‾ìD¡m¥³¦¦¬FÅÜ®É¤ÏÅÜªk¤Hª«¤§¬Fªv«äQ¡n¡A¡m¿P¨Ê¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä25´Á¡A²Ä61¶(1939¦~6¤ë)¡C
5 ¤¤¾Ç¬°Åé¡A¦è¾Ç¬°¥Î¡C
6 ¦è¾ö¤s¡C
7 ¤@»¡¥|¦~¡C
8 Lo Jung-pang(ed¡O)¡AK'ang Yu-wei¡GA Biography and a Symposium (Tucson¡A1967)¡A38¡O
9 ¹ù¥¡A(¤µ¥j¾Ç¦Ò)¡A(1886)¡C
10 ¤Õ¦w°ê¡C
11 Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao¡AIntellectual Trends¡m²M¥N¾Ç³Nń½×¡n¡A92¡O
12 ^¤å¦³®ÉÄ¶¬° Confucius as a Reformer¡C
13 ÅU¾eè¡A¡mí¥N¤¤°ê¥v¾Ç¡n¡A×qª©(95´ä¡A1964)¡A²Ä42¶¡C
14 Ń¥Lªº¤£´M±`ªºÆ[ÂI¦Ó¨¥¡A±d¤´µM¦b¾§®aªº®Ø¬[¤§¤º¡F¥L¬OÓ¾§®aªº×¥¿¥D¸q
ªÌ¡A¦Ó¤£¬OÓ¶Ç²Î¥D¸qªÌ¡C¨£Hsiao Kung-chuan¡A"K'ang Yu-wei and Confucianism," Monumenta Seri
15 James Legge¡AThe Sacred Books of China¡APart III,The LI Ki(Oxford¡A1885)¡A364-366¡A²¤¦³§
=
16 ±ç±Ò¶W¡A96-97¡O
17 ±`³Q¿ù»~¦a»¡¦¨¬O1,200©Î1,300¤H¡C¨£¼B»ñ¿«¡m°K¥@³Í»P¥³¦¦¬FÅÜ¡n(»O¥_¡A1964)¡A²Ä197¶¡C
18 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A²Ä591¶¡C
19 §õ¤å¥Ð¡C
20 °ê¤lºÊ©M³£¹î°|¨S¦³±N«ezªº¥L¦b1888©M1895¦~ªº«e¨â¥÷¤W®Ñ§e¥æµ¹¬Ó¤W¡C
21 ¨ú¶Ç±Ð¤hÂø§Ó¤§¦W¥H¥ÜqN¡C
22 º¡±Ú±Nx©M¤Ó«áªº¿Ë«H¡A1895¦~¥ô§L³¡©|®Ñ¡A«e¥_¨Ê¤Eªù´£þ¡C
23 Hsiao Kung-ch'uan¡A"Weng Tung-ho",175-176¡O
24 Teng and Fairbank¡AChina's Response ¡A177-179,µy§@§ï°Ê¡C
25 Hsiao K ng-ch' an¡A"Weng T'ung-ho" 162-164¡O
26 Hsiao Kiing-ch'iian¡A"Weng T'ung-ho," 162-164¡O
27 Àò±x¬Ó«Ò¥¿¦Ò¼{ÁÜ½Ð¨Ó³Xªº¤é¥»¬F«È¥ìÄð³Õ¤å§@¥L§ï²ªºÁ`ÅU°Ý¡A¤Ó«á¾á¤ß³oÓ¸gÅçÂ×Í©M¦³Å×¤zªº
28 ¿½¤½Åv¡A¡m‾Î¦P¿q¡n¡A²Ä142-43¡A145¡C
29 ¤@¶µ³Ìªñªº¬ã¨sªí©ú¡A¼oÂJ¬Ó«Òªº»¡ªk¬O±dªºÄÒ®{½s³yªº¡A¥H¦¹¶C´«O¦u¬£¡C¨£¼B»ñ¿«¡A²Ä169¶¡C
30 °K«á¨Ó¥Xª©¤F¤é°O¨Ó¬~¨ê¦Û¤vªº°µªk¡A»¡¥L¥«×¾_Åå¡A¤£¦PNÃÓªº¥]³òÀ[©M¶é©M±þ¦ººa¸Sªº«ØÄ³¡C¥L
31 ¼B»ñ¿«¡A²Ä152¡A172¡A174-175¡C
32 1898¦~10¤ë1¤é¡A±d¦V95´äªº¤é¥»»â¨Æ¤W³¥¸ß°Ý¡A¦Û¤v¦b¤é¥»¬O§_|¨ü¨ì¨ä¬F©²ªºÅwªï©M«OÅ@¡C1o¤ë9
33 Á»ö¡C
34 ¶À¿í¾Ë¡C
35 ¹³¸¼w½÷©M¤ýs¸Û¡C
36 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A²Ä546¶¡C
37 Hsiao Kung-chiian¡A"Weng T'ung-ho,"158-174¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
214
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¤»³¹
¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó¡A1900¦~
1898¦~¥³¦¦¬FÅÜÂ½Âà¤F¾ãÓÅv¤Oµ²ºc¡A«d®z¤Fº~¤H¿E¶i¬£©MÅ©M¬£ªº¶Õ¤O¡A¤Ï°Êªºº¡¤H«s¥e¾Ú¤F
1.¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥óªºI´º
±j‾Pªº±Æ¥~±¡ºü¤£¶È¥Rº¡¤Ó«á²Îªv¤Uªº®c§Ê¡A¤]º‾¤J¤h¤H¡B©xû¡B¤h²Ô©M¼s¤jªº¥Á²³¤¤¡C¥bÓ¥@¬öª
1.1¹ï°òþ±Ðªº¼¨ć ¨ü¾§®a¡B¹D±Ð©M¦ò±Ð±Ð¤ÆªºâÀ³³¡A¤¤°ê¤H¼¨ć¦b¬¶Ä¥«OÅ@¤U¤J«Iªº°òþ±Ð¡C
¶m²Ô§â°òþ±Ðí¦¨¬OªÀ|¤W¤@Ó¤Àµõªº¡Bµê¦kªº©M²§ºÝªº±Ð¬£¡C¬Ô¨ÌªÌ¤£¦VµÐÂÄ½WÀY¡B¤£±Rq¤Õ¤l©
1.2¥Á²³¹ï«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº«ã¤õ ¥Ñ©ó1897¦Ü1898¦~¥~°ê¤J«I¨B¥ïªº¥[§Ö¡A¤@ºØÃx©óÀ¤`ªºPÄ±»P¤éÑ
1.3¥~°ê¸gÀÙ¤ä°t¤UªºÁ}Ãø¥Íp ¾~¤ù¾Ôª§¥H«á¡A¥~°ê¶i¤f°Ó«~ªº´é¤J¡A¹ï¥Á±Ú¸gÀÙ²£¥Í¤F¤@ºØªý
¤Ó¥¤Ñ°ê«á´Á¡A¥~°ê¶T©öªº¶i¤@¨BÂX¤j¾ÉP¥~°ê¹ï¤¤°ê¥«³õ¤ä°tªº¤£Â_¥[«¡A¦Ó¥B¡A¦Û±j¹B°Ê®É´Á
¦Ó¥B¡A¥~°êÅK¸ô³]¬I¤j¤j‾}Ãa¤F¶Ç²Îªº¹B¿éÅéÃ´¡C¨â±ø¦Ñªº«n¥_¤z½u--¤j¹Bªe©M±qº~¤f¨ì¥_¨Êªº³°
¨ì¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥½¡A¶m§ø¤u~‾}²£¡A°ê¤º°Ó~¤é¤U¡A¥¢~¤é¼W¡A¥Á¥Í¤éÁ}¡A³o¨Ç³£¦b§xÂZµÛ¤¤µØ¤j¦a¡C
1.4¦ÛµMä®` ¸gÀÙä±Í¤§¥~¡A¤@Ã´¦Cªº¦ÛµMä®`¶i¤@¨B¥[«¤F¥Í¬¡ªºÁ}Ãø¡C1852¦~¡A¶Àªe±qªe«
¥¿¬O¦b°g«H¡B¸gÀÙ¿½±ø¡B¥«×³h§x¡B¹ï¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº¤½¼«©M¼¨«ë¶Ç±Ð¤hªºª^³ò¤¤¡A¤@³õ¤j³W¼Òªº±
2.®±¥Áªº½t°_
"®±¥Á"¬O¥~°ê¤Hµ¹¤@Ó¥s°µ¸q©M®±ªº¤¤°ê‾µ±K|ªÀ¦¨û©Ò°_ªº¦W¦r¡A¦]¬°³oÓ²ÕÂ´ªº¦¨û³£½m²ß¶Ç
®±¥ÁºÙ¥~°ê¤H¬°"¤j¤ò¤l"¡B¤¤°ê°òþ±Ð®{©M±q¨Æ¬v°Èªº¤H¬°"¤G¤ò¤l"¡B¨º¨Ç¥Î¬v³fªº¤H¬°"¤T¤ò¤l"
®±¥Áªº²³‾«¥]¬A¶Ç»¡ªº©M¾ú¥v¤W¨â¤è±ªº¤Hª«¡C¦b¥LÌ±R«ôªº²³¦hªº‾«í¤¤¦³¥É¬Ó¤j«Ò(¹D±Ð‾«‾)
¸q©M®±ªººõ»â©M³Ì‾à§l¤Þ°g«Hªº¦Ñ¦Ê©mªº°ò¥»n‾À¬O§Å³N¡A¥LÌÉ¦¹«ÅºÙ¡A¦b¤@¦Ê¤Ñªº°V½m«áŃ¥i
®±¥Áì¥ý¬O¤Ï²Mªº¡A¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤E¤Q¦~¥NÅÜ±o¤ä«ù´Â§Ê©M±Æ¥~¤F¡C4¥LÌµo»}n§ì¦í"¤@±øÀs¡B¨â°¦ªê
3.´Â§Ê§ÈÅ@®±¥Á
¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤E¤Q¦~¥N¡A¤sªF®±¥Á¦b¤j¤M|ªº¦W¸¹¤U‾S§O¬¡ÅD¡A¥LÌ¦b³oÓ¬Ù±o¨ì¤Ï°Ê¨µ¼¾§õªÃ¿Åªºt¤
1899¦~3¤ë¡A¶½å³Q¥ô©R¬°¤w¸g¤Q¤À°Ê¿º¤£¦wªº¤sªF¬Ùªº¨µ¼¾¡C¥L¹³§õªÃ¿Å¤@¼Ë±Æ¥~¡AÄ~Äò¤ä«ù®±¥Á
¦ý¬O¡A1899¦~12¤ë¡A¥~°êªºÀ£¤O¦A¦¸¢¨Ï´Â§ÊºM±¼¤F¶½åªºÂ¾°È¡C¶½å¨ì¥_¨ÊºÙÃÙ®±¥Á¥i¥Î¡A¨Ã§â¥
¦ý´Â§ÊÄ~Äò®¦Ãd®±¥Á¡A1900¦~1¤ë12¤é¹{¥¬¥l¥O¡A¤Z¬°¦Û½Ã©M«OÅ@§ø²ø¦Ó½m§LªÌ¤£À³³Qµø¬°¤gê¡C4¤
1900¦~5¤ëªì¡A´Â§Ê¦Ò¼{§â¸q©M¹Î²Õ«Ø¦¨x¶¤¡A¦ý¾D¨ì¸Î¸S©M°K¥@³Íªº¤Ï¹ï¡C´xÅvªº¤Ï°Ê¤Hª«¤£Ä@½}
°ªº¦ªº±Æ¥~±¡ºü¨Ï¥_¨Êªº¥~°ê¨Ï¸`ÄµÄ±°_¨Ó¡C5¤ë25¤é¡A¥LÌ±q¤Ñ¬z´ä¥~ªº§LÄ¥¤W½Õ¨ÓÄµ½Ã¥H§@¨¾½d
®±¥ÁÁÙ±o¨ì¤F5¤ë29¤éªº¥t¤@«h´Â§Ê¥l¥Oªº¹ªÀy¡A³o«h¥l¥O§i»|¦U¬Ù©xû¡A¤£n¤£¥[°Ï¤À¦a§ðÀ»®±¥Á
¦Ü¦¹¡A´Â§Ê§¹¥þ³Q¤Ï°Ê¤À¤l©Ò´x´¤¡CºÝ¿Ë¤ý¨ú¥N¼y¿Ë¤ý¦¨¬°Á`²z¸Åªùªºº¸£¡A®}®ä©M±Ò¨q¤]³Q¥ô©R¬
6¤ë13¤é¡A´Â§Ê«Å¥¬¡A¥Ñ©ó¨ÏÀ]¤Hû¦³¨ÏÀ]Å@½Ãªº¥R¤À«OÅ@¡AµL»Ý§ó¦hªº¥~°ê³¡¶¤¨Ó¥_¨Ê¡C¦P¤@¤Ñ¡A
¦b¤Ñ¬z¡A®±¥Á¦P¼ËµLªk±±¨î¡A¥LÌµI¿N±Ð°ó©M¥X°â¥~°ê°Ó«~»P®ÑÄyªº°Ó©±¡A±þ¦º¤¤°ê°òþ±Ð®{¡A¨Ã¥
¦¹®É¡AºÝ¿Ë¤ý©Mè¼Ý¥D±i¥þ±¶i§ð¤½¨ÏÀ]¡A¬O¬~¨ê¥bÓ¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó°ê®¢ªº°ß¤@¤èªk¡C¦b³o¤@ÂI¤W¡A¤Ó«
¦b6¤ë17¤éªº²Ä¤G¦¸±s«e|Ä³¤W¡A¤Ó«á©R¥O³qª¾¥~°ê¨Ï¸`¡A¦pªG¥LÌªº°ê®a¥´ºâ¶}¾Ô¡A¥LÌŃ±o¦^°ê
²{¦b¡A´Â§Ê¥¿¦¡¤U¥O¦U¬Ù²ÕÂ´®±¥Á§ÜÀ»¥~°ê¤J«I¡C¦b¥_¨Ê¡A®±¥Á³Q©x¤è©Ó»{¬°"¸q¥Á"¡Aµ¹½à½ç¤j¦Ì©
¤½¨ÏÀ]°Ï¤º¬ù¦³450¦W½Ã§L¡B475¦W¥¥Á(¥]¬A12Ó¥~°ê¤½¨Ï)¡B2,300¦W¤¤°ê°òþ±Ð®{©M¬ù50¦W¹²¤H¡A
4.ªF«n¤¬«O
6¤ë21¤é´Â§Ê«Å¾Ô¤§®É¡AªF«n³¡ªº¬Ù‾Å©xû--¼sªF§õÂE³¹¡B«n¨Ê¼B©[¤@¡BªZº~±i¤§¬}©M¤sªF°K¥@³Í--
ù°ê»{¬°²M¬F©²À³¹ï¤½¨ÏÀ]ªº¥~°ê¤Hªº¥Í©Rt³d¡A¦ý¦P®É¦Û²Õ¤F¤@¤äÁpx¨Ó¸Ñ³ò¡C7¤ë14¤é¡A¥~°ê³¡
¦ý¬O¡AÀHµÛ¤Ï°Ê©x¹±§õªÃ¿Å©ó7¤ë26¤é©è¹F¥_¨Ê¡A¾Ôª§ªº¼É¦A¦¸Ãzµo¡C¦bè¼Ý©M®}®äªº¹ªÀy¤U¡A§õ
Ápxªº¼W´©³¡¶¤7¤ë©³¨ì¹F¤jªf¡A8¤ë4¤é±q¤Ñ¬z¦V¥_¨Ê¶iµo¡C¦U°êÁpx¥Ñ18,000¤H²Õ¦¨¡A¨ä¤¤¦³8,00
¤Ó«á¡B¬Ó«Ò©M¤Ö¼Æ¨Í±q¦bÁpx¶}¶i¥_¨Êªº¦¸¤é³ì¸Ë°k¶]¡C¬Ó«Ò¹ê»Ú¤WQ‾d¦b¥_¨Ê»P¦C±j½lµ²©M¬ù¡A¨
®u¨÷µØ¥_¡B¤º»X©Mº¡¬w¡A¨Ã¨Ï231Ó¥~°ê¤H³à¥Í©M¦¨¤d¤W¸Uªº¤¤°ê°òþ±Ð®{ºG¾D±þ¼®ªº¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó¡A
5.¶ü©M
¦b¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥óªº¾l¬o¤§«á¡A»á§²³±æªº¦~¦Ñ¬Fªv®a¡B¨â¼sÁ`þ§õÂE³¹¨ü©R®Æ²z§½¶Õ¡C´Â§Ê©ó7¤ë3¤é©
8¤ë20¤é¡A¬y¤`´Â§Ê©Ó»{t¦³¤Þ°_äº×ªº³d¥ô¡AÅã¥Ü¥X«á®¬ªº¸ñ¹³¡C´Â§Ê¤@¦A"¤^¨D"§õÂE³¹¥_¤W¡A»P
¬y¤`´Â§Ê¤´µM¨ü¨ìºÝ¿Ë¤ý©Mè¼Ý³o¼Ëªº¤Ï°Ê¤À¤lªº¤ä°t¡A¥LÌ´£Ò¥´¤@³õªø´Áªº®ø‾Ó¾Ô¡C¬°¤F²o¨î¥
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¦b¥_¨ÊªºÁpx¥Nªí©Úµ´¦b²M§Ê"¦^Æq"¤§«e¶}©l©M½Í¡A¥LÌN¦b"ÁÙ¬F©ó¬Ó«Ò"¡C¥LÌ´£¥X³
¥_¨Ê½Í§P´Á¶¡¡A¥Øªº¦U¤£¬Û¦PªºÁpx¥Nªí«ÜÃøŃ±ø´Ú¹F¦¨¤@PN¨£¡C¼w°ê¦s¤ß³ø´_¡An¨D¶i¦æÄY¼Fª
¦b¶i¦æ¤F«Ü¦h³ã³ã¤£¥ðªºª§ÅG¤§«á¡AÁpx²×©ó¦b1900¦~12¤ë24¤é¦XÄ³¥X¤@«h¥]¬A12¶µ±ø´ÚªºÁp¦XÓ
1¡OÃg¿ì¸o¥Ç¡CÁpxì¥ýn¨D³B¦º12¦W©xû¡A¥]¬A²ø¿Ë¤ý¡BºÝ¿Ë¤ý¡Bè¼Ý¡B¶½å¡B§õªÃ¿Å¡B®}®ä©M¸³º
2¡O½ß´Ú¡C1901¦~3¤ë21¤é¡A¦b¥_¨Êªº¬ü°ê¥þÅv¥Nªí¬X§J¸q´£¥X¤@¶µ4,000¸U^½SªºÃg»@©Ê½ßÀv¡A¦ý¼w°
«X°ê 130,371,120¨â ¥eÁ`¼Æªº29%
¼w°ê 90,070,515 20%
ªk°ê 70,878,240 15.75%
^°ê 50,620,545 11.25%
¤é¥» 34,793,100 7.7%
¬ü°ê 32,939,055 7.3%
N¤j§Q 26,617,005 5.9%
¤ñ§Q®É 8,484,345 1.9%
¶ø¦a§Q 4,003,920 0.9%
¨ä¥¦ 1,222,155 0.3%
3¡O¨ä¥¦ªº«n³W©w¡C°£¤F¥H¤W¨â´Ú¥~¡A¦C±j¹ï«Ü¦h¨ä¥¦ªº±ø´Ú¡A¹F¦¨¤@PN¨£¡A¥]¬A¡G
a¡O¦V¼w°ê©M¤é¥»¹Dºp¡C
b¡O«Ø¥ß¤@¤ä¥Ã¤[©Êªº¤½¨ÏÀ]½Ã¶¤¡C
c¡O©î°£¤jªf¬¶»O©M¥_¨Ê¦Ü®ü³q¹D¤§¦U¬¶»O¡C
d¡O¨â¦~¤º¸T¤î¶i¤fªZ¾¹¡C
e¡O¥_¨Ê¦Ü®ü¹Dªº«n¦aÂI¾n¤ã¥~°êx¶¤¡C
f¡O¼È°±®±¥Á¸vhªº¬ù4-5Ó«°¥«ªº¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õ¤¦~¡C
³o¨Ç±ø´Ú³Q¥¿¦¡¼g¤J¥Ñ12´Ú©M19¶µªþÄÝ±ø´Úºc¦¨ªº¡m¨‾¤¡±ø¬ù¡n¡A¥Ñ§õÂE³¹¡B¼y¿Ë¤ý©M¤Q¤@°ê¥Nªí©
6.«X°ê¥e»âº¡¬w
Ápx©M¤¤°ê¤§¶¡³Ì²×«ì´_¤F©M¥¡A¦ý¬O¡A«X°ê¥e»âº¡¬wªº°ÝÃDÁÙ¦³«Ý¸Ñ¨M¡C«X°ê¤H¥H«ì´_º¡¬w‾´§Ç©
ÀH«á½Í§P¦b¸t©¼±o³ù¶}©l¡A®w¿Õ©¬‾Sª÷±Nx©M³°x»P°]¬F¤j¦Úºû‾S§BÀïÃÙ¦¨¡A¦b¥¿¦b»P¥_¨Ê½Í§PªºÁ
«X°ê«I²¤º¡¬w¦b¦C±j¤¤¤Þ°_¤F²`¤Áªº¼~¼{¡A‾S§O¬O»P«X°ê¦³§Q‾q½Ä¬ðªº¤é¥»¡C¦b¥_¨Êªº¤é¥»¤½¨Ï17Ä
§õÂE³¹¥¼§¹¦¨ªº¤u§@¥Ñ¼y¿Ë¤ý©M¤j¾Ç¤h¤ý¤å»à¨ÓÄ~Äò§¹¦¨¡C°ê»Ú§½¶Õ¹ï«X°ê¥¬°¤£§Q¡A‾S§O¬O¦b190
7.¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥óªº¼vÅT
¦^ÅU¾ú¥v¡A¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó©úÅã¬O¥Ñ¤Ï°Êªºº¡±Ú´Â§Ê¡B¹x©Tªº«O¦u¬£©x¹±©M¤h²Ô¡A¥H¤ÎµLª¾©M°g«H¥Á²³ª
¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó¤Î³Ì²×ªº¸Ñ¨M¿ìªk³y¦¨³\¦h«nªº¼vÅT¡G
1¡O Ápx¥e»â¥_¨Ê©M«X°ê¦bº¡¬wªºÂX±i¨Ï¤¤°ê±Á{¥Ê¤Àªº«Â‾Ù¡A¨Ã¥[¼@¤F°ê»Ú¶¡ªº²q§Ò©MÄvª§¡C¦C±
2¡O¡m¨‾¤¡±ø¬ù¡nÄY««I¥Ç¤F¤¤°êªº¥DÅv¡A²Ä¤´Ú³W©w¸T¤î¶i¤fªZ¾¹¡A²Ä¤K´Ú³W©w©î°£¤jªf¬¶»O©M¨ä
3¡O¥|»õ¤¤d¸U¨â¥Õ»È(3.3»õ¬ü¤¸)ªº½ß´Ú¡A¥[¤W¨ä39¦~¤¤¨C¦~«ö4%ªº§Q®§¡AÁ`¼Æ¹F982,238,150¨â¡A
4¡O¥_¨Êªº¥~°ê¤½¨Ï±q¦¹²Õ¦¨¤@Ó±j¦³¤Oªº¥~¥æ¨Ï¹Î¡A¦¨¬°²M¬F©²ªº"¤Ó¤W¬Ó"¡A¦Ó²M´Âªº«Â±æ¶^¤J¨¦
5¡O¦b°ê»ÚªÀ|¤¤¡A®±¥Áªº³¥ÆZ¦æ®|¼ÉÅS¥X¤¤°ê¤£¤å©úªº¤@±¡C¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥~°ê»©ºxªº´Ý¼Éªí²{¡A
6¡O¬°¤Fe©µ´Ý³Ý¡Aº¡±Ú´Â§Ê§@¤F¤@¨Ç¤T¤ß¨âN¡B½§²Lªº¾Ë¬F§ï²¡F«Ü¦hº~¤H¥Ø¸@¤Fº¡±Ú¬FÅv²@µL§Æ
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Campbell, Charles, S.¡ASpecial Business Interests and the Open Door Policy (
New Haven, 1951).
2.»‾¤¤§¡A¡m²M©u¤¤«XªF¤T¬Ù¬É°È¥æ‾A¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1970)¡C
3.æù§BÃÙ¡A¡m¸q©M¹Î¡n¡A¥|¨÷¡A¡]¤W®ü¡A1951)¡C
4.Cohen, Paul A., History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, an
d Myth (New York: 1997).
5.Davis, Fei-ling, Primitive Revolutionaries of China: A Study of Secret Soc
ieties in the Late Nineteenth Century (Honolulu, 1977).
6.Esherick, Joseph W., The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Berkeley, 1987).
7.Fairbank, John K.,"'American China Policy'to 1898 'A misconception'," Paci
fic Historical Review, XXXIX:4:409-20 (Nov. 1970).
8.Fleming, Peter, The Siege at Peking (New York, 1959).
9.Hart, Robert, These from the Land of Sinim, Essays on the Chinese Question
(London, 1903).
10.¦ó¬±´Ð¡A¡m^°ê»Pªù¤á¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦¤§°_½¡n¡A¡m¥v¾Ç¦~³ø¡n¡A2:321-41 (1938)
11.Hunt, Michael H., Frontier Defense and the Open Door: Manchuria in Chines
e-American Relations, 1895-1911 (New Haven, 1973).
12.Joseph, Philip, Foreign Diplomacy in China, 1894-1900 (London, 1928).
13.³¢Ùy¨Î¡A¡m©°¤l®±¶Ã¡n¡A¡m°ê¥ßªZº~¤j¾Ç¤åõ´Á¥Z¡n¡A°ê¥ßªZº~¤j¾Ç¡A6:1:135-182(1936)¡C
14.Lensen, George A., The Russo-Chinese War (Tallahassee, 1967).
15.§õ°ê¬è¡A¡m±i¤§¬}ªº¥~¥æ¬Fµ¦¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1970¡^¡C
16.Ã¹? ¸ñ °~ý¤l°êÅÜ°O¡n¡A¸ü¥ªµÏ¥Í½s¡A¡m¤¤°êªñ¦Ê¦~¥v¸ê®Æªì½s¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä 517-535¶¡A¡]
17.Malozemoff, Andrew, Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881-1904 (Berkeley, 1958
).
18.Mckee, Delber, Chinese Exclusion versus the Open Door Policy, 1900-1906 (
Detroit, 1977).
19.Purcell, Victor C" The Boxer Uprising (Cambridge, 1963).
20.Quested, R. K. I. , "Matey " Imperialists The Tsarist Russians in Manchur
ia, 1895-1917 (Hong Kong, 1982).
21.Ronning, Chester, A Memoir of China in Revolution from the Boxer Rebellio
n to the People's Republic (New York, 1974).
22.Schrecker, John E., Imperialism and Chinese Nationalism: Germany in Shant
ung (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).
23.À¹¥È¤§¡A¡m¸q©M¨ç¬ã¨s¡n(»O¥_¡A1963).
24.--¡A"A Monograph on the Yi Ho Boxers," Synopsis of Monographical Studies I
on Chinese History and Social Sciences, China Committee for Publication Aid and
Prize Awards, 1:31-58 (Taipei, 1964),
25.Tan, Chester C., The Boxer Catastrophe (New York, 1955).
26.Varg, Paul A., Open Door Diplomat; The Life ofW. W. Rockhill (Urbana, 195
2), chs. 4-6.
27.--¡AMissionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionar
y in China, 1890-1952 (Princeton, 1952).
28.--,"William W. Rockhill¡BInfluence on the Boxer Negotiations," Pacific Hist
orical Review, 18:3:369-380 (Aug. 1949).
29.--,The Making of a Myth: The United States and China, 1897-1912 (East Lan
sing, 1968).
30.Vladimir (Zenone Volpicelli), Russia on the Pacific and the Siberian Rail
way (London, 1899).
31.¤ý¤å»à¡A¡m©°¤l¨â®c»X¹Ð¬ö¹ê¡n¡A¸ü¥ªµÏ¥Í½s¡A¡m¤¤°êªñ¦Ê¦~¥v¸ê®Æªì½s¡n¡A²Ä H ¨÷¡A²Ä501-5
32.¤ý«Û«Â¡A¡m¦è¨µ¤j¨Æ°O¡n¥_¥¡A¡]1933¡^¡C
33.Wehrle, Edmund S., Britain, China, and the AntimLssionary Riots¡A1891-1900
(Minneapolis, 1966).
34.Wu.Yung, The Flight of An Empress (New Haven, 1936).
35.Young, L.K., British Policy in China, 1895^1902 (Oxford, 1970).
36.Young, Marilyn B.¡A The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy¡A1895-1901
47.Ù@¶¹©¡m±R³®¶Ç«H¿ý¡n¡A¸ü¡m¤¤°êªñ¦Ê¦~¥v¸ê®Æªì½s¡n¡A²ÄI¨÷¡A²Ä454-488 ¶¡A(¤W®ü¡A1926)¡
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Chester C¡OTan¡AThe Boxer Catastrophe(New York¡A1955)¡A32¡O
2 ¡m®ü°ê¹Ï§Ó¡n´£¨ì¨CÓ¬Ô¨ÌªÌªº¥ÍN¬z¶K¬O130¨â¡A¦Ó¡m¤¤¦è¬ö¨Æ¡n³ø»¡¨C¤H¦³4«B¸É§U¡C
3 ®±¥Á°_½ªº»¡ªk«Ø¥ß¦bÅv«Â©Ê¼Æ¾Úªº°òÂ¦¤§¤W¡A³Ò¤D«Å¡m¸q©M®±±Ðªù½¬y¦Ò¡n(1899)¡C
4 ¸Ô²Óªº½×z¨£Victor Purcell¡AThe Boxer Uprising(Cambridge¡A1963)¡Achs¡O9¡A10¡O
5 T'an¡A46.
6 ¤£¤[«á¤É¥ô¥|¤tÁ`þ¡C
7 §õ¨Ó¤¤©M±äºÖ¥Ð¡C
8 ¿½¤@¤s¡A¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä196-198¶¡C
9 T'an, 120.
10 «e¾n«X¤½¨Ï©M¦O³¡¨Í¦³\´º¼á¡B¤Ó±`¦xë°KÎë¡B§L³¡©|®Ñ®}¥Î»ö¡B¤º»Õ¾Ç¤hÁp¤¸¡B¤á³¡©|§ö¥ß¤s¡C
11 T'an¡A106¡O
12 ¥e»â¥_¨Ê«á¡AÁpx¡A‾S§O¬O«Xx¡A¤j¸v§T±°®cµ©M¨p¦v¡C¤@¦W«X°ê¤¤±N±a¤F¤Q½c°]Ä_¦^°ê¡C
13 ¬Ã¦m¡C
14 Morse¡AIII¡A309¡O
15 ¨ä¥¦¤H¬O¡G»²°ê¤½¸üÄi¡B^¦~¡B»‾µÎÂ¼¡B®}©ÓÔ¡B±Ò¨q¡C
16 »²°ê¤½¸üÄi¥RxsÃ¦¡A²×¨ºÊ¸T¡F±Ò¨q©M®}©ÓÔ³Q³B¨M¡F^¦~©M½ëµÎÂ¼½ç¦Ûµô¡C
17 ¤p§ø¹Ø¤Ó¦¡C
18 ¦ý¬O¡A¥²¶ª`Nªº¬O¡A¦b¬X§J¸qªº«ØÄ³¤U¡A¬ü°ê¥X©ó¤½¥¿©Mµ½¨}ªºÄ@±æ¡A«á¨ÓªðÁÙ¤F½ß´Úªº¦h¾l³¡¤À
©ó¤U¦C½Ñ¦~¬ÛÄ~³j§K¡G^°ê¡A1922¦~¡F«X°ê¡A1924¦~¡Fªk°ê¡A1925¦~¡FN¤j§Q¡A1925¦~©M1933¦~¡F¤ñ§Q®
Cambridge¡AMass.¡A1965)¡A26¡F¤]¥i°Ñ¨£Paul A¡OVarg¡AOpen Door Diplomat¡GThe Life of W¡OW¡ORo
48¡A81-82¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
230
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¤C³¹
²M¥½s¬F©M¥ß¾Ë¬£
¹ïOÁH¤Ó«á¨Ó»¡¡A¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó¬O¤@³õµhWªº¸g¾ú¡C¦o¸g±`¬y²\¡A«á®¬¦a»¡¡G"¨SQ¨ì§Ú|ÅÜ¦¨¬Ó«Òªº
1.²M¥½s¬F¡A1901-1905¦~
¦b1901¦~1¤ë29¤éªº¤@¶µÁn©ú¤¤¡A¤Ó«áÀµ½Ð´Â§Ê¤j¦Ú¡B¦U¬Ùþ¼¾©M¥~°ê¨Ï¸`Ń§ï²µoªí«ØÄ³¡A¦oµ¹³o
1900¦~2¤ë14¤é¡A´Â§Ê¦A¦¸ªÖ©w¤F¹ê¦æ§ï²ªº¨M¤ß¡A¨Ã©Ó¾á¤F¹ï¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥óªº³d¥ô¡C4¤ë21¤é¡A²M§Ê¦
ªø¦¿Á`þ±i¤§¬}©M¼B©[¤@¦b1901¦~7¤ëÁp¦W¤T¦¸¤W«µ¡A¦^À³´Â§Êªº¸¹¥l¡C¦b²Ä¤@¥÷«µ§é¤¤¡A¥LÌ±j½Õ
1¡O³]¥ß¦U‾Å²{¥N¾Ç®Õ¡A½Òµ{n²V¦X¤¤°ê¸g¨å©M¦è¤èªº¾ú¥v¡B¦a²z¡B¬Fªv¾Ç¡B¬ì¾Ç©M§Þ³N¡C
2¡O§ï²¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õªº¤º®e¡A¥[¤J¤¤¦è¨â¤è±¾Ç¬ìªº°ÝÃD¡C
3¡O°±½}ªZ¬ì¡C
4¡O¼úÀy¹C¾Ç¡C
±i¤§¬}ªº«µ§é¥Î¬y§Q¡BÂ²½mªº¤åµ§½×Â_¡G"«D¨|Å×¤£‾à¹Ïªv¡A«D¿³¾Ç¤£‾à¨|Å×¡A«DÅÜ³q¤åªZ¨â¬ì¤£‾à
²Ä¤G¥÷«µ§éÄ~Äò°Q½×¥ß°ê¤§¹D¡A¬ã¨s¹ê²{Í±jªº¤èªk¡C¤W«µªÌ«ØÄ³±R©|¸`»ü¡B©Û¶Ò²§Å×¡A¤Î¼W¥[¾i
¤W«µªÌ¦b²Ä¤T¥÷«µ§éÁ`µ²¤F¥LÌªºÒÄ³®Ñ¡A«ØÄ³ªö¥Î"¦èªk"¡C¨ä¤¤¡A¥LÌ«ØÄ³ÂX¤jx¨Æ¼´Ú¡B¤Þ¶i¦
¤Ó«á¥Dn¥H¥LÌªº«ØÄ³¬°°òÂ¦¡A¶}©l¤F¤@³õ¦b¤º®e¤W»P1898¦~ªº§ï²´X¥G¹p¦Pªº§ï²¡C³o¦¸§ï²«ùÄ
³ü¡B¼o°£³‾ÂÂªº©x¹±¾÷ºc
1¡OµôÖ¦U©x¸p®Ñ¦O®t§Ð¡C(1901¦~5¤ë)
2¡O¼o¤î"®½‾Ç"¡C(1901¦~8¤ë)
3¡O¸â¨Æ©²¨Ã¤J¿«ªL°|¡C(1901¦~8¤ë)
4¡OºM¾P¶³«n¡B´ò¥_(1904¦~12¤ë)©M¼sªFªº¨µ¼¾«Ø¨î(1905¦~7¤ë)¡A¥H¤ÎªFªeªe¹DÁ`þ©Mº¨¹BÁ`þÂ¾¦ì¡C(
¶L¡B³Ð³]s©x¸p
1¡Oþ¿ì¬F°È³B¡C(1901¦~4¤ë)
2¡O¥~°È³¡¨ú¥NÁ`²z¸Åªù¡C(1901¦~7¤ë)
3¡OÅK¸ô§½©MÄq°È§½¦X¨Ã¬°°Ó³¡¡C(1903¦~8¤ë)
4¡O½m§L³B¡C(1903¦~12¤ë)
5¡O¨µÄµ³¡¡C(1905¦~10¤ë)
6¡O¾Ç³¡¡C(1905¦~12¤ë)
°Ñ¡Bx¨Æ§ï²
1¡O¼oªZ¬ì¡C(1901¦~8¤ë)
2¡O¤@¦~¤ºµô´î20%¨ì30%ªººñÀç©M¨¾«i¡C(1901¦~8¤ë)
3¡O³Ð³]ªZ³Æ¾Ç°ó¡C(1901¦~8¤ë)
4¡OÅK¨}©M°K¥@³Í¦b¥_¨Ê°V½m¤KºX§L¡C
5¡O«Ø¥ß½m§L³B¡C(1903¦~12¤ë)
¸v¡B±Ð¨|§ï²
1¡O¬°¦a¦ì°ª©ó¼¶×ªº¿«ªL¾Ç¤h¶}³]¬Fªv¸gÀÙ¦Ò¸Õ¡C(1901¦~5¤ë)
2¡O¥Ñ¨Ï¸`©º¥l‾d¾Ç¥Í¦^°ê¨ÑÂ¾¡C(1901¦~6¤ë)
3¡O1902¦~¶}©l¦b¦U¬Ù©M¤j«°¥«¦Ò¸Õ¤¤¥H®É¨Æµ¦½×¨ú¥N"¤KªÑ¤å"¡C (1901¦~8¤ë)
4¡O©R¥O§ï¬Ù‾Å®Ñ°|¬°¤À¬ì¤j¾Ç°ó¡A©²¦{‾Å®Ñ°|¬°¤¤µ¥¾Ç°ó¡A¿¤‾Å®Ñ°|¬°ªìµ¥¾Ç°ó¡A½Òµ{¥]¬A¾§®a"¥|®Ñ"
5¡O©R¥O¦U¬Ùí§½¬D¿ï¾Ç¥Í¥X°ê‾d¾Ç¡C(1901¦~9¤ë¡A1902¦~10¤ë)
6¡O©R¥O©v¤H©²¿ï¬£ºX¤H¤l§Ì‾d¾Ç¡C(1902¦~1¤ë)
7¡O©R¥O¿«ªL½s×©M¶i¤h¥\¦W«ù¦³ªÌ¨ì¨Ê®v¤j¾Ç°ó¦U¬ì¾Ç²ß¡C (1902¦~02¤ë)
8¡O¹ï¦^°ê¾Ç¥Í¶i¦æ¦~«×¦Ò¸Õ¡C(1905¦~7¤ë)
9¡O¼o°£¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õ¡C(1905¦~8¤ë)
¥î¡BªÀ|§ï²
1¡O¤¹³\º¡º~³q±B¡C(1902¦~2¤ë)
2¡O¸Ñ°£°ü¤kÄñ¨¬¡C(1902¦~2¤ë)
3¡O¸T¤î¾~¤ù¡C(1906¦~9¤ë)
³°¡B¨ä¥¦§ï²
1¡O²s°^¦Ì¨î«×¡Aµo®iÅK¸ô«Ø³]¡C(1901¦~6¤ë)
2¡O¦U¬Ù©º¦¬Ï°sµ|¡C(1903¦~12¤ë)
3¡O©R¥O‾óÀÀ°Óªk¡C(1901¦~12¤ë)
4¡O³]¥ßÃø¥ÁÀç¦¬®e‾d¬y®öªÌ©M¥¢~ªÌ¡C(1905¦~6¤ë)
5¡O´î¤Ö®c§Ê¶O¥Î¡C(1904¦~6¤ë)
¦b¤Ó«á¤è±¡A³op¹º¬O±»¹¢¦o¦b¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó¤¤®¢°d¨¤¦âªº¤@¦¸ºë©úªº¹Á¸Õ¡A¨ä°°µ½¬ªÅS¦b³o¼Ëªº¨Æ¹
¤Ó«áªº§ï²p¹º¥»½è¤W¬O¤@³õ¨S¦³¤°»ò¤º®e¡B¤]¤£Ç³Æ¹ê¦æªº³Ù¾xªíºt¡C¥¦°¦§@¥X¤F¤T¶µ¨ãÅéªº§ï¶
°£¤F¤Ó«á¨S¦³¸ÛN¤§¥~¡Aª[µøº~¤H©MµL‾àªºº¡±Ú»â¾É¤]¨Ï±op¹º¨S¦³®Ä²v¡A«nÂ¾¦ì¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¦a±Â¤
2.¥ß¾Ë¹B°Ê¡A1905-1911¦~
1905¦~¡A²M´Âªº§ï²p¹º¦b¤é¥»©ó¤é«X¾Ôª§¤¤Àò±o½÷×³Ó§Q¤§«á¡Aµo¥Í¤F¤@¦¸À¸¼@©ÊªºÅÜ¤Æ¡C¹ï«Ü¦
§ï²®a±ç±Ò¶W¥Rº¡»¡ªA¤Oªº©IÁn¡A¥¤j¦a«P¶i¤F¥þ°ên¨D¹ê¦æ¥ß¾Ë¬FÅéªºÁn®ö¡C¦Û±q"¦Ê¤éºûs"¥¢±
¦ý¬O¡A®]¤¤¤s»â¾É¤Uªº«æ¶i¤H¤hµo°_¤F¹ï±çªº§g¥D¥ß¾Ë¨î«äQªº¦³¤OÁÙÀ»¡C¥LÌ¿E‾P¦aÅGºÙ¡A¤¤°ê¦
¦bº¡±Ú¶Q±Ú¸ü¿A»â¾É¤Uªº¤¤H¦Ò¹î¹Î¦¨¥ß¤F¡A¤TÓ¦¨û³X°Ý¤é¥»¡B^°ê¡Bªk°ê©M¤ñ§Q®É¡A¦Ó¨ä¥¦¨â¤
¥Nªí¹ÎJ³ø¤F¹ï^°ê©M¼w°ê¬F©²Åé¨îªº¨}¦n¦L¹³¡A¦ýÂ_©w¦]¬°¤¤¤é¶¡¬Æ¤jªº¬Û¦ü©Ê¡A¤é¥»¾ËªkÅé¨î§
¬F©²¤¤¤£¦Pªº¬£§O¹ï¥ß¾Ë°ÝÃD¦³¤£¦PªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤Ó«á§â¥ß¾Ëí¦¨¬O¥Î¨Ó¦w¼¾¤½²³¦Ó¤£»Ý‾u¥¿l®`¦o¦Û¨
¦b»{¦P¥ß¾Ëªºì«h¤§«á¡A´Â§Ê©ó1906¦~9¤ë2¤é¥ô©R¤F¤@¸s©xû¨Ó°Ó°Q¬F©²¾÷ºc§ï²¡A§@¬°«Ø¥ß§g¥D¥
¦b¦U¦a¤è¬F©²¤¤¡Aº¡¤HªºÅv¤O¤]±o¨ì¤F¾d©T¡C1907¦~¡A´Â§Ê³q¹Lª½±µ¥ô©R¦U¬Ùªº¥qªk¡BÄµ¹î©M¹A¤u°
¦ý¬O¡A¥ß¾Ë¹B°Ê¤]¦³¤@¨Ç¦n¥üÀY¡G²M§Ê¦b1907¦~8¤ë¦¨¥ß¨î¾Ë§½¡F1907¦~9¤ë©e¬£¤T¦W©xû¨ì¤é¥»¡B
¤´¦b¤é¥»¬y¤`ªº1898¦~ªº§ï²¬£¡A©úÅã¬°¤¤°êªºµo®i¦Ó®¶¾Ä¡C±ç±Ò¶W§Æ±æ¥[¤J¥ß¾Ë¹B°Ê¡A©ó¬O¼È°±¤
¥t¤@¤è±¡A®]¤¤¤s»â¾É¤Uªº²©R¬£¼J‾º±ç¤Î¨ä¦P¹±»P¤Ï°Ê´Â§Ê½Õ±¡¡C¨ü´Â§Ê©M²©R¬£ªº±Æ¥¸¡A¬F»Dª
¤Ó«á±q¥¼‾u¥¿¦Ò¼{¹L¦b¤¤°ê¤Þ¤J§g¥D¥ß¾Ë¨î¡C²M´Âªº"¤jºõ"¹ê»Ú¤Wµ¹¤F¬Ó«Ò¤ñ¤é¥»¼Ò¦¡§ó¤jªºÅv¤O¡
í®É¤w¸g73³ªº¤Ó«á©úÅã¹ï¦oªºªø¹Ø©M©ì©µµ¦²¤¥¬°¦Û«H¡F¦ý¬O¡A¤£¨ì¤TÓ¤ë«á¡A¦o«‾f¿©¨¡A¨Ã©
¤Ó«á3³¤jªº«¿®]Á»ö6Ä~¦ì¡A¥Lªº¤÷¿Ë²Ä¤G¦ì¾J¿Ë¤ý¸ü¿C7 ¥ôÄá¬F¡C¥Ñ©ó°K¥@³ÍI«q¤F¥úºü¬Ó«Ò¡A¾
¾J¿Ë¤ý¦¨¥\¦a¬°¾DI«qªº¥úºü¬Ó«Ò´_¤³©M¥[±j¤F©T¦³ªº¤Ïº~¬Fµ¦¤§«á¡A¨èN°²¸Ë¬°§g¥D¥ß¾Ë¨î©b¨«¡
¤ÛÀ©M¥¢±æ¾ÉP¤F¤é‾q¼W±jªº¤Ïº¡±¡ºü¡A¨Ã§â¤½²³ªº±¡PÂà¦V¤F²©R¬£ªº¨Æ~¡C¤£¥X¼Æ¤ë¡A®]¤¤¤sª
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Adshead, S. A. M., Province and Politics in Late Imperial China: Viceregal
Government in Szechuan, 1898-1911 (London, 1984).
2.Ayers, William, Chang Chih-tung and Educational Reform in China (Cambridge
,Mass.,1971).
3.Bland,J.O.P.,Recent Events and Present Policies in China (Philadelphia, 19
12).
4.--,and E. Backfouse, China under the Empress Dowager (Philadelphia, 1910).
5.Cameron, Meribeth E., The Reform Movement in China, 1898-1912 (Stanford, 1
931).
6±iªB¶é¡A¡m±ç±Ò¶W»P²M©u²©R¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1964)¡C
7±i¥Éªk¡A¡m²M©uªº¥ß¾Ë¬FÅé¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1971¡^¡C
8.Ch'en, Jerome, Yuan Shih-k'ai, 1859-1916 (Stanford, 1986), chs. 3-7.
9.ÉQ¦B®p¡A¡m²M¥½²©R»P§g¾Ëªº½×ª§¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1966¡^¡C
10.Chu, Samuel C.¡AReform in Modern China: Chang Chien, 1853-1926 (New York, 1
965).
11.²ø¦Nµo¡A¡m¨Ê®v¤j¾Ç°ó¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1970)¡C
12.Der Ling, Princess, Old Buddha (Empress Tzu Hsi) (London, 1926).
13.Franke, Wolfgang, The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Exa
mination System (Cambridge, Mass., I960).
14.Haldane, Charlotte, The Last Great Empress of China (Indianapolis, 1965).
15.Ichiko, Chuzo, "Political and Institutional Reform, 1901-11," in John K.
Fairbank and Kwang-ching Liu (eds.), The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge,
Eng., 1980), Vol. 11¡A375-415.
16.Israel, Jerry, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1
921 (Pittsburgh, 1971).
17.Kent, Percy Horace, The Passing of the Manchus (London, 1912).
18.Levenson, Joseph R., Liang Ch 'i-ch 'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cam
19.Rankin, Mary Backus, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China
: Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911 (Stanford, 1986).
20.Reid, John G.¡ATha Manchu Abdication and the Powers, 1908-1912 (Berkeley, 1
935).
21.Sun, E-tu Zen, "The Chinese Constitutional Missions of 1905-1906," Journa
l of Modern History, 24:3:251-268 (Sept. 1952).
22.À¹ÂEO¡A¡m¥X¨Ï¤E°ê¤é°O¡n¡A¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1906¡^¡C
23.Thompson, Roger R.¡AChina's Local Councils in the Age of Constitutional Ref
orm, 1898-1911 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995).
24.¸ü¿A¡A¡m¦Ò¹î¬Fªv¤é°O¡n¡A¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1908)¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A707¡C
2 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A713¡CìD©ó³o¤@ÃÒ¾Ú¡A¤Ó«á‾u¸Û¦aÂà¦V§ï²ªº°²³]¬OÃø¥H±µ¨üªº¡AMeribeth E¡OCameron¥D±i³
" also Pages 199,201¡O
3 ÁöµM¦³¤T¦Wº~±Ú©M¤T¦Wº¡±Ú¥DºÞ¡C
4 ±ç±Ò¶W¡A102¡C
5 1881¦~¤é¥»¤Ñ¬Ó©Ó¿Õ¦b1890,¥l¶}°ê|¡C
6 «á¨Óªº¦ë§Q¡OÁ»ö¡A§Y¥½¥N¬Ó«Ò¡C
7 ¸ü¿C¡A¤w³u¬Ó«Ò¥úºüªº¦P¤÷²§¥À§Ì¡C
8 P'eng-yiian Chang¡A"The Constitutionalists," Mary C¡OWright(ed¡O)¡OChina in
Revolution¡A160-170¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
*********************
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä18³¹
±ß²Mªº«äQ¡BªÀ|©M¸gÀÙÅÜ¤Æ¡G
«ÂI°Q½×1895-1911¦~
±ß²M¬O¤@Ó¤jÂà«¬®É´Á¡A¨äÅÜ¤Æªº¨B¥ï¦b1895¦~¥H«á¥[§Ö¤F¡C³oºØÅÜ¤Æ¡A¤£¶ÈÅé²{¦b«e´X³¹©Òzªº¬
1.«äQªº¦A©w¦ì
1.1¶Ç²Î«äQªºÅÜ½è ±ß²M«äQ¼é¬y»P²M¥N¤¤´Á~µM¦³§O¡A°ê¤º°_¸q©M¥~°ê«I²¤ªºÂù«¬D¾Ô¡A¢¨Ï
¤h¤H¹ï¬ã¨sªº»â°ì©M¤èªk¦³¼sªxªº¿³½ì¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¬Fªv®a´¿°êÃ¿¸Õ¹Ï§â§º¾Ç¡Bº~¾Ç¡B¤å¾Ç©M®æª«P¥Î¡
1.2s¾Ç ¦è¤è«äQªº´é¤J©l©ó¾~¤ù¾Ôª§«e¸t¸g©M©v±Ð¤p¥U¤lªºÂ½Ä¶.2¦b1810-1867¦~¶¡¡A¥Ñ°òþ±
1894-1895¦~¤¤¤é¾Ôª§«á¡A¸ÓÁÍ¶Õµo¥Í¤FÅÜ¤Æ¡C¤¤°ê²{¥N¤Æ¶iµ{ªº‾U¹i©Ê¤é‾q©úÅã¡G¦³»¨£ªº¤H¤h²M
ÄY´_(1854-1921¦~) ¬OºÖ«Ø«J©x¤H¡A¥L¶}±Ò¤F¤¤°ê§V¤O²z¸Ñªñ¥N¦è¤è¤å©úªº¥ýªe¡C¤Ö¦~®É¡A¥L§¹
¦]¬°«æ©óQµo²{¦è¤è¡B‾S§O¬O^°êÍ±jªºì¦]¡AÄY´_§¶§¶¤£Â¦a¬ã¨s¤F^°êªº¬FªvÅéÃ´¡B¸gÀÙÅé¨î¡
1879¦~ÄY´_¦^°ê¡A¾á¥ô§õÂE³¹¦b¤Ñ¬zªº¥_¬v¤ô®v¾Ç°óÁ`±Ð²ß¡A¥L¦b¦¹âÊ¤Fªñ¤G¤Q¦~¡AºÉºÞ1890¦~³Q´
¥L¤jÁn¹ï¦PM«ÅºÙ¡G¦è¤èµo®iªºÃöÁä¬O?¡§¹ï²{¹êªº§¹¥þ¤£¦PªºÆ[©À¡¨¡A¥]¬A²z©À©M»ùÈÆ[¡C¨Ï¤@Ó
¦b¨ä©Ò¦³ªº½×µÛ¤¤¡AÄYªº®Ö¤ßÆ[ÂI¬O¤¤°ê©Mªñ¥N¦è¤èªº®Ú¥»°Ï§O¡A¦b©ó¨âªÌ¹ï¤Hªº‾à¶qªº¤£¦PºA«×¡
¦ÓÄY´_»{¬°¡A¦b¤¤°êªº±¡ªp«o«ê«ê¬Û¤Ï¡F¸t½å¤§¹D¤£¹ªÀyµo®i¤H¥Áªº‾à¤O¡A¨Ã§í¨î¨ä«n¬¡°Ê¤Oªº¦
ÄY´_°ª«×ÃÙ´¦è¤èªºªGÂ_©M¬¡¤O¡A§åµû¤¤°êªº®ø¥©Mµê®z¡A¤§«á¤S±N¦è¤è¤å©úýz¦¨°Êªº¤å¤Æ¡A¤¤°
ÄY»{¬°¡A¦pªG¤¤°ê¶Ç²Îªººû«ù°ê¤º‾´§Çªº¤èªk¾ÉP¤F³h½a¡BµLª¾©Mµê®z¡A¨º»ò§Y¨Ï³o¨Ç¤èªk¬O¸t¤H¤
ÄY´_¨ü¨ì«µø¡A¤£¶È¬O¥Ñ©ó¥Lªº«äQ¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¥Ñ©ó¥LÀu¨qªº¼g§@®æ¡C¦b¨äÄ¶µÛ¤¤¡A¥L¿í´`¤T¶µ¼Ð
ÄY´_¨º°ª©|¡B²`¶ø¡BºëÒ¤ÎÀu¶®ªº¤å¡A²`¨ü¦nµû¡A¦ý«o§«Ãª¤F¸s²³ªº±µ¨ü¡A¨ä¤å³¹¶È¶È§l¤Þ¨º¨Ç¤
ªL¬ú(1852-1924¦~) ¬O»PÄY´_¦P®É¥Nªº¥t¤@¦ì°¶¤jªºÂ½Ä¶®a¡A¾ÕªøÂ½Ä¶¦è¤è¤p»¡¡C1872¦~©M1882¦~¤
ªL¬O¤@Óµ²®Ö‾f¤H¡A±ÓP¡Bºò±i¡B¶ËP¡A¦Ó¥B©ö½Ä°Ê¡C®a¤Hªº³°Äò¦º¤`¡V¡V1895¦~¥À¿Ë¥h¥@¡A1897¦
ºÉºÞªLªYµM©Ó»{¨ä¤fÄ¶¤£¤ÓÇ½T¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó¨ä±ÓP©MÀu²§ªº¤å¾ÇÅ×‾à¡A¥L‾à¾Ìª½Ä±§â´¤ì§@ªººë‾«¡B»
¦è¤è¤å¾Ç³q¹LªL¬ú¦h¤è±³Q¤¶²Ð¨ì¤¤°ê¡A³q¹L¥LªºÂ½Ä¶¡A¤¤°ê¤H¹ï¦è¤èªº«U¡BªÀ|°ÝÃD¡B¤å¾Ç«ä¼
1.3¤é¤åÄ¶µÛ °£¤F¦è¤è§@«~¥~¡A³\¦hÃö©ó¦è¤è¥DÃDªº¤é¤åÄ¶µÛ¤]³QÂ½Ä¶¦¨¤¤¤å¡C¦Ê¤éºûs¤¤¡A±d
ºÉºÞ§ï²p¹ºªº¥¢±Ñ¤]³s±a²M°£¤F¤é¤åÄ¶µÛªº¼vÅT¡A¦ý±d¡B±ç¤G¤H¦b¤é¥»¬y¤`´Á¶¡¡AÄ~Äò¿n¥±À°Ê³
¦è¤è©M¤é¥»µÛ§@ªºÂ½Ä¶¡A¨Ï¥~¨Ó²z©À¦b¨ü±Ð¨|ªº¤¤°ê¤H¤¤¼sªx¶Ç¼½¡A¥Á¥D¡BÄ³|¬Fªv¡B¥ß¾Ë¥D¸q¡B¤
2.ªÀ|ªºÅÜ¤Æ
¤¤°êªº®a±ÚªÀ|¦³µÛ¥j¦Ñªº«U²ßºD¡B»ùÈÆ[©À¡A¨Ã¥B±j½Õ®a®x©M©v±Ú¬OªÀ|ªº°ò¥»³æ¦ì¡A¦ý²M¥½³
2.1¥H®a®x¬°¤¤¤ßªºªÀ|ªº¥Ë¸Ñ ª½¨ì±ß²M®É´Á¡A¶Ç²Îªº¤¤°ê®a®x¦p¦P¤@ÓL«¬¤ý°ê¡A®aªø¾Ö¦³§g¥
ÀH¤§¦Ó¨Óªº¡A¬O¥H®a±Ú¬°¤¤¤ßªºªÀ|ªºªk«ß¤ä«ù¤]±Y¼ì¤F¡CÂÂªº¥qªk¨î«×³]¥ßªº¥Øªº¡A¬O¬°¤FºûÅ@¥
¦P¼Ë¡AÂÂªÀ|ªº¸gÀÙ°òÂ¦¤]nn±ý¼Y¡C¦bÀu´fÃöµ|¤U¡A¥~°ê°Ó«~ªº´é¤J©M1895¦~«á¥~°ê¤H¦b¤¤°ê³]¼
³oºØ¸gÀÙ§x¹Òµ¹®a®xÃöÃ´³y¦¨¤F¤£§Q¼vÅT¡A©v±Ú©M®a®x¤£‾à¦A¬°¨º¥¢~ªº¡B±w‾fªº¡B³h§xªº®a®x¦¨
é¹Ü¤F¨ä¬Fªv¡Bªk«ß©M¸gÀÙ¤ä¬W¡A®a±ÚÃöÃ´¬°¥DªºªÀ|¦ÛµM¤]ŃµLªk¥Í¦s¤F¡C¦Ó¥B¡Aªö¥Î¦è¤è¦¡ªº¤
2.2s¿³¶¥¼h ²Ä¤GÓ¤jªºªÀ|ÅÜ¤Æ¡A¬O¨âÓsªºªÀ|¤O¶qªº¿³°_¡A§Y¶R¿ì©Mx»Ö¡C«eªÌ¬Os¿³Í
¶R¿ì¶¥‾Å©Ó¾á¥~°Óªº¶T©ö¥N²z¤H©ÎªÌ¸g²z¤Hªº¥\‾à¡A¥Ñ©ó¥LÌªº»y¨¥Àu¶Õ¡A¦Ó¥B¼ô±x¥»¤g±¡ªp¡A©Ò¥
¦b°Ó~¥æ©ö¤¤¡A¶R¿ì¥²¶®Ú¾Ú¦X¬ù¬°¥~°ê¦ÑªOªº§Q‾q¤u§@¡A©Ò¥H¥LÌ±`±`l®`°ê®a©M¤H¥Áªº§Q‾q¡C¥
²Ä¤GÓs»PªºªÀ|¤O¶q¬Ox»Ö¡C«U»y»¡¡G?¡§¦nÅK¤£¥´°v¡A¦n¨k¤£í§L¡C¡¨19¦b¶Ç²Îªº¤¤°êªÀ|¸Ì¡A
2.3«°¥«ªº¦¨ªø ²Ä¤TÓs¿³ªºªÀ|²{¹³¬O¤j«°¥«ªº¿³°_¡C¬F©²µo°_ªº¦Û±j¹B°Ê¡A¥Dn¶°¤¤¦bªu®ü
3.¸gÀÙ§x¹Ò
3.1¹wºâ¨ª¦r ±ß²Mªº¬F©²°]¬F§e²{¥X§¹¥þ¤£¦P©ó²M´Â¦´Á©M¤¤´Áªº±¡ªp¡A¨º®É¦¬¤J±`±`¶W¹L¤ä¥X
¦ý¬O±q¤Q¤E¥@¬öªì¶}©l¡A±¡ªpć¤Æ¤F¡A°ê¤º°_¸q¡B¹ï¥~¾Ôª§¡B§òä¤ô±w¡B¾~¤ù¿é¤J©M¥Õ»È¥~¬y¡A¨Ï±
¥úºü®É´Á(1875-1908¦~)¡AÁöµM¬F©²¦¬¤J¨³³t¼W¥[¡A¦ý¤ä¥X«o¼Wªø±o§ó§Ö¡A¦¬¤J©M¤ä¥X¤GªÌ¤§¶¡ªºÂE
3.2¶T©ö¥¢¿Å ¹ï¥~¶T©ö¦P¼Ë¤]¬O¤@´T¥O¤Hªq³àªº¹Ïµe¡A¶i¤f³sÄò¶W¹L¥X¤f¡A¨Ï±o¸êª÷«ùÄò¥~¬y¡C
¦~¥N
¶i¤f
¥X¤f
¥¿Å
1865
55,715,458¨â
54,103,274
-1,614,184
1875
67,803,247
68,912,929
+1,109,682
1885
88,200,018
65,005,711
-23,194,307
1895
171,686,715
14,293,211
-28,402,504
1905
447,100,082
227,888,197
-219,212,549
1911
471,503,943
377,338,166
-94,165,777
¦bµuµuªº¥bÓ¥@¬ö¸Ì¡A¶i¤f±q5,500¸U¨â¡A¼Wªø¨ì4.7¤u»õ¨â¡A´X¥G¼W¥[¤E¿¡A¦Ó¥X¤f«h¼Wªø¤C¿¡A§
¨C¦~¬ù¦³5,000¸U¨â¤¤°ê®ü¥~¹´¥ÁªºJ´Ú¡AµyL´î»´¤F¦¬¤ä¤£¥¿Åªºª¬ªp¡A¦P®É¥~°ê¨Ï¸`¡B¶Ç±Ð¤h©M
3.3¥~°ê§ë¸ê¤Î¨ä±±¨î§@¥Î ±ß²Mªº¸gÀÙµo®i¬O¥~°ê¤H¦bªñ¥N¤¤°ê¤u~©M¥ø~¤¤°_¤F¤ä°tªº§@¥Î¡A
3.3.1¡O»È¦æ~ ¥Ñ©óÂÂ¦¡ªº¤¤°ê¿ú²ø¤£¸gÀç¥~¶T~°È¡A¬G¦b±ø¬ù¤f©¤ªº¥~°ê»È¦æ¤Î¨ä¤À¦æÃbÂ_¤F
³o¨Ç¦³¶i¨úºë‾«ªº¥~°ê¾÷ºc¡A¤£¶È¸gÀç¥¿±`ªº»È¦æ~°È¡A¦P®É¡AÁÙµo´§¤£´M±`ªº§@¥Î¡A¦p¥Rí¥»°ê¬
¬°¤F©M¥~°ê»È¦æÄvª§¡A1898¦~¡A²M¬F©²¤¹³\³Ð¿ì¤¤°ê¨p¤H»È¦æ¡A¤¤°ê³q°Ó»È¦æ³Ð¥ß¡A28 ¨ä³Ìªì¸êª÷
3.3.2¡O½ü²î¹B¿é~ °£¤F¶T©ö¥H¥~¡A¥~°ê°Ó¤H³°Äò³Ð¿ì²î¹B¤½¥q¡A¾ÉP¤¤°êªu®ü©M¤º³°¤ô°ì¦a°
¦ý¬O¡A¦b¤¤°ê¥e¦³¥÷ÃB³Ì¤jªº¥~°ê²î¹B¤½¥q¬O^°ê¡C1872¦~¡A^°ê¤Ó¥j¬v¦æ§ë¸ê97¸U¨â²Õ«Ø¤¤°ê‾è
¦bµØªº¥~°ê‾è¹B
¦~¥÷
¾¦ì(¦Ê¸U)
^°ê
¬ü°ê
¤é¥»
¼w°ê
¨ä¥¦
1868
6.4
52.2%
35%
0.1%
7.3%
5.4%
1872
8.5
46.8
41.1
0.1
7.2
4.9
1877
8.0
81.1
6.9
1.4
6.2
4.3
1892
22.9
84.4
0.3
2.8
6.4
6.1
1902
44.6
60.4
1.1
16.5
16.2
5.9
1907
63.4
52.5
1.6
24.6
10.5
10.8
¥Ñ©ó¥~°ê‾è¹B¤½¥q¤é‾q¥e¤W¡A¤¤°ê‾è¹B~©Ò¥e¥÷ÃB«æ¼@¤U°¡A±q1880¦~ªº30.4%°¬°1900¦~ªº19.3
3.3.3¡OÅK¸ô ¤¤¤é¾Ôª§«á¡A¹ïÅK¸ô‾SÅvªººÆ¨gÅÌ¨ú¥i‾à¬O¸gÀÙ«Ò°ê¥D¸q³Ì©ú¤é±iÁxªº§Î¦¡¡CµL¤O
°£¤F»X¨ü«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº«V°d¤§¥~¡AÁÙn¥[¤W¸gÀÙl¥¢ªº¶Ë®`¡C¥~°ê§âÀò±oªº‾SÅví§@¬O²M¬F©²Åý»Pªº¡
3.3.4¡OªöÄq~©M¨î³y~ ¦bµØªº¥~°ê¤H¤£°¦§½©ó»È¦æ¡B‾è¹B©MÅK¸ô¹B¿é~¡A¦Ó¥BÁÙ‾A¨¬ªöÄq~
¥~°êªº±±¨î¬Æ¦ÜÂX±i¨ì¤¤°êªº¶l¬F¾÷ºc¡A®É¶¡ªø¹F¥|¤À¤§¤@¥@¬ö¥H¤W¡C¤¤°ê¶Ç²ÎÅæ‾¸‾Ê¥F®Ä²v¡A¥~°
3.4«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº¨â±©Ê 1902¦~¦bµØªºÁ`¥~¸ê¡A¬O7.88»õ¬ü¤¸¡A1914¦~¹F¨ì16.»õ¬ü¤¸¡A36 1907¦~
¦ý¬O¡A«Ò°ê¥D¸q¤£¬O¨S¦³°_¦³§Qªº°Æ§@¥Î¡A¥~°ê§ë¸êªÌ¤Þ¶i¤Fªñ¥N§Þ³N©M³Ð~ºë‾«¡A¨Ã¥B§ë¸ê¤F³\¦
Á`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A«Ò°ê¥D¸q¬J¦³®`¤S¦³§Q¡G¤@¤è±¡A¥¦§«Ãª¤F¥»¤g¤u~ªº¦¨ªø¡F¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥¦³q¹L¿Eµo«OÅ
¤¤¤é¾Ôª§«áªº¤Q¤¦~¡A¬O¤@Ó²§±`°Ê¿º¤£¦wªº®É¥N¡A¦b³o¤Q¤¦~¸Ì¡AÂÂªº«äQ¡BªÀ|©M¸gÀÙ‾´§Ç¤w¿
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø:
1.Bastid-Bruguiere, Marianne, "Currents of Social Change," in John K. Fairba
nk and Kwang-ching Liu (eds.)¡AThe Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, Eng., 19
80), Vol. 11,535-602.
2.Bays, Daniel H., China Enters the Twentieth Century: Chang Chih-tung and t
he Issues of a New Age, 1895-1909 (Ann Arbor, 1978).
3.Bonner, Joey, Wang Kuo-wei: An Intellectual Biography (Cambridge, Mass., 1
986).
4.Briere, 0., S. J., Fifty Years of Chinese Philosophy, 1898-1950 (London, 1
956).
5.Chan, Wellington K. K., "Government, Merchants, and Industry to 1911," in
John K. Fairbank and Kwang-ching Liu (eds.), The Cambridge History of China (Cam
bridge, Eng., 1980)¡AVol. 11,416-462.
6.Chang, Hao, Liang Ch 'i-ch 'ao and Intellectural Transition in China, 1890
7.¡V¡V¡AChinese Intellectuals in Crisis: The Search for Order and Meaning, 1890-19
11 (Berkeley, 1987).
8.©P¨¦«°¡A¡m¤¤°êªÀ|¤§ÅÜ¤Æ¡n(¤W®ü¡A1931)¡C
9.Feuerwerker, Albert, The Foreign Establishment in China in the Early Twent
ieth Century (Ann Arbor, 1976).
10.¡V¡V¡A"Economic Trends in the Late Ch'ing Empire, 1870-1911," in John K.Fairban
k and Kwang-ching Liu (eds.)¡AThe Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, Eng., 198
0), Vol. 11, 1-69.
11.Hao, Yen-p'ing, "A 'New Class' in China's Treaty Ports: The Rise of the C
ompradore-Merchants," The Business History Review,XLIV¡G4¡G446-59 (Winter 1970).
12.Hou, Chi-ming, Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China, 1840
13.Huang, Philip C.¡ALiang Ch'i-ch'ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (Seattle,
1972).
14.Johnson, David, Andrew Nathan, and Evelyn Rawski (eds.), Popular Culture
in Late Imperial China (Berkeley, 1985).
15.Judge, Joan, Print and Politics: Shibao and the Culture of Reform in Late
Qing China (Stanford, 1996).
16.Keenan, Barry C.¡AImperial China's Last Classical Academies: Social Change
in the Lower Yangtzi, 1864-1911 (Berkeley, 1994).
17.Lee En-han (§õ®¦²[)¡AChina's Quest for Railway Autonomy, 1904-1911: A Study of the C
inese Railway-Rights Recovery Movement (Singapore, 1977).
18.¡V¡V¡A"The Chekiang Gentry-Merchants vs. The Peking Court Officials:China's Str
uggle for Recovery of the British Soochow¨C Hangchow-Ningpo Railway Concession, 19
05-1911¡A" Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, 111:1:223
-268 (July 1972).
19.§õ®¦²[¡A¡m¤¤¬ü¦¬¦^¸fº~¸ôÅv¥æ‾A¡G±ß²M¦¬¦^ÅK¸ô§QÅv¹B°Ê¬ã¨s¤§¤@¡n¡A Bulletin of Institu
20.¡V¡V¡A¡m±ß²Mªº¦¬¦^ÄqÅv¹B°Ê¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1963¦~¡^¡A¡]1969¦~4¤ë¡^¡C
21.Lee, Leo Ou-fan, "Lin Shu and His Translations: Western Fiction in Chines
e Perspective." Paper on China, Harvard East Asian Research Center, 19:159-193 (
Dec. 1965).
22.Liang, Ch'i-ch ao, Intellectual Trends in the Ch 'ing Period (²M¥N¾Ç³N§½×¡^¡Atr. by
. Y. Hs (Cambridge, Mass., 1959). Part III.
23.Liu, Kwang-ching, Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China, 1862-1874 (C
ambridge, Mass., 1962),
24.Ã¹¥ÉªF¡A¡m¥úºü´Â¸É±Ï°]¬F¤§¤èµ¦¡n¡A¸ü¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N¸gÀÙ¥v¬ã¨s¶°¡n¡A1:2:189-270 (1933 ¦~5¤
25.McElderry, Andrea Lee, Shanghai Old-Style Banks (Ch'ien -chuang), 1800-19
35 (Ann Arbor, 1976).
26.Powell, Ralph L¡¨ The Rise of Chinese Military Power, 1895-1912 (Princeton, 1
955).
27.Schwartz, Benjamin I., In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West
(Cambridge, Mass,¡A1964),
28.Skinner, G. William (ed.)¡AThe City in Late Imperial China (Stanford, 1977)
.
29.Skinner, William, and Mark Elvin (eds.), The Chinese City Between Two Wor
lds (Stanford, 1974).
30.Sun, E-tu Zen, Chinese Railways and British Interests, 1898-1911 (New Yor
k, 1954).
31.®]¶´Å¡A¡m¤¤¤é¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§«e¥~°ê¸ê¥»¦b¤¤°ê¸gÀçªºªñ¥N¤u~¡n¡A¸ü¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A²Ä5´Á¡A²Ä141
32.Tsien, Tsun-hsuin,"Western Impact on China Through Translatio- ns," Far E
astern Quarterly, XIII:3:305-27 (May 1954).
33.Van der Valk¡AM. H.¡AConservatism in Modern Chinese Family Law (Leiden, 1956)
.
34.Vevier, Charles, The United States and China, 1906-1913: A Study of Finan
ce and Diplomacy (New Brunswick, 1955).
35.¤ýº¸±Ó¡A¡m±ß²M¬Fªv«äQ¥v½×¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1969)¡C
36.¤ýÃ¢¡A¡m¤¤^¶}¥ÄqÅv¥æ‾A¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1962)¡C
37.¤ý³y®É¡A¡m¤¤¦è±µÄ²«áªÀ|¤WªºÅÜ¤Æ¡n¡n¡mªF¤èÂø§Ó¡n¡A 31:2:31-40(1934)¡C
38.Wang, Y. C.¡A Chinese Intellectuals and the Wesrr 1872-1949 (Chapel Hill, 1
966).
39.Wang, Yeh-chien, An Estimate of Land Tax Collection in China, 1753 and 19
40.¡V¡V,Land Taxation in Imperial China, 1750-1911 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡j
1 Ãö©ó1990¦~¥H«á¤¤°ê¨³³tÅÜ¤ÆªºÆ[ÂI¡A©ú½Tªí¹F¦bMary C¡OWright(ed¡O)¡AChina in Revolution¡ATh
Rising Tide of Change¡O"
2 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,746¡A1,748¡A1,951-1,960¶¡C
3 Tsuen-hsiun Tsien¡A¡§Western Impact on China through Translalions¡¨ Far Fast Quarterly¡AX
II¡G3¡G311¡A315(May 1954)¡O
4 Benjamin I¡OSchwartz¡AIn Search of Wealth and Power¡GYen Fu and the West (Cambridge¡A
Mass.¡A1964)¡A46¡C
5 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä29¶¡C
6 ¥ìÄð³Õ¤å¦¨¬°º¬Û¡A¦ÓªF¶m¥¤K¦¦b¤¤¤é©M¤é«X¾Ôª§¤¤¹ñÅSÀY¨¤¡A¨£Edwin Albert Falk¡ATogo and t
7 Schwartz¡A70-75¡A238-243¡O
8 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä4¨÷²Ä2,021-2,024¶¡C
9 Schwartz¡A185¡O
10 ¤ý¤l¤‾¡C
11 ¥L¨âÓ³Ì©¾¸Ûªº¥ë¦ñ¬OÃQÃv©M¾G¨û®¥¡C
12 Leo Ou-fan Lee¡A¡§Lin Shu and His Translations¡GWestern Fiction in Chinese Perspectiv
e," Papers on China¡AEast Asian Research Center, Harvard University¡A19¡G186(December
1965)¡O
13 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä187¶¡C
14 Tsuen-hsuin Tsien¡A319¡O
15 ?¡§¤Qć¡¨«ü¡G¿Ñ¤Ï¡A¿Ñ¤j°f¡A¿Ñ«q¡Ać°f¡A¤£¹D¡A¤j¤£q¡A¤£§µ¡A¤£ü¡A¤£¸q¡A¤º¶Ã¡C
16 ¦bÂn®a¥»¥D«ù¤Uµo¦æ¡C
17 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1´Á¡A²Ä455-459¶¡C
18 ð´ºsŃ¬O¤@¨Ò¡C
19 ¦nÅK¤£¥´°v¡A¦n¨k¤£í§L¡C
20 Ralph C¡OPowell¡AThe Rive of Chinese Military Power,1895-1912(Princeton¡A1955)¡A76-80¡O
21 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,534-1,536¶¡FChi-ming Hou¡AForeign Investment¡A239-240¡O
22 ¦bí®É¤@^Âéµ¥©ó4.86¬ü¤¸¡C
23 Chi-ming Hou¡A231-232¡GYu-kwei Cheng¡AForeign Trade and Industriai Development of C
hina (Washington¡AD.C.¡A1956)¡A258-259¡O
24 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,591¶¡C
25 ^¤å¦WºÙªì¬°¡GInternational Banking Corporation¡A1927§ï¦W¬°National City Bank of New Yor
26 Chi-ming Hou¡A57¡O
27 ¦P¤Wª`¡C
28 ³Ìªì¥s¤¤µØ«Ò°ê»È¦æ¡C
29 L¡OS¡OYang¡AMoney and Credit in China(Cambridge¡AMass.,1952)¡A90¡FFrank M Tamagna¡ABanki
and Finance in China(New York¡A1942)¡A35-37¡O
30 K¡OG¡OLiu¡OAnglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China¡A1862-1874(Cambridge¡AMass.¡A1962)¡
32 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä138¶¡C
33 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä65¶¡C
34 ¥_¨Ê-º~¤fÅK¸ô¡G¤ñ§Q®É1899¦~¶U´Ú450¸U^Âé¡A§Q®§²v¬O5%¡F¨â¦¸^ªkÉ´Ú¡G¤@¦¸¬O1908¦~§Q®§²v¬°
36 ¥t¥~ªº¦ôp¼Æ¦r¬O¡A1902¦~¬°15,093»õ¬ü¤¸¡F1914¦~¬°22,557»õ¬ü¤¸¡CSee Chi-ming Hou¡A211¡A235
37 Chi-ming Hou¡A217¡A221
38 Feuerwerker,3-5¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
343
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤Q¤E³¹
¾ú¥v³zµø¤Uªº²M¤ý´Â
«e±¹ï²M¥N¾ú¥vªº¦Ò¹î¥²µM¨Ï¤H¶¡¤Î³o¤@®É´ÁªºN¸q¡B¦¨Ń¤Î¹L¥¢¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A«ÈÆ[¦a¦Ò¹î¤¤°ê¤G¤Q¤
¦¹¥~¡A²M¥NÁÙ¸g¾ú¤F±q¶Ç²Î¤¤°ê¨«¦V²{¥N¤¤°êªº¹º®É¥NÅÜ´«¡C¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤¸¥H«á¡A¾§®a°ê®a©MªÀ|¡
²M¥Nµ¹¤¤°ê¬J±a¨Ó¤F½÷×ªº¦¨Ń¡A¤]±a¨Ó¤F©}°dªºWÃø¡A¦ý¤ñ°_©ú¥N§g¥D¡A²M¥N²ÎªvªÌÁ`ªº¨Ó»¡ªí²
º¡¤H¹Ü¨ú¬FÅv¬O³q¹L¹³§Vº¸«¢¨ª»P¬Ó¤Ó¥³o¼Ëªº³Ç¥X»â¾Éªº§»¹Ï§¹¦¨ªº¡A¥LÌ¥X²{¦b©ú´Â¬FÅv¹¡¨ü¬
ªø´Áªº©M¥¡BÁcºa»Px¨Æ³Ó§QÀH¤§¦Ó¨Ó¡C¥Ñ©ó¾§®a³Q»{¬°¬O²§±Ú²Îªv¦¨¥\ªº®Ú¥»¦]‾À¡A©Ò¥H¾§®a‾´§
³o¨Ç§V¤O¦¨¥\¦a¾d©T¤Fº¡¤H¦b¤¤°êªº¦a¦ì¡A¦ýª«¥¥²¤Ï¡A¥¿¦p¤¤°ê¥j¿Î©Ò»¡¡G"¤é°ª¦Ó¹k¡A¤ë¬Õ¦ÓÁ«
¸gÅçªí©ú¤º³¡°I±Ñ±N¤Þ°_°ê¤º«q¶Ã©M¥~³¡¤J«I¡F¦b¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W¡A³o¨Ç±`»P«Ò°êÅv¤Oªº°I¸¨¬Û¦ñ¦Ó¦æ¡
²M´Â²Îªvªº³Ì²×¥¢±Ñ¡A¦b©ó¥¦¤£‾à³q¹L¹ê¦æ¼vÅT²`»ªºÅÜ²¡A§â¤¤°ê¨³³t¦aÂàÅÜ¬°¤@Ó²{¥N°ê®a¡A¥
²M´Â¤§¸g¾ú»P©úªv®É´Á¤é¥»ªº¸g¾ú¬Û¤ñ¡A§Î¦¨¦y¾Uªº©M¤H©Ò¦@ª¾ªº¹ïÓ¡AÅý¤HÌ‾à°÷¶i¦æ¥R¤À°Q½×¡
1.³n®zªº»â¾É»P¤£§¹µ½ªºÅé¨î
²M´Âªº±M¨î²Îªv±NÅv¤O¶°¤¤©ó¬Ó«Ò¡A³o¼Ë¬Ó«Òªº»â¾É¬O§_ºë¤O¥R¨KŃ¦ÜÃö«n¤F¡A¹³±dº³¡B¹l¥¿¡B°
YªG¤¤¥¡©x¹±Åé¨î¤¤¦s¦bÍ¦³¬¡¤O»P»¨£ªºªv°ê¤§Å×¡A¤ý«Ç»â¾É‾à¤O§C¤U©ÎªÌ¥i¥H±o¨ìÀ±¸É¡C¦b¾§®
¦b¬JµL¦³®Äªº¬Ó«Ò»â¾É¡A¤]µL¤Ö¼ÆÍ¦³³Ð³y¤Oªº¤H¤hªº±¡ªp¤U¡An¤Þ¾É¥þ°ê¤O¶q«ü¦V´_¿³¥Á±Úªº¶°Å
2.º¡¤H¹ïº~¤Hªº²qºÃ
ºÉºÞ¦b´Â§Êªº¤½¶}¬Fµ¦¤¤¡A«ÅºÙº¡º~¤£¤ÀÒÁ°ì¡A¦b©x©²¾÷ºc¤¤¥ôÂ¾®ÉÝ¥Îº¡º~¡A¦ý¬O¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¡Aº¡¤
§@¬°¦Û±j¹B°Êªº»â¾É¤Hª«¡A§õ¾D¨ì¨Ó¦Û¦U¤èªº¤Ï¹ï»Pªý¹K¡A«O¦u¤À¤l¸g±`ÃÕ‾º¥L±N°ê®a§Q‾q¥X½æµ¹¬
3.¹ï¦è¤è¬D¾Ô¥»½èªºµLª¾
¦è¤èÂX±iªº‾S©º¦³¦h¤è±¡A¨Ò¦pÄ¥²î¡B¤õ¬¶¡B¶T©ö¡B¶Ç±Ð¡B«Ò°ê¥D¸q¡A¥H¤Î¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¡A¦Ó¥B¥Ñ¤@ºØ¦
í§ÚÌ¦Ò¼{¨ì1898¦~§ï²«e©xû»P¤h¤HªºÁ`Åé¤ßºA®É¡A«K¤£Ãø²z¸Ñ²M§Ê¹ïí®É¥@¨Æ¦ó¥H¦p¦¹µLª¾¡C¨
¥¿¬O¬°¤Ï¹ï³oºØ‾U¹iªº¡BË°hªºÆ[©À¡AÄY´_¹ª°Ê±µ¨üsªº¥Í¬¡»ùÈ¡A«ØÄ³¾Ç²ß¦è¤è«äQ¨Ó»â²¤²{¹êª
4.¤º¼~¥~±w»P¸ê¥»¤£¨¬
²{¥N¤Æ»P¸gÀÙµo®i¬O»Ýnªø´Áªº©M¥Àô¹Ò»P¥R¨¬ªº¸êª÷¡A¦ý¦b±ß²M¡A¨âªÌ«o§¡§i³Ö¦p¡C°ê®a¤@ª½¬°¤
°£¤FªýÃª¸gÀÙµo®iªº³sÄò¤£Â_ªº°Ê¶Ã¤§¥~¡A¾Ôª§¶}¤ä»P½ß´Ú¤]¨Ï¸ê¥»¤£Â_¥~¬y¡A°]¬F¶}¤ä¤]¶}©l¨Ì¿
5.¥~°êªº§@¥Î
¥~¨Ó¼vÅT¦b±ß²M¬O¤@ªÑ¥Dnªº±À°Ê¤O¶q¡A¦]¦¹»Ýn§@¤@§¬A©Êªº¤ÀªR¡CºÉºÞ¥~°ê¬F©²¤Î¥LÌªº¥Nªí§
§ÚÌ^°ê¤H¤×¨äÃö¤ß¥¦(®üÃöªº¥~°êºÊ²z)‾à¹B§@¨}¦n¡A³o¤£¶È¬O¦]¬°¥¦‾à³W½d¶T©ö¡A¦Ó¥B¦]¬°¥¦¬O§
¦pªG³o®u¸Ü¤Ï¬M¤F^°êªº¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¡A§ÚÌ«K¤£|Åå¸Ò©ó²M§Ê°ê¤Oªºªº¸g¦~°I®z¡C³o¤]¨Ï°¨§J«ä¥D¸q½
°ê¤º¥~³o¨Ç¦]‾À¨Ï²{¥N¤Æªº¦¨¥\¦¨¬°ªw¼v¡Aº¡º~»â¾É¤H³£n¦]¥¼‾à§JªA»ÙÃª¦Ó¨ü³dÃø¡A¦Ó¥¢±Ñªº¥N»
¤¤µØ«Ò°ê¬O¤@¿´³‾ÂÂ¦Ó¤S¥j©Çªº¤@¬y¾ÔÄ¥¡A¦b¹L¥hªº¤@¦Ê¤¤Q¦~¤¤¡A¥N¥N¬ÛÄ~ªº‾à¤z¦ÓÄµÄ±ªº©x
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤¤°ê¤wµLªk¦b¨ä¥j¦Ñªº°òÂ¦¤W««Ø¡A°¦¦³¤@³õ²©RÅ×¦³§Æ±æ¨Ï¤§Àò±o¦A¥Í¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Feuerwerker, Albert, China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hs an-huai
(1844-1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1958).
2.Ho, Ping-ti, "Salient Aspects of China's Heritage," in Ping-ti Ho and Tang
Tsou (eds.)¡AChina in Crisis, Vol. I, China's Heritage and the Communist Politica
l System, Book I, 1-37.
3.--¡A "The Significance of the Ch'ing Period in Chinese History," The Journal
of Asian Studies, XXVI:2:189-195 (Feb. 1967).
4.Hou, Chi-ming, Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China, 1840-
1917 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965). Hs , Immanuel C.Y., China's Entrance into the Fa
mily of Nations: The Diplomatic
5.Phase, 1858-1880 (Cambridge, Mass., 1960). ch.13, "The Imperial Chinese Tr
adition in the Modern World."
6.Hu, Shih, The Chinese Renaissance (Chicago, 1934).
7.¶À¶h¾W¡B«¸ÅM¡A¡m¤¤°ê¬v®æ¹B°Ê»P¤é¥»©ú¬¢ºûs¦b¸gÀÙµo®i¤Wªº¤ñ¸û¡n¡A¸ü¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡]1963¦
8.Liu. Kwang-ching¡A"Nineteenth-Century China: The Disintegration of the Old O
rder and the Impact of the West," in Ping-ti Ho and Tang Tsou (eds.)¡A China in Cr
isis, Vol. I, China ¡A5 Heritage and the Communist Political System (Chicago, 1968
), Book I, 93-178.
9.©s´Ë¡A¡m²M¥N¥v¡n(»O¥_¡A1960)
10.®]ºÂ³³¡A¡m²M¥vz½×¡n¡]95´ä¡A1957)¡C
11.Wakeman, Frederic, Jr., The Fall of Imperial China (New York, 1975).
12.--(ed.). Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China (Berkeley, 1975).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Ping-ti Ho¡A"The Significance of the Ching period on Chinese History" The Journa
l of Asian Studies¡AXXVI¡G2¡G189-95(Feb¡A1967)¡O
2 ¿½¤@¤s¡A¡m²M¥N³q¥v¡n¡A²Ä312¶¡C
3 Hs ¡AChina's Entrance¡A205¡O
4 ®]ºÂ³³¡A¡m²M¥vz½×¡n(95´ä¡A1957)¡A²Ä218¶¡C
5 Feuerwerker,45¡FChi-ming Hou¡A164¡O
6 Foreign Office¡A418/I/242¡AWade to Granville¡AVery Confidential¡AJuly 25¡A1880¡APublic Re
rd Office¡ALondon¡O
7 ¶À¶h¾W¡B«¸ÅM¡A¡m¤¤°ê¬v°È¹B°Ê»P¤é¥»©úªvºûs¦b¸gÀÙµo®i¤Wªº¤ñ¸û¡n¡A¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A1963¦~¡A²Ä1
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
264
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q³¹
²©R¡B¦@©M»Px»Ö³Î¾Ú
¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§«á¡A¤¤°ê±Á{ªº¢¤Á°ÝÃD¡A¬O¦p¦ó¦b¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸q©M¤ý´Â°I°h¥[¼@ªº§½¶Õ¤U¡A¹ê²{¥Á±Ú±Ï¤
1.²©RªºI´º»P‾S©º
1.1²M´Âªº°I±Ñ ±q¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¶}©l¡A¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¥Dn¬O³sÄò¤£Â_ªº°ê®¢¬ö¿ý¡G±q1842¦~¡m«n¨Ê±ø
1.2¤H¥Á°_¸qªº¶Ç²Î ¦b²M´Â¤G¦Ê¤»¤Q¤K¦~ªº²Îªv¤¤¡A¤Ïº¡±¡ºü¦Û©l¦Ü²×±q¥¼®ø¥¢¡A²Mªìº~¤H«äQ
1.3¥~°êªº¼vÅT ªñ¥N¦è¤èªº°¶¤j²©R¡A¦p^°ê¥úºa²©R¡B¬ü°ê¿W¥ß¾Ôª§¡A¥H¤Îªk°ê¤j²©R¡A§¡¹ï
1.4¬FªvÅÜ²ªº¥²n ®]¤¤¤s»{¬°¡A«Ê«Ø¤ý´Â¦b¤¤°ê©µÄò¤F¤G¤d¦~¡A¦Ó¬F©²ªº¥»½è«o¨S¦³§ïÅÜ¡Aì
1.5²¦¤T¦¸²©R¤§¥\©ó¤@§Ð ®]¤¤¤s¬Ý¨ì¡AºÉºÞ¦è¤è¦C±j¾Ö¦³Ácºa¡B¿W¥ß»P¥Á¥D¡A¦ý¥LÌ¤]¬°¤u~
¥t¥~¡AìD©ó¤¤°ê¤H¤fªº¼Wªø¶W¹L¤g¦a±¿nªº¼W¥[¦Ó±a¨Ó«ù¤[ªº¤g¦a°ÝÃD¡A®]´£Ò¥§¡¦aÅv¡A±q¦Ó¹ê²
Á`¤§¡A®]³]Q¤F¤@³õ¥Ñ¥þÅé¤¤°ê¤H±À¶iªº²¦¤T¦¸²©R¤§¥\©ó¤@§Ðªº²©R¡G§Y±ÀÂ½º¡²M»P«Ò¨îªº¥Á±Ú
2.®]¤¤¤s»P²©R
¤¤°ê²©R¤§¤÷®]¶h¥P1 (1866-1925¦~)¡A1866¦~11¤ë12¤é¥X¥Í©ó¼s¦{ªþªñ95¤s¿¤ªº¤@Ó¹A¥Á®a®x¡C¥L
2.1ÀÈ95¤s»P95´äªº¼vÅT 1879¦~¡A®]»P¥À¿Ë«e©¹ÀÈ95¤s¡A»P¥Sªø¬Û»E¡C¥L²Ä¤@¦¸¥Ø¸@¤F½ü²îªº‾«
20³®É¡A®]ŃÅª©ó¼s¦{³ÕÀÙÂå¾Ç°|¡A¦P®É¾\Åª¤G¤Q¥|¥v¡A¥H´£°ª¦Û¤vªº°ê¾Ç¤ô¥¡C¦b²³¦hªº¦P¾Ç¤¤¡
¦b®]ªº¤H¥ÍÆ[§Î¦¨®É´Á¡A®L«Â¦i»P95´äÅãµM¹ï¥L²£¥Í¤F±j‾Pªº¼vÅT¡C¥L¦b³o¨Ç¦a¤è©Ò¥Ø¸@ªº¡A¥H¤Î³
95´ä¤]¬O¤@ÓÍ¦³¿EÀy»P«ü¤Þ§@¥Îªº¦a¤è¡A^°ê´Þ¥ÁºÞ²zªº®Ä²v¡Aªñ¥N½Ã¥Íªºµo®i¥H¤Î¦³§ÇªºªÀ|¹
1894¦~®L¡A®]»P¦P¦ñ³°µqªF¥_¤WÆ[¹î¨Ê®v§½¶Õ¡A¨Ã¸Õ¹Ï±¨£§õÂE³¹¡C®]¦b¤@«Ê«H¤¤¦V§õ«ØÄ³¹D¡G¼Ú¬
2.2¿³¤¤|¡A1895¦~ ®]¨M©w«ªð¨ä³Ìªìªº²©R¥Ø¼Ð¡A¨Ã´M¨D®ü¥~µØ¹´¡B‾µ±K|ªÀ¡B°òþ®{¡B¶Ç±
3¤ë16¤é¡A¿³¤¤|µÛ¤â°Êû¤T¤d¤H¶i§ð¼s¦{«°¡A¥H§â¥¦«Ø¦¨¬°²©R°ò¦a¡C³°µqªF¬°²©RªÌ³]p¤F¤@
®]°k¦Ü95´ä¡A¦ýµo²{^°êí§½¤w¦PN²M§Ê¸T¤î¥L¤H¹Ò¤¦~ªº½Ð¨D¡C®]¿í±q±d¼w¾¤Âå¥Íªº«ØÄ³¡A»P¤@
2.3Û´°»XÃø ÀÈ95¤s¤§¦æ²@µL¦¨ªG¡A³\¦h¤ä«ù®]ªº¤H¦b¼s¦{°_¸q¬y²£«á¡A¹ï²©R¨Æ~ÅÜ±oºz¤£Ãö
1896¦~10¤ë1¤é®]©è¹FÛ´°¡A¦b±d¼w¾¤Âå¥Íªº¦w±Æ¤U¦í¶i¸‾Äõ®ÈªÀ¡C10¤ë11¤é¡A¦b«e©¹±Ð°óªº¸ô¤W¡A
®]¦b^°êâÊ¤F¤EÓ¤ë¡A¥H«Kª½±µ¬ã¨ssªñªº¬Fªv»PªÀ|µo®i¡C¥L¥Ø¸@¤F½Ñ¦h¥ô°È~¤Æ°ê®a¤éº¥¼Wªøª
¤T¥Á¥D¸q¦¨¬°®]¤Î°lÀHªÌªº²©R©v¦®¡C²Ä¤@Ó©v¦®¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¡A¤£
¶Èn¨D±ÀÂ½º¡¦{²§±Ú²Îªv¡A¤]nÂ\²æ¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸qªºÏEÂê¡C²Ä¤GÓ©v¦®¥ÁÅv¥D¸q¡A¦®¦b¹ê²{¤H¥Áªº¥|¤jÅ
2.4Á}Ãø®É´Á¡A1896-1900¦~ ®]¤¤¤s¦¹®É¤w¸g¾ð¥ß¤FÁnÅA¡A¨Ã¥BÁÙ³vº¥§Î¦¨¤F¤@®M²©R«äQ¡A¦ý¬
³o¨Ç¤é¥»¤H©M®]¤@¼ËP¨ü¨ì¨È¬w¹ï¦è¤è«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº¤£º¡¡A¨ä¤¤³\¦h¤H»{¬°¤¤°ê§@¬°¤@Ó°¶¤jªº¤å©ú¥
»P³o¨Ç¼ö¤ßªº¤é¥»¦P±¡ªÌ¬Û¤Ï¡A¤é¥»µØ¤H¤p°Ï¤j³¡¤À¤£Ãö¤ß¬Fªv¡A¦Ó¥B«O¦u¡C¦b¤@¸U¤H¤¤¡A¶È¦³¬ù¤
¦b©R¹B¦hî¿ªº¦Ê¤éºûs«á¡A±d¡B±çªF°k¤é¥»¡A»â¾É«O¬ÓÄÒ¡C³oÓ¼Ä¹ïÄÒ¬£¨Ï®]ªº²©R¤u§@³¤W¥[Á÷¡
¶XµÛ1900¦~¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥óµo¥Í¤§¾÷¡A®]¬£¾G¤h¨}¥h95´ä¥_±ªº´f¬w²ÕÂ´¤@³õ°_¸q¡A¦P®ÉÁÙ¬£¥v°í¦p¨ì¼
¦ý¬O¡A¦¹®É®]ªº§Î¹³«o¥¤jªº§ïµ½¤F¡C²M§Ê¦b¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó¤¤ªºÁ|¤î¥¢±¹¡A¨Ï³\¦h¤H¹ï®]§ë¥HÃÙ¬üªº¥
°£¤F³o¨Ç¥Xª©ª«¡AÁÙ´é²{¤F¤j§å¤ä«ù²©RªºªÀ¹Î¡C¦b¤W®ü¡AµÛ¦W¾ÇªÌ½²¤¸°ö³Ð¥ß¥ú´_|¡F¦bªø¨F¡A´
2.5¦Pù|¦¨¥ß¡A1905¦~ ¦b1902-1905¦~¶¡¡A²©Rªº«e´º¥¤j¦a¦nÂà¡A³o»Pèè¹L¥hªº¶Ât³¤ë§
¦bÀÈ95¤s¡A¥Ñ©ó«O¬ÓÄÒ¤w¥e¾Ú¤F®]¥H«eµo®iªº³\¦h¶Õ¤O¾ÚÂI¡A¥L«Kªö‾Ç¤F¨ä¸¤¤÷10ªº«ØÄ³¡A¥[¤J¬xª
1905¦~¬K¤Ñ¡A®È¼Ú¤¤°ê‾d¾Ç¥ÍÁÜ½Ð®]³X¼Ú¡CÂù¤èªº°Q½×¨Ï¥L¨MN¤£¶Èn±q¾Ç¥Í»P|ÄÒ¡AÁÙn±q²M§Ê
¤é¥»¤Í¤H®c±T±GÂÃ´¿ºÙÃÙ®]¬O¦ì¥@¬É¤Wü¦³¨ä¤Çªº°¶¤H¡A³q¹L¥LªºÁpµ¸¾³q¡A¶À¿³¡B§º±Ð¤‾©ó1905¦
®]¬°²©R³]p¤F¤@Ó¸ÔºÉªº¨BÆJ¡Cº¥ý¡A¦b³Q²©Rx¸Ñ©ñªº¦a°Ï¡AÀ³¦³¤T¦~ªºx¬F®É´Á¡C¦b¦¹´Á¶¡¡
ºÉºÞ®]¤¤¤sªº¤T¥Á¥D¸qì«h³Qí§@²©R©v¦®¦Ó¬°¦Pù|©Ò±µ¨ü¡A¦ý¦h¼Æ¦¨û¶Èª`««e¨â¶µ¡A§Y¥Á±Ú¥
¦¹®É¡A¶À¿³±N¡m¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤§¤ä¨º¡nÂàÅÜ¬°¦Pù|ªº¾÷Ãö¥Zª«¡A¦¹¥Z¦£©ó»P±ç±Ò¶W¶i¦æ¿E‾P½×¾Ô¡A¦]¬
¦Pù|ªº¦¨¥ß¬O¤¤°ê²©Rªº¤@Ó¸Ìµ{¸O¡A¥¦¥¤j¦aÂàÅÜ¤F²©Rªº‾S©º»P¤è¦¡¡C®]¤£¥²¦A°¦¦bªÀ|Ãä½
¦¹®É¡A²©R‾ßiªº¸õ°Ê¥[§Ö¤F¡A¦b1906-1911¦~¶¡¡A°_¸q¦¹°_©¼¥ñ¡A¨ä¤¤¼sªF¤»¦¸¡A¼s¦è¡B¶³«n¦U¤@
3.¦@©M°êªº¿³°_
«e¤Q¦¸¥¢±Ñªº²©R¹Á¸Õ¡A§¡µo¥Í¦b¤¤°ê«n³¡»P¦è«n³¡¡A³o¤@¦a°ÏÁ{ªñ95´ä©Mªe¤º¡A«K©óµ¦¹º»P²ÕÂ´¬
¦b´ò¥_¡A¤w¸g¦³¨âÓ²ÕÂ´¦s¦b¡A¥¦ÌÁö»P¦Pù|¦³ÁpÃ´¡A«o¤£¬O¦Pù|ªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¤@Ó¬O1907¦~8¤ë
3.1ÅK¸ô°ê¦³¤Æ ¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤C¤Q¡B¤K¤Q¦~¥N¡A¤¤°ê¤H´¿±j‾P¦a¤Ï¹ï¦bµØ×¿vÅK¸ô¡A¦Ó¦Ü¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§
¦ý¬O¡A¬Ù¤@‾Åªº‾à¤O»P¸ê½«o¬O¤£¼Å¥Îªº¡C¦b´ò«n¡AÁöµM¹ï¤g¦a¡B½_¦Ì¡B°]²£¤ÎÁ~ª÷©º¦¬¤Fsµ|¡A¦
»P¤¤¥¡¶°Åvªº¬Fµ¦(¦p²Ä¤Q¤C³¹©Ò¥Ü)¬Û¾AÀ³¡A²M¬F©²©ó1911¦~¬K±µ¨ü¤F¤@Ó¤U¼hµ¹¨Æ¤¤16ªº«ØÄ³¡AÀ
¥|¬Ùªº¤h²Ô»P¥Á²³±j‾P§ÜÄ³°ê¦³¤Æ¬Fµ¦»P¥~¸êªº¤J«I¡C¥LÌ¦bÅK¸ô¤Wªº§ë¸êÁöµM¤£¨¬¦ý²¦³º¼ÆÃB¥¨¤
6¤ë17¤é¡A´Â§Ê´£¥X¸ÉÀvÅK¸ô§ë¸êªÌ¡G¹ï´ò«n¡B´ò¥_¨â¦a¡A¹ê¦æ¥þÃBÀvÁÙ¡F¦b¼sªF¡A¶ÈÀvÁÙ60%¡A¾l¤
¥Nªí¤h²Ô¡BÍ¸Î¦a¥D»PÍ°Óªº¥|¤t¬Ù«tÄ³§½²v¥ý¦Ó°_¡A¤Ï¹ï³oºØ¤£¤½¥ªº«Ý¹J¡C¥¦§ðÀ»¥_¨Ê¥X½æ¥|¤
¥²¶«ü¥X¡AºÉºÞ¥|¤t¤h²Ô¦¹®É«ã¦Ó¤Ï¹ï´Â§Ê¡A¥LÌ°¦¬O¬°¤F«OÅ@¦Û¤vªº§Q‾q¦ÓµL¤ß±N¤ý´Â±ÀÂ½--«tÄ
3.2ªZ©÷°_¸q ¬°±±¨î¥|¤t¬ÙÄÌ¶Ã¡A²M§Ê±N³¡¤À´ò¥_sx½Õ©¹¨º¸Ì¡A³o³õ½Õ°Ê¨ÏªZ©÷n¼Ï¨¾¦uªÅµê
10¤ë10¤é¡A¤uµ{Àç²v¥ý¹Ü¨ú¤FªZ©÷ªº©x¤èx¤õ®w¡A¬¶§LÀç¤]»P¤uµ{ÀçÁp¦X¦VÁ`þ¸Åªùµo°Ê¶i§ð¡AÁ`
®]¤¤¤s«á¨Ó°l¾Ð¡A³o¼Ë¨³³tªº³Ó§Qªº½T¬O¤Q¤À¹®©‾ªº¡C¦pªGº¡±ÚÁ`þ¨S¦³³QÀ~¶]¡A¦pªG´£þ¤´°í¦uÂ
¬°¤F¥®§¤½²³ªº«ã¤õ¡A²M§Ê©ó10¤ë26¤é½}§K¤F²±«ÅÃh¡A¨ÃÄÀ©ñ³Q¥}¸Tªº¥|¤t¤h²Ô¡C¦P®É¡A²M¬F©²ªº¥
®]¬O¦b¥dÃ¹©Ô¦h¦{(Colorado)ªº¤¦¦ò(Denver)®È¦æ®É¡A±q¤@½g¦a¤è³ø‾Èªº³ø¹D¤W±oª¾ªZ©÷°_¸q¦¨¥\ª
3.3²M«Ò°h¦ì ¦b¨D¥Íªº««¦º±Ã¤ã¤¤¡A²M§Ê¬£³°x³¡ªø½®©÷»P®üxx©xÂÄÂí¦B¨ìªZ©÷¶i§ð²©Rx¡A
¦bx¨Æ¥¢±Ñ»P¦U¬Ù¨³³t¿W¥ßªºÀ£¤O¤§¤U¡AÄá¬F¤ý©}±q¤F°Kªºn¨D¡C1911¦~10¤ë27¤é¡A±Â°K¬°´Ü®t¤j¦
¤j¬ù¦b¦¹®É¡AµØ¥_µo¥Í¤F¤@³õÀ¸¼@©Êªº¨Æ¥ó¡C10¤ë29¤é¡A²Mx¾nÆe¦{(¦bÂn¶§»P¥_¨Ê¤¤¶¡)²Ä¤G¤QÂíª
°K¥X¥ôÁ`²z¤j¦ÚÂ¾°È¡A²Õ«Ø¤F¦Û¤v¤º»Õ¡A¨Ã¬£¨ä¤ß¸¡¥þ±±±¨î¨Ê®v¦a°Ï»P¸T½Ãx¡C12¤ë4¤é¡AÄá¬F¤ý
11¤ë10¤é«e¡A°K¤T¦¸»º¨Ï«ô¨£¾¤¤¸¬x¡A«ØÄ³©M½Í¡F»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥Lªº¨à¤l°K§J©w«o|¨£º~¶§²©RÁ`¥q¥
¥O¤H¸Ò²§ªº¬O¡A³o®Éµ´¤j¦h¼Æ²©RÄÒ¤H»{¬°°K¬O¤@¦ì¤£¥i©Î‾Êªº¤Hª«¡G°¦¦³¥LÅ×‾à¨Ï°ê®a§K©ó¤º¾Ô¤
(1)±N²M«Ò»¹¦ìªº®ø®§³qª¾¥~°ê¤j¨Ï¡B»â¨Æ¡F
(2)°K¤½¶}Án©ú¾ÖÅ@¦@©M¡F
(3)®]¦b±q¥~¥æ©x»P»â¨Æ©x¨º¸Ì±oª¾²M«Ò»¹¦ì«á¡A«K¥D°ÊÃãÂ¾¡F
(4)°ê|¿ïÁ|°K¬°Á{®É¤jÁ`²Î¡F
(5)°K«OÃÒ¿í¦u°ê|§Y±N³q¹Lªº¾Ëªk¡A¦b¦¹¤§«e¥L±N¤£¨É¦³x¨ÆÅv¡C
°K«K°Êû¨ä¤Í¤H¼y¿Ë¤ý¦V²M«Ç¬I¥[À£¤O¡A¥L«ü¥X¡A»P¨ä¤@µL©Ò³Ñ¡A¤£¦p¦b²©RÄÒ¤H¥D°Ê´£¥Xªº¦³§Q±
«n¨Ê¬F©²´£¥X¥i±N²M¼o«Ò¦P¥~°ê§g¥D¤@¼Ë¥[¥HÂ§¹J¡A¨C¦~¸É§U400¸U¨â29¡A ¤¹³\¥L¦í¦bÀ[©M¶é¡A¨Ã¥
²M«Ç¶@®Ñ±ÂÅv°K²ÕÂ´Á{®É¦@©M¬F©²¡A¨Ã»P²©RÄÒŃ°ê®aªº²Î¤@°ÝÃD¶i¦æ½Í§P¡C³o¤@Án©ú¬O³Ìªì¶@®Ñ¤
¦P¤@¤Ñ¡A°K«Å»}¾ÖÅ@¦@©M¡A³o¬O¥L¥X¥ôÁ`²Î¤@Â¾ªº¥ý¨M±ø¥ó¡G"¦@©M¬°³Ì¨}°êÅé¡A¥@¬É¤§¤½»{¡A....
¦Ó°K«oµLNÂ÷¶}¥L¶Õ¤O±j¤jªº¥_¤è¡A«e¥h²©RÄÒ¶Õ¤O±j¤jªº«n¤è¡C¥L«ü¨Ï¤â¤U¤h§Lµo°ÊÄÌ¶Ã¡A¥HÃÒ©
3.4¾ú¥vN¸q ¥Á°êªº½Ï¥Í¬O¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W¤@Ó¨ã¦³¹º®É¥NN¸qªº¨Æ¥ó¡A¦]¬°¥¦µ²§ô¤Fªø¹F¤G¤d¾l¦~
¦ý¬O¡A²©R¨Ã¤£¹ý©³¡A¦Ó¥B²£¥Í¤F³\¦h¤£©‾ªº«áªG¡A¥O®]P¨ìªq³à¡C¥Lªº¦h¼Æ°lÀHªÌ¶ÈP¤O©ó±ÀÂ½º
4.°K¥@³ÍI«q¦@©M
°K¤@¥¹í¿ïÁ{®É¤jÁ`²Î¡A«K¶}©l§á¦±¦@©M¨î«×¡C¦bº©¡¤º»Õ¤¤¡A¥~¥æ¡B¤º¬F¡B³°x»P®üx¥|Ó¹êÅv³
Ä~¥ôªºÁ`²z¬O¤@¦WµL‾àªº¥~¥æ©x¡A«e¾n«X¤½¨Ï³°©º²»¡C¥L‾Ê¥F¬F¨£¡A¨S¦³«ü¾É‾à¤O¡A±q¦Ó¾D¨ì°ê|ª
¦ý¬O¡A°K¹ï«n¤èªº²©R»â³SÌ«oªí²{±o®æ¥~´L«¡A¥L¤Íµ½¦aÁÜ½Ð®]©M¶À¥_¤W«ô³X¥L¡C®]¡B¶À¥Ñ©ó®`©
4.1¤G¦¸²©R ®Ú¾Ú¡mÁ{®É¬ùªk¡n¡A¦b¬F©²¦¨¥ß«á¤»Ó¤ë¤ºÀ³Á|¦æ°ê|ªº¿ïÁ|¡C1912¦~8¤ë¡AÁ{®É¬
°ê¥ÁÄÒªº¤Ï¹ïªÌ¬°¤@¨Ç¤pÄÒ¬£¡A¦p²Î¤@ÄÒ¡B¦@©MÄÒ¡A¥H¤Î¥Ñ±ç±Ò¶W»â¾Éªº¥Á¥DÄÒ¡C¤j¿ï¤¤¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒ¨
°ê¥ÁÄÒªº³Ó§Q¥DnÂk¥\©ó§º±Ð¤‾ªº¤u§@¡A¥Lªº²ÕÂ´‾à¤O¤Î¸g±`¤½¶}ºt»¡¡AÒ¾Éªö¥Î³d¥ô¤º»Õ¨î»P¨î¬
¬°¤F¼W±j¨ä¹ï§Ü°ê¥ÁÄÒªº¤O¶q¡A°K©ó1913¦~4¤ë¦P¤°ê»È¦æ¹Î33Ã±¸p¤F¤@µ§2,500¸U^Âéªº©Ò¿×"µ½«á
1913¦~7¤ë12¤é¡A¦¿¦è³£þ34«Å¥¬¿W¥ß¡C¤@Ó¤ë¤º¡A¤S¦³¤»Ó¬Ù¥÷¬ÛÄ~«Å¥¬¿W¥ß¡C35³o¼Ë¡A²³©Ò©Pª¾
4.2°Kªº«Ò¨î¤§¹Ú ¤G¦¸²©R»´©ö¦aÂíÀ£¤U¥h¡A³o¨Ï°K±oN§Ñ§Î¡A¨p±ýµL¿±µÈ¡C¥L¤£¦Aº¡¨¬©óÁ{
°Kªºp¹ºªº²Ä¤@¨B¬O¡A«P¨Ï°ê|¦b¾Ëªk©|¥¼¨î©w¤§«e©ó1913¦~10¤ë5¤é³q¹L¡mÁ`²Î¿ïÁ|ªk¡n¡C¤@¤Ñ«á
¤T©P¤§¤º¡A°ê|«K©ó10¤ë31¤é¹{¥¬¤F¡m¤Ñ¾Â¾Ëªk‾ó®×¡n¡A¥¦¨S¦³ªö¥ÎÁ`²Î¨î¡A¦Ó¬Oªö¥Î¤º»Õ¨î¨Ó¨î¬
¥X©ó¹ï¦Xªk¤§«n©Êªº¦Ò¼{¡A°K©ó1914¦~3¤ë18¤é¥l¶}¤F°ê¥Á¤j|¡A¥H×§ï1912¦~ªº¡mÁ{®É¬ùªk¡n¡C
¬°¤F¨¾¤î¦C±jªº¤Ï¹ï¡A°K¦PN±µ¨ü¤é¥»´£¥Xªº‾ä¦W¬LµÛªº¡m¤G¤Q¤@±ø¡n37¡A ¨Ã»P^«XÃ±q¨óÄ³¡A©Ó
°Kªº¬üÄy¾ËªkÅU°Ý¡AÀN¥¬ª÷´µ¤j¾Ç®Õªø¥j¼w¿Õ(Frank J¡OGoodnow)³Õ¤hµoªí¤F¤@½g¤å³¹¡AÁnºÙ¬ü°ê¤
µL½×¦p¦ó¡A«Ò¨î¹B°ÊÅÜ±o¤é‾q©úÅã¡A½ÐÄ@®Ñ¦p³ªá‾ë¸¶i¬F©²¡A¤ä«ù§ïÅÜ°êÅé¡C1915¦~11¤ë20¤é¡A¬
¹³¥L«e«á®É¥Nªº³\¦h¿WµôªÌ¤@¼Ë¡A°K¨g¦k¦Û¤j¡A¥H¦Ü©ó¤£ª¾¾A¥i¦Ó¤î¡C¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A¥L¨S¦³¬Ý¨ì¡AºÉºÞ¦
¨ä¶¡¡A®]¦b¤G¦¸²©R¥¢±Ñ«á¬y¤`¤é¥»¡A¥L½T»{ÄÒ¤º¤£²Î¤@¬O¥L¥¢±Ñªº¥Dnì¦]¡A©ó¬O¦b1914¦~7¤ë8¤
¦b¶³«n¡A¥]¬A«e¥ô³£þ½²Áî¦b¤ºªº¤@¸s²©RªÌ²ÕÂ´¤F¤@¤äÅ@°êx¡AÁn°Q´_ÅP¹B°Ê¡C½²Áî»P±q«eªº¦Ñ®
±¹ï³o¨Ç¥O¤Hªq³àªº°ê¤º¥~§Î¶Õ¡A°K§OµL¿ï¾Ü¡A°¦¦n©ó1916¦~3¤ë22¤é©ñ±ó¤F"¬x¾Ë«Ò¨î"ªº¬ü¹Ú¡AµM
¦bµû»ù°Kªº¤@¥Í®É¡A±ç±Ò¶W»{¬°°K¥¼‾à°Ï¤À¤H»P°Êª«ªº¤£¦P¡A¥H¬°ª÷¿ú¥i¥HÁÊ¶R¤@¤Á¡AªZ¤O¥i¥H®£À
5.x»Ö³Î¾Ú®É´Á¡A1916-1927¦~
¤@Ó±jÅv¤Hª«ªº®ø¥¢²£¥Í¤FÂ÷¤ß¤O¡A¥O°ê®a³´¤JÂø¶ÃµL§Çªºª¬ºA¡Cx»Ö¬°¤FÅv¤O©M¦Û§ÚÂX±i¦Ó¤¬¬Û§
1916¦~6¤ë7¤é¡A°ÆÁ`²Î¾¤¤¸¬x±µ¥ôÁ`²Î¡C¦¹Á|¨s³º¬O¨Ì¾Ú1912¦~ªº¡mÁ{®É¬ùªk¡nÄ~¥ôÁ`²Î¡AÁÙ¬O®Ú¾
5.1²M«Ò´_ÅP¡A1917¦~ ¤¤°ê¬O§_À³¥[¤J¹ï¼w§@¾Ô²{¦b¦¨¬°«n°ÝÃD¡AÁ`²z¬q´Ñç¥¼¸g°ê|»PÁ`²Î
¦b¥_¨Ê¥ß¤U¸}®Ú¤§«á¡A±i¦b±d¦³¬°ªº¤ä«ù¤Î¥_¬vÀY¥Ø¶¾»P¬qªº¨p¤U¦PN¤U¡A©ó7¤ë1¤é«s¾ÖÀ¹¥½¥N²
5.2x»Ö²V¾Ô ¦b±ç±Ò¶W»â¾Éªº¬ã¨sÃ´ªº¤ä«ù¤U¡A¬q¦A¦¸¥X¥ôÁ`²z¡A±ç¦¹®É¤]¾á¥ô¤F°]¬F³¡ªø¡C¬ã
¬°‾»¸H°ê¤ºªº¤Ï¹ï¶Õ¤O¡A¬q¥H°Ñ¾Ô¬°¥Ñ»P¥~°êÃ±q¶U´Ú¨óÄ³¡A¥L«ºt°Kªº¬G§Þ¡A¾ÞÁaÁ{®É°ê|×§ï1
¦b¥R¨¬ªºÇ³Æ«á¡A¬q¶}©lµÛ¤â¥´À»«n¤èx¬F©²¡A¬£»ºx¶¤¶i´ò«n¡A¥H«K¹ï¼s¦{ªº²©RÄÒ¤H¬I¥[À£¤O¡
Àò³Óªºª½Ã´±À¾¤¤¸¬x¥ôÁ`²Î¡A§Æ±æ»P¼s¦{¬F©²³q¹L©M¥¤è¦¡¹ê²{°ê¤º²Î¤@¡C¦ý¬O¾D¨ì¤Fª½Ã´¤º¤@Ó±
¦ý®]¦b«n¤è¤]¬O³ÂÐÄñ¨¡AÅ@ªk¹B°Ê¶i®i½wºC¡A¦]¬°¦Û1917¦~8¤ë25¤é¼s¦{x¬F©²«Ø¥ß«á¡A¥LÁö¦W¬°
1922¦~2¤ë3¤é¡A®]µÛ¤âÇ³Æ¥_¥ï¡AÄ~Äò¶}®iÅ@ªk¹B°Ê¡C¦ý¦]®]¥H«eªº¤ä«ùªÌ³‾¬³©ú©ó¼s¦{N¥~«qÅÜ¦
¦b1923¦~10¤ë±äÀÇì¿ï¤§«á¡A©^x«K±qº¡¦{¦V¥_¨Ê±À¶i¡A¤Þµo¤F²Ä¤G¦¸ª½©^¤§¾Ô¡C¥X¥GN®Æªº¬O¡A
³o®É¡A"°ê¥Áx"¡B©^Ã´¡BµpÃ´¬°¤F¹ê²{°ê®aªº²Î¤@¡AÁp¦XÁÜ½Ð¬q´Ñç¥X¥ôÁ{®É°õ¬F¡A¨ÃÁÜ®]¶i¨Ê°Ó°
®]¤¤¤s©ê¾Ñ¦Ó³u¡A²©R»P¥Á°ê¨Ã¥¼±a¨Ó¹w´Áªº©M¥»P‾´§Ç¡G¥Á°ê®É´Á¸û¥H«e¸g¾ú§ó¦hªºµhW»P¥¢§Ç¡
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Anschel, Eugene, Homer Lea, Sun Yat-sen and the Chinese Revolution (New Yo
rk, 1984).
2.Barlow, Jeffrey G" Sun Yat-sen and the French, 1900-1908 (Berkeley, 1979).
3.Belov, E. A., Uchanskoe vosstanie v Kitae (1911 g.) (The Wuchang Revolt in
China,1911) (Moscow, 1971).
4.Bergere, Marie-Claire, La bourgeoisie Chinoise et la revolution de 1911 (T
he Hague, 1969).
5.Cantlie, Sir James, and C. Sheridan Jones, Sun Yat-sen and the Awakening o
f China(New York, 1912).
6.®ã¼w½éµ¥¡]¦X½s¡^¡A¡m¨‾¥è²©R¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1957)¡A¦@8¥U¡C
7.±i¨ä©û¡A¡m¤¤µØ¥Á°ê³Ð¥ß¥v¡n(»O¥_¡A1953)¡C
8.±iªB¶é¡A¡m±ç±Ò¶W»P²M©u²©R¡n (»O¥_¡A1964)¡C
9.±iªB¶é¡A¡m±ç±Ò¶W»P¥Á°ê¬Fªv¡n (»O¥_¡A1978)¡C
10.±i¥Éªk¡A¡m²M©uªº¥ß¾Ë¹ÎÅé¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1971¡^¡C
11.±i¥Éªk¡A¡m²M©uªº²©R¹ÎÅé¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1975¡^¡C
12.Chen, Stephen, and Robert Payne, Sun Yat-sen (New York, 1946).
13.Ch'en, Jerome, Yuan Shih-k'ai, 1859-1916 (Stanford,1961). Ch'i, Hsi-sheng
, Warlord Politics in China, 1916-1928 (Stanford, 1976).
14.½±¤¶¥Û¡A¡m½±Á`²Î‾µ¿ý¡n¡AÄ¶¦Û¤é¤å¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n¡A¨÷2(»O¥_¡A1975)¡C
15.Des Forges, Roger V., Hsi-liang and the Chinese National Revolution (New
Haven, 1973).
16.¶¾¦Û¥Ñ¡A¡m¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¶}°ê«e²©R¥v¡n¡]«¼y¡A1944)¡A¦@3¥U¡C
17.Esherick, Joseph, Reform and Revolution in China: The 1911 Revolution in
Hunan and Hubei (Berkeley, 1976).
18.Eto, Shinkichi, and Harold Z. Shiffrin (eds.), The 1911 Revolution in Chi
na (Tokyo, 1984).
19¡CFewsmith, Joseph, Party, State, and Local Elites in Republican China: Merc
hant Organizations and Politics in Shanghai, 1890-1930 (Honolulu, 1984).
20.Friedman,Edward,Backward toward Revolution: The Chinese Revolutionary Par
ty, 1914-7916 (Berkeley, 1974).
21.Fung, Edmund S. K., The Military Dimension of the Chinese Revolution: The
New Army and Its Role in the Revolution of 1911 (Vancouver, 1980).
22.Gasster, Michael, Chinese Intellectuals and the Revolution of 1911 (Seatt
le, 1969).
23.--,"Reform and Revolution in China's Political Modernization," in Mary C.
Wright (ed.), China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913 (New Haven, 1968),
67-96.
24.--¡A"The Republican Revolutionary Movement," in John K. Fairbank and Kwang-
ching Liu (eds.), The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, Eng., 1980)¡AVol. 11,
463-534.
25.Gillin, Donald G.¡A Warlord Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911-1949 (Pri
nceton, 1967).
26.¦óº~«Â¡A¡m¨Êº~ÅK¸ôªì´Á¥v²¤¡n (95´ä¡A1979).
27.Hsieh, Winston, Chinese Historiography on the Revolution of 1911 (Stanfor
d, 1975).
28.Hs , Leonard S.¡A Sun Yat-sen: His Political and Social Ideals (Los Angele
s, 1933).
29.Hsiieh, chun-tu, Huang Hsing and the Chinese Revolution (Stanford, 1961).
30.Hwang, Yen Ching, The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revolution: With Spec
ial Reference to Singapore and Malaya (New York, 1977).
31.Ikei, Masaru, "Japan's Response to the Chinese Revolution of 1911," The J
ournal of Asian Studies, XXV:2:213-27 (Feb. 1966).
32.Jansen, Marius, "Japan and the Chinese Revolution of 1911," in John K. Fa
irbank and Kwang-ching Liu (eds.), The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, En
g., 1980), Vol. 11,339-374.
33.--,The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (Cambridge, Mass., 1954).
34.³¢Ùy¨Î¡A¡m¥Á°ê¤G¦¸²©R¥v¡n¡A¸ü¡m°ê¥ßªZº~¤j¾Ç¤åõ©u¥Z¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä3´Á (1935 ¦~¡^¡C
35.Leng, Shao-chuan, and Norman D. Palmer, Sun Yat-sen and Communism (New Yo
rk, 1960).
36.¾¤¤D²[¡A¡m¨‾¥è²©R»P°K¥@³Í¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1949)¡C
37.Li,Tien-yi, Woodrow Wilson's China Policy, 191^-1917 (Lawrence, Kansas, 1
952).
38.§õ¶æ@¡A¡m¤¤¤é¤Ü¤@±ø¥æ‾A¡]¤W)¡n(»O¥_¡A1966)¡C
39.Liang, Chin-tung, The Chinese Revolution of 1911 (New York, 1962).
40.Liew, K. S.¡AStruggle for Democracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese Re
volution (Berkeley, 1971).
41.Linebarger, Paul, Sun Yat-sen and the Chinese Republic (New York, 1925).
42.--¡AThe Gospel of Chung Shan (Paris, 1932).
43.Ma, L. Eve Armentrout, Revolutionaries, Monarchists, and Chinatowns: Chin
ese Politics in the Americas and the 1911 Revolution (Honolulu, 1990).
44.MacKinnon, Stephen R.¡APower and Politics in Late Imperial China: Yuan Shik
ai in Beijing and Tianjian, 1901-1908 (Berkeley, 1980).
45.Nathan, Andrew J., Peking Politics, 1918-1923: Factionalism and the Failu
re of Constitutionalism (Berkeley, 1976).
46.¥Õ¿¼¡A¡m°K¥@³Í»P¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1936)¡C
47.Powell, Ralph L.¡AThe Rise of Chinese Military Power, 1895-1912 (Princeton,
1955).
48.Power, Brian, The Puppet Emperor: The Life of Pu Yi, The Last Emperor of
China (New York, 1986).
49.Price, Doc C.¡ARussia and the Roots of the Chinese Revolution, 1896-1911 (C
50.Price, Frank W. (tr.), Three People's principals (¤T¥Á¥D¸q¡^¡A¡]¤W®ü¡A1927¡n¡C
51.Pugach, Noel, "Embarrassed Monarchist: Frank J. Goodnow and Constitutiona
l Development in China, 1913-1915," Pacific Historical Review, XLII:4:499-517 (N
ov. 1973).
52.P'u-i, Henry, The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emp
eror of China, tr. by Kuo Ying Paul Tsai, and ed. with intro. by Paul Kramer (Ne
w York, 1967).
53.Rankin, Mary B., Early Chinese Revolutionaaries: Radical Intellectuals in
Shanghai and Chekiang, 1902-1911 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).
54.Reed, James, The Missionary Mind and American East Asia Policy, 1911-1915
55.Rhoads, Edward, China¡BRepublican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 189519
56.Scalapino, Robert A., "Prelude to Marxism: The Chinese Student Movement i
n Japan¡A1900-1910" in Albert Feuerwerker, Rhoads Murphey, and Mary C.Wright (eds.
), Approaches to Modern Chinese History (Berkeley, 1967), 190-215.
57.Schiffrin, Harold, Sun Yat-sen: Reluctant Revolutionary (Boston¡A1980).
58.--¡ASun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution (Berkeley, 1968).
59.Schoppa¡AR. Keith, Chinese Elites and Political Change: Zhejiang Province i
n the Early Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).
60.Sharman, Lyon, Sun Yat-sent His Life and Its Meaning (New York, 1934).
61.Shen Tsu-hsien, et al. (eds.), ¡m®e±g§Ì¤l°O¡n¡A«¦L¥»¡A¡m»O¥_¡A1962)¡C
62.Sheridan, James E., Chinese Warlord, the Career of Feng Yu-hsiang (Stanfo
rd, 1966).
63.Sutton, Donald S.¡AProvincial Militarism and the Chinese Republic: The Yunn
an Army, 1905-25 (Ann Arbor, 1980),
64.Wilbur, C. Martin, Sun Yat-sen: Frustrated Patriot (New York, 1976).
65.Wong, J. Y., The Creation of an Historic Image: Sun Yatsen in London, 189
61897 (Hong Kong, 1986).
66.--(ed.)¡CSun Yatsen: His International Ideas and International Connections
(Sydney, 1986).
67.Wou¡AOdoric Y. K., Militarism in Modern China: The Career of Wu P'ei-fu (Ca
nberra,1 978).
68.Wright, Mary (ed.)¡A China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913 (New H
aven, 1968).
69.Young, Ernest P., The Presidency of Yuan Shih-k'ai: Liberalism and Dictat
orship in Early Republican China (Ann Arbor, 1977).
70.Yu¡AGeorge T.¡AParty Politics in Republican China: The Kuomintang, 1912-1924
(Berkeley, 1966).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ®]¶h¥P¦W¤å¡A¦r¶h¥P¡C¤¤°ê¤H§ó¬°¼ôª¾ªº¦W¦r¬O"¤¤¤s"¡A"¤¤¤s"¬°¨ä¤é¤å¦W¦r"Nakayama"ªº¤¤¤åµoµ¡
2 1898¦~®L«Â¦i¬°¬ü°êÝ¨Ã¡C
3 Harold Z¡OSchiffrin¡ASun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revohaion(Berkeley
, 1968)¡A27¡O
4 Schiffrin¡A37¡O
5 Schiffrin¡A40¡O
6 ¤@¶µ¬ã¨s¹ï³o¤@»}¨¥´£¥X½èºÃ¡A»{¬°¥¦¬O«á¨Ó²K¥[ªº¡C¨£Ch n-tu Hsiieh,Huang Hsing and the Chi
7 Martin Bemal¡A"The Triumph of Anarchism Over Marxism¡A1906-1907" in Mary C¡OWright(e
d¡O)¡AChina of Revolution¡A103-104¡O
8 Marius B¡OJansen¡AThe Japanese and Sun Yat-sen(Cambridge¡AMass.,1954)¡A53¡O
9 Leonard s¡OHs ¡ASun Yat-sen¡GHis Political and Social Ideals (Los Angeles¡A193)¡A61¡O
10 §Y¨¤å¬±¡C
11 Leonard s¡OHs ¡A62-63¡O
12 Ch n-tu Hsiieh¡A44¡O
13 ±iªB¶é¡A¡m±ç±Ò¶W»P²M©u²©R¡n(»O¥_¡A1964)¡A²Ä325-326¡A330-333¶¡C
14 Schiffrin¡A8-9¡O
15 "¶Àªá±^72‾P¤h""3¤ë29¤é"³à¥Í©ó³o¤@´¶¹M»¡ªk¬O¤£½T¤Áªº¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦h©ó82¦W²©RÄÒ¤H¦º©ó1911¦~4
16 §Y¥Ûªø«H¡A¥L¬O¨ü®É¥ô¶l¶Ç³¡©|®Ñ²±«ÅÃhªº¥D¨Ï¡C
17 Chuzo Ichiko¡A"The Railway Protection Movement in Szechuan in 1911," Memoirs of
the Research Department of the Tokyo Bunko ,Tokyo¡O14¡G50-57(1955)¡O
18 Chuzo Ichiko¡A68-69¡O
19 ¦¹¤H¬°¼BÁn¤¸¡A¤]¥i‾à¬O»Zµ«T¡C
20 §õ¦u¤Õ¡A136-137¡C
21 ¨â¤H¤À§O¬°ç©º»P±i³C¡C
22 P'eng-yuan Chang¡A"The Constitutionalists," in Mary C¡OWright(ed.)¡AChina in Revolu
tion¡A175-176¡O
23 ¦b¦b¤Q¤C±i¿ï²¼¤¤¡A®]¤¤¤s±o¨ì¤Q¤»²¼¡A¶À¿³±o¨ì¤@²¼¡C
24 ¦Û±q1885¦~¥H¨Ó¡C
25 §Y±i²Ð´¿»PÂÅ¤Ñ½«¡A¨â¤H§¡¬°¤é¥»x©x¾Ç®Õ²¦~¥Í¡A¥B¬°¦Pù|‾µ±K|û¡C
26 ¶©¸Î¤Ó«á¡A¥úºü«Ò¤§©d¡C
27 ¥LÌ¬O¥Ñ¾n«X¤½¨Ï³°©º²»»â¾É¡C
28 ¿½¤@¤s¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä2,725¡A2,727¶¡C
29 ¦bµo¦æs¹ô«á§ï¬°¨C¦~¥|¦Ê¸U»È¤¸¡C
30 ¢Åé¬°§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C
31 ¤ýªÛ²»±Nx¡C
32 Ch n-tu Hsiieh¡A141¡O
33 ¤°ê¬°¡Gªk°ê¡B^°ê¡Bªk°ê¡B«X°ê»P¤é¥»¡C
34 §õ‾P¹_¡C
35 ¤»¬Ù¬°¡G¦¿Ä¬¡A¦wÀ²¡A¼sªF¡AºÖ«Ø¡A´ò«n»P¥|¤t¡C
36 ¦b759±i°ê|¿ï²¼¤¤¡A¥L¦bº½ü±o¨ì471²¼¡A²Ä¤G½ü±o¨ì497²¼¡C
37 ¸Ó±ø´Ú¤À¬°¤³¡¤À¡G
(1)©Ó»{¤sªFªº¦a¦ì¡C(2)¤é¥»¦bº¡¦{ÁÖ¤º»Xªº‾S®í¦a¦ì¡C
(3)¦X¿ì¤¤°ê¿ûÅK²£~¡C(4)¤£±Nªu®ü¦a°Ï‾²É¡B³ÎÅý©ó²Ä¤T°ê¡C
(5)¥Ñ¤é¥»±±¨î¤¤°ê¤@¨Ç«n¤º¬F³¡ªù¡ÇÔ±¡¨£¤U¤@³¹¡C
38 ¥©¦Xªº¬O¡A¦¹x±o¥H|¶°ªº¦aÂI¬°¤@Ó¦W¬°Å@°ê¦xªº¦x¼q¡C
39 ¥Õ¿¼¡A¡m°K¥@³Í»P¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¡n(¤W®ü¡A1936)¡A341-342¡A350-371¶¡C
40 ¾Ú»¡í°KÅª¨ì¨ä¤ß¸¡¥|¤t±Nx³‾«Æªº¹q³ø®Éí³õ©üË¡C¹q¤åºÙ¡G"¦Û¤µ¤é°_¡A¥|¤t»P°K¥@³ÍÂ_µ´¤@¤ÁÃ
41 §Y§õ¹©s¡C
42 ±ý§ó½T¤Á¥Í°Ê¦a¤F¸ÑÁ»ö1912¦~»¹¦ì«áªº¥Í¬¡¡A¥i°Ñ¾\¥Lªº¦Û¶ÇThe Last Manchu¡Atr¡Oby K¡OY¡OP¡
43 ¦]¥_¨Ê¦wºÖJ¦P¦Ó±o¦W¡C
44 ¦]¤é¥»½Õ¸Ñ¤H¦èì°¤T¦Ó±o¦W¡A¨º®É¤@¤é¤¸¬ùÈo.5¬ü¤¸¡C
45 §Y§d¨Ø§¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
270
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤@³¹
«äQ²©R¡A1917-1923¦~
¥Á°êªº«Ø¥ß¨Ã¨S¦³±a¨Ó©M¥¡B‾´§Ç©M²Î¤@¡F¬Û¤Ï¡A¥Á°ê¦´Áªº‾S©º¬O¹D¼w²_¸¨¡B§g¥D´_ÅP¹B°Ê¡Bx»
¨ü¹L¦è¤è±Ð¨|©Î¼vÅTªºsª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l¡A¹ª§j¦b°ê¥Á¥Í¬¡ªºõ¾Ç°òÂ¦¤è±¡A¶i¦æ¤@³õ¿E‾PÅÜ²¡C¥LÌ¸¹¥
³o³õµo¥Í¦b1917-1923¦~ªº«äQ²©R³Q©^¬°s¤å¤Æ¹B°Ê¡A¦³®É¤]¥i‾à³Q¸Ø¤jªºýz¬°"¤¤°êªº¤åÃÀ´_¿
1.I´º
ª¾ÃÑÁßÆCªº¿E¿º¦~¥N¤£¥i‾à¦b¨S¦³°ê¤º¥~¬Y¨Ç«¤jµo®iªº±¡ªp¤U¥X²{¡C±q°ê¥~¨Ó¬Ý¡A²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾
³o¨Çª¾ÃÑ¤À¤lÃhµÛ±j‾Pªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸q©MR°ê¥D¸qªº¼ö±¡¡AªÓt³o¶µ¥ô°È¡A³¡¤À¤]¬°1915¦~¤é¥»´£¥Xªº¥
³o¨Ç±ø´Ú¿E«ã¤F¤¤°ê¥Á²³¡AµM¦Ó¡A¦b1915¦~5¤ë7¤é¤é¥»¦V¤¤°ê¬F©²´£¥X³Ì«á³qÞªºÀ£¤O¤U¡A°K¥@³Í±
¬°ªí§ÜÄ³¡A®È¤é¤¤°ê‾d¾Ç¥Í¦¨§å¦^°ê¡A¦Ó¤¤°ê°Ó¤H¤]²ÕÂ´¤F¤@³õ¼sªxªº©è¨î¤é³f¹B°Ê¡C¤G¤Q¤@±ø±a¨
¾ÉPsªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¿³°_ªº¡A¬O¬Fªv¤WÄ±¿ôªº¤u°Ó¶¥¼h©M1919¦~¤w¹F¤G¡B¤T¦Ê¸U¤§²³ªº³Ò°Ê¤jxªº¨³³
°ê¥~¡A²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô´Á¶¡¬O¦bµØªº«Ò°ê¥D¸q¶Õ¤O¨³³t°I°hªº®É´Á¡A³o³õ¾Ôª§¤]µ¹¼Ú¬wªº¤u~©M¥¦»
³o¨Çs¿³¤u~©M¥ø~¡A³yŃ¤Fsªº°Ó¤H¶¥¼h©M³Ò°Ê¶¥¼h¡A³o¨Ç¤H¤£¦P©óÂÂ¦¡ªº¤£Ãö¤ß¬Fªvªº°Ó¸ë©MÃ
¨º¨Ç¥»¨Ó¦b°ê¥~¾Ç²ßªºÂk°ê‾d¾Ç¥Í¡A‾S§O¼ö°J©ó¤Þ¤J§ï²¡A±q1903¦~¦Ü1919¦~¡A³o¨Ç¾Ç¥Í¤¤¦³41.51
³Ì³Ç¥XªºÂk°ê‾d¾Ç¥Í¥Nªí¦³¡G±qªk°êÂk°êªº³‾¿W¨q©M½²¤¸°ö¡F±q¤é¥»Âk°êªº³¢ªjY©M¾|¨³(©P¾ð¤H)¡
³‾¿W¨q(1879-1942¦~)¡A¦wÀ²¤H¡A¦~»´®É´¿±µ¨ü¥þ±ªº°ê¾Ç±Ð¨|¡A1896¦~¦Ò¤¤¨qÅ×¡C1902¦~©M1906¦~
½²¤¸°ö(1876-1940)¡A®ý¦¿¤H¡A1889¦~©M1892¦~¤À§O¦Ò¤¤Á|¤H©M¶i¤h¡A¨Ã¦¨¬°¥O¤H´Ü¸rªº¿«ªL°|½s×
J¾A(1891-1962¦~)¡A²M´Â«e´ÁµÛ¦W¾ÇªÌJ´ô(1633-1714¦~)ªº«á¸Ç¡A¦~»´®É¤]¬O±µ¨ü°ê¾Ç±Ð¨|¡C190
³o¨Çsª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l³£¬OÂà«¬®É´Áªº²£ª«--¥LÌ³£²`²`´Ó®Ú©ó¤¤°ê¥j¨å¤å¤Æ¡AµM¦Ó¦P®É¤]²`¿Ú¦è¤è¤å©ú¡
2.s¤å¤Æ¹B°Êªº®i¶}
2.1³‾¿W¨q»P¡ms«C¦~¡n 1915¦~¡A³‾¿W¨q±q¤é¥»Âk°ê«á¡A¦b¤W®ü³Ð¿ì¤F¡m«C¦~Âø§Ó¡n¤ë¥Z¡AÀH«á
(1)¦Û¥Dªº¦Ó«D¥£Áõªº¡F (4)¥@¬Éªº¦Ó«DÂê°êªº¡F
(2)¶i¨Bªº¦Ó«D«O¦uªº¡F (5)¹ê§Qªº¦Ó«Dµê¤åªº¡F
(3)¶i¨úªº¦Ó«DÁô°hªº¡F (6)¬ì¾Çªº¦Ó«DQ¹³ªº¡C
³‾¿W¨q²r‾P©áÀ»«O¦u¥D¸q©M¶Ç²Î¥D¸q¬O¤¤°ê¸oćªº®Ú½¡A¦b¥Lªº§@«~¤¤¡A¾§®a§ó¦¨¬°ć¤§²WÃÁ¡C¥L»
©ó¦¹¦Ó¨¥¡A¸Û¤£ª¾¬°¦ó¶µ¨î«×¤åª«¡A¥i¥H¾A¥Î¥Í¦s¤µ¥@¡C§^¹ç§Ô¹L¥h"°êºé"¤§®ø¤`¡A¦Ó¤£§Ô²{¦b¤Î±
³‾¿W¨q¹ï¶Ç²Î¥D¸qªº¤jÁx§ðÀ»¡A¦b³‾»Gªº«äQ¬É¶}±Ò¤Fsªº´ºÆ[¡A¤]¨Ï¥L«Ü§Ö¦b¨ü±Ð¨|ªº«C¦~¤¤Ä¹±o¤F¤
2.2½²¤¸°ö©M¥_¤j í½²¤¸°ö©ó1916¦~12¤ë¾á¥ô¥_¨Ê¤j¾Ç(Â²ºÙ¥_¤j)®Õªø®É¡As¤å¤Æ¹B°ÊÀò±o¤F«Ü
¾á¥ô®Õªø¤@Â¾¤§«á¡A½²¤¸°ö«KÄµ§i¥LÌ¡A¤j¾Ç¬O¾Ç²ßªº¦a¤è¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¤É©xµo°]ªº§Ö±¶¤è¦¡¡C¥L®Ú¾Ú¤
(1)¤j¾ÇÀ³¸Ó¬O¬ã¨s¾÷ºc--¤£¿WP¤O©ó¤¶²Ð¦è¤è¤å©ú¡AÁÙn³Ð³ysªº¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¡F¤£¦ýn«O¦s°êºé¡AÁÙn¥Î
(2)¤j¾Ç±Ð¨|¤£¬OÂÂ®É¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õªº´À¥N«~¡F
(3)®e³\µ´¹ïªº¾Ç³N¦Û¥Ñ¡A«OÃÒ¤£¦P²z½×»PÆ[ÂIªº¦Û¥Ñªí¹F¡A°¦n¬O¨¥¤§¦¨²z¡A«ù¤§¦³¬G¡C
¦b½²¤¸°öªº«ü¾É¤U¡A¥_¤j¦¨¬°¥O¤H®¶¾Äªº°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¾÷ºc¡A±Ð®v¤¤¦³¤£¦P¬Fªv²z©Àªº±Ð±Â--¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸qª
2.3J¾A¤Î¨ä°^Äm J¾A¬O¬ì¾Ç«äºû¡B¹ê¥Î¥D¸q©M¥Õ¸Ü¤å¼g§@ªº¿n¥Ò¾ÉªÌ¡A¦]¬°¨ü»®E¾¤©M§ù«Â
¦pªG»¡J¾A¤Ï¹ï¾§®a¡A¨º»ò¥L©Ò´£Òªº¬O¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q¡BÓ¤H¥D¸q¡B¬ì¾Ç©M¥Á¥D¡C±q¹ê¥Î¥D¸q¥Xµo¡A¥L´
J¾A¦Û¤vªº¸Ü¬O¹ï¨äõ¾Çªº³Ì¦n¸ÑÄÀ¡C¥L»¡¡Gs«ä¼éªººë‾«¬O¤@ºØµû§PªººA«×¡Cs«ä¼éªº¤â¬q¬O¬ã¨
J¾A³Ì«nªº¤@Ó°^Äm¡A¥i‾à¬O´£Ò¥Î¥Õ¸Ü¤å¼g§@¡C¥LÄþ³d¶Ç²Î¼g§@«µøªº¬O§Î¦¡¦Ó¤£¬O¤º®e¡A°í«
«O¦u¬£ªº¤Ï¹ï¨Ã«D¤Ö¼Æ¡C¶Ç²Î«äQªº¤ä«ùªÌ¥Xª©¤F¡m°ê¬G¡nÂø§Ó¡A¥H«O¦s¥jÅé¼g§@¤è¦¡¡A¦ý¬OÂø§Ó§
±q¾ú¥vªº¨¤«×¬Ý¡A¥Õ¸Ü¤å¹B°Êªº¦¨¥\¡A¦Ü¤Ö³¡¤À¨Ó½©ó³o¼Ëªº¨Æ¹ê¡A§Y1902¦~¼o°£"¤KªÑ¤å"«á¡A¤¤°
1918¦~¡A¥_¤j¾Ç¥Í²ÕÂ´¤F¤@¥÷¦W¬°¡ms¼é¡nªºÂø§Ó¡A¥H¤T¶µ¼ÐÇ¬°¦c‾å¡G§åµûªººë‾«¡B¬ì¾Çªº«äºû©
³o¨ÇÂø§Ó³£¬O«äQ¬µ¼u¡C¦b¤¤°ê¡A¦³Ãö°ê®a©MªÀ|ªº«n°ÝÃD¡A²Ä¤@¦¸±o¨ì¤½¶}ªº±´°Q©Mª§½×¡A¤¤°
3.¤¥|¹B°Ê¡A1919¦~
1919¦~5¤ë4¤é¡A¤j¬ù¤¤d¦W¥_¨Ê¾Ç¥ÍÁ|¦æ¤F¤@³õ¤j³W¼Òªº¹C¦æ¡A¤Ï¹ï¤Zº¸ÁÉ©M|¦³Ãö¤sªF°ÝÃDªº¨M©
¤¥|¹B°Ên°l¹¨ì1898¦~¡Aí®É¼w°ê±q²M¬F©²‾²É¤sªF¬Ùªº½¦¦{ÆW§@¬°®üx°ò¦a¡A‾²´Á¬°99¦~¡C²Ä¤
¹ï¤sªF°ÝÃDªºP©R¤@À»¡A¬O1918¦~9¤ë¥_¨Ê»P¤é¥»¬F©²¤§¶¡ªº‾µ±K¨óÄ³¡A¤é¥»µ¹¤¤°êx»Ö¬F©²2,000¸
¤é¥»±aµÛ³o¨Ç‾µ±K±ø¬ù¨Ó¨ì¤Zº¸ÁÉ¡A¦Û«H‾à¦b¤sªF°ÝÃD¤WÀò³Ó¡C¤ð±eÂØ¨¥¡A¤é¥»¦p‾à«O¦í¤sªF¡A«K¬
¤¤°ê¥Nªí¹Î15¨Ó¨ì¤F³oÓ¥LÌ»{¬°¬O©¾¹ê©ó¥Á¥D¡B¦Û¨M¡B«OÅ@®zªÌì«hªº¤½¥¿ªk®x¤W¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A«Âº
¤¤°ê¥Nªí¹Î¥Ó©ú¡A¤sªF¬O¤Õ©sªº¥X¥Í¦a¡AÄÝ©ó¤¤°êªº¸t¦a¡A¦Ó¥B¦Û±q1917¦~¤¤°ê°Ñ¾Ô©M¼o°£©Ò¦³¹ï¼
¨ó¬ù°ê¦]¬°»P¤é¥»¦³‾µ±K¨óÄ³¡A©Ò¥H¤ä«ù¤é¥»ªº¥ß³õ¡A³o¨Ï±o«Âº¸»¹¦¨¤F¤¤°ê¥ß³õªº°ß¤@¤ä«ùªÌ¡C¤
í¤Ú¾¤¨M©wªº®ø®§¨ì¹F¥_¨Ê®É¡A¤¤°ê¹ï«Âº¸»¹¤Î¨ä²zQ¥D¸q«H±øªº«H¥ô‾»¸H¤F¡C¾Ç¥Í¬°«Âº¸»¹ªºI«
5¤ë4¤é¡A´X¦Ê¦WÂk°ê¾Ç¥Í²³¦b¤@°_¡A°Q½×¥Á±Ú¦M¾÷©M¥Á±Ú¨ü°d®É‾à°µ¨Ç¤°»ò¡C¥LÌ¨M©w¦V¤Zº¸ÁÉµo¹
°Ñ¥[¹C¦æªº¦³¨Ó¦Û¥_¨Ê¤Q¤T©Ò¤j±M°|®Õªº¤j§å¾Ç¥Í¡A¤H¼Æ¿E¼W¨ì¤¤d¤H¡C¥¨¤jªº¾î´T¦b¤H¸s¤WªÅÄÆ»
¶e®¨Æ¥ó¤Þ°_ªº¹ê®É¤ÏÅT¡A¬O¥_¨Ê¾Ç¥ÍªºÁ`½}½Ò©M¥_¤j®Õªø½²¤¸°öªºÃãÂ¾¡C½}½Ò«Ü§ÖÂX®i¨ì¨ä¥¦¥D
¦P®É¡A¤W¤d«Ê¹q³øµo©¹¦b¤Ú¾¤ªº¤¤°ê¥Nªí¹Î¡An¨D¥LÌ©Úµ´±ø¬ù¡A¨Ã¥B«Â‾Ù¥LÌ¡A¦pªG¤£³o¼Ë°µ¡A´
¬°¤F©ÔÃl¤é¥»°Ñ¥[°ê»ÚÁpù¡A«Âº¸»¹Äë¬¹¤F¤¤°ê¡FµM¦Ó¥L«o¤£‾à¨Ï¦Û¤vªº°ê®a¥[¤J¨ì³oÓ°ê»Ú²ÕÂ´¤
4.s¤å¤Æ¹B°ÊªºÂX®i
¤¥|¹B°Ê¬O¤¤°ê«äQ²©Rªº¶Ê¤Æ¾‾¡AÀH«á¹ï¦è¤èªº¿³½ì¤´¦b«ùÄòªº®ÉÔ¡A¤¤°êª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l¤¤¶¡«o¥X²{¤
4.1¥~¨Ó³X«È 1919¦~5¤ë1¤é¦Ü1921¦~7¤ë11¤é¡A§ù«Â»P©d¤l¨ì³X¤¤°ê¡A¥ÑJ¾A¾á¥ôÂ½Ä¶¡C§ù«Â§@¤
±q1920¦~10¤ë¨ì1921¦~7¤ë¡AÃ¹‾À¦b¤¤°ê©~‾d¤F¤j¥b¦~¡A¥Ñ»‾¤¸¥ô¾á¥ôÂ½Ä¶¡C¥L¤]§@¤F¤@Ã´¦C¤½¶}Á¿
Ã¹‾Àªº«ØÄ³¦b¤¤°êª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l¤¤¨S¦³¤Þ°_¤Ó¤jªº¤ÏÅT¡A¦]¬°¥LÌ«æ©ó¦¨¬°²{¥N¤H¡A¬ß±æ¦¨¬°R°êªº¡B¥
¨ä¥¦³X«È¥]¬A¡G1921¦~¡A¬ü°ê±Ð¨|®aª»¸S(Paul Monroe)¡F1923¦~¡A¼w°êõ¾Ç®a¼w¸Ì¬I(Hans Driesc
°£¤F¥~°ê³X«Èªº°^Äm¥~¡A¦è¤èªº«äQ©MNÃÑ§ÎºA¤]¬°¤¤°êªºª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l¥»¨©Ò¼ö¤Á°l¨D¡A¥LÌªº¿³½ì¤
4.2°ÝÃD©M"¥D¸q" ¦b¤¤°ê¡AJ¾A¬O¹ê¥Î¥D¸qªº¥D±N¡A¥L¤£¿ò¾l¤O¦a´£Ò¬ã¨s©M¸Ñ¨M¨ãÅé¤Î¹ê»Úªº
¤å©ú¤£¬OÅ¢²Î³y¦¨ªº¡A¬O¤@ÂI¤@ºw³y¦¨ªº¡C¶i¤Æ¤£¬O¤@±ß¤WÅ¢²Î¶i¤Æªº¡A¬O¤@ÂI¤@ºw¶i¤Æªº¡C²{¤µª
¥L¤Ï¹ïª¼¥Øªº¦æ°Ê¥D¸q©Mº©µL¥Øªºªº²©R¡A¦Ó«ØÄ³¦Ûµoªº©M³v¨Bªº§ï³y¡A¥H®ø°£ªÀ|¶i¨Bªº¤¤j¼Ä¤H--³
§õ¤j°x¬O°¨§J«ä¥D¸qªº©¾¹ê«H®{¡A¥L¦^µª¹D¡A"¥D¸q"‾à¬°¸Ñ¨MªÀ|°ÝÃD´£¨Ñ¤@Ó"Á`¤è¦V"¡A¬O¥²¶ª
J¾A¤Ï»é¡A¨S¦³¤@ºØÆF¤¦§®ÃÄ¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¤¤°ê©Ò¦³ªºÃøÃD¡F¨CÓ°ÝÃD¥²¶¤À¦Ó§ð°í¡A¤À¦Ó¸Ñ¨M¡A¦Ó"¥D
ªí±¤W¡Aª§½×¥HJ¾A¥e¤W¦Óµ²§ô¡CµM¦Ó¡A³o«o¬OªÅ¬}ªº³Ó§Q¡A¦]¬°¦~»´¤Hí¤¤°Q½×"¥D¸q"¦¨¬°®É©
¦Û¬Û¥Ù¬Þªº¬O¡A¦b¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤G¤Q¦~¥N®É¡AªÀ|©M¬Fªv°ÝÃD«E¶¢¤Á©Mª½±µªº¸Ñ¨M¡A¦ýJ¾A¤Î¨ä°lÀHª
4.3¨ìªF¤è¥h!¨ì¦è¤è¥h! ²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô¨Ï³\¦h¤¤°ê¤H«éµM¤j®©¡A±ç±Ò¶WÄþ³d¦è¤è«Ò°ê¥D¸q©Mª¼
¬Û¤Ï¡AJ¾A©M¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¦è¤Æ´£ÒªÌ³Û¹D¡G"¨ì¦è¤è¥h!"§d¸Xuµh½|±çº¤ÞH¬°"¤Q¤C¥@¬öªºµL¥Î¤§ª«"¡C
5.µ²½×
1917-1923¦~ªº«äQ²©R¡A¥Nªí¤F¤¤°ê¹ï¦è¤è½ÄÀ»ªº²Ä¤T¶¥¬q¦^À³¡C²Ä¤@¶¥¬q--±q1861¦~¦Ü1895¦~ªº
¹ïs¤å¤Æ¹B°ÊN¸qªºµû»ù¡A¦]¥ß³õ¤£¦P¦Ó¥X²{¤Àª[¡A¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸qªÌ«ÅºÙ³o¬O¤@³õ¸Ñ©ñÂÂ«äQ¡BÂÂ¹D¼w¡
ºJ¶}³o¨Ç¤£¦PªºÆ[ÂI¤£½×¡A¤¥|¹B°Ê¥»½è¤W¬O¤@³õ"ªÀ|--¬Fªv--«äQ"²©R¡A¥Øªº¬OnÄ¹±o¥Á±Ú¿W¥
µM¦Ó¡A¦³¤T¶µ¥\ÁZ«o¬O¤£®e¸mºÃªº¡Cº¥ý¡A¤å¾Ç²©R¾ÉP1920¦~¥Õ¸Ü¤åªº¥¿¦¡½T¥ß©M¥H¤è¨¥¼g§@ªº
²Ä¤G¡A¦UºØªº¥~¨ÓÆ[©À©MNÃÑ§ÎºAªº´é¤J¡A¦bªÀ|««Ø©M¥Á±Ú®¶¿³¤è±²£¥Í¤F¨âºØ¬Û¤ÏªºÆ[ÂI¡G¥Ñ
²Ä¤T¡A¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº¥[±j¨ë¿E¤F¤Ö¦~¤¤°ê(Young China)ªº±U°_¡A¨Ï¥¦¹ï¦Û¤v¦b²{¥N¥@¬É¤¤§Ä§Ä¥i¦Mªº
µM¦Ó¡A±q¾ú¥vªº¨¤«×¬Ý¡AºÉºÞ¹ï«äQ²©Rªº‾SÂI¦³¨Ç¸Ø¤j¡A¦ý¥¦ªº¥Dn¦¨¥\¡A¦b©ó¤Þ¶i¤F¦è¤èªº«ä
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Alitto, Guy S., The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma
of Modernity (Berkeley, 1978).
2.Briere, D., S. J., Fifty Years of Chinese Philosophy, 1898-1950 (London¡A195
6).
3.Ch'en, Jerome, China and the West: Society and Culture, 1815-1937 (Bloomin
gton, 1980).
4.Chen, Joseph T., The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai: The Making of a Soci
al Movement in Modern China (Leiden, 1971).
5.Chen, Mao, Between Tradtion and Chang: The Hermeneutics of May Fourth Lite
rature (Lanham, Md.¡A1966).
6.³‾ç§Ó¡A¡m¤¥|¹B°Ê¤§¥vªºµû»ù¡n¡A¡]¤W®ü¡A1936¦~¡^¡C
7.Chiang, Monlin, Tides from the West: A Chinese Autobiography (New Haven, 1
947).
8.©P¨qÆ}¡A¡m²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô®É´Á¤¤°ê¥Á±Ú¤u~ªºµo®i¡n(¤W®ü¡A1958¦~¡^¡C
9.Chow, Tse-tsung, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Moder
n China (Cambridge, Mass., I960).
10.De Francis, John, Nationalism and Language Reform in China (Prinecton¡A 195
0).
11.Dewey, John, Lectures in China, 1919-1920, tr. from the Chinese and ed. b
y Robert W. Clopton and Tsuin-chen Ou (Honolulu, 1973).
12.--,Letters from China and Japan (New York, 1921).
13.--,"Old China and New," Asia, XXI:5:445456 (May 1921).
14.--,"New Culture in China," Asia, XXI:7:581-586 (July 1921).
15.Duiker, William J.¡ATs'ai Y an-p 'ei: Educator of Modern China (University
Park, Penn.¡A 1977).
16.¶¾®¦ºa¡A¡m¥þ½L¦è¤Æ¨¥½×Äò¶°¡n¡]¼s¦{¡A1935¦~¡^¡C
17.Fifield, Russel H., Woodrow Wilson and the Far East, The Diplomacy of the
Shantung Question (New York, 1952).
18.Furth, Charlotte, Ting Wen-chiang: Science and China's New Culture (Cambr
idge, Mass., 1970).
19.Goldman, Merle (ed.), Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era (Ca
mbridge, Mass., 1977).
20.Grieder, Jerome B., Hu Shih and the Chinese Renaissance: Liberalism in th
e Chinese Revolution, 1917-79i7 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
21.Hay, Stephen N., Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and His Critics in
Japan, China and India (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
22.Hu, Shih, The Chinese Renaissance (Chicago, 1934).
23.µØ±^¡A¡m¤¥|¹B°Ê¥v¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1951¡^¡C
24.Huang, Sung-k'ang, Lu Hsiin and the New Culture Movement of Modern China
(Amsterdam, 1957).
25.Keenan, Barry C.¡AThe Dewey Experiment in China: Educational Reform and Pol
itical Power in the Early Republic (Cambridge, Mass., 1977).
26.King, Wunsz, China at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 (New York, 1961)
.
27.³¢´ïªi¡A¡mªñ¤¤Q¦~¤¤°ê«äQ¥v¡n (95´ä¡A1965¦~¡^¡C
28.Kwok, D. W. Y.¡AScientism in Chinese Thought (New Haven, 1965).
29.Lau, Joseph S. M.¡A C. T. Hsia, and Leo Ou-fan Lee (eds.)¡A Modern Chinese St
ories and Novels, 1979-1949 (New York, 1981).
30.Lee, Leo Ou-fan, The Romantic Generation of Modern Chinese Writers (Cambr
idge, Mass., 1973).
31.Levenson, Joseph R., Liang Ch¡Ai-ch 'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cambr
idge, Mass., 1953).
32.--,Confucian China and Its Modem Fate, Vol. I: The Problem of Intellectua
l Continuity (Berkeley, 1958), chs. 8-9.
33.Lin Yu-sheng, The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Radical A n titraditio
n I ism in the May Fourth Era (Madison, 1978).
34.§f¾Ç®ü¡A¡m¥þ½L¦è¤Æ¨¥½×¶°¡n¡A¡]¼s¦{¡A1934¦~¡^¡C
35.McDougall, Bonnie S., The Introduction of Western Literary Theory into Mo
dem China, 1919-1925 (Tokyo, 1971).
36.Meisner, Maurice, Li Ta-chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism (Cambridg
e, Mass., 1967).
37.Roy, David T.¡AKuo Mo-jo: The Early Years (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).
38.Russell, Bertrand, The Problems of China (London, 1922).
39.Schneider, Laurence A., Ku Chieh-kang and China's New History: Nationalis
m and the Quest for Alternative Traditions (Berkeley, 1971).
40.Schwarcz, Vera, The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy o
f the May Fourth Movement of 1919 (Berkeley, 1986).
41.Schwartz. Benjamin I. (ed.)¡AReflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symp
osium (Cambridge, Mass., 1972).
42.Wang, Y. C.¡AChinese Intellectuals and the West, 1872-1949 (Chapel Hill, 19
66).
43.¡m¤¥|¹B°Ê½×ÂO¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1961¡^¡C
44.Yeh, Wen-hsin, "Middle County Radicalism: The May Fourth Movement in Hang
ahou," The China Quarterly, 903-925 (Dec, 1994).
45.¾l^®É¡A¡m¤¤°êªñ¥N«äQ¤WªºJ¾A¡n¡A¡]»O¥_¡A1984)¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ³¢´ïªi¡A¡m«e¤¤Q¦~¤¤°ê«äQ¥v¡n¡A«¦L¥»(95´ä¡A1965¦~)¡A²Ä1¶¡C
2 1915¦~1¤ë18¤é¡A¤é¥»¾nµØ¤½¨Ï¤é¸m‾q»¼¥æµ¹°K¥@³Í¡C¨£483¶¡Aª`37¡C
3 ¤@¾á=133¤S1/3½S¡C
4 ©P¨qÆ}¡A¡m²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô®É´Á¤¤°ê¥Á±Ú¤u~ªºµo®i¡n(¤W®ü¡A1958¦~)¡A²Ä1¡B2³¹¡C
5 Tse-tsung Chow¡AThe May Fourth Movement¡GIntellectual Revolution in Modern China (
Cambridge¡AMass,, 1960)¡A26¡A31¡O
6 ¤j§¼Æ¦r±q8,000¨ì13,000¤£µ¥¡C°Ñ¨£Robert A¡OScalapino¡O"Prelude to Maxism¡GThe Chinese Stu
0¡A" in Feuerwerker¡AMurphey¡Aand Wright (eds¡O)¡AApproaches to Modern Chinese History,192¡
7 ³Ìªì¦b1906-1909¦~¤¤°ê¤½¾Ç¸Ìªº¤é¤l¤¤Ń¦³³o¼ËªºQªk¡C
8 Tse-tsung Chow,46¡O
9 Tse-tsung Chow¡A302¡F³¢´ïªi¡A²Ä103¶¡C
11 ³¢´ïªi¡A²Ä124-125¶¡C
12 Tse-tsung Chow¡A219¡C
13 ¥ÑJ¾A¥D½s¡C
14 Tse-tsung Chow¡A183¡O
15 ¬°¤Fªí²{°ê®a²Î¤@¡A¥Nªí¹Î¦¨û¥]¬A¥_¨Ê¬F©²©M®]¤¤¤sªº¼s¦{¬F©²¨â¤è±ªº¤Hû¡C
16 ³o¶µì«h³W©w¡A±ø¬ùªº¥Ø¼Ð©Î¥¦©Ò½lµ²ªº±ø¥ó¤£¦A¦s¦b®É¡A±ø¬ùŃµL®Ä¡C
17 ¤ñ¦pColonel House¡O
18 ¡m¥_µØ±¶³ø¡n(North China Herald)¡A1919¦~5¤ë17¤é¡A415¶¡A²¤¦³§ï°Ê¡C
19 ¥~¥æ³¡Á`ªø¡C
20 ¡m¥_µØ±¶³ø¡n¡A1919¦~5¤ë17¤é¡A¶413¡C¡O
21 Foreign Relations of the United States¡A1919¡AXI¡A602
22 John Dewey¡A"New Culture in China," Asia¡AXXI¡G7¡G581(July 1921)¡O
23 Dewey¡A586¡O
24 Betrand Russell¡AThe Problem of China (London¡A1922)¡A41¡O
25 ¦P¤W¡A81-82¡A192-94¡O
26 *Ä¶ªÌª`¡G§Y±i§g°É¡C
27 ¡m¨C©Pµû½×¡n(WeekJy Critic)¡A1997¦~7¤ë20¤é¡C
28 Maurice Meisner ,Li Ta-chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism (Cambridge,Mas
s.¡A1967)¡A107¡O
29 Meisner¡A107¡O
30 Meisner,111.
33 Meisner¡A108-109¡O
34 ³¢´ïªi¡A²Ä317¶¡C
35 ¦P¤W¡A²Ä318¶¡C
36 «á¤@µÛ§@ªº^Ä¶¥»¬O®}¤¤¬ùÂ½Ä¶ªº¡A1959¦~¥ÑHarvard University Press¥Xª©¡C
37 ¨Ò¦p¿ú¥È¦P(¥j¤åÄm)©MÅU¾eè(¾ú¥v)¡C
38 Tse-tsung Chow¡A347¡A349¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
289
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤G³¹
«ä¼é¼ê´û©M¤Ï«Ò¹B°Ê¤¤ªº°ê®a²Î¤@
«äQ²©R¤§«á¡A¨âÓ«¤jªº¬Fªv¨Æ¥óµo®i°_¨Ó¡A§@¬°¹ï«X°ê¥¬º¸¤°ºû§J²©R(Bolshevik Revolution
1.¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒªº½Ï¥Í¡A1921¦~
¤¤°ê¤H±µÄ²°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¤j¬ù¶}©l©ó1905¦~¥ª¥k¡A³o®É¡m¥Á³ø¡n²Ä¤G´Á¥Zµn¤F¤@½g°¨§J«ä(Karl Marx)
°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¦b«äQ©M¤ß²z¤Wªº§l¤Þ¤O¡A¦]¬°¦³Ä¬ºû®Jªº¤Í¦n¥ÜN©M»¤¤Hªº¦C¹ç¥D¸qªº«Ò°ê¥D¸q²z½×¦
¦b³oºØ¤Í¦n¥ÜN¤§¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¨º®¶¾Ä¤H¤ßªº¦C¹çÃö©ó«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº²z½×¡C¦C¹ç«Å¥¬¡A«Ò°ê¥D¸q¬O¸ê¥»¥D¸
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A°¨¦C¥D¸q¦b«äQ¤Wªº§l¤Þ¤O¡BÄ¬ºû®J¬FÅvªº¥D°Ê¥Ü¦n¤Î¥¬º¸¤°ºû§J²©Rªº¹ê»Ú¦¨¥\¡A¦@¦P¦
°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¹ï¤¤°êª¾ÃÑ¤À¤lªº½ÄÀ»¡A»P¤¥|¹B°Êªº¤O«×¤@¼Ë¡A²£¥Í¥O¤H¾_Ååªº®ÄªG¡CµM¦Óªì´Á¤j¦h¼
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥t¤@Ó¤p²Õ¤]»E¶°¦b§õ¤j°x©P³ò¡A1919¦~12¤ë¡A¥Lªº°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¬ã¨s|§ï¥ÑªÀ|¥D¸q¬ã¨
1921¦~7¤ë¡A¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒªº¦¨¥ß¤j|--«á¨ÓºÙ¬°ÄÒªº²Ä¤@¦¸¥Nªí¤j|--¦b¤W®üªk‾²¬Éªº¤@©Ò¤k¤l±H±J
¥LÌ¤£¶È§Î¦¨¨âÓ¦a¤è¬£Ã´¡A¦Ó¥B¹ï©ó¤u¤H©M¹A¥Á¦b²©R¤¤ªº¦a¦ìªº¬Ýªk¤]¤j¬Û®|®x¡C³‾¿W¨qÃÙ¦P¼
ºÉºÞÄÒ¤ä«ù³‾ªº¥ß³õ¡A¦ý§õªº¬Ýªk«o¤]´£¨Ñ¤F¥t¥~¤@ºØ±j¦³¤Oªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¨Ã¥B²`¨è¼vÅT¤F¦~»´§U¤â¤ò¿
2.°ê¥ÁÄÒªº§ï²Õ¡A1923-1924¦~
¥¬º¸¤°ºû§J²©R¤£¶È¼vÅT¤F¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒªº«Ø¥ß¡A¦Ó¥B«P¶i¤F°ê¥ÁÄÒªº§ï²Õ¡Cªø´Á¥H¨Ó¡A¤¤°ê²©R¤§¤
¦P¼Ë¥O®]¤¤¤s§xóªº¬O¡A¦è¤è°¦¬O¤ä«ùx»Ö¡A¦Ó¹ï¥L¨î©wªº°ê»Úµo®i¤¤°êp¹º«h¤£P¿³½ì¡C¦¦b191
¥Á°ê´Á¶¡¡A®]¤¤¤s¨ü¨ì¤T¤è±°ÝÃDªº§é¿i¡G¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸q¡BÄÒ¤º‾Éª§©M°ê¤º½Ä¬ð¡C¹ï³o´XÓ°ÝÃD¡A¥
®]¤¤¤sÁÙ¨ü¨ì¨âÓ¦]‾Àªº¼vÅT¡G¤@Ó¬O¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒªº«Ø¥ß¡A¥¦¤w¸g©M³Ò¤u²ÕÂ´§Î¦¨±K¤ÁÁpÃ´¡F¥t¤@
µM¦Ó¡A®]¤¤¤s»Ýnµ¥«J®É¾÷¡AÅ×¥i¥H¾Ç²ßÄ¬ºû®J¦¨¥\ªº‾µ±K©M§ï²Õ°ê¥ÁÄÒ¡A¦]¬°®]¤¤¤s°¦¤£¹L¬O¼s¦
1921¦~¬K¡A¦@²£°ê»Úªº²üÄõ¥Nªí°¨ªL(H¡OMating)»P®]¤¤¤s¦b¼s¦è|±¡A¥L¹ï®]ªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªÌºë‾«©M
®]¤¤¤sÄ@N±µ¨ü¦@²£ÄÒûªºì¦]«Ü¦h¡C¥L¬O¤@Ó²zQ¥D¸qªÌ¡AP¨ì¥]¬A¦@²£ÄÒû¦b¤ºªº©Ò¦³¤¤°ê¤H³
¦@²£°ê»Ú¬£»º¤F¶V¸(Adolf Joffe)¨Ó¤¤°ê¡Aºë¤ßµ¦¹º"Ä¬ºû®J--°ê¥ÁÄÒ--¦@²£ÄÒ"¦X§@ªº°òÂ¦¡C1922
1¤ë12¤é¡A¦@²£°ê»Ú«ü¥Ü¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒÄÒû¥[¤J°ê¥ÁÄÒ¡A¨Ã°Ñ¥[®]¤¤¤sªº¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¥Á¥D²©R¡C³‾¿W¨q«j
1923¦~1¤ë26¤é¡A®]¤¤¤s©M¶V¸½Í§P¹F¦¨¤@¶µÁp¦X«Å¨¥¡A¥]¬A¥|ÓnÂI¡G(1)¥Ø«e¦b¤¤°ê¤£¾A©y¹ê¦æ¦
®]¤¤¤s¦b»P¶V¸ªº½Í§P¤¤¡A®i²{¤F¤@¦ì§NÀR°È¹êªº¬Fªv®aªºªö¡CºÉºÞ¥L«æ©ó´M¨DÄ¬ºû®Jªº´©§U¡A¦
Ä¬ºû®J¦b®]¤¤¤s©M¶V¸ªº¨óÄ³¤§«á¡A¬£»º¸gÅçÂ×Íªº¥~¥æ®aÀjÃ¹§Ê(Mikhail Borodin)¨Ó¤¤°ê¡AÀ°§U
²Ä¤@©¡°ê¥ÁÄÒ¥þ°ê¥Nªí¤j|©ó1924¦~1¤ë20¤é¦Ü30¤éÁ|¦æ¡A¦@¦³165¦W¥Nªí°Ñ¥[¡C®]¤¤¤s¦b¤j|¤W±j½
íµM¡AºÉºÞ¦³¨Ç°ê¥ÁÄÒÄÒû¤£¤Ï¹ï»PÄ¬ºû®Jµ²ù¡A¦ý«o¤£Ä@N±µ¨ü¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¡C®]¤¤¤s@¤ß¦a¦V¥L
®]¤¤¤s¬°¤F²©Rªº§Q‾q¡A±µ‾Ç¤F¦@²£¥D¸qªÌ¡A¦ý¥L¦ü¥G¨S¦³»{ÃÑ¨ì¨ä¦æ°Êªº¥þ³¡§t¸q¡C¥L¤´µM¬O¤@
¦P®É¡A¤j|ÁÙ³Ð«Ø¤F¤@Ó¥]¬A§õ¤j°x¦b¤ºªº¤¤H¥D®u¹Î¡C17¤j|¥H¤@¥÷«Å¨¥µ²§ô¡C³o¥÷«Å¨¥±j½Õ¤Ï«
°ê¦@¦X§@°¦¤£¹L¬O¤@³õ°l¨D§Q‾qªºµ²¦X¡AÂù¤è³£»Ýn¹ï¤è¡A¦ý¤]¹½ć¹ï¤è¡C°ê¥ÁÄÒ¦b®¶¿³ÄÒ¡Bµo®i¤
3.¥_¥ï»P°ê¦@¤Àµõ
®]¤¤¤s§ï²Õ°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤§«á¡A«æ©ó«ì´_©ì©µ¤w¤[ªº¥_¥ï¨Ó±½¿ºx»Ö¡A¨Ã®À±Ñx»ÖI«áªº«Ò°ê¥D¸q¤ä«ùªÌ¡
®]¤¤¤sªº¬Fªv«¥ôŃ¸¨¦b¨Lºë½Ã©MJº~¥Á¨¤W¡A¨â¤H¤À§O¬O°ê¥ÁÄÒªº¥ª¬£©M¥k¬£»â¾É¤H¡C¦ý¬OxÅv«
x©x«Ü§Ö¦¨¬°¶Õ¤O±j¤jªºx¨Æ¤O¶q¡C¥LÌÂíÀ£¤F1924¦~10¤ëªº´ä¸f°Ó¹Î«q¶Ã¡A18ÅX³v¤F«qÅÜ¬Ùªø³‾¬
1¡Oª½Ã´x»Ö§d¨Ø§±±¨îµÛªe«n¡B´ò¥_¡Aª½Áõ©M´ò«nªº³¡¤À¦a°Ï¡A¥H¤Î¨Êº~ÅK¸ô¡C
2¡O©^Ã´x»Ö±i§@ÀM¤w¦b¥_¨Ê¦Û«Ê¬°Á`¥q¥O¡A±±¨îµÛªF¥_¡Bª½Áõ¡B¤sªF¡A¥H¤Î¨Ê©^ÅK¸ô©M¬z®úÅK¸ô¡C
3¡O¤w±qª½Ã´°h¥Xªº®]¶ÇªÚ¦b«n¨Ê¦Û¥ß¡A²ÎªvµÛ¦¿Ä¬¡B®ý¦¿¡BºÖ«Ø¡B¦¿¦è©M¦wÀ²ªF«n¤¬Ù¡C
¦¹¥~¡A¦è¥_ÁÙ¦³¨â¬£¿W¥ßªºªZ¸Ë¤O¶q¡A¬J¤£ÄÝ©ó¨º¨Çx»Ö¶°¹Î¤]¤£ÄÝ©ó²©Rx¶¤¡AµM¦Ó¡A¥LÌ¶É¦V¦
1¡O¶¾¥É²»ªº"°ê¥Áx"¡A¦¤wºM°h¨ì¦è¥_¦Ó¨üª½Ã´©M©^Ã´¶Õ¤OªºÀ£¢¡C
2¡OÀF¿ü¤s¦b¤s¦è©Ò«Ø¥ßªºÃ©T®Ú¾Ú¦a¡A¨S¦³°Ñ¥[°ê¤º¾Ôª§¡C
½±¤¶¥Ûªº¾Ô²¤¬Oº¥ý°Q¥ï§d¨Ø§¡AµM«á¬O®]¶ÇªÚ©M±i§@ÀM¡C¥Ñ©ó±o¨ìÄ¬ºû®Jªº´©§U¡A19¦@²£ÄÒªº¥ý»
ª§½×¥Dn¬OµoºÝ©óÂù«¨¤Àªº°ÝÃD¡A¥H¤Î¥Ñ¦¹¦Ó¨Óªº"ÄÒ¤º¦³ÄÒ"ªº±À½×¡C°ê¥ÁÄÒû±µ‾Ç¤FÓ¤H¨¤Àª
1925¦~8¤ë¹ù¥ò_¾D¨ë±þ«á¡A¤j¬ù15¦W°ê¥ÁÄÒ°õ¦æ©eû|©MºÊ¹î©eû|ªº¥kÁl¦¨û20Â÷¶}¼s¦{¡A«e©¹
¤õ¤W¼åªoªº¬O1926¦~3¤ë20¤éªº"¤¤¤sÄ¥¨Æ¥ó"¡C³o¤@¤Ñ¨ü¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¼vÅTªº¤¤¤sÄ¥²îªø¸j¬[½±ªº¥ø¹Ï
¦b°ê¥ÁÄÒ¦¨¥\¦a±N³o¨Ç¨î±j¥[µ¹¦@²£ÄÒ¤§«á¡A½±©ó1926¦~7¤ë¶}©l¥_¥ï¡C¦p«e©Òz¡A½±ªºx¶¤¶i®i
ªZº~¬F©²³B©óÀjÃ¹§Ê©M°ê¥ÁÄÒ¥ªÁlªº²Îªv¤U¡A¨âÓ«nªº³¡ªù¤u¤H³¡©M¹A¥Á³¡¬Ò¥Ñ¦@²£ÄÒût³d¡C2
½±¦P®É«ü´§¤F¤@¦¸¦¨¥\ªºx¨Æ¦æ°Ê¡A¨³³t¦a¦b¤¤°êªF³¡©MªF«n³¡«Ø¥ß¤FÅv¤O°òÂ¦¡C¥L¬GN¹ïÀjÃ¹§Ê©
½±¦b¹çºª÷¿Ä°]¹Îªº¤ä«ù¤U¡A¤U©w¨M¤ßÃg»@¦@²£ÄÒ¡C1927¦~4¤ë1O¤é¤@³õ"²MÄÒ"¹B°Ê²ÕÂ´°_¨Ó¤F¡A¨Ã
¦b¦@²£ÄÒªº§ÜÄ³¤U¡A³B©ó«BÄÆn¤¤ªºªZº~¬F©²©ó4¤ë17¤é¸Ñ°£¤F½±ªº°ê¥Á²©RxÁ`¥q¥OÂ¾°È¡C½±¹ï
ÀjÃ¹§Ê¬°¤F»P½±¦b¤W®ü©M«n¨Êªº¦¨¥\¤¬¬Û§Ü¿Å¡A«ØÄ³ªZº~¬F©²À³¦Û¤v¦V¥_¨Êµo°Ê"¤G¦¸¥_¥ï"¡A26¥H´
³oÓp¹º¨ü¨ì¦@²£°ê»Úªºs¥NªíÃ¹¥ì(M¡ON¡ORoy)ªº¤Ï¹ï¡A²z¥Ñ¬O¨Ì¾a¶¾©MÀFªº¤ä«ù¤Ó¦MÀI¤F¡CÃ¹¥ì
¦pp¹º©Ò©w¡AªZº~x¶¤¦¨¥\§ð¶iªe«n¡A«³Ð©^Ã´x¶¤¡A»P¶¾¥É²»¦b«nªºÅK¸ô¤¤¤ß¾G¦{|®v¡CµM¦Ó¡
³o®É¡A¶¾¥É²»«ØÄ³¥Ñ½±¡BªZº~©M¥L¦Û¤v¶i¦æÁp¦X¥_¥ï¡C¹ïÀjÃ¹§Ê©M³‾¿W¨q¦Ó¨¥¡AÁp¦X¥_¥ïŃN¨ýµÛ"
¶¾¥É²»ªºÅÜ¸`©MÀF¿ü¤sªº©Úµ´¦X§@¡A¤£¶È‾»¸H¤FÀjÃ¹§Êªº¥_¥ï¡A¦Ó¥B¨ÏªZº~³´¤J¼Ä¹ï¶Õ¤Oªº¥]³ò¤¤¡
7¤ë13¤é¡AÀjÃ¹§Ê«Å¥¬¦@²£ÄÒû±N°h¥X¬FÅv¡A¦ý¤£°h¥X°ê¥ÁÄÒ¡C¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ±NÄÒ³¡¾E©¹¦¿¦è¤E¦¿¡A¨Ã
ºÉºÞ¬Ý°_¨Ó¨Lºë½Ã¤w¸g©M¦@²£ÄÒ¤Àµõ¡A¦ýÁÙ‾à°÷®e§Ô¥LÌ¡A¨S¦³¥ß§Y¶i¦æ²M¬~¡A¤]¨S¦³±N¦@²£ÄÒ±q°
8¤ë1¤é¡A¦@²£ÄÒûÉµÛ°ê¥ÁÄÒ¥ª¬£ªº¦W¸q¦b«n©÷°_¸q¡A³Ì²×¤ÞPP©Rªº¥´À»¡C¨L¨M©w©R¥O¥þ±²M¬~¦
¬JµM«n¨Ê©MªZº~³£²M¬~¤F¦@²£ÄÒ¡A¦b¤W®üªº¦è¤s|Ä³¬£Ń´£Ä³©M¸Ñ¡C¤@Ó‾S®íªº¤¤¥¡©eû|¦b«n¨Ê¦
ºÉºÞ1928¦~2¤ëªZº~¬F©²¸Ñ´²¡A¦ý¬Fªv©eû|ªº¤@Ó¤ä³¡Ä~Äò¦s¦bµÛ¡CÀHµÛÄÒ¤º½Ä¬ðªº³Ì²×¸Ñ¨M¡A½±
¦^ÅU¾ú¥v¡A°¦‾à±o¥X³o¼Ëªºµ²½×¡A°ê¦@¤ÀµõÃÒ©ú¤F´µ¤jªL¬Fµ¦¦b¤¤°êªº¹ý©³¥¢±Ñ¡C´µ¤jªLQÅÌ¨úµL²
4.¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¥~¥æ
¦b¤¤°ê¡A«ä¼é©M¬FªvÁßÆCªº®É¥N¡A¤]Ń¬O¥Á±Ú¥D¸q°ªº¦ªº®É¥N¡C¦b¥~¥æ»P°ê¤º¾Ô½u¤W¡A¤¤°ê¤Hªº¦æ¬
4.1µØ²±¹y|Ä³ ¤Ú¾¤©M|¦b¥µ¥¸Ñ¨M¤sªF°ÝÃD©M³B²z³\¦h¤Ó¥¬vª§ºÝ¤Wªº¥¢±Ñ¡A¨Ï¬ü°êI¤WÏ«
¤¤°ê¥Nªí¹Îº¡Ãh§Æ±æ¦Ó¨Ó¡A¨Ã´£§e¤F¤@¥÷¤EÂI«ØÄ³®Ñ¡An¨D»P|°ê´L«¤¤°êªº»â¤g§¹¾ã©M¬Fªv¿W¥ß¡
¦b¬ü°êªº¤ä«ù¤U¡A¤¤°êªº«ØÄ³³Q¦X¨Ã¬°¥|¶µÁ`ì«h¡A¦Ó¥B³Ì²×³Q¼g¶i¤F1922¦~2¤ë6¤é¤E°ê¤½¬ùªº¤å¥
¦Ü©ó¤sªF°ÝÃD¡A«h¥Ñ¤¤¤é¨â°ê¦b^°ê©M¬ü°êªºµ½NÀ°§U¤Uª½±µ½Í§P¡C¥@¬É»P½×¡A¤×¨ä¬O¬ü°ê©x¤è©M«
¦b|Ä³ªº¨ä¥¦³õ¦XÁÙ½lµ²¤F¨â¶µ«nªº°ê»Ú¨óÄ³¡C1921¦~12¤ë13 ¤éªº¥|°ê¤½¬ù¡A¦®¦b¨ú¥N^¤é¦Pù
ªí±¤W³oÓ®üx±ø¬ù¬OÄë©Ê¤é¥»ªº§Q‾q¡A¦Ó¦³§Q©ó^°ê©M¬ü°ê¡A¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W¦b´X¤è±¬O¹ï¤é¥»¦³§Q¡C
¤¤°ê¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº°ªº¦¤E°ê¤½¬ù°ò¥»¤W¬OÃ±¬ù°ê¹ï¤¤°ê¥¼¨Óµo®iªºµ½Nªí¥Ü¡A¦ý¬O¥¦‾Ê¤Ö±j¢¹ê¬IªºÅ
¥Á±Ú¥D¸qÃzµo¨Æ¥ó¤¤³Ì¦³¦Wªº¬O1925¦~ªº"¤¤ÊºG®×"¡A°_½¬Oí¦b|Ä³ªº¨ä¥¦³õ¦XÁÙ½lµ²¤F¨â¶µ«
ªí±¤W³oÓ®üx±ø¬ù¬OÄë©Ê¤é¥»ªº§Q‾q¡A¦Ó¦³§Q©ó^°ê©M¬ü°ê¡A¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W¦b´X¤è±¬O¹ï¤é¥»¦³§Q¡C
4.2¤¤°ê¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº°ªº¦ ¤E°ê¤½¬ù°ò¥»¤W¬OÃ±¬ù°ê¹ï¤¤°ê¥¼¨Óµo®iªºµ½Nªí¥Ü¡A¦ý¬O¥¦‾Ê¤Ö±j¢
¥Á±Ú¥D¸qÃzµo¨Æ¥ó¤¤³Ì¦³¦Wªº¬O1925¦~ªº"¤¤ÊºG®×"¡A°_½¬Oí¦~¤W®ü¤@®a¤é¥»´Ö‾¼¼tªº¤¤°ê¤u¤H¬
"¤¤ÊºG®×"¿E°_¥þ°ê¾Ç¥Í¡B¤u¤H©M°Ó¤Hªº§ÜÄ³¡B½}¤u©M©è¨î¤é³f¹B°Ê¡Cª½¨ì12¤ë¡Aí^°êÄy¨µ®©ÐÁ
¦b³o¨ÇÃzµo¨Æ¥ó¤¤¡A¤W®ü¤½¦@‾²¬É¤ºªº¤¤°ê¤H¤£¿ò¾l¤O¦a§ÜÄ³"¥æµ|«oµL¥NªíÅv"¡C1926¦~¡A¥~°ê¿ï¥
¦b¤Ï«Ò¹B°Êªº¨ä¥¦»â°ì»q¡A¤¤°ê¤H¦¨¥\¦a¦¬´_¤F³\¦h«°¥«ªº¥~°ê‾²¬É¦a¡A¥H¤Î«Ü¤jµ{«×¤WªºÃöµ|¦Û¥
5.«n¨Ê°ê¥Á¬F©²
ÀHµÛ1928¦~¥_¥ïªº¦¨¥\¡A®]¤¤¤s¤T¶¥¬q²©R½×¤¤ªºx¨Æ¶¥¬q§¹¦¨¤F¡A²Ä¤GÓ¶¥¬q§Y°V¬F¶¥¬q¤]¨ì¤F¹
¬F©²ªº¥Dn‾S¦â¬O¥Á°ê¥D®u¤§¤Uªº¤°|µ²ºc¡C34¤°|¤¤³Ì«nªº¬O¦æ¬F°|¡A§Y³qºÙ¬°"¤º»Õ"ªº¦æ¬Fº
¥ßªk°|¥]¬A44¦W¨ì99¦W©eû¡A¥LÌ¬O«öÓ¦a²z°Ï°ì¤j¤p¿ïÁ|¥X¨Ó¡A¥ô´Á¨â¦~¡C¥ßªk°|»P¦è¤è°ê|¤£¦
¥qªk°|¬O°ê®aªº³Ì°ª¥qªk¾÷Ãö¡At³d¸ÑÄÀªk«ß©R¥O¡Aµo¥¬³j§K¡B´î¦D¤Î¥ÁÅv½ßÀv¡A¨ó½Õªk®xÅé¨î¡Cµ
¦Ò¸Õ°|³]©w¬°¬F©²ªº¤@Ó¿W¥ß¾÷ºc¡A¤@©wµ{«×¤W¬O©ÓÅ§¦Û¶Ç²Îªº¬ìÁ|¦Ò¸Õ¡CÄÝ¤U¦³¨âÓ³¡¡G¦Ò¸Õ©e
ºÊ¹î°|¦b¥\‾à¤W»PÂÂªº³£¹î°|¬Û¦ü¡A¥]¬A19¦Ü29¦W¦¨û¡AºÊ¹î¬F©²¹B§@¡A¼fp¹wºâ¡A¼u¨ðÂpÂ¾©xû¡
¤°|¦U¥Ñ¤@¦ì°|ªø©M¤@¦ì°Æ°|ªø»â¾É¡A³q±`¬O°ê¥ÁÄÒªº°ª‾Å¦¨û¡C°ê¥Á¬F©²ÃöÁä©xûªºº¥÷¦W³æ¦p¤
¥Á°ê¥D®u¡G½±¤¶¥Û(½±¤¤¥¿)
¦æ¬F°|¡G°|ªø¡AÃÓ©µ»Ô °Æ°|ªø¡A¶¾¥É²»
¥ßªk°|¡G°|ªø¡AJº~¥Á °Æ°|ªø¡AªL´Ë
¥qªk°|¡G°|ªø¡A¤ýÃd´f °Æ°|ªø¡A±iÄ~
¦Ò¸Õ°|¡G°|ªø¡AÀ¹©u³³ °Æ°|ªø¡A®]¬ì
ºÊ¹î°|¡G°|ªø¡A½²¤¸°ö °Æ°|ªø¡A³‾ªG¤Ò
s¬F©²P¤O©ó§¹¦¨®]¤¤¤sªº¿òÄ@--¤T¥Á¥D¸q¡B¤Åv¾Ëªk©M°ê¥Á«Ø³]¤jºõ¡A¥H¤Î®]¤¤¤sÀ±‾d®Éªº©I¦S¡
¤T¶¥¬q²©R--¥Á±Úªº¡B¥Á¥Dªº¡BªÀ|ªº²©R--ªº¬D¾Ô½T¹ê««¡A¬F©²ªº³d¥ô«¤j¡A¨ä‾à¤O¬O§_³ôí¨
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Adshead, S. A. M.¡AThe Modernization of the Chinese Salt Administration, 190
0-1920 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
2.Bernal, Martin, Chinese Socialism to 1907 (Utica, 1976). Bianco, Lucien, O
rigins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949 (Stanford, 1971).
3.Borg, Dorothy, American Policy and the Chinese Revolution, 1925-1928 (New
York, 1947).
4.Brandt, Conrad, Stalin's Failure in China, 1924-1927 (Cambridge, Mass., 19
58).
5.--¡ABenjamin Schwartz, and John K. Fairbank, A Documentary History of Chines
e Communism (London, 1952).
6.Chan, F. Gilbert, and Thomas H. Etzold, China in the 1920's: Nationalism a
nd Revolution (New York, 1976).
7.Ch'en Jerome. "The Left Wing Kuomingtang - a Definition," Bulletin of the
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, XXV: Part 3: 557-7
6(1962).
8.Chesneaux, Jean, The Chinese Labor Movement, 1919-1927, tr. from the Frenc
h by H. M. Wright (Stanford, 1968).
9.Chiang, Kai-shek, China's Destiny (New York, 1947).
10.--¡ASoviet Russia in China: A Summing Up at Seventy (New York, 1957).
11.½±¥Ãq¡A¡mÀjÃ¹§Ê»PªZº~¬FÅv¡n¡m»O¥_¡A1963¦~¡^¡C
12.Dirlik, Arif, Revolution and History: Origins of Marxist Historiography i
n China, 7919-79-7 (Berkeley, 1978).
13.Elleman, Bruce A., Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino-So
viet Diplomatic Relations, 1977-1927 (Armonk, N.Y., 1997).
14.Fewsmith, Joseph, Party, State, and Local Elites in Republican China: Mer
chant Organizations and Politics in Shanghai, 1890-1930 (Honolulu, 1984).
15.Hofheinz, Roy, Jr., "The Autumn Harvest Insurrection," The China Quarterl
y, 32: 37-87 (Oct.-Dec. 1967).
16.--¡AThe Broken Wave: The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922-1928(Camb
ridge, Eng., 1977).
17.Holubnychy, Lydia, Michael Borodin and the Chinese Revolution, 1923-1925
(University Microfilms International for the East Asian Institute, Columbia Univ
ersity, 1979).
18.Honig, Emily, Sisters and Strangers: Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills,
1919-1949 (Stanford, 1986).
19.Hsiao, Tso-liang, Chinese Communism in 1927: City vs. Countryside (Hong K
ong, 1970).
20.Iriye, Akira, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far Ea
st, 1921-1931 (Cambridge, Mass.¡A1965).
21.Isaacs, Harold R., The Tragedy of Chinese Revolution (Stanford, 1951).
22.Jacobs, Dan N.¡ABorodin: Stalin's Man in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).
23.Jordan, Donald A., The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution o
f 1926-1928 (Honolulu, 1976).
24.Kagan, Richard C.¡A"Ch'en Tu-hsiu's Unfinished Autobiography," The China Qu
arterly, 50:295-314 (April-June 1972).
25.Kasanin, Marc, China in the Twenties (Moscow, 1973).
26.King, Wunsz, China at the Washington Conference, 1921-1922 (New York, 196
3).
27.Kovalev, E. F., "New Materials on the First Congress of the Communist Par
ty of China," Chinese Studies in History, VII:3:19-36 (Spring 1974).
28.³¢µØÛ¡A¡m¤¤¦@¥v½×¡n¡A4¨÷¥»(»O¥_¡A1969-71¦~¡^¡C
29.Kuo, Thomas C., Ch 'en Tu-hsiu (1879-1942) and the Chinese Communist Move
ment (South Orange, N.J., 1975).
30.Kuo, Warren, Analytical History of the Chinese Communist Party (Taipei, 1
968), 2 vols.
31.Kwei, Chung-gi, The Kuomintang-Communist Struggle in China, 1922-1949 (Th
e Hague, 1970).
32.Landis, Richard B.¡A"The Origins of Whampoa Graduates Who Served in the Nor
thern Expedition," Studies on Asia, 149-63 (1964).
33.Lee, Chong-sik, Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism an
d Soviet Interest, 1922-1945 (Berkeley 1983).
34.Lee, Feigon, Chen Duxiu: The Founder of the Chinese Communist Party (Prin
ceton, 1983).
35.Leong, Sow-theng, Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1919-1926 (Honolulu,
1976).
36.Li, Yu-ning, The Introduction of Socialism into China (New York, 1971).
37.Loh, Pichon P. Y.¡AThe Early Chiang Kai-shek: A Study of His Personality an
d Politics, 1887-1924 (New York, 1971).
38.MacFarquhar, Roderick L., "The Whampoa Military Academy," Papers on China
, Harvard University, Vol. 9 (1955).
39.McDonald, Angus W" Jr., The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and
the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927 (Berkeley, 1978).
40.Meisner, Maurice, Li Ta-chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism (Cambridg
e, Mass,. 1967).
41.Nathan, Andrew, Peking Politics, 1918-1923 (Berkely, 1976).
42.North, Robert C., Kuomingtang and Chinese Communist Elites (Stanford, 195
2).
43.--¡AMoscow and Chinese Communists (Stanford, 1953).
44.--,and Xenia J. Eudin, M. N. Roy's Mission to China (Berkeley, 1963).
45.Rea, Kenneth W. (ed.)¡ACanton in Revolution: The Collected Papers of Earl S
wisher, 1925-1928 (Boulder, 1977).
46.Roy, M. N.¡AMy Experience in China (Calcutta, 1945).
47.--¡ARevolution and Counter-Revolution in China (Calcutta, 1946).
48.Schwartz, Benjamin I.¡AChinese Communism and the Rise of Mao (Cambridge, Ma
ss., 1958).
49.Snow, Edgar, Red Star over China (New York, 1938).
50.So, Wai-chor, The Kuomingtang Left in the National Revolution, 1924-1931
(Hong Kong, 1991).
51.T'ang, Leang-li, The Inner History of the Chinese Revolution (London, 192
0).
52.--,The Suppression of Communist Banditry in China (Shanghai, 1934).
53.Thornton, Richard C.¡A"The Emergence of a New Comintern Strategy for China:
1928," in M. M, Drackhovitch and B. Lazitch (eds.)¡AThe Comintern : Historical Hi
ghlights (New York, 1966), 66-110.
54.--¡AChina, the Struggle for Power¡A 1917-1972 (Bloomington, 1973)¡A
55.Trotsky, Leon, Problems of the Chinese Revolution, 3rd ed¡C (New York, 1966
).
56.¤ý¦Ö§¡¡A¡m¤¤Ä¬¥~¥æªº§Ç¹õ--±qÀuªL¨ì¶V¸¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1963¦~¡^¡C
57.Whiting, Allen S., Soviet Policies in China, 1917-1924 (New York, 1954).
58.Wilbur, C. Martin, "Military Separatism and the Process of Reunification
under the Nationalist Regime¡A1922-1937¡A" in Ping-ti Ho and Tang Tsou (eds.), China
in Crisis, Vol. I, China¡Bs Heritage and the Communist Political System (Chicago,
1968), Book I, 203-63.
59.--¡AThe Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 (New York, 1985).
60.--¡Aand Julie Lien-ying How (eds.), Documents on Communism, Nationalism¡Aand
Soviet Advisers in China, 1918-1927: Papers Seized in the 1927 Peking 1fa1J (New
York, 1956).
61.--,Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 192
01927 (Cambridge, Mass" 1989).
62.Willoughby, W. W., China at the Conference (Baltimore, 1922).
63.§d¬Û´ð¡A¡m«X«Ò«I²¤¤¤°ê¥v¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1957¦~¡^¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä1-2³¹¡C
64.Wu, Tien-wei¡A"Chiang Kai-shek's March Twentieth Coup d¡A6tat of 1926" The Jo
urnal of Asian Studies, XXVII.3:585-602 (May 1968)¡C
65.Xing, Jun. Baptized in the Fire of Revolution: The American Social Gospel
and the YMCA in China, 1919-1957 (Bethlehem, Penn. 1996).
66.Xu¡AXiaoqun¡A"The Fate of Judicial Independence in Republican China, 19121937
," The China Quarterly, 1-28 (March 1997).
67.Yoshihashi, Takehikot Conspiracy at Mukden: The Rise of the Japanese Mili
tary (New Haven, 1963).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Martin Bemal¡AChinese Socialism to 1907(Utica¡A1976)¡A111¡A137¡FMaurice Meisner, Li Pa-c
hao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism (Cambridge¡AMass.¡A1976)¡A100¡O
2 ³q¹L¥~¥æ¤H¥Á©eû«´¤ÁªL(G¡OV¡OChicherin)©ó1918¦~7¤ë4¤é©M°Æ¥~¥æ¤H¥Á©eû©Ôü(Leo Karakhan)©ó
3 Meisner,113.
4 ³Õ¤å¤k®Õ¡C
5 ¥]¬A¤ò¿AªF¡A¦ý¦bªk°êªº©P®¦¨Ó©M¦b¼w°êªº¦¶¼w¨S¦³°Ñ¥[¡C
6 Meisner¡A242¡O
7 Meisner¡A239¡O
8 *Ä¶ªÌª`¡G¥Áºé¹B°Ê(narodnik)²£¥Í©ó¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤»¤Q¨ì¤C¤Q¦~¥Nªº«X°ê¡A³\¦h²©R«C¦~¨ü¨ìí®É"¨ì¥Á¶
9 Meisner¡A81¡O
10 C¡OMartin Wilbur and Julie Lien-ying How, Documents on Communism, Nationalism,
and Soviet Advisers in China,1918-1927:Papers Seized in the l927 Peking Raid (Ne
w York¡A1956)¡A138¡O
11 ½±¥Ãq¡A¡mÀjÃ¹§ÊÁÖªZº~¬FÅv¡n(»O¥_¡A1963)¡A²Ä2-3¶¡C
12 Benjamin I¡OSchwartz¡AChinese Communism and the Rise of Mao(Cambridge¡AMass.¡A1958)¡A53¡
60¡O
13 *§Y½±¤¤¥¿¡C
14 §¹¾ã¤å¥»¨£Conxod Brandt¡ABenjamin I. Schwartz, and John K¡OFairbank, A Document History
mmunism (London, 1952)¡A70-71¡O
15 Wilbur and How¡A149¡O
16 Schwartz¡A80¡O
17 ¨ä¥¦¦¨û¥]¬A®]¤¤¤s¥»¤H¡AJº~¥Á¡B¨Lºë½Ã©MªL´Ë¡C
18 ¥ÑJÂ×»È¦æ¶R¿ì³‾G§B²ÕÂ´ªº¡C
19 1924¦~10¤ë¦Ü1925¦~12¤ëÄ¬ºû®Jµ¹°ê¥ÁÄÒªº´©§U¹F200¸U¿c¥¬¡C°Ñ¨£Wilbur and How¡A169¡C
20 ¥]¬AÀ¹©u³³¡BªL´Ë¡B©~¥¿¡B±iÄ~¡B¹Q¾|¡C
21 *Ä¶ªÌª`¡G¹ê»Ú¤WÁÖ|ªÌ¬°14¤H¡AÀ¹©u³³Án©ú»P|¦ý¨S¦³¥X®u¡C
22 ½±¥Ãq¡A²Ä10-11¶¡C
23 Conrad Brandt¡AStalin's Failure in China¡A1924-1927(Cambridge¡AMass.,1958)¡A76¡O
24 ¤À§O¬OÄ¬¥ü©º©MÃÓ¥¤s¡C
25 Brandt¡A112-113¡O
26 ±q¼s¦{¨ìªZº~ªºx¨Æ¦æ°Ê³QºÙ¬°"²Ä¤@¦¸¥_¥ï"¡C
27 ½±¥Ãq¡A²Ä196-199¡F202¶¡C
28 ½±¥Ãq¡A²Ä381¶¡C
29 ³oÓ³±¿Ñªº¥D¨ÏªÌ¬OÃöªFx°Ñ¿Ñªe¥»¤j§@¤W®Õ¡A¥LQ´ý¤ôºN³½³Ð³y¤@Ósªº¬Fªv‾´§Ç¡CªF¨Ê¨Æ¥ý¨Ã¤£
30 Schwartz¡A80¡O
31 Edgar Snow¡ARed Star Over China(New York¡A1938)¡A165¡O
32 Tang Tsou¡AAmerica's Failure in China, 1941-1950 ( Chicago-1963 )¡A17.
33 Tang Tsou¡AAmerica's Failure in China¡A1941-1950(Chicago-1963)¡A17¡O
34 Jº~¥Á®Ú¾Ú®]¤¤¤s¦b¡m«Ø°ê¤jºõ¡n¤¤´£¥Xªº«ØÄ³³Ð«Øªº¡C
35 ¤º¬F³¡¡B¥~¥æ³¡¡Bx¬F³¡¡B°]¬F³¡¡B¹AÄq³¡¡B¤u°Ó³¡¡B±Ð¨|³¡¡B¥æ³q³¡¡BÅK¹D³¡¤Î½Ã¥Í³¡¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤T³¹
°ê¥Á¬F©²¡G¬D¾Ô««ªº¤Q¦~
1928-1937¦~
±q1928¦~¦¨¥ß¨ì1937¦~¤¤¤é¾Ôª§Ãzµo¡A«n¨Ê°ê¥Á¬F©²¤@ª½¨ü¨ì¤º³¡‾Éª§©M¥~¨Ó¤J«Iªº§xÂZ¡A´X¥G¨S¦³¤
1."sx»Ö"©M¬£Ã´¬F«È
¥_¥ï©Ò¨ú±oªº°ê®a²Î¤@°¦¬O®{¨ãªí±½}¤F¡CºÉºÞ¦³³\¦h¥_¤èx»Ö³QÄèÀ¡A¦ý¤´¦³¤@¨Çx»Ö¥H¤ä«ù¥_¥
¨ä¹ê¡A³¡¤Àx»Ö¦bÆ[©À¤W¬O¬Ûí"¶i¨B"ªº¡A¥LÌ¦bÁÒ°Ï¤º¤j¤O±À°Ê²{¥N¤Æ¡C¦ý¥LÌ‾Ê¥F®Ä©R°ê®aªº
1¡O¥H§õ©v¤‾©M§õÀÙµ`¬°ºªº®ÛÃ´¡A±±¨î¼s¦è¡B¼sªF¡B´ò«n©M´ò¥_µ¥¬Ù¥÷¡C
2¡O¶¾¥É²»©M¥Lªº"°ê¥Áx"¦b¤sªF¡Bªe«n¡A°¢¦è¡B¥ÌµÂ¡B«C®ü©M¹ç®Lµ¥µØ¥_©M¦è¥_¬Ù¥÷¥e¾ÚÀu¶Õ¦a¦ì¡C
3¡O¤Ö«Ó±i¾Ç¨}±±¨îµÛªF¥_(º¡¬w)©M¼öªe¡C
4¡OÀF¿ü¤s¦b¤s¦è«Ø¥ß¤F¤@ÓÃ©Tªº®Ú¾Ú¦a¡A±N¶Õ¤OÂX®i¨ìªe¥_¡B¸k»©M¹î«¢º¸¡C
¦U¤H³£¾Ö¦³¤@¤äÃe¤jªºx¶¤¡A¬J¥Î¨ÓÂX±i¦a½L¡A¤]¥Î§@¦Û«O¡C¥LÌ©â¨«¤F¤@¤j³¡¤À°ê®a¥»¨ÓŃ«Ü³h¥
°£¤F¦³³o¨Çsx»Öªº³ÂÐ¥~¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒÁÙ¨üµÛ¬£Ã´¶ÉªîªºÄY«§xÂZ¡C¥Ñ°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤¸¦ÑJº~¥Á©M¦è¤s|Ä³¬
í«n¨Ê¥l¶}°ê¥Á|Ä³°Q½×°V¬F®É´ÁÁ{®É¾Ëªk(¡m°V¬F¬ùªk¡n)®É¡A¨Lºë½Ã»P³‾¤Í¤‾µ¥¤H©ó1931¦~5¤ë¡A
³o¦¸¬Fªv§ï²Õ¦b°ê¥ÁÄÒÄÒ¤º«ì´_¤F¬YºØ©M¥¡A¦ý¨Ã¨S¦³µ¹°ê®a±a¨Ó©M¥¡C1933¦~¦bºÖ«Ø¤Sµo¥Í¤F¤@³
§ÚÌ±q¥H¤Wªº§z¤¤¥i²M¡¦a¬Ý¨ì¡A«n¨Ê¬F©²¦b¨ä³Ìªì¤Q¦~¤¤¡A¤@ª½¨ü¨ì¤º³¡¶Éªî©M¤º¾Ôªº§xÂZ¡CÁ
2.¤é¥»¹ïªF¥_ªº«I²¤
ÍÄÇªº¤¤°êªF¥_¦a°Ï¡A¥H¹A²£Â×²±©MÄqÂÃÂ×Í¦ÓµÛºÙ¡C¦Û¤¤°ê¦b¥Ò¤È¾Ôª§¤¤¾Ô±Ñ¡A¤é¥»Ń¤@ª½Á»¿Ì³
¤é¥»ªº¬¡ÅD¤À¤l´¶¹M»{¬°¤¤°êªº²V¶ÃµL§Ç¡A±N¥i¨Ïp¿Ñ±o³x¡F¦]¦¹¥ô¦ó²Î¤@¤¤°êªº§V¤O³£¥²¶¤©¥H¨
ÃöªFxªº³o¤@¦Û§Ú³]©wªº¨Ï©R¡A¦b1928¦~10¤ë¥Ûì²ðº¸¤¤¦õ¤Î1929¦~7¤ëªO«®©º¥|¦¤j¦õ¨ì¨Ó«áÀò±o
¦b°ê»Ú§Î¶Õ¤W¤]¦P¼Ë¦³§Q¡C¦è¤è¦C±j¨ü¤j¿½±øªºÏ«¥´À»¡A¦£©ó°ê¤º¨Æ°È¡AµL¤Oªý¤î¤é¥»ªº«I²¤¡A¦
¦b¤é¥»°ê¤º¡A¸gÀÙ©MªÀ|§xÃøªº¤£²»¤§¥ü¡A¦b¿½±ø½ÄÀ»¤§«eŃ¤£Â_Åã²{¡C¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤G¤Q¦~¥N¤¤Àò±o¥
¦b¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤G¤Q¦~¥N¥H«e¡Ax¤H¶Ç²Î¤W¬O»Â÷¬Fªvªº¡C¦ýÀHµÛ¥Ð¤¤¸q¤@±Nx¦b1925¦~³Q±À¿ï¬°¬F¤Í
ªF¨Êªºx¨Æí§½³]©w1932¦~¬K¬°¥e»âªF¥_ªº¦æ°Ê®É¶¡¡A¦ýÃöªFx«æ¤£¤Î«Ý¡C«ö¨Ò¦æ³W©w¡A1931¦~®L©
¤é¥»¤Ñ¬Ó¾á¤ßx¤è®åö}¤£¹¥ªº¦æ¬°¡A©ó¬O¦b9¤ë10¤é©M11¤é¤@¦A´°«PÂÔV§Ô@¡C9¤ë15¤é¡A³°x¤j¦Ú«
±ß¤W¤QÂI¡A¤@ªT¬µ¼u¦bÂn¶§¥¥~ªº«nº¡ÅK¸ô¸ô¬qÃz¬µ¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¬µ¼uªºl®`L¥G¨äL¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¤¤Â_¥¿±
ªF¨Ê»P¥»²øÁc¥q¥O©x³£ª¾¹D³o¦¸»W¿Ñ¤w¤[ªº¤J«I³±¿Ñ¡A¦ý¨S¦³ªö¨ú¦æ°Ê¤©¥H¨î¤î¡AÅ¥¥ÑÃöªFxªº¾Ô¦
¨ÆÅÜªº®ø®§©ó9¤ë19¤éâ±á¨âÂI¥¿¶Ç¨ì¤FªF¨Ê¡C¬F©²¦b¥¼¨Ó¦æ°Ê¤è°w¤Wµo¥Í¤F¤Àª[¡C³°x¤j¦Ú©M°Ñ¿Ñ
°ê»Ú¨îµô©k©k¨Ó¿ð¡Cs¤@©¡^°ê¬F©²¤W»OÅ×¤@Ó¤ë¡A«K¨ü§x©ó°ê¤ºÃøÃD¡C^°ê¤½²³ÁÖ½×¥O¤HÅå³Y¦a°
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤é¥»ªº¶i§ð¦b¤¤°ê¤]¤£¬O§¹¥þ¥X¥GN®Æ¡C1931¦~9¤ë11¤é¡A½±¤¤¥¿§i»|¤Ö«Ó¤£n»P¤é¥»¤H¥æ
¬ü°ê¤è±«h©ó1932¦~1¤ë7¤éÉ°ê°Èë¥v¥Å¥Í(Henry Stimson)¤§¤f«Å¥¬¤F"¤£©Ó»{¥D¸q"¡C³q¹L³oÓ«Å
¦b¥¼¾D¨ü¥ô¦ó¦³®Äªº°ê»Ú¨îµô©M¤¤°ê¤è±¨ó½Õ¤@Pªº©è§Üªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¤é¥»x¶¤¦b¤Ó¤ë¸Ì®u¨÷¤F¾ã
1932¦~1¤ë28¤é¡A¤é¥»¦b¤W®ü¶}ÅP¤F²Ä¤G±ø¾Ô½u¡A¥ø¹Ï±N°ê»Úµø½u±qªF¥_Âà²¾¶}¨Ó¡A¦ý¦b¨º¸Ì¹J¨ì¼s
¬°¨Ï¨ª»r»rªº«I²¤¦Xªk¤Æ¡A¤é¥»¤H¦b1932¦~3¤ë9¤é¦¨¥ß¤F"º¡¬w°ê"¬°³ÈÀw°ê¡A¥H¹Ïµ¹§Y±N¨ÓÁ{ªº°ê»
¤é¥»ªº¤ÏÀ³¬O¥¨ä¶ÆºC©MµLÂ§ªº¡G¥¦ºM¥X¤F°êÁp¡C
¤éxªº±À¶i³Ì«á¦]¬°¦³1933¦~5¤ë31¤éÃ±©wªº¡m¶íªf¨óÄ³¡n¦Ó§i¤@¬q¸¨¡A¸Ó¨óÄ³±N¾¬ªF¹º¬°«Dx¨Æ°
¦b§¹¦¨¤FªF¥_¥|¬Ùªº©ºªA¥H«á¡A¤é¥»¤H©ó1934¦~3¤ë1¤éÅýÁ»öµn¤W°°"º¡¬w°ê"ªº¬Ó¦ì¡A©w¦~¸¹¬°"±
3.¦@²£ÄÒªº¬D¾Ô
°£¤F¨ü¤é¥»ªº¥~¨Ó¤J«I¡B¬£Ã´¬F«È¤Îsx»Öªº¤º³¡¶Éªî¤§«Â‾Ù¥~¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²ÁÙ±Á{µÛ¨Ó¦Û¦@²£ÄÒªº§
3.1¦@²£°ê»Úªº¬Fµ¦ ¤¤¦@ªº²©Rµ¦²¤°ò¥»¤W¬O¥Ñ´µ¤jªL¦b´X¤d^¸Ì¥H¥~»»±±ªº¡A¦Ó¥Lªº«ü¥O®É¦Ó
1927¦~8¤ë1¤é¡A¤@§å¦@²£ÄÒ¤H 16¦b¤@¤äs«Øªº¤@¸U¤¤d¤H¤u¹Ax¶¤ªº¤ä«ù¤U¦b«n©÷µo°_¼É°Ê¡C¥LÌ
Ń¦b³o®É¡A¤¤¦@»â¾É¼h¶i¦æ¤F¤@¦¸¹ý©³ªº§ï²Õ¡C¦b1927¦~8¤ë7¤é¥l¶}©óº~¤fªº¤@¦¸ºò«æ|Ä³¤W¡A³‾¿
¤ò¿AªF¦Û¦æ¶i¤J¤F´ò«n¡A¹ª°Ê¥Á²³ªº¤£º¡±¡ºü¡A³oºØ¿E¼«¥¥¨|¦¨¤F1927¦~9¤ë7¤éªº¬î¦¬¼É°Ê¡C¦b¤ò¿
¬°¥[±jªZ¸Ë¼É°Ê¡A²ö´µ¬ì¬£Â¿¥ì°Ò(Heinz Neumann)18«e¨Ó¤¤°ê¡C¦b¥Lªº«ü¾É¤U¡A1927¦~12¤ë11¤é¡A
ÀHµÛ³o¨Ç«°¥«¼É°Ê±µ³s¥¢±Ñ¡A¤ò¿AªF¦b¹A§øªº¬¡°Ê¶}©l§e²{¥X«n©Ê¡C1928¦~1¤ë23¤é¡A¦¶¼w©M³‾¼Ý
¦b1928¦~7¤ëªº¤¤¦@²Ä¤»¦¸¥þ°ê¥Nªí¤j|¤W--¬°Á×§K°ê¥ÁÄÒªºÅ§À»¡A¤]¬°¤F»P¦@²£°ê»Úªº°ê»Ú¥Nªí¤j
¦b¤Wz¨â¤H¤¤¡A§õ¥ß¤T¥Rº¡¬¡¤O©M¤fÅ×¥X²³¡C¥L¦b1929¦~6¤ë¨ì1930¦~9¤ë¤§¶¡¤W¤É¬°ÄÒ¤ºªº±j¤H¡C1
ÄÒªº»â¾ÉÅv¸¨¤J¤F¤ý©ú(³‾²Ð¬ê)©M³Õ¥j(‾³¨¹¾Ë)¤â¸Ì¡A¥LÌ¬O¤¤¦@¤º³¡"°ê»Ú¬£"ªº»â¾É¡ÇÓ¬£¥Ñ¤G¤
3.2¤ò¿AªFªº¦Û¦æ¨ä¬O ¬Û¹ï¨Ó»¡¡A¦b¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¾÷ÃöºÞÁÒ½d³ò¥H¥~¬¡°Êªº¤ò¿AªF©M¦¶¼w¡A¨S¦³¨üÄÒ
¤ò¿AªFNÃÑ¨ì¬Fªv§½³B¹Òªº‾T‾V¡A¦]¦¹¤jÁxÁÜ½Ð¬Fªv§½©eû¥X®u1931¦~11¤ë7¤é¦bçª÷¥l¶}ªº¤¤µØÄ¬
¦ý¬O¡A¤ò¬£¤À¤l¦b¥Nªí¤j|¤W§¹¥þ±±¨î¤F§½±¡C¦b‾»¸H¤F°ê¥ÁÄÒªºÀY¤G¦¸³ò¶Ï(¨£¤U¤å)¥H«á¡A¥LÌ¥
¦b³o³õÅv¤O°«ª§¤¤¡A¤ò¿AªF¤§©Ò¥H‾à°÷¨ú±o«¤jªº³Ó§Q¡A¥H¤Î¨Ï¥Lªº¬¡°ÊÄ¹±o§ó¦hªº©Ó»{¡A¨Ã«D¾aÄ
¥¬º¸¤°ºû§J»P¤ò¬£¦b¤@¨Ç«D±`®Ú¥»¦ÓÃø¥H½Õ©Mªº°ÝÃD¤W¦s¦b¤Àª[¡C¦b¤g¦a§ï²°ÝÃD¤W¡A¤ò¿AªF¥D±i±
¤ò¿AªFªº°ÝÃD¤£¥ú¬O±¹ï¬Fªv§½¡F¥LÁÙ¥²¶¹ï¥I°ê¥Á¬F©²ªº¶i§ð¡C½T¹ê¡A½±¤@ª½¦b°¨¤£°±¿á¦a²ÕÂ´¹
3.3°ê¥ÁÄÒªº³ò¶Ï ½±¦b1927¦~ÅX³v«X°êx¨ÆÅU°Ý«á¡A¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¦a´M¨D¼w°êªºÀ°§U¥Hµo®ix¶¤¡C19
±q1930¦~¨ì1934¦~¡A½±¹ï¤¤¦@µo°Ê¤F¤¦¸³ò¶Ï¡C27«e¥|¦¸±q1930¦~12¤ë19¤é¨ì1933¦~4¤ë29¤é¡A§¡§i
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²¥¿²ÕÂ´²Ä¤¦¸³ò¶Ï¡A¾Ô¨Æ¶}©l©ó¸Ó¦~10¤ë¡A¦@¦³¤C¤Q¸U¤H°Ñ¥[¡C½±¦b»P¼w°êÅU°
¦¹®Éªº¤ò¿AªF±Á{µÛ¤@ºØ¥¨ä¦MÃøªº³B¹Ò--¤£¶È¬O°ê¥Á¬F©²¥¿¦b¹ê¬I²r‾Pªº¶i§ð¡A¦Ó¥B¬Fªv§½©eû¤
3.4ªø©º©M¿í¸q|Ä³ °ê¥Á¬F©²ªº²Ä¤¦¸³ò¶Ï¡A±N¼Ä¤H»°¥X¤F³Ð«Ø¤Q¤C¦~¤§¤[ªº¦¿¦è®Ú¾Ú¦a¡C±qx
³Ìªì«ü´§ªø©ºªº¬O¥Ñ§õ¼w¡B³Õ¥j©M©P®¦¨Ó²Õ¦¨ªº¤T¤Hx¨Æ«ü´§¤p²Õ¡C³¡¶¤ªº¤h®ð«D±`§Ç¨¡A¬F©²xª
¤@¦ì¥Dnªº¬Fªv§½©eûÝ¬õxÁ`¬Fªv³¡¥D¥ô¤ý½[²»¡A²v¥ýªí¹F¤F³oºØP¨ü¡C¤ý½[²»»{©w§õ¼w©M³Õ¥j¥
1935¦~1¤ë7¤é¡A¬õx¥e»â¤F¶Q¦{¬Ùªº²Ä¤G¤j«°¥«¿í¸q¡A¨â¤Ñ«á¡A¤¤¥¡¾÷Ãö¶i¤J¸Ó«°¡Çg¹L´X¤Ñ±KÆrº
¤ò¿AªF»¡¸Ü§¹²¦¡A¤ý½[²»Ńµo¨¥±j‾P¤ä«ù¤ò¿AªF¡C¨ä¥¦¤H¡A¥]¬A±i»D¤Ñ¡B©P®¦¨Ó©M¦¶¼w³£µoªí¤F¬Û¦
¤ò¿AªF¦¨¬°¬Fªv§½±`©e|©eû¤Î¨ó§U©P®¦¨Ó«ü´§x¨Æ¡C331935¦~2¤ë5¤é¡A±i»D¤Ñ±µ´À³Õ¥j"tÁ`³d"¡
¿í¸q|Ä³¨Ã¨S¦³µ¹¤©¤ò¿AªF¹ý©³ªº³Ó§Q¡A¦ý¥¦«o¬O¥Lª§¨ú³Ì°ªÅv¤O¹D¸ô¤Wªº¤@¤jÅD¶i¡CµM¦Ó§Y¨Ï¦b¥
1935¦~10¤ë¡A¤ò¿AªF²v»âªº³¡¶¤¦b¸g¹L¤@¬q®É¶¡¥¨äÁ}Ãøªºª¦¤s‾A¤ô¤§«á¡A¨ì¹F¤F«O¦w¿¤ªº§d°_Âí¡
¦^ÅU¾ú¥v¡A¿í¸q|Ä³¥²¶¬Ý¦¨¬°¤@¦¸¬Fªv|Ä³¦Ó«D¤@³õx¨Æ¬FÅÜ¡C34¤£¹L¡A¦³¨º»ò¦h¨¬°¬Fªv§½©e
4.¦è¦w¨ÆÅÜ©M²Î¤@¾Ô½u
¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¦a¦ìªº«æ¼@§ïÅÜ¡A»P¦@²£°ê»Ú¥@¬É²©R¾Ô²¤ªº®Ú¥»ÂàÅÜ¬Û²Å¦X¡C¦@²£°ê»Ú¦b¼Ú¬w±Á{µÛ‾
±q1936¦~°_¡A¤¤¦@¶}©l´£Ò»P¦U¤èÄÒ¬£¡B¹ÎÅé©Mx¶¤µ²¦¨¤@Ó¤Ï¤é¤j¦Pù¡C¦b¤¤¦@ªºÒ¾É¤U¡A"¥þ°ê
¦p«e©Òz¡A«n¨Ê¬F©²¤w©w¤U¤FÄc¥~¥²¥ý¦w¤ºªº¤è²¤¡CÀHµÛ¦@²£ÄÒ¬ð¤J¦è¥_©t¦a¡A½±«æ¤Á¦aQ¤@³Ò¥Ã¶
12¤ë3¤é¡A½±¸©è±i¨¾n¸`¦a¦è¦w¡A§Æ±æÃ©w¨º¸Ìªº¤£¦w§½¶Õ¡A¨Ã¥[±j³ò¶Ï¤O«×¡C¦b¨º¸Ì¡A12¤ë12¤é
1¡O§ï²Õ«n¨Ê¬F©²¡A®e‾Ç¦U¬£¦UÄÒ¦@¦Pt³d±Ï°ê¡C
2¡O°±¤î¤@¤Á¤º¾Ô¡C
3¡O¥ß§YÄÀ©ñ¤W®ü³Q®¤§R°ê±N»â¡C
4¡OÄÀ©ñ¤@¤Á¬Fªv¥Ç¡C
5¡O«O»Ù¤H¥Á¶°|µ²ªÀ¤§¤@¤Á¬Fªv¦Û¥Ñ¡C
6¡O¶}©ñ¥Á²³R°ê¹B°Ê¡C
7¡O½T¹ê°õ¦æ®]Á`²z¿òÅñ¡C
8¡O¥ß§Y¥l¶}±Ï°ê|Ä³¡C
12¤ë14¤é¡AªF¥_x¡B¦è¥_x©M¤¤¦@x¶¤²Õ¦¨¤F§Ü¤éÁpxx¨Æ©eû|¡C±i¾Ç¨}¥X¥ô©eû|¥D®u¡Aªí©ú¥
¦è¦w¨ÆÅÜ©M¸j¬[½±¾_Åå¤F¤¤¥~¡C°ê¥ÁÄÒ¥k¬£»â³S¥ß§Y¨M©w¶i¦æ°Q¥ï¡A¨Ã¬£¸¾÷¨ì¦è¦w®i¥Ü¹ê¤O¡C¤¤°
³o¤@ÂàÅÜ¥O¤Ö«Ó±¹¤â¤£¤Î¡A¢©óÁÖ½×À£¤O¡A¥L²×©ó¦PNÄÀ©ñ¨º¦ì¥»Q«Ý»ù¦Óªfªº«R¸¸¡C1936¦~«2¤ë
ºÉºÞ½±°í«ù¤£|¥HÀòÄÀ¬°±ø¥ó¦ÓÃ±¸p¥ô¦ó¨óÄ³¡A¦ý¥L³Ì²×ÁÙ¬O©Ó¿Õ¡A°¦n¦@²£ÄÒµªÀ³¤ä«ù¤T¥Á¥D¸q¡
¦è¦w¨ÆÅÜ¥i¥H»¡¬O¤@¥ó¤£©‾¤¤¤§¤j©‾ªº¨Æ¡A¬JÀ°§U²Î¤@¤F°ê®a¡A¤]°±¤î¤F¤º¾Ô¡C½±¤¤¥¿¤£¦A³Q¬Ý§@¬
5.¦¨±Ñ±o¥¢¡G¤Q¦~¦^ÅU
ÁöµM°ê¥Á¬F©²³B¦bµL½aµLºÉªº¤º¥~¥æ§x¹Ò¦a¡A¦ý«o§V¤OÄ~©Ó®]¤¤¤s««Ø°ê®aªº¿ò§Ó¡C³oÀY¤Q¦~µ²§ô®
5.1ª÷¿Ä§ï² ³ÌÅãµÛªº¦¨Ń¬O¥Î»È¤¸¥N´À»È¨â¡A»P±À¦æ‾È¹ô"ªk¹ô"¬°¦Xªk³f¹ô¡CºÉºÞ¦b1914¦~Ń
³oÓ§ï²èè±À¦æŃ¥X²{¤Fs°ÝÃD¡G¥@¬É¥«³õ¤W»È»ùªº«æ¼@¤W´¾ÉP¥Õ»È¨³³t±q¤¤°ê¥~¬y¡C«ùÄòªº¥
¥|®a°ê®a»È¦æ³Q½á¤©¤F¤£¦PªºÂ¾³d¡C¨ä¤¤³Ì¤jªº¤@®a¡A1934¦~¾Ö¦³¤@»õ¤¸¸êª÷ªº¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¡A¦¨¬°t³
5.2Ãöµ|¦Û¥D ¾~¤ù¾Ôª§«á±j¥[µ¹¤¤°êªºÈ¦Ê©â¤ªº©T©wÃöµ|²v¡A®É®É¨è¨èÅý¤HQ°_¤¤°ê¤§¥b´Þ¥Á
5.3¦¬¦^¥~°ê‾²¬É °t¦Xª§¨úÃöµ|¦Û¥D¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒ¦¨¥\¦a¦¬¦^¤F¤@¨Ç¥~°ê‾²É¦a¡C^°ê¦b1927¦~2¤ë¦
5.4¥æ³q §ïµ½¥æ³qÅéÃ´¬O°ê¥Á¬F©²ªº¥t¤@¶µ«Ø³]©Ê¦¨Ń¡C1928¦~¦¨¥ß¤FÅK¹D³¡¡A«ü¾É§ïµ½²{¦³ªº
§ó¥O¤H¨í¥Ø¬Û¬Ýªº¬O¤½¸ôªº×¿v¡A¦]¬°¤½¸ô¦¨¥»¸û§C--¤j¬ù¬OÅK¸ô¦¨¥»ªº¤G¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡C1936¦~¡A¤½¸
²{¥N‾èªÅ¤]°_¨B¤F¡C 1930¦~Äw«Ø¤F¤¤°ê‾èªÅ¤½¥q¡A¥Ñ¤¤¬üÁp¦X§ë¸ê¡A¦b¤W®ü©M¦¨³£¡B¤W®ü©M¥_¥¡B
¦b³o¤Q¦~¶¡¡A¶l¬F©M¹q°T¦³«Ü¤jªº§ïµ½»PÂX®i¡C1921¦~¶l¬F§½ªº¼Æ¥Ø¤£¨ì¤@¸U¶¡¡A¶l¸ôÁ`ªø40¸U¸Ì¡
5.5¤u~µo®i ¤HÌ´¶¹M©Ó»{¡A¸gÀÙµo®i¬O«Ø¥ß²{¥N¤Æ°ê®a©Ò¥²¤£¥i¤Öªº¡CÁöµM¥á¥¢¤FªF¥_¡A¦Ó¤é
5.6±Ð¨| ±Ð¨|»â°ì¤]¨ú±o¤FÅãµÛªº¶i¨B¡C±Ð¨|³¡±N¤@¨Ç¤½¥ß¤j¾Ç¡B¾Ç°|©M±M¬ì¾Ç®Õ«²Õ¦X¨Ã¦¨¤F
5.7s¥Í¬¡¹B°Ê ¬°¤F¹ê²{«ì´_¥Á²³¹D¼w‾À½è¡B¹ê²{«äQÄ±¿ôªº¥Ø¼Ð¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²©ó1934¦~µo°_¤Fs
5.8¤å¾Ç¬É ¦^ÅU³o¤Q¦~¡A¤å¾Ç¬¡°Ê«D±`¬¡ÅD¡A¤j¦h¼Æ§@«~³£¤Ï¬M¤Fí®ÉªºªÀ|²{¹ê¡C¤@ÓÁn¶Õ‾E
¤£¹L¡A¦³¨âÓ¬£§O°í©w¦a‾¸¦b¥ªÁpªº¹ï¥ß±¡A¨Ã³q¹L¥LÌ¦Û¨ªº‾SªøÄ¹±o¤F³Ü±m¡C¤@Ó¬£§O¥HªL»y°
³o¤Q¦~¤¤³Ì«nªº§@®a¬O¾|¨³(1881-1936¦~)¡A43ºÉºÞ¥L¥i‾à¤w¹L¤F³Ð§@ªºÅq®p¡C¥L¬O¥H¹ïÂÂ‾´§Ç©M
¾|¨³³Ì¦³¦Wªº§@«~©Î³\¬O¡mªüQ¥¿¶Ç¡n¡A¨ä¤¤ªº¥D¤H¤½¹³©ºµÛ¤@ºØ°ê¥Á¹ú‾f¡C¥X¨«D±`§C½âªº¹A§ø³¥
¥t¤@¦ì«nªº¥ªÁl§@®a¬OT¬Þ(1896-1981¦~)¡C44¥L¬O¡mµu½g¤p»¡¡nªº¥D½s¡A³Ð§@¤F¦n´X³¡ªø½g¤p»¡
¦pªG»¡T¬Þ§â°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¬Ý§@¬O¸Ñ¨M¤¤°ê°ÝÃDªº¨}¤èªº¸Ü¡A¦ÑªÙ(1898-1966¦~)46«h¬Û«HR°ê¥D¸q©M
¥t¤@Ó«D¥ªÁl§@®a¬O¤Úª÷(1904¦~--2005 )¡A47¥L¬O¤@¦ì¦h²£§@®a¡A¨ì1937¦~®É¤w¼g¤F¤Q¤G³¡ªø½g¤p
µL½×¥LÌªº¬Fªv«H©À¦p¦ó¡A¤T¤Q¦~¥Nªº§@®a¦³¨â¼Ë¬O¦@¦Pªº¡G¥LÌ³£Ãh¦³±j‾Pªº»¡±Ð³ë¥@NÃÑ¡F§@«
5.9¹ïªÀ|©M¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº©¿µø »P¦bª÷¿Ä¡B¥æ³q¡BÃöµ|¦Û¥D¡B¤u~µo®i©M±Ð¨|µ¥»â°ì¨ú±oªººØºØ¦¨
¥i¬O¹A¥ÁªºWÃø¤w¸g¨ì¹F¤F¥ºÝ¦M«æªº¦a¨B¡C°ê»ÚÁpùªº¤@¥÷½Õ¬dªí©ú¡AµØ«n¦a°Ïªº¶±¹A©M¥b¶±¹A¥
5.10°]¬F¤Wªº¤£t½æ¥ô ¥H¤Uªº¨Æ¹ê¦P¼Ë¤Ï¬M¤F°ê¥Á¬F©²¹ï¤g¦a°ÝÃDªººz¤£Ãö¤ß¡G°ê¥Á¬F©²±N¦aµ
ºî¦X¦a¬Ý¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²¦bÀY¤Q¦~µ²§ôªº®ÉÔ¡A¥~ªíÅã±o¤ñ¤º¸Ì§ó±j¤j¡Cªí±¤W¡A¥¦¦ü¥G¥¿¦b±q²V¶Ãª¬º
§ÚÌ©Ò¦^ÅUªº³o¤Q¦~¥i¥H¥Î¤@ÓÂ²¼äªºµü»y¨Ó§¬A¡G¥~±j¤¤¤z¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Alitto, Guy S.¡AThe Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma o
f Modernity (Berkeley, 1984).
2.Atwell, Pamela, British Mandarins and Chinese Reformers: The British Admin
istration ofWeihaiwei (1898-1930) and the Territory's Return to Chinese Rule (Ne
w York, 1986).
3.Bisson, Thomas A., Japan in China (New York, 1938).
4.Bonavia, David, China's Warlords (Hong Kong, 1995).
5.Borg, Dorothy, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933-1938 (
6.Braun, Otto, A Comintern Agent in China, 1932-1939, tr. from the German by
Jeanne Moore (Stanford, 1982).
7.Chan, Anthony B.¡AArming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord
China, 1920-1928 (Vancouver, 1982).
8.Chang, Maria Hsia, The Chinese Blue Shirt Society: Fascism and Development
al Nationalism (Berkeley, 1985).
9.Chang, Sidney, and Ramon H. Myers (eds.)¡AThe Storm Clouds Clear Over China:
The Memoirs of Ch'en Li-fu, 1900-1993 (Stanford, 1994).
10.Ch'i, Hsi-sheng, Warlord Politics in China, 1916-1928 (Stanford, 1976).
11.Christopher, J. W., Conflict in the Far East: American Diplomacy in China
from 1928-33 (Leiden, 1950).
12.Chu, Pao-chin, V. K. Wellington Koo: A Case Study of China's Diplomat and
Diplomacy of Nationalism, 1912-1966 (Hong Kong, 1981).
13.Coble, Parks M.¡AJr., "Chiang Kai-shek and the Anti-Japanese Movement in Ch
ina: Zou Tao-fen and the National Salvation Association, 1931-1937," The Journal
of Asian Studies, XLIV:2:293-310 (Feb. 1985).
14.--¡AFacing Japan: Chinese Politics and Japanese Imperialism, 1931-1937 (Cam
15.--¡AThe Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937 (Cam
16.Crow, Carl (ed.), Japan's Dream of World Empire, The Tanaka Memorial (Lon
don, 1943).
17.Eastman, Lloyd E.¡AThe Abortive Revolution: China under Nationalist Rule, 1
927-1937 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
18.--¡ASeeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937-194
9 (Stanford, 1984).
19.Eastman, Lloyd (ed.)¡AThe Nationalist Era in China, 1927-1949 (Cambridge, E
ng., 1991).
20.Fairbank, Wilma, Liang and Lin: Partners in Exploring China's Architectur
al Past (Philadelphia, 1994).
21.Forbes, Andrew D. W" Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Poli
tical History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911-1949 (Cambridge, Eng., 1986).
22.Furth, Charlotte (ed.), The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alte
rnatives in Republican China (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
23.Furuya, Keiji, Chiang Kai-shek: His Life and Times (New York, 1981). Engl
ish abridged version by Chun-ming Chang.
24.Galbiati, Fernando, P'eng P'ai and the Hai-lu-feng Soviet (Stanford, 1985
).
25.Gamble, Sidney D., Ting Hsien: A North China Rural Community (New York, 1
954).
26.Gillin, Donald G.¡A Warlord Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911-1949 (Pri
nceton, 1967).
27.Heinzig, Dieter, "The Otto Braun Memoirs and Mao's Rise to Power," The Ch
ina Quarterly, 46:274-88 (April-June 1971).
28.Hsia, C. T.¡AA History of Modem Chinese Fiction, 1917-1957 (New Haven, 1961
).
29.--¡ATwentieth Century Chinese Stories (New York, 1971).
30.Hsia, T. A., "Ch Ch'iu-pai's Autobiographical Writings: The Making and D
estruction of a 'Tender-Hearted' Communist," The China Quarterly, 25:176-212 (Ja
n.-March 1966).
31.Hsiao, Tso-liang, The Land Revolution in China, 1930-1934 (Seattle, 1969)
.
32.--¡APower Relations within the Chinese Communist Movement, 1930-1934 (Seatt
le, 1961).
33.Huang, Philip C. C.¡Aet al., Chinese Communists and Rural Society, 1927-193
4 (Berkeley, 1978).
34.Huang, Sung-k'ang, Lu Hsiin and the New Cultural Movement of Modern China
(Amsterdam, 1957).
35.Hung, Chang-tai, Going to the People: Chinese Intellectuals and Folk Lite
rature, 1918-1957 (Cambridge, Mass., 1985).
36.Isaacs, Harold R.¡AThe Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution, revised (Stanford
, 1951).
37.Israel, John, Student Nationalism in China, 1927-37 (Stanford, 1966).
38.Kahn, Winston, "Doihara Kenji and the 'North China Autonomy Movement,' 19
35-1936," Occasional Paper, No. 4 (Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State Unive
rsity, Tempe, Nov. 1973).
39.¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ«Ø³]¨ó|½s¡G¡m§Ü¾Ô«e¤Q¦~¤§¤¤°ê¡n¡A«ª©(95´ä¡A1965¦~¡^¡C
40.Kapp, Robert A., Szechwan and the Chinese Republic: Provincial Militarism
and Central Power, 1911-1938 (New Haven, 1973).
41.Kataoka, Tetsuya, Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and
the Second United Front (Berkeley, 1974).
42.Kim, Ilpyong J., The Politics of Chinese Communism: Kiangsi under the Sov
iets (Berkeley, 1973).
43.Kirby, William C.¡AGermany and Republican China (Stanford, 1984).
44.³¢µØÛ:¡m¤¤¦@¥v½×¡n¡A¦@4¨÷(»O¥_¡A1969-1971¦~¡^¡C
45.Kuo, Warren, Analytical History of the Chinese Communist Party (Taipei, 1
968), 2 vols.
46.Lang, Olga, Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth between the Two Revol
utions (Cambridge, Mass., 1967).
47.Lao, She, Rickshaw: The Novel of Lo-t'o Hsiang Tzu, tr. by Jean M. James
(Honolulu, 1979).
48.Lary, Diana, Region and Nation: The Kwangsi CliQue in Chinese Politics, 1
925-79i7 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
49.Lattimore, Owen, Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1935).
50.Lau, Joseph S., Ts'ao Yu, The Reluctant Disciple of Chekhov and O'Neill (
Hong Kong, 1970).
51.League of Nations, Report of the (Lytton) Commission of EnQuiry (1932).
52.Lee, Feigon, Chen Duxiu: The Founder of the Chinese Communist Party (Prin
ceton, 1983).
53.Lee, Leo Ou-fan, The Romantic Generation of Modern Chinese Writers (Cambr
idge, Mass., 1973).
54.--¡AVoices from the Iron House: A Study of Lu Xun (Bloomington, 1987).
55.--¡A(ed.), Lu Xun and His Legacy (Berkeley, 1985).
56.Li, Jui, The Early Revolutionary Activities of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, tran
s, from Chinese and intro. by Stuart Schram in 34 pp. (White Plains, N.Y. 1977).
57.±çqåT¡G¡m¤E¤@¤K¨ÆÅÜ¥vz¡n (95´ä¡A1964¦~¡^¡C
58.Linebarger, Paul, Government in Republican China (New York, 1938).
59.Liu, F. F.¡AA Military History of Modern China, 1924-1949 (Princeton, 1956)
.
60.Lyell, William A., Jr., Lu Hsiin's Vision of Reality (Berkeley, 1976).
61.Martin, Brian G., The Shanghai Green Gang: Politics and Organized Crime,
1919-7957 (Berkeley, 1996).
62.McCormark, Gavan, Chang Tso-lin in Northeast China, 1911-1928: China, Jap
an, and the Manchurian Idea (Stanford, 1978).
63.Nieh, Hua-ling, Shen Ts 'ung-wen (New York, 1972).
64.North, Robert C., Moscow and Chinese Communists (Stanford, 1963).
65.Ogata, Sadako N., Defiance in Manchuria: the Making of Japanese Foreign P
olicy (Berkeley, 1964).
66.Peattie, Mark, Ishiwara Kanji and Japan's Confrontation with the West (Pr
inceton, 1975).
67.Pickowicz, Paul G., "Ch' Ch'iu-pai and the Chinese Marxist Conception o
f Revolutionary Popular Literature and Art," The China Quarterly, 70: 296-314 (J
une 1977).
68.--¡AMarxist Literary Thought: The Influence of Ch' Ch 'iu-pai (Berkeley,
1981).
69.Rappaport, Armin¡AStimson and Japan, 1931-33 (Chicago, 1963).
70.Ristaino, Marcia R.¡AChina's Art of Revolution: The Mobilization of Discont
ent, 1927 and 1928 (Durham, 1987).
71.Rue, John E.¡AMao Tse-tung in Opposition, 1927-1935 (Stanford, 1966).
72.Salisbury, Harrison, The Long March: The Untold Story (New York, 1986).
73.Schram, Stuart, Mao Tse-tung (New York, 1966).
74.Schwartz, Benjamin I., Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao (Cambridge,
Mass., 1958), chs. 4-13.
75.Semanov, V. I., Lu Hsiin and His Predecessors (White Plains, N.Y., 1980).
76.Sheng, Yiieh, Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow and the Chinese Revolution
: A Personal Account (Lawrence, Kansas, 1971).
77.Sih, Paul K, T.¡AThe Strenuous Decade: China's Nation-Building Efforts, 192
7-1957 (Jamaica, N.Y., 1970).
78.Smith, Sara M., The Manchurian Crisis, 1931-1932 (New York, 1948).
79.Stimson, Henry J., The Far Eastern Crisis (New York, 1936).
80.Stranahan, Patricia, Underground: The Shanghai Communist Party and the Po
litics of Survival, 1927-1937 (Lanham¡AMd.¡A1998).
81.Strong, Anna Louise, China's Millions: the Revolutionary Struggle from 19
27 to 1935 (New York, 1935).
82.Thomson, James C., Jr., While China Faced West: American Reformers in Nat
ionalist China, 192S-19i7 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969).
83.Thornton, Richard C.¡AThe Comintern and the Chinese Communists, 1928-1931 (
Seattle, 1969).
84.Tien, Hung-mao, Government and Politics in Kuomingtang China, 1927-1937 (
Stanford, 1972).
85.Tong, Hollington K., Chiang Kai-shek, Soldier and Stateman (Shanghai, 193
7)¡A 2 vols.
86.Wakeman, Frederic, Jr., Policing Shanghai, 1927-7957 (Berkeley, 1995).
87.--¡AThe Shanghai Badlands: Wartime Terrorism and Urban Crisis, 1937-1941(Ne
w York, 1996).
88.--¡A"A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Facism," The China
Quarterly, 150: 395432 (June 1997).
89.Waller, Derek J., The Kiangsi Soviet Republic: Mao and the National Congr
esses of 1931 and 1934 (Berkeley, 1973).
90.Wang, Chi-Chen (tr.), Ah Q and Others: Selected Stories of Lusin (New Yor
k, 1941).
91.¤ý°¥Á¡G¡m¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¥v½Z¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1965¦~¡^¡A3¨÷¡C
92.Wei, William, Counterrevolution in China: The Nationalists in Jiangxi Dur
ing the Soviet Period (Ann Arbor, 1985).
93.Wilbur, C. Martin, The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 (New Yo
rk, 1985).
94.Willoughby, W. W., The Sirto-Japanese Controversy and the League of Natio
ns (Baltimore, 1935).
95.Wong, Wang-chi, Politics and Literature in Shanghai: The Chinese League o
f Left-wing Writers, 1930-36 (Manchester, Eng., 1991).
96.Wright, S. F.t China's Struggle for Tariff Autonomy: 1843-1938 (Shanghai,
1938).
97.Wu, Tien-wei, The Start Incident: A Pivotal Point in Modern Chinese Histo
ry (Ann Arbor¡A 1976).
98.Yakhontoff, Victor A.t The Chinese Soviets (New York, 1943).
99.Yang, Benjamin, 'The Zunyi Conference as One Step in Mao's Rise to Power:
A Survey of Historical Studies of the Chinese Party¡A" The China Quarterly, 106:
235-271 (June 1986).
100.Yeh, Wen-hsin, "Shanghai Modernity: Commerce and Culture in a Republican
City¡A" The China Quarterly, 150: 375-394 (June 1997),
101.Young, Arthur N.¡A China's Nation Building Efforts, 1927-1937: The Financi
al and Economic Record (Stanford¡A1971).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Ch'ien Tuan-sheng,The Government and Politics of China (Cambridge,Mass.¡A1950)¡A10
1.
2 ¥]¬A§d¸Xu¡B±iÄ~¡B®]¬ì¡BªL´Ë©MÀ¹©u³³¡C
3 ¥]¬A®]¤Ò¤H§º¼yÄÖ©M³‾¤Í¤‾¡C
4 ¨â¤H¦b°V¬F¬ùªk°ÝÃD¤W²£¥Í¤F¤Àª[¡A½±¤¤¥¿Qnd¬ùªk¡A¦ýJº~¥Á°í«ù¬ùªk¨S¦³¥²n¡C
5 ½²§ÊÆp±Nx©M½±¥ú ±Nx¡C
6 §õÀÙµ`©M³‾»Ê¼Ï¡C
7 ³o¬q¸Ü¸g±`³Q»¡¦¨¬O¥X¦Û1927¦~ªº"¥Ð¤¤«µ§é"¡A³o¥÷«µ§é¹ê»Ú¤W¨Ã¤£¦s¦b¡F¦ý¬O¡A³o¥÷©Ò¿×ªº«µ§é¥]§
8 Sadako N¡OOgaca¡ADefiance in Manchuria¡GThe Making of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1931-
1932 (Berkeley¡A1964)¡A3-4¡FTakehiko Yoshihashi¡AConspiracy at Mukden¡A37¡A130-31¡O
9 Ogata¡A42-45¡O
10 Yoshihashi¡A12¡A116¡O
11 Ogata¡A58-59¡O
12 Ogata¡A65-69¡FYoshihashi¡A9¡A235¡O
13 Ogata¡A71-73¡O
14 ±çq½Î¡G«e¨¥¡A²Äiii¡Bvi¶¡C
15 ¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¥X¥ô°ê°ÈÁ`²zªº¸Ö¤HÝ®Ñªk®a¾G§µE¡C
16 ¥]¬A¶PÀs¡B¦¶¼w©M©P®¦¨Ó¡C
17 Benjamin I¡OSchwartz¡AChinese Communism and the Rise of Mao(Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1958)¡A10
18 ¤@¦W¼w°ê¶¡¿Ò¡A¤Æ¦WA¡ONeuberg¡C
19 ¥Ñ±i¤Ó¹p©M¸®¼»â¾É¡C
20 ¤£¹L¡A³o¨Ã«D¤¤°êªº²Ä¤@ÓÄ¬ºû®J¬F©²¡C³Ì¦ªºÄ¬ºû®J©ó1927¦~11¤ë¦b¼s¦{ªþªñªº®ü³°Â×¦a°Ï«Ø¥ß¡C
21 Schwartz¡A151-63¡O
22 John E¡ORue¡AMao Tse-tung in Opposition¡A1927-1935(Stanford¡A1966)¡A241¡O
23 ÅU¶¶³¹¡C
24 John E¡ORue¡OMao Tse-tung in Opposition¡A1927-1935(Stanford¡A1966)¡A247-248¡O
25 Schwartz¡A189-190¡O
26 Rue¡A272¡O
27 Ãö©ó³o¨Ç³ò¶Ïªº¤é´Á©M°ê¥ÁÄÒx§ë¤J³ò¶Ïªº§L¤O¡A¦UºØ°O¸ü¦³©Ò¤£¤@¡C§Úªº¸ê®Æ¥Dn¤Þ¦Û°ê¥ÁÄÒªº©x
28 ¥Lªº‾u¦W¬O¥¬³Ò®¦(Otto Braun¡A1900-1974¦~)¡F°Ñ¨£¥Lªº¦^¾Ð¿ýA Comintern Agent in China 1932
29 Rue¡O263-64¡O
30 Benjamin Yang¡A"The Zunyi Conference as One Step in Mao's Rise to Power¡GA Survey
of Historical Studies of the Chinese Communist Party," The China Quarterly, 106¡G
241(June 1986)¡C§õ¼w©MÂ½Ä¶¥î×Åv§@¬°¦C®u¥Nªí¥X®u¤F|Ä³¡C¥Ø«e¤¤¦@©x¤è¤½¥¬ªº»P|ªÌ¦W³æ¤¤¥]¬A¡
31 ¥î×Åv¡G<¥Í¦º§ñÃöªº¾ú¥vÂà§é>¡A¡m¬P¤õ¿Rì¼W¥Z¡n¡A²Ä1¨÷¡A²Ä19¡B26¶(1982¦~)¡A¥Ñ¤¤°ê¥_¨Ê¤¤°
32 ³Õ¥j¬Ûí"Åé±"¦a©Ó»{¤F¥¢±Ñ¡A«á¨Ó¥L¦b1945¦~ªº¤¤¦@¤C¤j¤W§@¤F¤@¦¸¦Û§Ú§åµû¡C¥L¦b1946¦~¦º©óªÅ
33 ¨ä¥¦¬Fªv§½±`©e©eû¬O±i»D¤Ñ¡B³‾¶³¡B©P®¦¨Ó©M³Õ¥j¡C
34 Yang¡A250¡O
35 ¸Ó³¡¦b1933¦~ªº¶íªf°±¾Ô¨óÄ³¥H«á±q¥¬z¦a°Ï½Õ¨¾¨ì¤F°¢¦è¡C
36 ¥Lªø©~»OÆW¡C(Ä¶ªÌª`¡G±i¾Ç¨}¤w©ó2001¦~10¤ë915¤é‾f³u©ó¬ü°ê®L«Â¦i¡A¨É¦~101³)¡C1991¦~¥L¥H¤E
37 ³o¤@¸`ªº¸ê®Æ¥Dn¤Þ¦Û¡G¡m§Ü¾Ô«e¤Q¦~¤§¤¤°ê¡n¡A¥Ñ¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ«Ø³]¨ó|½s¼¶¡A«ª©(95´ä¡A1965¦~)¡C
38 ¨ä¤¤³Ì§²±¦Wªº¬O¥_¨Ê¤j¾Ç¡B²MµØ¤j¾Ç©M¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç¡C
39 ¨ä¤¤³Ì¦³¦Wªº¬O¿P¨Ê¤j¾Ç¡BªF§d¤j¾Ç'¤W®ü¤j¾Ç¡BÀ«n¤j¾Ç©M¸t¬ù¿«¤j¾Ç¡A¥þ¬O±Ð|¾Ç®Õ¡C
40 Ãö©ós¥Í¬¡¹B°Êªº¤@Ó°üÀ©¬Òª¾ªº‾º¸Ü¬O¥¦§i»|¦æ¤HÀ³ÀPµó¹D¥kÃä¦æ¨«¡C¾Ú»¡¤sªF¬Ù¬Ùªø¡Bx»ÖÁú´_
41 ¡m¥@¬É¤å¤Æ¡n¡B¡mµÞªÞ¡n¡B¡m©Ý‾îªÌ¡n¡B¡m¥_°«¡n¡B¡m²{¥N¤p»¡¡n¡B¡m¤j²³¤åÃÀ¡n¡B¡m¤å¾Ç¤ë³ø¡n¡B
42 ì¦WÂn¶¦B¡C
43 ì¦W©P¾ð¤H¡C
44 Hsia¡A138-39¡O
45 Hsia,¡A156-57¡O
46 ì¦WµÎ¼y¬K¡C¤å¤Æ¤j²©R´Á¶¡¦Û±þ¨¤`¡C
47 ì¦W§õªè¥Ì¡C¨äµ§¦W¤Úª÷¥Ñ«X°êµL¬F©²¥D¸qªÌ¤Ú¬\¹ç©M§J¾|ªw‾Sª÷¨â¤H³o¨âÓ¤¤¤åÄ¶¦Wªº²Ä¤@Ó¦r©M
48 Swarup¡A52¡O
49 Shun-hsin Chou¡AThe Chinese Inflation¡A1937-1949(New York¡A1963)¡A40-42¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
17
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¥|³¹
¤¤¤é¾Ôª§¡A1937-1945¦~
¤¤°ê²Î¤@°_¨Ó¤Ï¹ï¥~¨Ó«I²¤ªº«e´º¡A¥O¤é¥»x°ê¥D¸qªÌ©M¥ºÝ¤À¤l¾á¼~¦b¤j³°ªºÂX±i¬Fµ¦¤§«e³~¡C»
1.¤é¥»x°ê¥D¸qªÌªº¿³°_
ÁöµM1937¦~ªº"¤¤°ê¨ÆÅÜ"ªí±¤W¬O¥ÑÃöªFxµ¦¹ºªº¤@Ó¦a¤è¨Æ¥ó¡A¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W«o¬O¤@³õºë¤ß³]pªº¦³¹
1.1 1932¦~ªº"¤¡O¤@¤¬FÅÜ" x°ê¥D¸qªÌªº¨³³t±U°_¡A³¡¤À¬O³q¹L¬FÅÜ©Mt±þµ¥´Ý»Å¤â¬q¹ê²{ª
1.2 1936¦~ªº"¤G¡O¤G¤»¬FÅÜ" ºÉºÞx¶¤¦b¤Ï¹ï¤å©x²Îªv¤W¹Îµ²¤@P¡A¦ý¤]¦s¦bµÛ¤º³¡‾Éª§¡C¤@¨
x¶¤¤º³¡ªº‾Éª§³y¦¨¤F°Ê¿º©M²V¶Ã¡C¦b1933¦~7¤ë¡A¤@¥ë¤Ö§§¬£x©x¤£º¡©óÂNÄðº¬ÛµL¤O±À¦æ¬Ó¹D¬£
2¤ë26¤é¡A¤@À°¤Ö§§¬£x©x©M1,400¦W¤h§L¥Ñ¦wÄðõ¦¤W®Õ²v»â¡A¹Ü¨ú¤F¹ïªF¨Ê¤¤¼Ïn¦aªº±±¨î¡A¥e»
ÀHµÛ1936¦~3¤ë©£¥Ð¤W±NÃã¥hº¬Û¤§Â¾¡A¼s¥Ð¥°¼Ý±µºÞ¤F¬F©²Åv¬`¡C¥L¦Û1933¦~¬î°_Ń¾á¥ô¥~¬Û¡A¨Ã
1.3¼s¥Ð¥°¼Ýªº¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦ ¼s¥Ð¥°¼Ýªº¬Fµ¦¦®¦b¨Ï¤¤°ê»P¥@¬É¨ä¥L°ê®a¤ÀÂ÷¶}¨Ó¡A¥H«KÀ£¢¤¤°ê©}
¤¤°ê¥Á²³n¨D©è§Ü¤é¥»ªº©IÁn¤é‾q°ªº¦¡A¥þ°ê©Êªº©è¨î¤é³f¹B°Ê¦¨¥\¦a«d´î¤F¤T¤À¤§¤Gªº¶T©ö¡C¼s¥
¦b°ê»Ú¤W¡A¼s¥Ðªö‾Ç¤@¶µ´Â¦V©t¥ßÄ¬Áp¡BÇ³Æ¹ï¬ü^¶}¾Ô¤Î»P¼wN¦X§@ªº¬Fµ¦¡C¤é¥»¦b1936¦~»P¼w°
¼s¥Ð¬F©²¦b1936¦~12¤ëË»O¡A¦¸¦~2¤ëªL»Ñ¤Q¦±Nx¥X¥ôº¬Û¡Cs¥ô¥~¬Û¦õÄð©|ªZ«ØÄ³³q¹L«ì´_¸gÀÙ
2.¤£«Å¦Ó¾Ô¡A1937¦~
®Ú¾Ú1901¦~¡m¨‾¤¡±ø¬ù¡nÃö©ó¤¹³\¥~°êÃ±¦r°ê¦b¥_¥(¥_¨Ê)¨ì´ñ®üÆW¤§¶¡¾n¤ãx¶¤ªº±ø´Ú¡A¾nµØ¥_¤
¾ÔÆ]¤@°_¡A¨Ó¦ÛªF¥_©M¤é¥»¥»®qªº¤éx¼W´©³¡¶¤«K¾Ö¦ÜµØ¥_¡A¥e»â¤F¥_¥©PÃäªº©Ò¦³¾Ô²¤nÂI¡CÅãµ
ÁöµM¤¤°êÇ³Æ¶i¦æ¤@³õ«ù¤[¾Ô¡A¤é¥»«o¤£Q³´¤J¨È¬w¤j³°ªºªd¼æ¡F¦b°Ñ¿Ñ¥»³¡ªº¤ß¥Ø¤¤Ä¬Áp¤´µM¬O¥
²{¥N¤Æªº¤é¥»x¶¤ÅãµM»³Ó©ó¤¤°êx¶¤¡C¦b¤©¤G¤Q¤Ex¥H«³Ð¤§«á¡A¤éx¦b7¤ë¤U¦‾§@¦n¤F¶i§ð¥_¥
8¤ë13¤é¡A¤éx¦b¤¤°êªºª÷¿Ä¤¤¤ß¤W®ü¶}ÅP¤F²Ä¤G±ø¾Ô½u¡A¥H¹ÏºR´¤¤°ê¶i¦æ¾Ôª§ªº¸gÀÙ‾à¤O¡C¥X¥G
½±±Nº³£¾E¦Ü¥|¤t«¼y¡A¨º¸Ì±T¹òªº¦a§Î¡B°~®kªº®l¨¦©M´ø«æªºªø¦¿¨Ï¥¦´X¥G¤£¥i‾à³Q¼Ä¤H¬ð‾}¡C½
«n¨Ê²_³´«áµo¥Í¤F¤£¤À«C¬õ¨m¥Õªº±O±þ¡A¬ù¦³¤Q¸U¥¥Á¹JÃø¡A¦P®ÉÁÙ¦³Ãø¥Hpºâªº°ü¤k¨ü°d¡C³oÓ«
¦b§ð³´«n¨Ê«á¡A¤éx¥D¤O¦V¥_¶i¨ú«nªº¥æ³q¼Ï‾Ã®}¦{¡C¦ý¦b®}¦{ªþªñªº»O¨à²ø¡A1938¦~3¤ë©³¨ì4¤
±µ¤U¨Óªº|¾Ô¦b½±ªº¦æÁÕ©Ò¦b¦aªZº~®i¶}¡A¤éx¤Q¤GÓ®v¹Î±qªø¦¿©M²aªeªu½u¨âÓ¤è¦V¦XÀ»¸Ó¦a¡Ç
ªZº~ªº¥¢³´¼Ð§ÓµÛ«ùÄò¤Q¤»Ó¤ëªº¾Ôª§²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¤§µ²§ô¡C¦b³o¤@¶¥¬q¡A¤¤°ê¥HªÅ¶¡´«¨ú®É¶¡¡A±N¼Ä¤
°ê»Ú¨îµô©k©k¨Ó¿ð¡A¦]¬°¼Ú¬w¥»¨¨üµÛ‾Çºé©Mªk¦è´µªº«Â‾Ù¡A¦Ó¬ü°ê«hÁÙÄY¦u¨ä¤¤¥ß¡CµM¦Ó¡AµL½×§
3.¨Lºë½Ãªº©M¥¹B°Ê
1938¦~11¤ë3¤é¡A¬°¬ö©À©úªv¤Ñ¬Óªº¥Í¨°¡A¤é¥»º¬Ûªñ½Ã¿Ë¤ý«Å¥¬¤F¤@¶µ"¨È¬ws‾´§Ç"Án©ú¡A¨ä°ò¥»
¹ï©ó¨º¨Ç¦]¬Ý¤£¨ì³Ó§Q©Î©M¥ªº«e´º¡B¦]¤é‾q¥[¼@ªº³q³f¿±µÈ¡B¥Í¬¡¤é‾q§xW¦Óªq³à¤£¤wªº¤¤°ê¬F«
¨Lºë½Ã´°«P«¼y¬F©²±µ¨ü³o¨Ç±ø¥ó¬°©M½Íªº°òÂ¦¡C½±¤z‾Ü§Q¸¨¦a§_¨M¤F³oÓ¥DN¡A¨ÃÄU»¡°ê¥ÁÄÒ¶}°
1940¦~3¤ë¡A¦b¤é¥»ªº§ZÁl¤§¤U¡A¨Lºë½Ã¦b«n¨Ê«Ø¥ß¤F¤@Ó¤°|¨îªº¬F©²¡A¸Ó¬F©²§l‾Ç¤F¥_¥©M«n¨Ê
¤HÌ¦ÛµM|²£¥Í³o¼ËªººÃ°Ý¡A¨Lºë½Ã³oÓ®]¤¤¤sªº¿Ë±K«H®{¤Î°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤º©M°ê¥Á¬F©²¤ºªº²Ä¤G¸¹¤Hª«¡
4.°ê¥ÁÄÒªº§Ü¾Ô«Ø°êp¹º
¦b§Ü¾Ôªì´Á¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒÄÒ¤º©M¬F©²¤ºµo¥Í¤F¤@¨Ç«nªº¶i®i¡C¨ã¦³«¤jN¸qªº¬O¡A1938¦~4¤ë¦bªZº~¥l
¦b°ê¥ÁÄÒÁ{®É¥Nªí¤j|¤§«á¡A°ê¥Á°Ñ¬F|¦¨¥ß¡A®e‾Ç¤F«ù¦UºØ¬Fªv¨£¸Ñªº¦¨û¡A¥]¬A¤ò¿AªF©M¨ä¥¦¤
¤¤°ê¦b©è§Ü¤é¥»ªº°«ª§¤¤Áp¦X¤F°_¨Ó¡A¦ý¦b³o¥þ¥Á¹Îµ²ªº¿E©ùªí¹³I«á«oÁôÂÃµÛ²`¨èªºµõ²ª©M¤£©M¿
5.²Î¤@¾Ô½u¤Î¨ä°I±Ñ
¦b¤¤¤é¾Ôª§Ãzµo«á¤£¤[¡A§Y1937¦~9¤ë22¤é¡A¤¤¦@Ńµoªí¤F¤@ÓÃD¬°"¦@u°êÃø"ªº«Å¨¥¡A¸ÑÄÀ¥¦¦b¾Ô
1¡O®]¤¤¤s¥ý¥Íªº¤T¥Á¥D¸q¬°¤¤°ê¤µ¤é¤§¥²»Ý¡A¤¤¦@Ä@¬°¨ä¹ý©³ªº¹ê²{¦Ó¾Ä°«¡C
2¡O¤¤¦@±N¨ú®ø¤@¤Á±ÀÂ½°ê¥ÁÄÒ¬F©²ªº¼É°Ê¬Fµ¦¤Î¨ª¤Æ¹B°Ê¡A°±¤î¥H¼É¤O¨S¦¬¦a¥D¤g¦aªº¬Fµ¦¡C
3¡O¨ú®ø²{¦bªºÄ¬ºû®J¬F©²¡A¹ê¦æ¥ÁÅv¬Fªv¡A¥H´Á¥þ°ê¬FÅv¤§²Î4¡O¨ú®ø¬õx¦W¸q¤Îµf¸¹¡A§ï½s¬°°ê¥Á²©
½±Åwªï¦@²£ÄÒªº»}¨¥¡Aªí¥Ü§Æ±æ¤¤¦@³q¹L¹ï§Ü¾Ô©M°ê¥Á²©R¨Æ~ªº¹ê»Ú°^Äm¨ÓÃÒ©ú¨ä©¾¸Û¡C¤T¸U¦W¬
µM¦Ó¡A¦p¦P«e¤@¦¸1923-1927¦~¶¡ªºÁpù¤@¼Ë¡A³o¤@¦¸ªºÁpù¤]¬O©R¹B´dºG¡C±q¤@¶}©l¡A¦@²£ÄÒŃ§â
¬JµMn¥R¤À§Q¥Î²Î¤@¾Ô½u¡A¤ò¿AªF«K³]p¤F¤@®M¤À¤T¨B¨«ªºµ¦²¤¡G²Ä¤@¨B¡A»P°ê¥ÁÄÒ§´¨ó¥H¨D«OÅ@¤
¨ÌÓ³o¨Ç¸ÑÄÀ¡A§ÚÌŃ¤£Ãø²z¸Ñ¬°¤°»ò¦@²£ÄÒ±MN°µ¦Û§Úµo®i©MÂX±i¡B§V¤O§¹¦¨©Û¶Ò"¦Ê¸U¬õ¦â¾Ô¤h
°ê»Ú§Î¶Õªº¶³ÅÜ¤Ûµ¹°ê¦@¤§¶¡¤é‾qºò±iªºÃöÃ´¤õ¤W¥[ªo¡C1939¦~8¤ëÄ¬¼w¤¬¤£«I¥Ç±ø¬ùªºÃ±q--ÀH
¦b¦¹«áªº§Ü¾Ô³¤ë¸Ì¡A°ê¦@½Ä¬ð©l²×¨S¦³±o¨ì¸Ñ¨M¡CÁöµM½±¤@¦A«ÅºÙ¤¤¦@°ÝÃD¥»½è¤W¬O¬Fªv°ÝÃD¡A¦
6.©µ¦w¸gÅç»P¥~°êªºÆ[¹î
§Ü¤é¾Ôª§®É´Á(1937-1945¦~)¬°¤ò¿AªF©M¤¤¦@´£¨Ñ¤F«D±`Ãø±oªº®É¶¡¡A¾ã¹y¬FÄÒ©Mx¶¤¡A²ÕÂ´¥Á²³¡A
©µ¦w¹D¸ôªº®Ö¤ß¬O§¹µ½¸s²³¸ô½u©M¦b¹A§ø¥[±j²©Rªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¡A³o¦¨¬°¤ò¿AªF«äQªº¨â¤j¤ä¬W¡C14
®Ú¾Ú¥Lªº¸s²³¸ô½u¤èªk¡A¤ò¿AªF¼ö§Õ¦aÃöª`¹A¥Áªº»Ýn¡A¶}®i¤g¦a§ï²©M´î‾²´î®§¡A«P¨Ï¹A¥Á¥þ±¦
¬°¤F°Êû°_‾Ê¥F¸gÅçªº¹A¥Á¶¥¼h¡A¤ò¿AªF¦b¶m‾Å¥H¤U³Ð¥ß¤F³h¹A¹Î©M¹A|¡A¹ªÀy¥LÌ¿n¥°Ñ¥[¤À¦a¹
6.1¥Í²£¦Ûµ¹¹B°Ê ®Ú¾Ú¦X§@©M°Ñ»Pªºì«h¡A©µ¦w®É´Áµo°_¤F¤»³õ¤jªº¹B°Ê¡F±q¤¤§ÚÌ¥i¥Hµo²{¤ò
1¡Oªö‾Ç¤F"ºë§LÂ²¬F"ì«h¡Aºë´îx¶¤©M¬F©²¾÷Ãö¡C
2¡O±À¼s"¤U¶m"¹B°Ê¡A¨Ïª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l¤ÎÄÒû¤z³¡»P¤u¹A¬Ûµ²¦X¡C
3¡O¦b¤£d¤g§ïªº¦a¤è¹ê¦æ´î‾²´î®§¡A´î¤ÖÃB«×¦b25%¨ì40%¤§¶¡¡A¥H«K¨Ï¦a‾²¤£¶W¹L¥Ð¦a¦~²£¶qªº¤T¤À¤§
4¡O±À¦æ¤¬§U¦X§@¹B°Ê¡A§ï²Õ¶m§ø¸gÀÙ¡C
5¡O±À¦æ"²ÕÂ´©Ê¸gÀÙ"¡A¨Ï¦UÓ²ÕÂ´©M¤z³¡°Ñ¥[¸gÀç©MÅé¤O³Ò°Ê¡C
6¡O¶}®is¦¡ªº±Ð¨|¹B°Ê¡A«P¨Ï¹A~ªÀ|ªºªÀ|¡B¸gÀÙ©M¤å¤Æ§ï³y18.
³o¼Ë¡A¦b¬Fªv¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¾Ôª§©M²©R¦U¤è±¶}®iªº¸s²³¸ô½u¤èªk¡A¦b»â¾É¤H©M¤H¥Á¤§¶¡Áë³y¤F¤@±øºò±Kªº‾
¦b©µ¦w®É´Á¡A¤ò¿AªFªá¤F«Ü¦h®É¶¡ŃÄÒ©M°ê®a±Á{ªº°ÝÃD¤Î³þ©w³Ì²×³Ó§Q¤§°òÂ¦ªºµ¦²¤¶i¦æ«ä¦Ò¡B²
³oÓ¾Ö¦³¦Û¤vªº»â¤g¡B¬F©²¡B¬ö«ßÄY©úªº¬FÄÒ©Mx¶¤¡A¥H¤Î¨ô¶Vªº»â¾É¼hªº"¥t¤@Ó¤¤°ê"¤§¦s¦b¡A§
6.2¥~°êÆ[¹î®a 1936¦~7¤ë¡A´µ¿Õ(Edgar Snow)½Ä‾}°ê¥ÁÄÒªºs»D«ÊÂê¶i¤J¦@°Ï¡C¦¹«e¥L´¿§â¤¤°
¥LÌ"¥Í¤H®¨¨ý"--³oºØ©Ê®æ‾S©º"²`²`¦a"P¬V¤F¦o¡C20¦o¬Æ¦Ü»¡¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¤H¬Ý°_¨Ó"§ó¹³§ÚÌ(¬
¤j¦h¼Æ¥~°ê°OªÌ³£Ãh¦³¹ï°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤ÏP©M¹ï¤¤¦@¶É¤ßªºPÄ±¡A°¦¦³¤@Ó¤Ñ¥D±Ð‾«¨j¤ñ¸û©úÅã¦a¨Ò¥~¡C2
¥Î§@¤ñ¸ûªº¼ÐÇ¤£¬O¦@²£ÄÒ¤¤°ê»P¬ü°ê¡A¦Ó¬O«¼y©M©µ¦w¡C«eªÌ¥NªíµÛ"ÂÂ¤¤°ê"--¦º®ðÏÏ¡BÀZ¼o°
¬ü°ê°OªÌÌ¥X©ó°¾¦V½a¤H¼ÄµøÍ¤HªººA«×¦ÓÄ±±o¦@²£ÄÒ¤H¬O¤@¨Ç¤ñ°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤H"§ó¦nªº"©Î"¤£¨º»òÃaªº
®Ú¾Ú¥~°ê¨Ó³XªÌ¹ïÃä°ÏªºÆ[¹î¡A¥LÌ¹ï³o¸Ì¹ê¦æªº"¤T¤T¨î"¡B¿ïÁ|µ{§Ç¡B¥Á²³¤§°Ñ»P¬Fªv¶iµ{¡A¥H¤
¦^ÅU¾ú¥v¡A¤HÌ|¶É¦V©ó»{¬°¡A³o¨Ç¥~°ê³ø¹DªÌ¬O¤@¨Çs»D°OªÌ¡A¥LÌ¼g¤U©Ò¨£©Ò»D¡A¦Ó¤£¹³°V½m¦
¦p¦P¤HÌN®Æªº¨º¼Ë¡A½±¤¤¥¿¥w³d³o¨Ç³ø¹D"¤£¤½¥¿......±a¦³°¾¨£"¡C30¤ò¿AªF¤]»é¥¸¦³Ãö¤¤°ê¦@²
¥~°êÆ[¹î®a¦ÛµM¹ï«X°ê»P¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¤§ÁpÃ´ªº°ÝÃDP¿³½ì¡A¦ý¥LÌ°¦µo²{1937-1938¦~¶¡¦³¤@Ó¶ð´µ
6.3}§J¦è¨Ï¹Î ¸g½±¤¤¥¿§åÇ¶i¤J¦@°Ïªº²Ä¤@¦ì¬ü°êx©x¬O¬ü°ê®üx³°¾Ô¶¤¤W±L¥dº¸»¹(Evans F
1943¦~ªì¡A¥v}«Â(Joseph Stilwell)±Nx(¨£¤U¸`)ªº¬FªvÅU°ÝÀ¹ºû´µ(John P¡ODavies)«ØÄ³¬£»º¤@
²Ä¤@¤ä¬ü°ê¬£»º¶¤©ó7¤ë22¤é©è¹F¤¤¦@ªºº³£¡A²Ä¤G¤ä«h¦b8¤ë7¤é¨ì¹F¡C³oÓ¹Î¶¤³QºÙ¬°"}§J¦è¨Ï¹
¥]ç¼wµo²{"(¤¤¦@ªº)°V½m¤èªk°ò¥»¤W¬Oµ{§Ç¤Æªº¡A«ö§ÚÌªº¼ÐÇ¨Ó¬Ý¨S¦³¦h¤j»ùÈ¡C"¥L±o¥Xµ²½×»
¤¤¦@»â³SÌ¿Ë¤Á¦a±µ«Ý¤F}§J¦è¨Ï¹Î¡A¨Ã©ó1944¦~8¤ë©³¡AÁÂ°¶«ä¹ï¤ò¿AªF¥D®u§@¤F¨º¦¸³Qªø´ÁÀ£¦í
À¹ºû´µ©MÁÂ°¶«ä½T«H½±®øÀ¤£¤F¦@²£ÄÒ¡A¥¦³¥i‾àªº¬O¦@²£ÄÒ¥´«±¤F¥L¡A°£«D°ê¥ÁÄÒ¹ê¦æ¿E‾Pªº§ï
¦b³oºØ¼Ò¸W¨â¥iªºI´º¤U¡A¬ü°ê¾nµØ¤Hû¦Ò¼{t¤¤»P¤¤¦@«Ø¥ßÃöÃ´¡AºÉºÞ½±ªº¤Ï¹ï¬O²³©Ò©Pª¾ªº¡C¦
¥¿¬O¦b³oºØ§Î¶Õ¤U¡AÃQ¼wÁÚ(Albert C¡OWedemeyer)±Nxªº¤@¨Ç°Ñ¿Ñ¤Hû»P¾Ô²¤±¡³ø§½¦X§@¡A¨M©w¦V
©µ¦wªº¸gÅç¦b¤¤¦@¾ú¥v¤W¬O¥¨ä«nªº¡CŃ¤º³¡¦Ó¨¥¡A¥¦®Ú¾Ú¸s²³¸ô½u³Ð¥ß¤F¤@®MsªºªÀ|¬Fªv¨î«
7.¾Ô®É¥~¥æ»P¬ü°ê¨÷¤J¤¤°ê¨Æ°È
±q1937¦~7¤ë¾Ôª§Ãzµo¨ì1941¦~12¤ë¤é¥»Å§À»¬Ã‾]´ä¡A¤¤°ê³£¬O¿W¦Û¶i¦æ§Ü¾Ô¡CºÉºÞ¥¦±q¦è¤è°ê®a¨º
¦P¤@®É´Á¦è¤èªº´©§U¤Ö±o¥i¼¦--³o¬O¥Ñ©ó¬ü°êªº©t¥ß¥D¸q©M¼Ú¬wªº°Ê¿º§½¶Õ©ÒP¡C¦è¤èªº´©§UÁ`¦@Å
¦ý¬O¡A1939¦~9¤ë¼Ú¬wÃzµo¾Ôª§¡A¥¤j¦a§ïÅÜ¤F¥~¨Ó´©§Uªº®æ§½¡C«X°êªº´©§U¤£Â_´î¤Ö¡Aª½¨ì³Ì«á³º
Å§À»¬Ã‾]´ä§ïÅÜ¤F¤¤°ê¾Ôª§ªº©Ê½è¡A¤]§ïÅÜ¤F¥~¨Ó´©§Uªºµ²ºc¡C^¬ü¹ï¤é«Å¾Ô©M¤¤°ê¹ï¶b¤ß°êªº«Å¾
¦b¤Ó¥¬v¾Ôª§ªì´Á¡A¤é¥»¨ú±o¤F½÷×ªº³Ó§Q¡A¬ÛÄ~§ð¥e¤F95´ä¡Bs¥[©Y¡B½q¨l©Mµá«ß»«¡CùxÅfµM¥
7.1 1943¦~ªº¶}Ã¹|Ä³ Ã¹´µºÖ³ßÅw»P¥@¬É»â¾É¤H|±à¡A¨ÃŃ¾Ôª§¥Ø¼Ð©M¥¼¨Ó©M¥¤è®×°µ¥X«¤j¨
¦b¦Pù°êªº¤j¾Ô²¤¤W¡A¼Ú¬w¦ì©~²Ä¤@¡A¤Ó¥¬v¨ä¦¸¡A¤¤°ê©~²Ä¤T¡C¥C¦Nº¸¾á¤ß¬ü°êÁ`²Î¹ï¤¤°êªº°¾
1943¦~12¤ë1¤éªº¶}Ã¹«Å¨¥¡A²Ä¤@¦¸n¨D¤é¥»"µL±ø¥ó§ë°"¡A¥þ³¡ÂkÁÙ¤¤°ê³Q¤é¥»m¥hªº¥¢¦a¡AÂkÁÙ
7.2¥v}«Â¦M¾÷ ¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¤º³¡ªº¤@Ó¦M¾÷¡A¬O½±¤¤¥¿ªº¬ü¤è°Ñ¿Ñªø¥v}«Â±Nxªº©Ê®æ¡Cºï¸¹¬°"¾
¹ï¤¤°êªº¦@²£ÄÒ°ÝÃD¤Î¤¤Ä¬ªºÁ`ÅéÃöÃ´²`¤ÁÃöª`ªºÃ¹´µºÖ¬£°ÆÁ`²ÎµØµÜ¤h(Henry Wallace)«e¨Ó¤¤°ê
½±ÄY¼F¦a±±¶D¥v}«Â‾Ê¥F¦X§@©M§PÂ_¤O¡C¬°¤F»P¥Õ®c«Ø¥ßª½±µªºÃöÃ´¡A¥L½Ð¨D¬ü°êÁ`²Î¬£¤@¦W¨p¤H‾
ÀHµÛ¤éxªº¶i§ð¢ªñ«¼y¡A¬ü°ê°Ñ¿ÑªøÁp®u|Ä³¦b¥v}«ÂªºÄU»¡¤U¡A½Ð¨DÃ¹´µºÖÁ`²În¨D½±§â¥]¬A¤
J¦ò(Hoover)Á`²Î®É´Á¾á¥ô¹L°ê¨¾³¡ªøªº»®º¸§Q(Hurley)±Nx¡A¥HÁ`²Î‾S¨Ïªº¨¥÷³Q¬£¨Ó«¼y¡A¨ó½
½±§i¶DÃ¹´µºÖÁ`²Î¡AÁöµM¥LÄ@N±µ¨ü¤@¦ì¬ü°ê±Nx¤Î«²Õ¦Û¤vªºx¨Æ«ü´§Ã´²Î¡A¦ý¥L«o¤£‾à±N¦p¦¹
ºÉºÞÁp®u°Ñ¿Ñªø¦b³o³õª§§n¤¤Ä~Äò¤ä«ù¥v}«Â¡A¦ý»®º¸§Qªº¤@¥÷¥©§®ªº³ø§i¥´®ø¤FÃ¹´µºÖÁ`²Î©Î³\¦
±µ´À¥v}«ÂªºÃQ¼wÁÚ¤¤±N³Q¥ô©R¬°¾nµØ¬üxÁ`¥q¥OÝ½±ªº°Ñ¿Ñªø¡A¦ý¤£¬O¤¤°êx¶¤ªº¥q¥O¡CÃQ¼wÁÚÁ
7.3»®º¸§Qªº½Õ°±¡A1944-1945¦~ ¦]°ê¦@¼‾À¿§«Ãª¤F¤¤°êªº¾Ôª§®Ä²v¨Ã«Â‾Ù¨ì¥¼¨Óªº°ê®a²Î¤@©M
¦ý¬O¡A½±«o±q¤@ÓºIµM¤£¦Pªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý«Ý¤¤¦@°ÝÃD¡C¹ï¥L¨Ó»¡¡AÁp¦X¬F©²N¨ýµÛ°ê¥ÁÄÒ°V¬Fªº¥¢±Ñ¡
³o¨Ç¤H(§Y½±¤Î¨ä³¡¤U)¦V¦@²£ÄÒ¤H»¡¡G§A¥æ¥Xx¶¤¡A§Úµ¹§A¦Û¥Ñ¡C®Ú¾Ú³oÓ¾Ç»¡¡A¨S¦³x¶¤ªºÄÒ¬£¸
¢©ó¤½²³ÁÖ½×©M¬ü°ê«ØÄ³ªºÀ£¤O¡A½±¦PN¥l¶}¤@¦¸°ê¨Æ|Ä³¡A¥¦±N¥]¬A©Ò¦³ÄÒ¬£ªº¥Nªí©MµLÄÒ¬£¤H¤
1944¦~11¤ë17¤é¡A°ª´µ¤j¨ÏÃãÂ¾¡A¥Ñ»®º¸§Q±µ¥ô¬°¾nµØ¤j¨Ï¡A¦ý¥L¨S¦³±o¨ì¨ÏÀ]¤Hûªº§¹¥þ¤ä«ù¡A³
7.4 1945¦~ªº¶®º¸¶ð|Ä³ ¨ì1944¦~©³¡A¼w°êªº¾Ô±Ñ¤w¸g¦b±æ¡A¦Pù°ê»â³SÌ±N¾Ô²¤«¤ßÂà¦V¤F¤
¦b|¤W¡A´µ¤jªL¦PN¦b¼w°ê¾Ô±Ñ«á¨â¦Ü¤TÓ¤ë¤º¡A°Ñ¥[¹ï¤é¥»ªº¾Ôª§¡A±ø¥ó¬O1904¦~³Q¤é¥»«I¥eªº©
Ã¹´µºÖ¦¹®É‾fÅ]Äñ¨¡A«D±`‾h³Ò¡A¥L¨S¦³¦b¶®º¸¶ð|Ä³¤W¾Ú²z¤Oª§¡C¥L»{¬°¦Û¤v¤w§¹¦¨¤F|Ä³ªº¥D
¶®º¸¶ð¨óÄ³ªº¨ãÅé±ø´Ú¿f¹L¤F½±©M»®º¸§Q¡A¦ý³o¨â¤H³£¶¡±µ¦aÀò±x¤F¬Y¨Ç³¡¤À¡C»®º¸§QP¨ì³Q¾rªÅ¤
Ä¬Áp¤w¦b4¤ë5¤éÓ|¤é¥»¡A¨â°ê¤§¶¡ªº1941¦~¤¤¥ß¨óÄ³¤w¥¢¥h¤FN¸q¡F¬G"¤£¥i‾à"¦A«ùÄò¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡
½±¬£©d¸¤§º¤l¤å«e©¹²ö´µ¬ì¡A¥H¹Ï¦bÄ¬x¶i¤JªF¥_¤§«e»P´µ¤jªL¹F¦¨¤@¶µ¨ó©w¡C´µ¤jªL¦V¤¤°ê´£Ä³
¦b1945¦~7¤ë16¤éªi‾ý©Z|Ä³²Ä¤@¤Ñªº±ß¤W¡A²Ä¤@Áûì¤l¼u¦bs¾¥¦èô¦{¦¨¥\Ãz¬µ¡C63®ø®§¶Ç¨ì¤F§ù
1945¦~7¤ë26¤éªºªi‾ý©Z¤½§in¨D¤é¥»"µL±ø¥ó§ë°¡A§_«h±N©ÛP¨³³t¹ý©³ªº´À"¡CíªF¨Ê¹ï³oÓÄµ
ÁöµM³o¶µ±ø¬ù¥N»ù©ù¶Q¡A¦ý«o³Q½±º¡N¦a±µ¨ü¤F¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬°¤¤°ê«OÃÒ¤F¥_¤èÃä¬Éªº©M¥¡A¨Ã¨ÏÄ¬Áp©
1945¦~8¤ë14¤é¡A¤é¥»¤Ñ¬Óµo¥¬¤F¤@¶µµ²§ô¾Ôª§ªº¶@®Ñ¡A9¤ë2¤é¡A¦b°±ªy©óªF¨ÊÆWªº¬ü°ê±KÄ¬¸Ì¸¹(M
¤¤°ê¬°¾Ôª§ªºµ²§ôÅw©I³¶ÅD¡A¨Ã«æ¤Á¦a¬ß±æ¬Ûí®É¶¡ªº©M¥©M««Ø¡CµM¦Ó¦bÅwªY¿E©ùªºªí¹³¤U±¡A«
8.¾Ôª§ªº«áªG
¾Ôª§¹ï¤¤°ê¡B¤é¥»©MªF¨È²£¥Í¤F²`»ªº¼vÅT¡C¨ä¤¤³Ì«nªº¦p¤U¡G
8.1ªF¨Èªº°ê»Ús‾´§Ç ¤Ó¥¬v¾Ôª§ªºµ²§ô¶}³Ð¤FªF¨Èªº¤@Ós®É¥N¡C¤¤°ê³q¹Lªø´Áªº¤Ï«I²¤°«ª§
8.2°ê¥ÁÄÒªº°IºÜ ºÉºÞ¹ï¤é¥»ªº³Ó§Q¥Dn¥Ñ¬ü°ê¤H¨ú±o¡A¦ý¤¤°êªº°^Äm¬O¤£¥i§C¦ôªº¡C¦b¾ãÓ¾Ô
8.3¸gÀÙäÃø °ê¥Á¬F©²¦Û1928¦~«Ø¥ß°_p¡AŃ¤@ª½¨ü³s¦~ªº¨ª¦r¶}¤äªº§xÂZ¡A¦b§Ü¾Ô´Á¶¡¡A¥Ñ©ó
(¦Ê¸U¤¸ªk¹ô)
¦~¥÷
¾Ôª§¶}¤ä
¦¬¤J
1937
1,167
870
1941
10,933
2,024
1945
1,268,031
216,519
¬F©²¨S¦³¿ìªkÀ±¸É³oÓ®t¶Z¡A°¦¦³ªö¨ú¤½»{¬°¤£©ú´¼ªº¼W¥[‾È¹ôµo¦æ¶qªº¤â¬q¡AºÉºÞ©úª¾¹D³oºØ°µª
¦~¥÷
¹s°â»ùªº¤W´ (%)
1937¦~(¶}¾Ô«áªºÀY¤EÓ¤ë)
29
1938¦~
49
1939¦~
83
1940¦~
124
1941¦~
173
1942¦~
235
1943¦~
245
1944¦~
231
1945¦~(¦Ü8¤ë)
251
1945¦~(¦Û8¤ë¨ì¦~©³)
230
³q³f¿±µÈ³Ì²×l®`¤Fx¶¤ªº¤h®ð¡A¥´À»¤F¦æ¬F®Ä²v¡A‾}Ãa¤F¥¥Áªº¥Í¬¡¡A¨Ã¨Ï¤¤²£¶¥‾Å²_¬°³h¥Á¡C¥
8.4¤ß²zªº‾h¾Î ¦b@¤ß¦a§Ô¨ü¤F¤K¦~§Ü¾Ôªº¤@¤Á§xW¤§«á¡A¤¤°ê¤H¥Á‾h¾Î¤£³ô¡A¤@íÄ¹±o¤F³Ó§Q
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Barrett, David D.¡ADixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Y
enan, 1944 (Berkeley, 1970).
2.Bisson, Thomas A.¡A"apan in China (New York, 1938).
3.Borg, Dorothy, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933-1938 (
4.Boyle, "ohn Hunter, China and "apan at War, 1937-1945: The Politics of Col
laboration (Stanford, 1972).
5.Bunker, Gerald E.¡AThe Peace Conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China War, 1
937-1941 (Cambridge, Mass., 1972).
6.Chang, Iris, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
(New York, 1997).
7.Chang, Kia-ngau, The Inflationary Spiral: The Experience in China, 1939-19
50 (New York, 1958).
8.Ch'en, Yung-fa, Making Revolution: The Communist Movement in Eastern and C
entral China, 1937-1945 (Berkeley, 1986).
9.½±¤¶¥Û(Chiang, Kai-shek)¡G¡m½±Á`²Î‾µ¿ý¡n(»O¥_¡A1974¦~)¡C
10.Chiang, Kai-shek, China's Destiny (New York, 1947).
11.--¡ASoviet Russia in China: A Summing Up at Seventy (New York, 1963).
12.Chou, Shun-hsin, The Chinese Inflation, 1937-1949 (New York, 1963).
13.Clemens, Diane Shaver, Yalta (New York, 1970).
14.Clifford, Nicholas R.¡ARetreat from China: British Policy in the Far East,
1937-1941 (Seattle, 1967).
15.Colegrove, Kenneth, "The New Order in East Asia," Far Eastern Quarterly,
1:1: 5-24 (Nov. 1941).
16.Conn, Peter, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography (New York, 1996).
17.Denning, Margaret B., The Sino-American Alliance in World War II: Coopera
tion and Dispute among Nationalists, Communists, and Americans (Berne, 1986).
18.Doenecke, "ustus D.¡AThe Diplomacy of Frustration: The Manchurian Crisis of
1931-1933 as Revealed in the Papers of Stanley K. Hornbeck (Stanford, 1981).
19.Esherick, "oseph W. (ed.), Lost Chance in China: The World War II Dispatc
hes of "ohn S. Service (New York, 1974).
20.Feis, Herbert, The China Tangle (Princeton, 1953).
21.--¡A"apan Surrendered: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacifi
c (Princeton, 1961).
22.Fishel, W. R., The End of Extraterritoriality in China (Berkeley, 1952).
23.Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, The Conference at Malta and
Yalta (Washington, D.C., 1955).
24.--¡A1942, China (Washington, D.C.¡A1956).
25.--¡A1943, Vol. VI. China (Washington, D.C., 1957).
26.--¡AThe Conferences at Cairo and Teheran (Washington, D.C¡A1961).
27.--¡A1944, Vol. VI, China (Washington, D.C., 1967).
28.--¡A1945, Vol. VII¡AThe Far East-China (Washington, D.C., 1969).
29.Garver, "ohn W.¡AChinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945 (New York, 1988).
30.--,"The Origins of the Second United Front: The Comintern and the Chinese
Communist Party," The China Quarterly, 113:29-59 (March 1988).
31.Gunn, Edward M.¡AUnwelcome Muse: Chinese Literature in Shanghai and Peking,
1937-1945 (New York, 1980).
32.Head, William P., America's China So"ourn: America's Foreign Policy and I
ts Effects on Sino-American Relations, 1942-1948 (Lanham, Md.¡A 1983).
33.--¡AYe nan: Colonel Wilbur ". Peterkin and the Dixie Mission, 1944-1945(Cha
pel Hill, 1987).
34.Hung, Chang-tai, War and Polpular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 19
37-1945 (Berkeley, 1994).
35.Israel, "erry, "Mao's Mr. America: Edgar Snow's Images of China," Pacific
Historical Review, XLVII: 1:107-122 (Feb. 1978).
36."ansen, Marius B., "apan and China: From War to Peace, 1894-1972 (Chicago
, 1975).
37."ones, F. C., Manchuria Since 1931 (London, 1949).
38."ordan, Donald A., "The Place of Chinese Disunity in "apanese Army Strate
gy during 1931," The China Quarterly, 109:42-63 (March 1987).
39.Kataoka, Tetsuya, Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and
the Second United Front (Berkeley, 1974).
40.Lee, Bradford A.¡ABritain and the Sino-"apanese War, 1937-1939: A Study in
the Dilemmas of British Decline (Stanford,1 973).
41.Lensen, George A.¡AThe Strange Neutrality: Soviet-"apanese Relations during
the Second World War, 1941-1945 (Tallahassee, 1972).
42.±çqåT¡]Liang, Chin-tung)¡G¡m¥v}«Â¨Æ¥ó¡n¡]»O¥_¡A1971¦~¡^¡C
43.Liang, Chin-tung, General Stilwell in China, 1942-1944: The Full Story ("
amaica, New York, 1972).
44.Linebarger, Paul M. A., The China of Chiang K'ai-shek: A Political Study
(Boston, 1941).
45.Liu, "ames T. C.¡A"Sino-"apanese Diplomacy during the Appeasement Period, 1
933-1937" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1950).
46.Lohbeck, Donald, Patrick ". Hurley (Chicago, 1956).
47.Lowe, Peter, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of
British Policy in East Asia, 1937-1941 (New York, 1977).
48.McLane, Charles, Soviet Policy and the Chinese Communists, 1931-1946 (New
York, 1958).
49.Miles, Milton E.¡A U.S.N., A Different Kind of War: The Little Known Story
of the Combined Guerrilla Forces Created in China by the U.S. Navy and the Chine
se during World War II (Garden City, N.Y., 1967).
50.Morton, William Fitch, Tanaka Giichi and "apan's China Policy (New York,
1980).
51.North, Robert, Moscow and the Chinese Communists (Stanford, 1953).
52.Reardon-Anderson, "ames, Yenan and the Great Powers: The Origins of Chine
se Communist Foreign Policy, 1944-1946 (New York, 1980).
53.Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland, Stilwell's Command Problems (Wa
shington, D C., 1956).
54.--¡AStilwell's Mission to China (Washington, D.C., 1953).
55.Rosinger, Lawrence K" China's Wartime Politics, 1937-1944 (Princeton, 194
5).
56.Schaller, Michael, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979).
57.Schran, Peter, Guerrilla Economy: The Development of the Shensi-Kansu-Nin
ghsia Border Region, 1937-1945 (New York, 1976).
58.Selden, Mark, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge, Mass., 197
1).
58.Service, "ohn S.¡AThe Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of U.S.
China Relations (Berkelry, 1971).
59.Sheng, Michael M., "Mao, Stalin, and the Formation of the Anti-"apanese U
nited Front: 1935-37¡A" The China Quarterly, March 1992¡A149-83.
60.Shewmaker, Kenneth E.¡AAmericans and Chinese Communists, 1927-1945: A Persu
ading Encounter (Ithaca, 1971).
61.Sih, Paul K. T. (ed.), Nationalist China during the Sino-"apanese War, 19
37-1945 (Hicksville, N.Y., 1977).
62.Snow, Edgar, "ourney to the Beginning (New York, 1972).
63.--,Red Star over China (New York, 1938).
64.--,Random Notes on Red China, 1936-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1957).
65.Stewart, Roderick, Bethune (Don Mills, Ontario, 1973).
66.Teiwes¡A Frederick C.¡Aand Warren Sun, The Formation of Maoist Leadership: Fr
om the Return of Wang Ming to the Seventh Party Congress (London, 1994).
67.Throne, Christopher, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain and the
War against "apan, 1941-1945 (Oxford, 1978).
68.Truman, Harry S.T Memoirs, Vol. I: Year of Decisions (Garden City, 1955).
69.--,Memoirs, Vol. II: Years of Trial and Hop (Garden City, 1956).
70.Tuchman¡ABarbara W., Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-"9
45 (New York, 1970).
71.Van Slyke, Lyman P., Enemies and Friends: The United Front in Chinese Com
munist History (Stanford, 1967).
72.Varg, Paul A., The Closing of the Door: Sino-American Relations, 1936-194
6 (East Lansing, 1973).
73.Vartabedian, Ralph¡A"One Last Combat Victory: The Flying Tigers" Los Angele
s Times¡Ajuly 6, 1991.
74.Vincent, "ohn Carter, The Extraterritorial System in China: Final Phase (
Cambridge, Mass.¡A1970).
75¡CWhite, Theodore H. (ed.)¡AThe Stilwell Papers (New York, 1948).
76.--¡Aand Annalee "acoby, Thunder Out of China (New York, 1946).
77.Wylie¡ARaymond F" "Mao Tse-tung, Ch'en Po-ta and the 4Sinification of Marxi
sm¡F 1936-38" The China Quarterly, 79:447480 (Sept.1979).
78.--¡AThe Emergence of Maoism (Stanford, 1980).
79.Young, Arthur N.¡AChina and the Helping Hand, 1937-1945 (Cambridge, Mass" 1
963).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ²Ä¤@³õ¾Ôª§¦b1894-1895¦~¶¡¶i¦æ¡C
2 Ãö©ó³o¬q®É´Á¤é¥»¤H¦æ¬°ªº±Òµo©Ê¬ã¨s¡A°Ñ¨£¤Y¤s¥¿¨k¡G¡m²{¥N¬Fªv«äQ©M¦æ°Ê¡n¡A²Äl¨÷(ªF¨Ê¡A196
3 ¤À§O¬°¤«¤WÇ¤§§U©M¹ÎµZ¿i¨kÀï¡C
4 ®üx¤W±NÂNÄð¹ê¡C
5 °ª¾ô¬O²M¡C
6 ´çÃä«¤Ó¦±Nx¡C
7 ¤ñ¦p¡A¥LªºÂÃ¬Û°¨³õª÷^¤@«K¬O¤@Óx¶¤ªº³ÈÀw¡Cs¥ô¼Ï±K°|Ä³ªø¥ªhñ‾¤@¦¨kÀï«h¬O¤@Ó¤½¶}ªºªk¦
8 ¦pÃ¹°¨¥§¨È¡A«O¥[§Q¨È©M¤¦³Á¡C
9 ³o¥÷«Å¨¥ªº°ò½Õ¥]§t¦b1937¦~2¤ë10¤é¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡©eû|P°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤¤¥¡°õ¦æ©eû|ªº¤@¥÷¹q¤å¤¤¡C°Ñ¨£Pe
10 ³o¬q¸Ü®É±`³Q¤H¤Þ¥Î¡C°Ñ¨£F¡OF¡OLiu, A Military History of Modern China¡A1924-1929 (Prince
t Russia in China¡GA Summing-Up at Seventy (New York¡A1957)¡A85¡F©M Arthur N¡OYoung¡AChina
the Helping Hand,1937-1945 (Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1963)¡A58¡O
11 1945¦~4¤ë24¤é¡A¤ò¿AªF«ÅºÙ¦b1943¦~©M1944¦~¡A¥Lªº³¡¶¤¤À§O§ÜÀ»¤F64%©M56%ªº¤é¥»x¶¤©M95%ªº"°
12 ³‾¼Ý¡C
13 United States Relations with China¡AWith Special Reference to the period l944-1
949 (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1949)¡A135¡O
14 James P. Harrison¡AThe Long March to Power (New York¡A1972)¡A514¡O
15 Ilpyong J¡OKim¡OThe Politics of Chinese Communism¡GKiangsi under the Soviets (Berke
ley¡A1973)¡F"Mass Mobilization Policies and Techniques Developed in the Period of th
e Chinese Soviet Republic," in Doak Barnett(cd¡O)¡AChinese Communist Politics of the
Action(New York¡A1969)¡A78-98¡O
16 Mark Selden¡AThe Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1971)¡A28¡A90¡A100
17 ¦P¤Wª`¡A210¡C
18 ¦P¤Wª`¡A210-11¡A212-74¡FJerome Ch'en¡AMao and the Chinese Revolution(London¡A1965)¡A204¡
19 Jerome Ch'en¡A209¡A216-17¡A³‾§ÓÅý¹ï³o¬q®É¶¡¸Ì¤ò¿AªFµÛz¼Æ¶qªº²Îp¬O¤£¥þ±ªº¡A¦]¬°¥L¨S¦³§
20 Nym Wales(Helen Foster Snow)¡AInside Red China (Garden City¡AN¡OY¡A1939)¡Axi¡A38¡O
21 Kenneth E¡OShewmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists¡A1927-1945¡GA Persuading Enc
ounte r(Ithaca¡AN¡OY¡O¡A197¡O)¡A338-39¡O
22 ³o¨Ç¨Ó³XªÌ¥]¬Aªü‾Sª÷´Ë(Brooks Atkinson)¡B¨©‾SÄõ(James M¡OBertram)¡B²¦®¦¨Ó(T¡OA¡OBisson)¡
ood)¡BªLÁÚ¥i(Michael Lindsay)¡B¥vªj‾SµÜ(Agnes Smedley)¡B´µ¿Õ(Edgar Snow)¡B®üÛ¡O´µ¿Õ(Helen
ite)µ¥¤H¡C¨º¦ì¨Ò¥~ªº¤Ñ¥D±Ð‾«¨j¬O¬°¡m¤¤°ê³q°T¡n(China Correspondent)©M³\¦h¨ä¥¦¤Ñ¥D±Ð¥Xª©ª«¤u
23 Gunther Stein¡AThe Challenge of Red China(New York¡A1945)¡A5¡A88¡A460¡FShewmaker,340¡O
24 Jerome Ch'en¡A248¡O
25 Shewmaker¡A340-46¡O
26 ¦P¤Wª`¡A345-46¡O
27 ¦P¤Wª`¡A183¡A191-99¡A339¡O
28 ¦P¤Wª`¡A211¡A215¡O
29 ¦P¤Wª`¡A215-16¡A227¡O
30 Jerome Ch'en¡A242¡O
31 Edgar Snow¡ARed Star Over China (New York¡A1961)¡A188¡FShewmaker,249¡A251¡A255-56¡O
32 ¦P¤Wª`¡A231-32¡A238¡O
33 ¦P¤Wª`¡A105¡A194-95¡A197¡O
34 David D¡OBarrett¡ADixie Mission¡GThe United States Army Observer Group in Yenan¡A1944
(Berkeley¡A1970)¡A22-23¡O
35 ¦P¤Wª`¡A26-27¡O
36 ¦P¤Wª`¡A13,27-28¡O
37 ¦P¤Wª`¡A34¡A41¡A91¡O
38 John s¡OService¡AThe America Papers¡GSome Problems in the History of U.S.-China Rel
ations (Berkeley¡A1971)¡A172-73¡O
39 ¦P¤Wª`¡A162¡O
40 United States Relations with China¡OWith Special Reference to the period 1944-1
949 (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1949)¡A574¡O
41 Herbert Feis¡AThe China Tangle(Princeton¡A1953)¡A222¡FU¡OS¡OSenate¡ACommiuee on Judiciar
bcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Ot
her Internal Security Laws¡AMorgenthau Diary¡GChina(89th Congress First Session)(Was
hington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1965)¡A1380¡A1381¡A1247-48¡A1304-08¡A1318-21¡O
42 Charles Romanus and Riley Sunderland¡ATime Runs Out in CBI(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1959)¡A73
76¡A250-54¡FBarrett¡A91-92¡O
43 Jerome Ch'en¡A213¡A255¡O
44 ¦p¥ñÃ¹§Æ¬¥¤Ò(Klimenti Voroshilov)¤¸«Ó¡B¦¶¥i¤Ò(Georgi Zhukov)±Nx¡B±Z¥i¤Ò(Vassily Chuikov
45 Young¡A144¡A206-7,350¡A440-41¡O
46 1991¦~5¤ë3¤é¡A¬ü°ê¬F©²²×©ó©Ó»{¡A"¸ªê¶¤"¬O¦b¥Õ®c©M°ê¨¾³¡«ü´§¤Uªº¬üx
¦bµØ‾µ±K¦æ°Ê(Los Angeles Times¡AJuly 6¡A1991)¡C
47 Feis¡A20-21¡A96¡Afootnote¡O
48 Feis¡A103¡O
49 United States Relations with China¡A37¡O
50 ¥Dn¥Ñ©ó¥v}«Âªº§V¤O¡A§Q¦h¤½¸ô©M½q¨l¤½¸ô³Ì²×¦b1945¦~1¤ëµ¤¤u¤F¡F¥LÌ³Q«s©R¦W¬°"¥v}«Â¤½
51 Feis¡A140-41¡A180¡O
53 ¥C¦Nº¸¦b«¼yŃ¬£¾n¤F¤@Ó¨p¤H¥Nªíºû¨È(Carton de Wiart)±Nx¡C
54 Feis¡A153¡A172¡O
55 Feis,191,198.
56 Tang Tsou¡A290¡FJerome Ch'en¡AMao¡A266¡O
57 Foreign Relations of the United States,China¡A(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1967)¡Avol¡O6 (1944)¡
58 Foreign Relations of the United States¡OChina¡A748¡O1944¦~12¤ë24¤é»®º¸§QP°ê
°Èë´µ°h¤B‾Ã´µ(Stettinius)¨ç¡C
59¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä3¨÷¡A²Ä1073¶¡FCarsun Chang¡AThe Third Force in China(New York¡A1952)¡A
60 Jerome Ch'en¡AMao¡A269¡O
61 Feis¡A243¡C
62 Feis¡A279¡O
63 ¤@ªT¤º¦VÃz¬µ«¬ªº¬µ¼u¡AºÙ¬°"D¨k«Ä"¡C
64 Herbert Feis¡AJapan Surrendered¡GThe Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pa
cific (Princeton¡A1961)¡A72-73¡A75¡O
65 ¤¤¤è¦b±ø¬ù¤WÃ±¦rªº¤£¬O§º¤l¤å¡A¦Ó¬O¥~¥æ³¡ªø¤ý¥@³Ç¡F§º¤l¤å¾á¤ßÃ±¬ù|l®`¥Lªº¬Fªv«e³~¡C
66 Chiang Kai-shek¡A228¡O
67 Young¡A417-18¡O
68 Chiang Kai-shek¡A131¡O
69 Young,435¡O
70 Young¡A436¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
38
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤³¹
¤º¾Ô¡A1945-1949¦~
¤é¥»¾D¨ì¨âªTì¤l¼u¥´À»«áªº±Y¼ì¨Ó±o¤ñ¹w´Áªº§Ö±o¦h¡A¥O¨ì°ê¥Á¬F©²¹ï¾Ôª§¬ðµMµ²§ô©Ò±a¨Óªº«áª
ÀHµÛ¤é¥»ªº§ë°¡A¬F©²x¶¤»P¤¤¦@x¶¤¤§¶¡®i¶}¤F¤@³õ¿E‾PªºÄvÁÉ¡AÂù¤è³£¤Oª§º¥ý¨ì¹F¼Ä¥e°Ï±µ¨
¬F©²x¶¤¤À´²¦b´X±ø¾Ô½u©M¤¤°êªº¦è³¡¦a°Ï¡A©Ò¥H¦b³o³õÄvÁÉ¤¤³B¦b«Ü¤£§Qªº¦ì¸m¡A¦ý½±¤¤¥¿¨MN¤
¬ü°ê¥ß§Y«e¨Ó´©§U¡A©R¥O±N¬F©²x¶¤¹B¿é¨ì²_³´°Ï¡A¨Ã¬£¤¸U¦W¬ü°ê®üx³°¾Ô¶¤µn³°¨ì¤@¨Ç«n´ä¤
°ê¥Á¬F©²¨Ì¾a¬ü°êªºÀ°§U©M¤é¥»ªº¦X§@¡A¦b²Ä¤@½üÄvÁÉ¤¤¨ú±o¤F³Ó§Q¡C¬F©²«sÀò±o¹ïµØ¤¤¡BµØªF©
ªF¥_§e²{¥X¤@´T‾S§O¤õÃzªº³õ±¡C8¤ë8¤é¡A°¨ªL¿Õ¤Ò´µ°ò(Rodion Malinovsky)Á`¥q¥O²v»âªºÄ¬Ápx
¬°³]ªk¸Ñ¨M³o¨Ç´Æ¤âªºÃøÃD¨Ã»P¤¤¦@¹F¦¨©M¸Ñ¡A½±¤T¦¸¹qÁÜ¤ò¿AªFu«¼y|½Í¡CºÉºÞ¤ò¿AªF«Ü¤£±¡Ä
1.¤ò¿AªF¦b«¼y
¤ò¿AªF¦bÂ÷¶}©µ¦w«eŃºë¤ß³¡¸p¤F½Í§Pªºµ¦²¤¡CÁöµM°ê¥Á¬F©²¦b¦¬´_¤j«°¥«¤è±¨ú±o¤Fªì¨Bªº³Ó§Q¡
¦b¥¿¦¡ªº½Í§P¤¤¡A¤ò¿AªF¾ð¥ß¤F³q±¡¹F²z©MÄ@N§´¨óªº§Î¹³¡C¥L¤£¦A°í«ùÁp¦X¬F©²¡A¦ýn¨D¥l¶}°ê¬
¦b°ê¦@§L¤O¤Î§ï½sÂù¤è§Lû¬°¤@¤ä°ê®ax¶¤ªº°ÝÃD¤W¡A¤ò¿AªF´£Ä³°¦n°ê¥Á¬F©²¦PN±N¨ä³¡¶¤µô´î¨
¦b¸Ñ©ñ°Ï°ÝÃD¤W¡A¤ò¿AªF°ò¥»¤Wn¨D¦bµØ¥_¡B¤º»X¥j©M¤@¨Ç«n«°¥«¤£¨ü¬ù§ô¡Cí°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤£¦PN³o
¦Ü©ó±µ¨ü¤é¥»§ë°°ÝÃD¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²°í«ù¦³¦¬Ãº¼Ä¤èªZ¾¹ªºÃbÂ_Åv§Q¡A¦Ó¦@²£ÄÒ«hn¨D¦b¥»¨¤w¸g¦³¿
¤»Ó¬P´Áªº½Í§PµLºÃ¨S¦³¨ú±o¤°»ò¶i®i¡CºÉºÞ¤ò¿AªFªí±¤W«ù©M¸Ñªº«ººA¡A¦ý¥L¨Ã¤£Q¦b¨º¨Ç‾A¤Î¤
½±¤w©Ó¨ü¦í¤F¤K¦~°h«oªºÁ}Ãø¡A²{¦b¥Ln¨D±o¨ì¤j³¡¤Àªº(§Y¨Ï¤£¬O¥þ³¡ªº)³Ó§QªG¹ê¡C¥Lµ´¹ï¤£Q»
¥Ñ½±©M¤ò¦b10¤ë10¤éµoªíªº³Ì«á¨óÄ³¡A±j½Õ¥LÌ¦PN¥l¶}¤@¦¸¬Fªv¨ó°Ó|Ä³¡A¨Ã¦@¦P»{ÃÑ¨ì©M¥«Ø°
2.Ä¬Áp¦bªF¥_ªº¦æ°Ê
Ä¬Áp¦bªF¥_ªº¬¡°Ê¡A§¹¥þ¹HI¤F´µ¤jªL¦b¶®º¸¶ð©M¤¤Ä¬±ø¬ù½Í§P¤¤©Ò§@ªº±N¦b¥e»â«á¤T©P¤ººMÂ÷¡B¤
¾Ôª§¶}©l«á¤£¤[¡A¤¤¦@ªº¾z¤O©M´¼¿Ñµ¹´µ¤jªL‾d¤U²`¨èªº¦L¹³¡A¥L¦¹®ÉªººA«×©úÅã¦aµo¥Í¤F¿E‾PªºÂ
½±¨MN¦¬´_ªF¥_¡A¥LºÙ¦¹Á|¤D¤¤°ê¶i¦æ¤K¦~§Ü¤é¾Ôª§ªº®Ú¥»ì¦]¡CÃQ¼wÁÚ±NxÃhºÃ°ê¥ÁÄÒ¬O§_¦³‾à¤
3.°¨²º¸¨ÏµØ
¨ì1945¦~11¤ë¡AµØ²±¹y¤wªö¨ú¤F¤@¶µsªº¬Fµ¦¡A¸Ó¬Fµ¦Ä~Äò¤ä«ù°ê¥Á¬F©²¡A±ø¥ó¬O°ê¥Á¬F©²¤£¥i¨Ï¥
°¨²º¸©ó1945¦~12¤ë¤¤¦‾©è¹F¤¤°ê¡A¥Lµo²{¨âÄÒ¥Nªí³£±µ¨ü½Õ°±¤ÎÇ³Æ©Ó»{¤T¶µ¹ê®É¥Ø¼Ð¡G(1)¤º¾Ô
°ê¦@¨âÄÒ¤¬¤£«H¥ôªºµ{«×«D±`²`¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒ¦b1946¦~ªì¾Ö¦³¤ñ¦@²£ÄÒ¦h¤¿ªºx¨ÆÀu¶Õ¡A¦Û«H¦³‾à¤O¤
°¨²º¸¿n¥ªº½Õ°±²£¥Í¤F¨³³t¦Ó¥O¤H¦L¹³²`¨èªºµ²ªG¡C1946¦~1¤ë10¤é¡A°ê¦@¨âÄÒ¦PN¥l¶}¤@¦¸¬Fªv
¬Fªv¨ó°Ó|Ä³¦b1¤ë10¤é¨ì31¤é°±¤õ´Á¤º¥l¶}¡A¥Ñ¤T¤Q¤K¦W¦¨û²Õ¦¨¡G¤K¦W¨Ó¦Û°ê¥ÁÄÒ¡B¤C¦W¨Ó¦Û¦@
¬Fªv¨ó°Ó|Ä³ªö‾Ç¤F¤º»Õ¬F©²¨î¡Aí¤¤¦æ¬F°|¹ï¥ßªk°|t³d¡C³o¼Ë¶i¤@¨B½T©w¤F¥¼¨Óªº¾Ëªk±N©Ó»{¦
¬Fªv¨ó°Ó|Ä³ªº¦¨ªG¦³§Q©ó¦@²£ÄÒ¦Ó«D°ê¥Á¬F©²¡A³o¤Ï¬M¤F´÷±æ©M¥©M¥Á¥D²Îªvªº´¶¹MÄ@±æ¡C°¨²º
°¨²º¸¨ú±oªº¥t¤@Ó«nªº¦¨Ń¡A¬O1946¦~2¤ë25¤é¹F¦¨ªºÃö©ó°ê¦@Âù¤è¬Û¹ï§L¤O¤Î¨ä¦X¨Ã¬°¤@¤ä°ê
°¨²º¸ªº¨³³t¦¨¥\¾ÉP§ù¾|ªùÁ`²Î¦b1946¦~2¤ë25¤é«Å¥¬¡A¦¨¥ß¥ÑÃQ¼wÁÚ±Nx²v»â¤@¤d¦W©x§L²Õ¦¨ªº
°ê¥ÁÄÒ©M¦@²£ÄÒ³£¬Û¤¬¤£«H¥ô¹ï¤è¡A¦]¬°¦U¦Û¬O°l¨D¤£¦P¥Øªºªº²©R¬FÄÒ¡C°£«D¬O¦b¼È®Éªº©ÎÅv©yª
ªF¥_ªº¾Ô¨Æ¤×¬°¿E‾P¡C¤¤¦@x¶¤¹ï¬F©²x¶¤µo°_¤F´À©Êªº¥´À»¡A¨Ã©ó1946¦~4¤ë18¤é¥e»â¤F¾Ô²¤«
°ê¥Á¬F©²¼³Ó°lÀ»¡A©ó1946¦~7¤ë4¤é³æ¤è±«Å¥¬±N¦b11¤ë12¤é¥l¶}°ê¥Á¤j|¡A¤½µMÂÆµø¤F¬F¨ó|Ä³Ã
±q1946¦~ªº7¤ë¨ì9¤ë¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²x¶¤¹ê»Ú¤W¥´Ä¹¤F¨C³õ¾Ô§Ð¡A³oÓ¨Æ¹ê¦ü¥G¥[±j¤F¨ººØ»{¬°°¨²º¸±
°¨²º¸NÃÑ¨ì¦Û¤vªº¨Ï©R¤w¸g¥i´d¦a¥¢±Ñ¤F¡C1947¦~1¤ë6¤é¡A§ù¾|ªùÁ`²Î«Å¥¬±N¥L¥l¦^¡C¦b¹ï¤¤°ê¤
°¨²º¸¦^°ê«á¥X¥ô°ê°Èë¡A¦ý¦bµØªº¸g¾ú¥O¥L«è«ë¦Û¤vµL¤O¨î©w¤@¶µ¿n¥ªº¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¡C23¥Lªö¨ú¤F¤
4.¤º¾Ô
1946¦~¤¤´Á¥H«á¡A½±¨M©w¥Îx¨Æ¤â¬q¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¦@²£ÄÒ°ÝÃD¡A¥H«KÃÒ©ú¦pªG¤£¬O¨ü¬ü°ê½Õ°±ªº§«Ãªªº¸Ü¡
¦b¤º¾Ôªì´Á¡A¬F©²x¦b¦UÓ¾Ô³õ¤W¨ú±o¤F³Ó§Q¡C¥t¤@¤è±¡A¦@²£ÄÒ¹w¨£¨ì¦b¨ú±o³Ì«á³Ó§Q¤§«e±Nn«
±q1946¦~7¤ë¨ì12¤ë¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²±q¦@²£ÄÒ¤â¸Ì¹Ü¨ú¤F165®y«°Âí©M174,000¥¤è¤½¸Ì¤g¦a¡C1947¦~3¤ë°
¨ü¤@³s¦êx¨Æ³Ó§Qªº¹ª»R¡A½±«D±`¦Û«H¦aµo°_¤F¬Fªv§ð¶Õ¡C1946¦~11¤ë15¤é¡A¥L¤£ÅU¦@²£ÄÒ©M¥Á¥D¦
¤£¥X©Ò®Æ¡A¦@²£ÄÒ¿E‾P¦a©áÀ»³o³¡¾Ëªk¬O«Dªkªº¡C°ê¥Á¬F©²¹ï³o¨Ç«ü±±®õµM³B¤§¡A¥LÌ¦bl947¦~11¤
1947¦~¦~¤¤¦ü¥G¼Ð§ÓµÛ¾Ôª§§Î¶Õªº¤@ÓÂà§éÂI¡C¨ú±o¤F¥R¤À³Ó§Qªº¬F©²x¶¤¥X²{¤F°ÝÃD¡A³¡¤Àì¦]¬
¹ï°ê¥Á¬F©²³ÌÄY«ªº¥´À»µo¥Í¦bªF¥_¡C¦b1947¦~¸t½Ï¸`¥H«áªº¤TÓ¤ë¤º¡AªL³Cªº³¡¶¤¨Ï°ê©²ªººë¾U³
¦bªF¥_¾Ô§Ð¶i¦æªº¦P®É¡A¥Ñ³‾¼Ý²v»âªº¥t¤@¤ä¤¤¦@³¥¾Ôxµo°Ê§ð¶Õ¡A¦b1948¦~9¤ë26¤éªºÀÙ«n¤j¾Ô¤§
»P¦¹¦P®É¡AªL³Cªº¤K¤Q¸U¤jx±qªF¥_ªº¾Ô¨Æ¤¤ÄË¥X¤â¨Ó¡A»P¤¤¦@µØ¥_x¹Î34¤@°_¡A¦b1948¦~12¤ë§Î¦
¬F©²ªº«e³~¦p¦ó½±¤¤¥¿¦bÄÒ¤º¥D©M¬£ªºÀ£¢¤U©ó1949¦~1¤ë21¤éÃãÂ¾¡A°ÆÁ`²Î§õ©v¤‾¥H¥NÁ`²Î¨¤À±µ
5.¬ü°êªº§@¥Î
¬ü°ê¦b¤¤°ê¤º¾Ô´Á¶¡°µ¤F¨Ç¤°»ò¥¦¦]©Ò°µ¨Æ±¡¦Ó¥Çªº"¸o³d"©Î¥¦¦]³S¤â®ÇÆ[¦Ó¥Çªº"¸o³d"¤S¨ì©³¬O¤
µØ©²ªº¥Dn¿ù»~¡A¬O¥¼‾à¨î©w¤@¶µ¿n¥ªº¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¡C¥¦¬J¨S¦³Án©ú²æÂ÷»P°ê¥Á¬F©²ªºÃöÃ´¡A¤]¨S¦³¨
1947¦~¦~©³¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²½Ð¨D¬ü°ê´£¨Ñ¤@µ§15»õ¬ü¤¸ªº¥|¦~´©§Up¹º--¨ä¤¤²Ä¤@¦~±N¼¥X5»õ¬ü¤¸ªº¸g
°ê¥ÁÄÒªºË®¹BÁÙ¦]¬°»P¥¿¦b¿ïÁ|¤§¦~ªº¬ü°ê¬FªvªÈÄñ¦b¤@°_¦ÓÅÜ±o§ó¥[´_Âø¡C°ê¥Á¬F©²ªº¥~¥æ©x¹ï¥
¦^ÅU¾ú¥v¡A¬ü°êÁöµM¦]³\¦h¥¢Â¾¦æ°Ê©M¿ù»~Á|±¹¦Ó"¦³¸o"¡A¦ý«o¤£‾àn¥¦¹ï"¥á¥¢"±q¥¼"¾Ö¦³¹L"ªº¤
Ń¨Æ¹ê¦Ó½×¡A¬ü°ê¬F©²±q¨Ó¨S¦³Q¨÷¤J¤¤°êªº¤º¾Ô¡CµØ©²©ú½T¦aÁn©ú¡A¤j³W¼Òªº¤z‾A"¬J¤£¥i¦æ¤]¤£
6.¹ï¬ü°ê¬Fµ¦ªº«sµû»ù
¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¥|¤Q¦~¥Nªº¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¡A¥²¶©ñ¦b¬ü°ê¥þ²y¾Ô²¤ªº§ó¤jI´º¤¤¡B‾S§OÀ³®Ú¾Ú¬ü°ê¹ï«ÝªF¨
µØ©²Qn¦b¤Ó¥¬v©MªF¨È¦a°Ï«Ø¥ß¤@ºØsªº§¡¶Õ¡A¦Ó¬ü°ê¦b¨ä¤¤±N¥e¾Ú¤ä°t©Êªº¦a¦ì¡CµM¦Ó¡A¥Ñ©ó¼
¬ü°êªºªø´Á¥Ø¼Ð¡A¬O¹ªÀyµo®i¤@Ó¦³‾à¤O§Ü¿ÅÄ¬Áp¡A¨Ã¹ï¬ü°ê¸ê¥»º‾³z¶}©ñªº¬Û¹ï±j¤j¦Ó¤Í¦nªº¤¤°
¥¿¬O¥X©ó³o¨Ç²z¥Ñ¡A¬ü°ê¦V°ê¥Á¬F©²´£¨Ñ¤F‾²Éª«¸ê¡B"³f¹ôÃ©w"¶U´Ú©M¤@¨Ç¨ä¥¦§Î¦¡ªºx¨Æ©M¸gÀ
µØ©²¹ï¤¤°êªºx¨Æ‾à¤O¦V¨Óµû»ù¤£°ª¡A°¦¦³¾Ôª§ªì´Á¨Ò¥~¡A¨ä®É¤¤°ê¿W¦Û§ÜÀ»¤é¥»ªº¶i§ð¡A¦Ó¦Pù°
¦b¤Ó¥¬v¾Ôª§ªì´Á¡A¤¨¤¤j¼Ó»{‾u¦a¦Ò¼{§â¤¤°êí§@¤@Ó¬üx¦V¤é¥»¥»®qµo°_¶i§ðªº³¡¶¤¶°µ²¦a°Ï¡
®£Äß¨÷¤J¤¤°êªºªÈ¸‾¡A«P¨Ï¬ü°ê¦b°ê¦@ª§ºÝ¤¤ªö¨ú½Õ°±ªºµ¦²¤¡A¥H¥®§¬Fªv¤Wªº‾Éª§¡C»P¦¹¦P®É¡Aµ
¬ü°ê¦b¤¤°êªº½Õ¸Ñ¨S¦³Ä¹±o°ê¦@¨âÄÒ¥ô¦ó¤@¤èªº¦nP¡C°ê¥ÁÄÒ«ü³dµØ©²´Ãa¤F¥LÌºR´¹ï¤âªº³Ì¨Î®
¬ü°ê¦b¤¤°êªº«_ÀI¨Æ~¡A¤£¶È¥¼‾à¹F¨ì§Q¥Î°ê¥Á¬F©²¨ÓºûÅ@¬ü°ê¦bªF¨È§Q‾qªº¥Ø¼Ð¡A¦Ó¥BÁÙ²¨»¤F¦
7.°ê¥Á¬F©²¥¢±Ñªºì¦]
µû¦ô°ê¥Á¬F©²¦b¤¤°ê¤j³°«±»O³oÓ«n¨Æ¥óªºì¦]¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç®a³dµL®Ç¶U¡C»\´Ã©w½×©Î³\¬°®É¹L¦¡AÁ
7.1µê¦³¨äªíªºx¨Æ¤O¶q ÁöµM¸g¾ú¤F§Ü¤é¾Ôª§ªº°ê¥Á¬F©²x¶¤¦b¸Ë³Æ©M°V½m¤W¡A¤ñ¥H©¹¥ô¦ó®ÉÔ
¬Û¤Ï¡A¦@²£ÄÒ«o¦b§Ü¾Ô´Á¶¡¤j¤jÂX¥R¤Fx¨Æ¤O¶q¡C§Ü¾Ôªºµ²§ô¤]¥¿¬O¥LÌ±o¨ì©Ó»{ªº®É¨è¡A¥LÌ²{¦
°£¤F¹½¾Ô°ÝÃD¤§¥~¡A¬F©²x¶¤ªº¾Ô²¤¤]¤j¦³»Ýn§ï¶i¤§³B¡C½±¥»¥i¥H¶°¤¤§L¤O¦u½Ãªø«°¥H«nªº¦a°Ï¡
7.2³q³f¿±µÈ©M¸gÀÙ±Y¼ì «æ¤Éªº³q³f¿±µÈ¤ñ¹½¾Ô±¡ºü©M¾Ô²¤¥¢»~§ó¨ãäÃø©Ê¡A³o¦b§Ü¾Ô®É´ÁŃ¤w
7.3¥¢«o¥Á¤ß©M¬F©²«Â«H °£¤F¾ÉP«æ¼@³q³f¿±µÈªº°]¬F¥¢Â¾¥~¡A¨º¨Ç¦b¾Ô«áªð¦^¤é¥e°Ïªº°ê©²©x
7.4¬ü°ê½Õ°±©M´©§Uªº¥¢±Ñ ¦pªG¬ü°ê¦b§Ü¾Ô®É´Á¿í´`¥t¥~¤@ºØ¤è°wªº¸Ü¡A¾Ô«á¤¤°êªº¨ÆºAµo®i¥i
°£¤F³o¨Ç¥i‾àµo¥Íªº¸gÀÙ©Mx¨Æ¦Ò¼{¥~¡A¬ü°ê¦Ü¤Ö³à¥¢¤F¤T¦¸³q¹L¥~¥æ¹ï¤¤°êµo´§¨M©w©Ê¼vÅTªº¾÷
7.5ªÀ|©M¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº¿ðº¢ °£¤F¤Wz³o¨Çª½±µì¦]³y¦¨°ê¥ÁÄÒªº«±»O¥~¡A¤@Ó§ó¥[°ò¥»ªºì¦]¡A
ºÉºÞ¦³³o¨ÇÃø¥H§áÂàªºÀô¹Ò¡A¦ý¤]¥i¥H½T¤Á¦a»¡¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²¥»¨Ń‾Ê¥Fµo°_ªÀ|©M¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº¥²n°
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Beal, John R.¡AMarshall in China (Garden City, N.Y., 1970).
2.Beloff, Max, Soviet Policy in the Far East, 1944-1951 (London, 1953).
3.Bland, Larry I. (ed.),George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, Dec
ember 1945-January 1947 (Lexington¡AVa.¡A1998).
4.Borg, Dorothy, and Waldo Heinrichs (eds.), Uncertain Years: Chinese-Americ
an Relations, 1947-1950 (New York, 1980).
5.Chan, Lau Kit-ching, The Chinese Youth Party, 1923-1945 (Hong Kong, 1972).
6.Chang, Carsun, The Third Force in China (New York, 1952).
7.Chang, Kia-ngau, The Inflationary Spiral: The Experience in China, 1939-19
50 (New York, 1958).
8.Chassin, Lionel M., The Communist Conquest of China: A History of the Civi
l War, 1945-1949 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965).
9.Ch'en, Jerome, Mao and the Chinese Revolution (London, 1965).
10.Chiang, Kai-shek, Soviet Russia in China: A Summing Up at Seventy (New Yo
rk, 1957).
11.Chou, Shun-hsin, The Chinese Inflation, 1937-1949 (New York, 1963).
12.Fairbank, John K., China Bound: A Fifty-Year Memoir (New York, 1982).
13.Fairbank, Wilma, America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942-1949 (Washi
ngton, D.C., 1976).
14.Grasso, June M., Truman's Two China Policy (Armonk, N.Y., 1987).
15.Griffith, Samuel B., II, The Chinese People's Liberation Army (New York,
1967).
16.Harding, Harry, and Yuan Ming (eds.)¡A Sino-American Relations, 1945-1955:
A Joint Reassessment of a Critical Decade (Wilmington, Del., 1989).
17.¦ó¤z¤§¡G¡m¤¤°ê²{¥N²©R¥v¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1959¦~¡^¡C
18.J³ì¤ì¡G¡m¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¤T¤Q¦~¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1951¦~¡^
19.Johnson, Chalmer A., Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power, The Emergen
ce of Revolutionary China (Stanford, 1962).
20.Koen, Ross Y.¡AThe China Lobby (New York, 1960).
21.Kwei, Chung-gi, The Kuomingtang-Communist Struggle in China, 1922-1949 (T
he Hague, 1971).
22.Lee, Chong-sik, Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism an
d Soviet Interest, 1925-1945 (Berkeley, 1983).
23.Levine, Steven I., Anvil of Victory: The Communist Victory in Manchuria,
1945-1948 (New York, 1987).
24.Liao, Kai-lung, From Yenan to Peking (Peking, 1954).
25.Lippit, Victor D., The Economic Development of China (Armonk, N.Y., 1987)
.
26.Liu, F. F., A Military History of Modern China, 1924-1949 (Princeton, 195
6).
27.Loh, Pichon P. Y.¡AThe Kuomingtang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse (B
oston, 1965).
28.¤ò¿AªF¡G¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1963¦~¡^¡A²Ä3¤Î²Ä4¨÷¡C
29.May, Ernest R.¡AThe Truman Administration and China, 1945-1949 (Philadelphi
a, 1975).
30.Melby¡AJohn F" The Mandate of Heaven: Record of a Civil Warf China 1945-49
(Garden City, N.Y., 1971).
31.Pepper, Suzanne, Civil War in China: The Political Struggle, 1945-1949 (B
erkeley, 1978).
32.Porter, Brian E,, Britain and the Rise of Communist China: A Study of Bri
tish Attitudes, 1945-1954 (London, 1967).
33.Purifoy, Lewis McCarroll, Harry Truman 's China Policy: McCarthy ism and
the Diplomacy of Hysteria, 1947-1951 (New York, 1976).
34.Rea, Kenneth W., and John C. Brewer (eds.), The Forgotten Ambassador: The
Reports of John Leighton Stuan 1946-1949 (Boulder, 1981).
35.Schaller, Michael¡AThe U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979).
36.Shaw, Yu-ming, An American Missionary in China, John Leighton Stuart and
Chinese-American Relations (Cambridge,Mass., 1992).
37.Sheridan¡AJames E.,China in Disintegration: The Republican Era in Chinese H
istory, 1912-1949 (New York, 1975).
38.Tsou, Tang¡AAmerica Failure in China, 1941-50 (Chicago, 1963).
39.United State Relations with China, With Special Reference to the Period 1
9441949 (Washington, D C., 1949).
40.Van Slyke¡ALyman P. (ed.)¡AThe Chinese Communist Movement: A Report of the U.
S. War Department July 1945 (Stanford, 1968).
41.--:(intro.),Marshall's Mission to China'December 1945 -January 1947: The
Report and Appended Documents (Arlington, Va.¡A1976).
42.Wedemeyer, Albert (General), Wedemeyer Reports! (New York¡A1959).
43.Xiang, Lanxin¡ARecasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in Chin
a, J945^J950 (Armonk, N.Y.,1995).
44.Yick, Joseph K. S., Making Urban Revolution in China: The CCP-GMD Struggl
e for Beijing'Tianjin, 1945-1949 (New York, 1995).
45.Young, Arthur N.¡AChina and the Helping Hand, 1937-1945 (Cambridge, Mass" 1
963).
46.--,China 's Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937-J945 (Cambridge¡AMass.¡A1965)
.
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¤ò¿AªF¡G¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n(¥_¨Ê¡A1963¦~)¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1¡A157¶¡O
2 ¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä3¨÷¡A²Ä1¡A119¶¡FJerome Ch'en¡AMao and the Chinese Revolution (London¡A
3 ¦bªF¥_Ä¬x¨ü©R±µ¨ü¤é¥»ªº§ë°¡C
4 ¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1¡A151¶¡C¤ò¿AªF¦b1945¦~8¤ë26¤éµo¥¬ªº³qª¾¡C
5¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,134¶¡FTang Tsou¡AAmerican's Failure in China,1941-50 (Chicago¡
6¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,151-54¶¡C
7 ¸Ó|Ä³«á¨Ó¥s°µ¬Fªv¨ó°Ó|Ä³¡C
8¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,155-64¶¡C
9 ¾Ú°ê¥ÁÄÒ°ê¨¾³¡ªøºÙÀu¶Õªº¤ñ¨Ò¬°11¤ñ1¡C
10 ªL³C¦b1960¦~¦^¾Ð»¡¡G"°ê¤º©M°ê¥~[«ü´µ¤jªL]ªº¤@¨Ç¦n¤ßªB¤Í......¬°§ÚÌ¾á¤ß"¡A¦ý¤ò¥D®u¥¿½T¦a
11 ¹ïÅK¦«ªº§U¤â¥d¼wº¸(Eduard Kardelj)¡C
12 ¦¹¾Ú"ù°ê¶¡½ßÀv©eû|"¬ü¤è©eûªi§Q(Edwin Pauley)©Ò§@ªº¦ôp¡C
13 Chiang Kai-shek¡ASoviet Russia in China¡GA Summing at Seventy(New York¡A1957)¡A232-33¡O
14 ®Ú¾Ú1945¦~11¤ë27¤é¤º»Õ|Ä³¤W¹A~³¡ªø¦w¼w´Ë(Clinton Anderson)ªº«ØÄ³¡C
15 United States Relations with China¡A133¡A605-7¡O
16 ªö¨ú¤F"²Î¤@x¥O"ªº©e°û»¡ªk¡A§Y±N¤¤¦@ªZ¸Ë½s¤J°ê¥ÁÄÒx¶¤¡C
17 United States Relations with China¡A141¡C¦ý¬O¡A½±«D±`ÃhºÃ¦@²£ÄÒ¬O§_¦³±N³oÓ§ï½s¥I½Ñ¹ê¬Iª
18 ¦]¨äº»â³‾¥ß¤Ò©M³‾ªG¤Ò¦Ó±o¦W¡C
19 Tang Tsou¡A425¡O
21 ¦P¤Wª`¡C
22 "Personal Statement by the Special Representative of the President(Marshall)¡AJ
an¡O7¡A1947," in United States Relations with China¡A686-89¡O
23 Tang Tsou¡A445¡O
24 1947¦~6¤ë®É¡A¬üxªºÁ`§L¤O¬°925,163¤H¡C°Ñ¨£Tang Tsou¡A459¡C
25¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,364¶¡FJerome Ch'en¡AMao¡A291-92¡C
26 United States Relations with China¡A238¡FJerome Ch'en¡AMao¡A283-84¡O
27 Jerome Ch'en¡AMao¡A299-300¡O
28 ¨ì1948¦~6¤ë¡A¤¤¦@³¡¶¤¹F¨ì¤F280¸U¡A¦Ó°ê¥ÁÄÒ«h¬°362¸U¡C¬O¦~11¤ë¡A¤¤¦@x¶¤¹ê»Ú¤W¶W¹L¤F°ê¥ÁÄ
29 °ê¥ÁÄÒ©Ó»{l¥¢¤F30¸U¤H¡C
30 United States Relations with China¡A335¡O¤Úº¸±Nx¬O¬üx¾nµØÅU°Ý¹Îªºº»â¡C
31 "²a®ü"¬O¥Ñ²aªe©MÃ÷®üÅK¸ô¦X¦b¤@°_¦Ó±o¦W¡C
32 §ù¦Ö©ú±Nx©M¶Àºû±Nx¡C
33 ¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä4¨÷¡A²Ä1,164¶¡C
34 ¥ÑÂ¿ºa¿²±Nx²Î«Ó¡C
35 ¾HÄ_¬À¡C
36 Jerome Ch'en¡AMao¡A307¡O
37 Tang Tsou¡A466,468¡O
38 Tang Tsou¡A446¡A473¡A478¡O
39 ²Ä¤@¦¸¬On¨D¬£»º¤@Ó¬ü°êÅU°Ý¹Î¡F²Ä¤G¦¸¬O½Ð¨D¤@¶µ¬°´Á¤T¦~ªº¤T¤Q»õ¬ü¤¸´©§Up¹º¡A¥Ñ½±¤Ò¤H¿Ë
40 ôÛ¤ñ¨È¤j¾Çªº¨Ø¥±(Nathaniel Peffer)±Ð±Â¡C
41 Foreign Relations of the United States,1947,Vol¡OVII¡AThe East¡GChina(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O
972)¡A855¡O
42 ¦P¤Wª`¡A854 ¡C
43 ¦P¤Wª`¡A790¡C
44 Cordell Hull¡AThe Memoirs oF Cordell Hull(New York¡A1948)¡A1,586-87¡O
45 U¡OS¡OCongress¡ASenate, Committee on the Judiciary¡AInternal Security Subcommittee¡A He
arings¡AMorgenthau Diary(China)¡A89th Congress¡AFirst Session(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1965)¡O1,
46 Walter Millis(ed¡O)¡AThe Forrestal Diaries(New York¡A1951)¡A52¡O
47 Harry Truman¡AMemoirs¡AVol¡OI¡AYear of Decisions(Garden City¡A1955)¡A551-52¡O
48 Foreign Relations of the United States,l945¡OThe Conference at Mailta and Yaita
(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1955)¡A353¡O
49 Charles Romanus and Riley Sunderland¡ATimes Runs Out in CBI(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1959)¡A3
7¡O
50 John W. Dower¡O"Occupied Japan and che American Lake¡F" in Edward Freeman and Mar
k Seldon (eds¡O)¡AAmerica's Asia(New York¡A1969)¡A167¡O
51 Morgenthau Diary¡A7¡O
52 Foreign Relations of the United States¡OThe Conference at Cairo and Teheran¡A1943
(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1961)¡A242¡O
53 Morgenthau Diary,133¡GJoyce Kolko and Gabriel Kolko¡AThe Limits of Power(New York¡A
1972)¡A554-55¡O
54 Charles Romanus and Riley Sunderland¡AStilwell's Command Problems(Washington D¡OC
.,1956)¡A363-64¡O
55 Âà¤Þ¦ÛGabriel Kolko¡AThe Politics of War¡GThe World and United States poreign
policy¡O1943-1945(New York¡A1968)¡A535¡O
56 Harry S¡OTruman¡AMemoirs¡AVol¡OI¡A102-3¡O
57 Foreign Relations of the United States¡AThe Conference of Berlin(The Potsdam Co
nference), 1945 (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1960)¡AI¡A858¡O
58 Foreign Relations of the United States¡A1947,op¡Ocit Vol¡OVII¡A853-54¡O
59 Joseph¡AW¡OEsherick(ed)¡OLost Chance in China¡GThe World War lI Dispatches of John S¡OS
ervice(New York¡A1974)¡O
60 Shun-hsin Chou¡A24¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
60
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤»³¹
¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¡G²Ä¤@Ó¤Q¦~
ÀHµÛ±Nªñ§¹¥þ©ºªA¾ãÓ°ê®a¡A¤ò¿AªF©ó1949¦~9¤ë12¤é¥l¶}¤F¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¬Fªv¨ó°Ó|Ä³¡AÄw³Æ«Ø¥ßsªº
s¤¤°ê¬F©²ªº²z½×©M¹ê½î¡A¦b«Ü¤jµ{«×¤WÅé²{¤F¤ò¿AªF¦b¡ms¥Á¥D¥D¸q½×¡n©M©µ¦w¾ã¹B°Ê¤¤©Òªí¹
¤ò¿AªF¦b©µ¦w®É´Áªº²Ä¤GÓ²z½×°^Äm¡A¬O1942¦~ªº¾ã¹B°Ê¡A¥Î¥H¤Ï¹ï¡G(1)¥DÆ[¥D¸q©M¤£¥¿¬£¾Ç
1.¬Fªv²ÕÂ´
1949¦~ªº¡m²ÕÂ´ªk‾ó®×¡n¡A«D±`©ú½T¦a³W©w¤F¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¤£¬O¹³Ä¬Áp¨º¼Ëªº"µL²£¶¥‾Å±M¬F"¡A
s¥Á¥D¥D¸q®É´Á¤@ª½©µÄò¨ì1953¦~¡A³o¤@¦~¶}®i¤F¤@¶µªÀ|¥D¸q§ï³yp¹º¡C¨ì1956¦~¡A¤@ÓªÀ|¥D¸
1.1¬F©²µ²ºc ®Ú¾Ú¡m²ÕÂ´ªk‾ó®×¡n¡As¤¤°êªº³Ì°ª¾÷ºc¬O¤¤¥¡¤H¥Á¬F©²©eû|¡A°õ¦æ¦æ¬F¡B¥ßªk
³B¦b¤¤¥¡¬F©²¤§¤U¡A¦ý°ª©ó¬Ù‾Å¾÷Ãöªº¬O¤»Ó»á¬°¿W‾Sªº¤j¦æ¬F°Ï¡A6¨CÓ°Ï¦UºÞÁÒ´XÓ¬Ù¡C³]¸m³o
¡m²ÕÂ´ªk‾ó®×¡n¹ê¦æ¤F¤¦~¡A¨ä¶¡ªö¨ú¤F°_‾ó¾Ëªkªº±¹¬I¡C1953¦~¶i¦æ¤F¤H¤f´¶¬d¡A¹{¥¬¤F¿ïÁ|ªk¡
®Ú¾Ú³o³¡¾Ëªk¡A°ê®aªº³Ì°ªÅv¤O¾÷ºc¬O¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|¡A¤j|À³¸Ó¨C¦~¥l¶}¡A¼fÄ³«¤j¬Fµ¦¨M©w¤
1.2¬FÄÒ ³Ì¥Dnªº¬FÄÒ¦ÛµM¬O¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¡A¸ÓÄÒ¦b1949¦~¾Ö¦³450¸UÄÒû¡A1961¦~¦³1,700¸UÄÒû
ÄÒªº¦æ¬F³¡ªù¦³¤¤¥¡®Ñ°O³B¡AºÊ¹î³¡ªù¦³¤¤¥¡ºÊ¹î©eû|¡C¤Uªí»¡©ú¤F¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ²ÕÂ´µ²ºcªº§»ª¡
È±oª`Nªº²{¹³¬OÄÒ©M¬F©²±K¤£¥i¤À¡A°©¤zÄÒû¥e¾Ú¤F¬F©²¥H¤Î¤u|¡B¹A~¦X§@ªÀ©M¸s²³¹ÎÅéµ¥¥b©
¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¹ê¦æ"¤H¥Á¥Á¥D±M¬F"¦Ó«D"µL²£¶¥‾Å±M¬F"¡A¦]¦¹¤¹³\¤@¨Ç¥Á¥DÄÒ¬£¦s¦b¡C³Ì«nªº¥
¦@²£ÄÒªº±M¬F¤£©Ó»{¦è¤è©Ò²z¸Ñªº"©¾¹êªº¤Ï¹ï¬£"¡A¤]¤£©Ó»{¬FÄÒªº¦Û¥Ñµ²¦X¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤¤°êªº¥Á¥DÄ
1.3¤¤°ê¦@²£¥D¸qªº‾S®í©Ê ¤¤°ê©M«X°ê¦b²©R¸gÅç¤§¶¡ªº®t¶Z¡A³y¦¨¤F¤¤°ê¦@²£¥D¸qªº³\¦h‾S®í
²Ä¤G¡A°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¸g¨åÃö©ó±q¸ê¥»¥D¸q¦VªÀ|¥D¸q¹L´çªºªÀ|µo®i¼Ò¦¡¤£¾A¦X¤¤°ê¡A¦]¬°¤¤°ê¨Ã¤£¦
²Ä¤T¡A¦bs¥Á¥D¥D¸q®É´Á¡A¥|Ó¶¥‾Å±N¦@¦s¦@³B¡A¤¹³\¥Á¥DÄÒ¬£¬¡°Ê¡AºÉºÞ¨ä¬¡°Ê¤è¦¡«Ü¦³¡C»P¦
²Ä¥|¡A¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¹Ü¨ú¬FÅvªº°òÂ¦¬O¦b¹A§ø¡A¦Ó¥B¸g¾ú¤Fªø´Áªº¾Ä°«Å×¨ú±o³Ó§Q¡C«X°ê²©Rªº‾S©º«
²Ä¤¡AÄ¬Áp«ùÄòªº²MÄÒ¨Ï±o1934¦~í¿ïªº¤¤¥¡©eû¤¤¦³70%³Q±þ¡A11¬Û¤Ï¡A¤¤°ê«h±j½Õ¶i¦æ«äQ§ï³y
¤¤¦@²©Rªº¦¨¥\«P¨Ï¤ò¿AªF«ÅºÙ¡A¤¤°êªº¸gÅç±N¬°¨È¬w´£¨Ñ¤@Ó²©R¼Ò¦¡¡C¥LQt¥Üªº¬O§_»{Ä¬Áp¼
2.¸gÀÙµo®i
1949¦~¡A¤¤¦@¬F©²±µ¦¬¤F¤@°Æ¸gÀÙÄêÅu¤l¡C³q³f¿±µÈ§¹¥þ¥¢±±¡F¬x¤ô¼vÅT¤F30-40%ªº‾Ñ¦a¡F¤u~²£¶
¬°¤F«P¶i°]¬FÃ©w¡A¬F©²¦b1949¦~5¤ëµo¦æ¤F¤H¥Á¹ô¡A¸T¤î¥~¹ô§@¬°¥æ´«Ć¤¶¬y³q¡C¦¹¥~¡Aªö¨ú¤F±j
2.1¤g¦a²©R©M¹A~¶°Åé¤Æ °£¤F®ø°£³q³f¿±µÈ©M«ì´_°]¬FÃ©wªº§V¤O¥~¡A¬F©²ÁÙµo°Ê¤F¤@³õ¥Í®ð
²z½×¤WÁ¿¡A¬F©²¤¹³\¦a¥D¦b«s¹º¤À¤g¦a®É¾Ö¦³¦Û¤vªº¤@¥÷¥Ð¦a¡A¤]³W©wÍ¹A¦Û¤v‾ÑºØªº¨º³¡¤À¤g¦
¨ì1952¦~12¤ë¡A¤g¦a²©R§¹¦¨¤F¡A¬ù¤C»õ‾a(¤@‾a¦X¤»¤À¤§¤@^‾a)ªº¤g¦a¤Àµ¹¤F¤T»õ¹A¥Á¡C¦b¤H¤f±
¤@í¤g¦a²©R¦b1952¦~12¤ë§¹¦¨¡A¬F©²Ńµo°_¤F²Ä¤G¶¥¬qªº¹A§ø§ï²--1953¦~ªº¶°Åé¤Æ¹B°Ê¡C³o³õ¹
2.2¤u~µo®i ¦C¹ç«ÅºÙ¡A"ªÀ|¥D¸qªÀ|°¦¦³¤@Ó‾u¥¿ªº°òÂ¦¡A¨ºŃ¬O¤j¤u~¡C"¤¤¦@»{ÃÑ¨ì¤u~
1956¦~ªº¤u~²£¶q¥X²{¤F¬ð¸²r¶iªº¼Wªø¡A¶W¹L¤F«e¤@¦~ªº25%¡A¦P®É¸ê¥»§ë¤J¤]¼W¥[¤F60%¡CÁöµM¼
²Ä¤@Ó¤¦~p¹ºªº¦¨¥\¡A¿EÀy¬F©²¨î©w§ó¥[¶‾¤ß«k«kªº²Ä¤GÓ¤¦~p¹º(1958-1962¦~)¡C³oÓp¹º¸¹
¦ñÀHµÛ¸gÀÙªº¨³³t¼Wªø¡A¬F©²¹ý©³×§ï¤F°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¨î«×¡A¦®¦bµu®É´Á¤º°ö¾i¥X¤j¶q¤uµ{®v©M§Þ³N¤H
2.3"¤jÅD¶i"©M¤½ªÀ ²Ä¤GÓ¤¦~p¹ºèè¶}©l¡A¬F©²Ń«æ¤Á§ë¤J¤F¤@³õ¨g¼öªºs¹B°Ê¡A¥H¹Ï¨Ï~
»P³o³õ¨g¼öªº¤u~¤Æ¹B°Ê¬Û¦ñ¦Ó¦æªº¬O¡A¬F©²³q¹L«Ø¥ß¤H¥Á¤½ªÀÁÚ¥X¤FªÀ|¥D¸q§ï³yªº¤S¤@¨B¥ï¡C1
»P¹A§ø¤½ªÀ¨Ã¦sªºÁÙ¦³«°¥«¤½ªÀ¡A¨ä¤¤µØ¥_¾G¦{ªº¬õºX¤½ªÀ¬OÓ¼ËªO¡ÇÓ¤½ªÀ¦b1958¦~8¤ë«Ø¥ß¡A¥H
¦b¾ú¥v¤W¡A¤HÌ°¦¶i¦æ¹L¨â¦¸¤½ªÀ¹êÅç¡A¦Ó³o¨â¦¸¹êÅç³£«Ü§ÖŃ¤£¥ú±m¦a¥¢±Ñ¤F¡C¤@¦¸¬O1871¦~ªº¤
¥Ñ©ó¤jÅD¶i©M¤½ªÀªº±À¼s¡A¬F©²¦b1958¦~¦~©³¦Û»¨¦a«Å¥¬¡A³o¤@¦~ªº¤u~²£¶q¶W¹L¤F1957¦~ªº65%¡C
¦è¤èªº¬ã¨s¤@‾ë³£¦PN¡A¤¤Q¦~¥N¤¤°êªº¸gÀÙ¼Wªø«D±`¥¨¤j¡A¦ý¤»¤Q¦~¥N«h¤£¨º»ò¤j¡C¤@¦ìµÛ¦Wªº¬
3.ªÀ|©M¤ß²z±±¨î
¤ò¿AªF«äQªº¤@Ó°ò¥»¦¨¤À¬O¡A¤£Â_²ÕÂ´¸s²³¹B°Ê¥h¹ê²{ÄÒ¹w¥ý³]©wªº‾S©w¥Ø¼Ð¡C½T¹ê¡A¸s²³¹B°Êª
¸s²³²ÕÂ´¹ê»Ú¤W¬O³W¼ÒÃe¤jªº¥b¬F©²¹ÎÅé¡C¦b1953¦~¡A³Ì«nªº¸s²³²ÕÂ´¦³¡G¤¤µØ¥þ°ê¥Á¥D«C¦~Áp¦
3.1ªÀ|¥D¸qs¤H ¦@²£ÄÒ²ÎªvªºsªÀ|¡A¹ªÀy°ö¾isªº§@¡A³yŃ¤@¥NªÀ|¥D¸qs¤H¡An¨D¤H¥Á
3.2¤ß²z±±¨î »P°ö¾is§@Ápµ²¦b¤@°_ªº¬O¡A¤¤¦@µo©ú¤F¤@®M¥¨ãºR´¤O¦ý¤S«ÜL§®ªº«äQÄé¿é
«äQÄé¿é¹Lµ{³q±`«ùÄò´XÓ¤ë¨ì¤@¦~¤£µ¥¡Aµø¨ü°V¥Ø¼Ðªº«n©Ê¦Ó©w¡A¦ýµL½×«ç¼Ë¡A¨ü°VÁ`¬O¦w±Æ¦
¤U¤@¶¥¬q«ùÄò¤T¡B¥|Ó¤ë¡A¨ä¶¡¥ë¹©M¦í±J±ø¥ó¦³©Ò§ïµ½¡A¦ÓÅé¤O®ø‾Ó¤]¦³©Ò´î®z¡A¦ý¨ÌµM¨¬°÷«OÃ
¦b²Ä¤G¶¥¬qµ²§ô¤§®É¡A¨ü°VªÌ¤Q¦³¤K¤E|¸g¾ú¤@³õºë‾«¦M¾÷¡Çg¹L³o³õ«äQ°«ª§¡A¥L|±o¥Xµ²½×¡AÁ
³q¹L¸s²³²ÕÂ´¡B‾µ±KÄµ¹î¡B¤j²³³q°TĆ¤¶©M«äQÄé¿é¡A¬F©²¦¨¥\¦a±±¨î¨Ã§ï³y¤FªÀ|©M¤H¥Á¡A¨äµ{«
4.¹ï¥~ÃöÃ´
ÁöµM¤ò¿AªF¤Î¨ä°lÀHªÌ²`²`¦a¥[¤J°ê»Ú¦@²£¥D¸q¹B°Ê¡A¦ý¦b¤ß©³¸Ì«o¬OÃhµÛ¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº¦@²£ÄÒ¤H¡A¼
¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°êªì´Á¥Dnªº¤O¶q¨Ó½¡A¬O»PÄ¬Ápªººò±KÁpÃ´¡C¤ò¿AªF¦b1949¦~²@¤£§t½k¦a«Å¥¬¥Lªº"
¤¤Ä¬¬Û¤¬ªí¹Fªº¤Í½Ë©M¼ö¸Û¤Ï¬M¦b³\¦h¤è±¡CÄ¬Áp¤è±ªí¥Ü¤Í½Ëªº¦æ°Ê¥]¬A¡G1952¦~±NªF¥_"¾Ô§Q«~
¥_¨Ê»P¨ä¥¦¨È¬w°ê®aµo®iÃöÃ´¡A¤Ï¬M¥X¥¦«æ©óª§¨ú¹ï¨È¬wªº»â¾ÉÅv¡C¦b³o¤@¤è±¡A¾ú¥v¤W¤¤°ê»P¨ä©
¹ï©ó¦L«×¡B¤Ú°ò´µ©Z¡B¦L«×¥§¦è¨È¡B½q¨l¡B¦Ñ¾â©M¬Z®H¹ëµ¥¨È¬wªº«D¦@²£°ê®a¡A¥_¨Ê¸Õ¹Ï³q¹L±j½Õ©
±q¥H¤Wªº§z¤¤¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥HÁ`µ²¥X¤¤°êªº¹ï¥~¬Fµ¦¦Ü¤Ö¦³¤Ó°ò¥»°Ê¦]¡G(1)¥Á±Ú¥D¸q©Mª§¨ú¤j°ê¦a
5.ªì´Áºò±iªº©º¥ü
¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê³Ìªìªº¤Q¦~¡A¦¨ªGÂ×ºÓ¡A¦ý¤]¤£µLÀ£¤O©Mºò±i¡C²Ä¤@¦¸ªº¤º³¡½Ä¬ð¥X²{¦b1953-1954
1956¦~¡A¥Á²³¤è±¥X²{¤F¹ï¬F©²ªº²Ä¤G¦¸¬D¾Ô¡C¦@²£ÄÒªø¹F¤C¦~ªºÄY±K²Îªv¤w¸g¤Þµo¬ÛíÄY«ªº¤£º
ºî¦X¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê³Ìªì¤Q¦~ªº¦¨Ń¬Ûí¨ôµÛ¡C¦b¹ï¤º¤è±¡A¾d©T¤F¹ï°ê®aªº±±¨î¡A¨Ã¨ú±o¤
µM¦Ó¡A¦b³o½÷×¦¨Ńªºªí¹³¤§¤U¡A¤w¸g¥X²{¤FÃö©ó¸gÀÙ¬Fµ¦ªº¤º³¡¤Àª[©M¹ï"²ö´µ¬ì--¥_¨Ê¶b¤ß"ªº¤
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Agunsanwo, Alaba. China's Policy in Africa. 1958-71 (Cambridge, Eng., 1974
). Arkush, R. David, Fei Xiaotong and Sociology in Revolutionary China (Cambridg
e, Mass.. 1980).
2.Bao, Ruo-wang (Jean Pasqualini), and Rudolph Chelminski, Prisoner of Mao (
New York. 1973).
3.Bennett, Gordon, Yundong: Mass Campaigns in Chinese Communist Leadership (
Berkeley. 1976).
4.--¡AHuadong: The Story of a Chinese People's Commune (Boulder, 1978)
5.Bianco, Lucien7 Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949, tr. from the
French by Muriel Bell (Stanford reprint, 1972).
6.Boardmaxi, Robert, Britain and the People 's Republic of China, 1949-1974
(New York, 1976).
7.Buck, David D.¡A Urban Change in China: Politics and Development in Tsirianl
Shantung (Madison, 1978).
8.Burki¡A Shabid J., Study of Chinese Communes, 1965 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
9.Chai, Winberg5 The Foreign Relations of the People 's Republic of China (N
ew York¡A1976)
10.Chan, Anita' Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger1 Chen Village¡G The Recent
History of a Peasant Community in Mao's China (Berkeley, 1984).
11.Chan¡ALeslie W.¡AThe Taching Oilfield: A Maoist Model for Economic Developmen
t (Canberra, 1974).
12.Chao, Kang, Agricultural Production in Communist China, 1949-1965 (Madiso
n, 1971),
13.--¡ACapital Formation in Mainland China, 1952-1965 (Berkeley, 1974).
14.Ch'en, Jerome (ed.)¡AMao Papers: Anthology arid Bibliography (London, 1970)
.
15.Ch'en Theodore H. E., Thought Reform of the Chinese Intellectual (Hong Ko
ng, 1960).
16.--,The Maoist Educational Revolution (New York, 1974).
17.Chesneaux, Jean et al.¡A China: The People's Republic, 1949-1976 (New York,
1979).
18.Chiu, Hungdah, The People's Republic of China and the Law of Treaties (Ca
mbridge, Mass., 1972).
19.Chow, Gregory C" The Chinese Economy (Hong Kong, 1985).
20.Clark, M Gardner, The Development of China 's Steel industry and Soviet T
echnical Aid (Ithaca, 1973).
21.Clough, Ralph N. et al., The United States, China and Arms Control (Washi
ngton, DC., 1975).
22.Cohen, Arthur A., The Communism of Mao Tse-tung (Chicago, 1964).
23.Cohen, Jerome A,, The Criminal Pwcess in the People's Republic of China,
1949- 1963: An Introduction (Cambridge, Mass., 1968).
24.--(ed.), The Dynamics of China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass., 197
0).
25.--et al., China Trade Prospects and U.S. Policy, ed. by Alexander Eckstei
n (New York¡A1971)
26.David,,Delia, Woman-Work: Women and the Party in Revolutionary China (Oxf
ord, 1976).
27.Dittmer,Lowell,China's Continuous Revolution: The Post -Liberation Epoch,
1949-1981 (Berkeley, 1987).
28.Domes, Jurgens The Internal Politics of China, 1949-1972 (New York, 1973)
.
29.--¡AThe Government and Politics of the PRC (Boulder, 1985),
30.Dreyer, June Teufel¡AChina's Forty Millions: Minority Nationalities and Nat
ional Integration in the People 's Republic of China (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
31.Dulles, Foster Rhea, American Policy Toward Communist China, The Historic
al Record: 1949-1969 (New York, 1972).
32.Eckstein, Alexander, Communist China's National Income (New York¡A 1961).
33.--,"Sino-Soviet Economic Relations: A Reappraisal" in C. D. Cowan (ed.),T
he Economic Development of China and Japan (London, 1964), 128-59.
34.--,Communist China's Economic Growth arid Foreign Trade (New York, 1966).
35.--,"Economic Growth and Change in China: A Twenty-Year Perspective,"The C
hina Quarterly, 54:211^1 (April-June 1973).
36.Feuerwerker, Yi-tsi Mei¡ADing Ling *s Fiction: Ideology and Narrative in Mo
dern Chinese Literature (Cambridge, Mass., 1982).
37.Fitzgerald, Stephen, China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's
Changing Policy, 1949-1970 (Cambridge, Eng., 1973).
38.Fokkema, D. W., Literary Doctrine in China and Soviet Influence, 1956-196
0 (The Hague, 1965).
39.Frolic, B. Michael, Mao1S People: Sixteen Portraits of Life in Revolution
ary China (Cambridge, Mass., 1980).
40.Galbiati, Fernando, P'eng P'ai and the Hai-lu-feng Soviet (Stanford, 1985
).
41.Gamberg, Ruth, Red and Expert: Education in the People's Republic of Chin
a (New York, 1977).
42.Gittings, John, The Role of the Chinese Army (London, 1967).
43.Griffi¡AP.,Chinese Communist Treatment of Counterrevolutiona -ries (Princet
on, 1976).
44.Gurley, John R., China's Economy and the Maoist Strategy (New York, 1976)
.
45.Hao¡AYufant and Zhai Zhihai, "China's Decision to Enter the Korean War" The
China Quarterly, March 1990, 94-115.
46.Harding, Harry1 Organizing China: The Problem of Bureaucracy, 1949-1976 (
Stanford, 1981).
47.Harrison, James P., The Communists and Chinese Peasant Rebellions: A Stud
y in the Rewriting of Chinese History (New York, 1971).
48.--,The Long March to Power: A History of the Chinese Communisr Parry,1921
-72 (New York¡A1972).
49.Hinton William, Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village
(New York, 1966).
50.Ho, Kan-chih, A History of the Modern Chinese Revolution (Peking, 1959).
51.Howe, Christopher, Wage Patterns and Wage Policy in Modern China 1919-197
2 (London, 1973).
52.Hsiao, Gene T., The Foreign Trade of China: Policy, Law, and Practice (Be
rkeley, 1977),
53.Hsiao, Katharine Huang, Money and Monetary Policy in Communist China (New
York, 1971).
54.Hsiung, James Chieh, Ideology and Practice: The Evolution of Chinese Comm
unism (New York, 1970).
55.--,Law and Policy in China's Foreign Relations: A Study of Attitudes and
Practices (New York, 1972).
56.--(ed.), The Logic of "Maoism ": Critiques and Explication (New York,1974
).
57.Hs , Kai-y , Chou En-lai: China Gray Eminence (New York, 1968).
58.Huang, Joe C., Heroes and Villains in Communist China: The Contemporary C
hinese Novel as a Reflection of Life (New York, 1973).
59.Huck, Arthur, The Security of China: Chinese Approaches to Problems of Wa
r and Strategy (New York, 1970).
60.Israel, John and Donald K. Klein, Rebels and Bureaucrats: China's Decembe
r Wars(Berkeley, 1976)
61.Johnson, Cecil, Communist China and Latin America, 1959-1967 (New York1 1
970).
62.Johnson, Chalmers, "BuiJding a Communist Nation in China" in Robert A, Sc
alapino (ed.), The Communist Revolution in Asia (Englewood Cliffs, 1965), 47-81,
63.--(ed.)¡A Ideology and Politics in Contemporary China (Seattle, 1973).
64.Kahn, HaroJd1 and Albert Feuerwerker, "The Ideology of Scholarship: China
's New Historiography," The China Quarterly, 22:1-13 (April-June 1965).
65.Karnow, Stanley, Mao and China: from Revolution to Revolution (New York,
1973),
66.Kau, Ying-mao, The People 's Liberation Army and China 's Nation Building
(White Plains,N,Y.,1973) ¡A
67.Kierman, Frank A,, Jr., and John K. Fairbank (eds.), Chinese Ways in Warf
are (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
68.Kirby5 R. J. R., Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing
Economy, 1949-2000 AD. (New York, 1985).
69.Kuo¡ALeslie T. C" Agriculture in the People ,s Republic of China: Structura
l Changes and Technical Transformation (New York, 1976).
70.Lall, Arthur, How Communist China Negotiates (New York, 1968).
71.Lardy, Nicholas R.s Agriculture in China's Modern Economic Development (C
ambridge, Eng., 1983).
72.--,and Kenneth Lieberthal (eds.), Chen Yun 1S Strategyfor China's Develop
ment(Armonk, N.Y., 1983).
73.Larkin, Bruce D,¡AChina and Africa, 1949-1970: The Foreign Policy of the Pe
ople's Republic of China (Berkeley, 1971).
74.Lee, Chae-jin, Zhou Entai: The Early Years (Stanford, 1994).
75.Lee, Rance P. L., and Lau Siu-kai (eds.)> The People's Commune and Rural
Development (Hong Kong, 1981).
76.Lewis, John Wilson, Leadership in Communist China (Ithaca1 1963).
77.--(ed.), Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in China (Cambridge,Eng
., 1970).
78.Leys, Simon, Chinese Shadows (tr. from French ed., 1974), (New York, 1977
).
79.Li, Choh-rning, Economic Development in Communist China: An Appraisal of
the First Five Years of Industrialization (Berkeley, 1959).
80.--¡AThe Statistical System of Communist China (Berkeley, 1962).
81.Li, Tien-min, Chou En-Iai (Taipei, 1970).
82.Li, Victor H. (ed.), Law and Politics in China's Foreign Trade (Seattle,
1977).
83.--,Law without Lawyers: A Comparative View of Law in the United States an
d China (Boulder, 1978).
84.§õ¾U¡G¡mÃf¤s|Ä³¹ê¿ý¡n¡A¡m´ò«n¡Gªø¨F¡A1989¦~¡^¡C
85.Lifton, Robert J., Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study
of "Brainwashing "in China (New York, 1961).
86.Liu, Alan P. L.¡ACommunications and National Integration in Communist China
(Berkeley, 1971).
87.¡APolitical Culture and Group Conflict in Communist China (Santa Barbara,19
76) .
88.Liu, Ta-chung, The Economy of the Chinese Mainland: National Income and E
conomic Development, 1933-1959 (Princeton, 1965).
89.Lowe, Donald M¡AThe Function of "China " in Marx, Lenin, and Mao (Berkeley,
1966).
90.Lyons, Thomas P., Economic Integration and Planning in Maoist China (New
York, 1987).
91.Ma, Laurence J,C.¡Aand Edward W, Hanten (eds.), Urban Development in Modern
China (Boulder, 1981).
92.MacFarquhar, Roderiek1 The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intel
lectuals (New York, 1960).
93.--¡AThe Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol. 2, The Great Leap Forward,
1955-1960 (New York,1983).
94.Mao, Tse-tung, New Democracy (New York, 1945).
95.--¡ASelected Works of Mao Tse-Iungt 4 vols. (London, 1954),
96."Mao's 2 Telegrams on Korea," The New York Times, Feb. 26, 1992, A4. Mads
en, Richard, Morality and Power in a Chinese Village (Berkeley, 1984).
97.Marshall, Marsh, Organization, and Growth in Rural China (New York, 1985)
.
98.McDougall, Bonnie S. (ed.), Popular Chinese Literature and Performing Art
s in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1979 (Berkeley, 1984).
99.Meisner, Maurice, Mao's China: A History of the People's Republic (New Yo
rk,1977) .
100.Moody, Peter R., Opposition and Dissent in Contemporary China (Stanford,
1977).
102.Mozingo, David, Chinese Policy toward Indonesia, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, 1976
).
103.Mu, Fu-sheng, The Wilting of the Hundred Flowers: The Chinese Intelligen
tsia under Mao (New York, 1962)¡C
104.Mueller, Peter G.¡A and Douglas A. Ross, China and Japan: Emerging Global
Powers (New York, 1975).
105.Munro, Donald J., "Chinese Communist Treatment of the Thinkers of the Hu
ndred Schools Period¡F1 The China Quarterly, 24:11940 (Oct.-Dec. 1965).
106.Nee, Victor, and David Mozmgo (eds.), State and Society in Contemporary
China (Ithaca, 1983).
107.Nelsen, Harvey W. The Chinese Military System: An Organizational Study o
f the Chinese People's Liberation Army (Boulder, 1977).
108.Oksenberg, Michel (ed.), China's Developmental Experience (New York, 197
3).
109.Orleans, Leo A., Every Fifth Child: The Population of China (Stanford, 1
972).
110.--China's Experience in Population Contml: The Elusive Model (Washington
,D.C.¡A1974).
111.--,(ed, with intra), Chinese Approaches to Family Planning (White Plains
,N.Y., 1980).
112.Parish, William L, and Martin King Whyte, Village and Family in Contempo
rary China (Chicago, 1978).
113.Perkins, Dwight H" Market Control and Planning in Communist China (Cambr
idge, Mass., 1966).
114.--(ed.), China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective (Stanford, 197
5).
115.--(ed.), Rural Small-scale Industry in the People's Republic of China (B
erkeley, 1977).
116.Perry, Elizabeth J¡A, Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China: 1845-1945
(Stanford, 1980).
117.Pincus, Fred L.¡AEducation in the People's Republic of China (Baltimore, 1
975).
118.Price, Jane L.¡ACadres, Commanders and Commissars: The Training of the Chi
nese Communist Leadership, 1920-1945 (Boulder, 1976).
119.Prinlz, Peggy and Paul Steinie, Commune: Life in Rural China (New York,
1973).
120.R dvanyi, J nos, "The Hungarian Revolution and the Hundred Flowers Cam
paign," The China Quarterly, 43:121-29 (July-Sept. 1970).
121.Rice, Edward E.¡AMao's Way (Berkeley, 1972).
122.Schram, Stuart R.¡AThe Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York, 1963),
123.--¡AMao Tse-iung (New York, 1966).
124.--¡A"Mao Tse-tung and the Theory of Permanent Revolution, 1958-69" The Chi
na Quarterly, 46:2214 (April-June 1971).
125.--(ed, and intro.), Chairman Mao Talks to the People: Talks and Letters,
1956-1971 (New York, 1974; English edition: Chairman Mao Unrehearsed).
126.Schurmann, Franz, Ideology and Organization in Communisi China (Berkeley
, 1966).
127.Schwartz, Benjamin, I, "On the 'Originality¡Aof Mao Tse-tung "Foreign Affa
irs (Oct. 1955), 67-76.
128.--¡A"Thk e Maoist Image of World Order," in John C. Farrell and Asa P. Smi
th(eds.)¡AImage and Reality in World Politics (New York, 1968), 92-102.
129.--,Communism and China: Ideology in Flux (Cambridge, Mass" 1968).
130.Selden, Mark (ed.), The People's Republic of China: A Documentary Histor
y of Revolutionary Change (New York, 1979).
131.Shabad, Theodore, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geograp
hy of the Chinese People's Republic (New York, 1956).
132.Sit, Victor F. S. (ed.), Chinese Cities: The Growth of the Metropolis si
nce 1949 (Hong Kong1 1985).
133.Solinger, Dorothy J,, Regional Government and Political Integration in S
outhwest China, 1949-1954: A Case Study (Berkeley, 1977).
134.--,Chinese Business Under Socialism: The Politics of Domestic Commerce,
1949-1980 (Berkeley, 1984).
135.Stacey, Judith, Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China (Berkeley,
1984).
136.Starr, John Bryan, "Revolution in Retrospect: The Paris Commune Through
Chinese Eyes" The China Quarterly, 49:106-25 (Jan.-March, 1972).
137.--¡AContinuing the Revolution: The Political Thought of Mao (Princeton,197
9).
138.Teiwest Frederick C., Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and th
e Decline of Party Norms, 1950-1965 (White Plains, N.Y.¡A1980).
139.Thaxton, Ralph A., Jr., Salt of the Earth: The Political Origins of Peas
ant Protest and Communist Revolution in China (Berkeley, 1997).
140.Townsend, James R, Political Participation in Communist China (Berkeley,
1967),
141.--¡APolitics in China (Boston, 1974).
142.Tsout Tang, Embroilment over Quemoy: Mao, Chiang,and Dulles (Salt Lake C
ity, 1959).
143.Tucker, Nancy Bemkopf, Patterns In The Dust; Chinese-American Relations
and The Recognition Controversy, 1949-1950 (New York, 1983).
144.Vogell Ezra F,¡ACanton under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provinc
ial Capital, 1949-1968 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969).
145.Vohra, Ranbir, Lao She and the Chinese Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 197
4).
146.Wakeman, Frederic, Jr., History and Will: Philosophical Perspectives of
Mao Tse- tung 's Thought (Berkeley, 1973).
147.Waller, Derek J., The Government and Politics of Communist China (Garden
City, N.Y., 1970).
148.Watson, James L. (ed.), Class and Social Stratification in Post-Revoluti
on China (New York, 1984).
149.White, Lynn T.¡A IH, Careers in Shanghai: The Social Guidance of Personal
Energies in a Developing Chinese Cityf 1949-1966 (Berkeley, 1978).
150.Whiting, Allen S" China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Kore
an War (Stanford, 1968).
151.Whitson, William W., Chinese Military and Political Leaders and the Dist
ribution of Power in China, 1956-1971 (New York, 1972).
153.Wittfogd, Kar! A¡A"Some Remarks on Mao's Handling of Concepts and Problems
of Dialectics" Studies in Soviet Thought, 111:4:251-77 (Dec. 1963).
154.Wolf, Margery, and Roxane Witke (eds.), Wowen in Chinese Society (Stanfo
rd, 1975).
155.Wong, John, Land Reform in the People's Republic of China: Institutional
Transformation in Agriculture (New York, 1973).
156.Yang, C. K., The Chinese Family in the Communist Revolution (Cambridge,
Mass.¡A1959).
157.Yin, John, Government of Socialist China (Lanham, Md., 1984).
158.Young, Marilyn B., Women in China (Ann Arbor, 1973).
159.Young, Kenneth T., Negotiating with the Chinese Communists: The United S
tates Experience, 1953-1967 (New York, 1968).
160.Yu1 George T., China's African Policy: A Study of Tanzania (New York, 19
75).
161.Zhai1 Qiang, "China and the Geneva Conference of 1954," The China Quarte
rly, March 1992, 103-122.
Zhang, Shu Guang, Mao 's Military Romanticism; China and the Korean Warf 1950- 1
953 (Lawrence, 1995).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 1949¦~10¤ë3¤é«O¥[§Q¨È©MÃ¹°¨¥§¨È¡Fl0¤ë4¤é±¶§J´µ¬¥¥ï§J¡BªiÄõ¡B¦I¤ú§Q©M«n´µ©Ô¤Ò¡F10¤ë27¤éªF¼
2 ¦b1968¦~¡A¦³51Ó°ê®a©Ó»{¤F¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¡A¦Ó©Ó»{°ê¥Á¬F©²ªº¤¤°êªº°ê®a¦³65Ó¡C¦ý¬O¡A¨ì1974¦
3 ¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä2¨÷¡A²Ä655-704¶¡C
4 ¡m¤ò¿AªF¿ï¶°¡n¡A²Ä3¨÷¡A²Ä813-830¶¡C
5 Charlmers Johnson¡A"The Two Chinese Revolutions," The China Quarterly (July- Sep
t¡A1969)¡A39¡G17¡O
6 ªF¥_¡BµØ¥_¡BµØªF¡B¤¤«n¡B¦è¥_©M¦è«n¡C
7 1956¦~¤¤¥¡©eû|¦³97¦W¥¿¦¡©eû©M73¦WÔ¸É©eû¡F1969¦~¤À§O¼W¥[¨ì1708©M109¦W¡A1973¦~¼W¥[¨ì1
8 1956¦~¬Fªv§½¦³17¦W¥¿¦¡©eû©M7¦WÔ¸É©eû¡F1969¦~©M1973¦~¦U¦³21¦W¥¿¦¡©eû©M4¦WÔ¸É©eû¡C
9 Franz Schurmann¡AIdeology and Organization in Communist China(Berkeley,1966)¡A143¡A1
46¡O
10 Benjamin I¡OSchwartz¡A"On che'Originality'of Mao Tse-tung," Foreign Affairs, (Oc
t¡O1955)¡A74¡O
11 Ch n-tu Hsiieh¡A"The Culrural Revolution and Leadership Crisis in Communist
China," Poltical Science Quarterly,LXXXII¡G2¡G184(June 1967)¡O
12 ¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦a¥D¥e¦³¤g¦aªº¥§¡±¿n°¦¦³¥|¤Q^‾a¡C°Ñ¨£T¡Oj¡OHughes and D¡OE¡OT¡OLuard¡AThe Eco
13 Hughes and Luard¡A31¡A64-65¡O
14 John A¡OBerberet¡AScience and Technology in Communist China(Santa Barbara¡A1960)¡A3¡O
15 Hughes and Luard¡A66-69¡O
16 Janet Salaff,"The Urban Communes and Anti-city Experiment in Communist China,
" The China Quarterly(January-March 1967)¡A82-110¡O
17 Ãö©ó¡m¤j¦P®Ñ¡nªº¤º®e¡A°Ñ¨£Liang Ch'i-ch'ao¡AIntellectual Trends,95-98¡OÃö©ó±d¦³¬°¹ï¤ò¿Aª
unist China," Pacific Coast Philology¡AII(April l967)¡A62-78¡O
18 ¢Åé¬°¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C
19 Benjamin I¡OSchwartz¡A"China and the Communist Bloc¡GA Speculative Reconstmction,"
Current History, 35¡G208¡G326(Dec¡O1958)¡O
20 1952¦~ªº»ù®æ«ü¼Æ¡F1952¦~ªºJ²v¬O¤H¥Á¹ô2.46¤¸§I´«1¬ü¤¸¡CAlexandeer Eckstein¡A"Eonomic Gro
ina Quarterly (April-June 1973)¡A54¡G234-35¡O
21 Edward Hunter, Brainwashing in Red China(New York¡A1951)¡FRichard L. Walker, Chin
a under Communism¡GThe First Five Years(New Haven¡A1955),ch¡O3¡FRobert J¡OLifton¡AThought R
form and the Psychology of Totalism¡GA Study of "Brainwashing" in China(New York¡A19
61)¡O
22 Peter s¡OH¡OTang¡ACommunist China Today(New York¡A1957)¡A378-81,383¡O
23 Albert Feuerwerker¡A"Chinese History and the Foreign Relations of Contemporary
China," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July
1972¡FChina in the World Today,5¡O
24 ¥LÝ¥ô°ê®a°Æ¥D®u©M°ê®ap¹º©eû|¥D®u¡C
25 ¥L¤]¬O¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡²ÕÂ´³¡³¡ªø¡C
26 Gene T¡OHsiao¡A" The Background and Development of 'The Proletarian Cultural Rev
olution'," Asian Survey¡AVII¡G6(June 1967)¡A393¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
75
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤C³¹
¤¤Ä¬¤Àµõ
"²ö´µ¬ì--¥_¨Ê¶b¤ß"³oÓ¹³©ºµÛ¨c©Tªº°ê»ÚµL²£¶¥‾Åªº¹Îµ²°}½u¡A¨ì¤¤Q¦~¥N¥½¨³³t¦ać¤Æ¤F¡C´¿³
1.½Ä¬ðªº¾ú¥v®Ú½
±q¤¤°ê¦@²£¥D¸q¹B°Ê½Ï¥Í¤§®É°_¡A¤ò¿AªF»P²ö´µ¬ìªº±µÄ²Ń¬J¤£´r§Ö¤]¤£º¡N¡C¥L¨Ì¾a¦b¹A§øµo°Ê¹
¤ò¿AªFÁöµM´L«´µ¤jªL¬OªÀ|¥D¸qªº½l³yªÌ¡A¦ý¥L¿Ë²´¥Ø¸@¤F¤G¤Q¦~¥N©M¤T¤Q¦~¥Nªì¦@²£°ê»Ú¦b¤¤°
¨ì²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô§Önµ²§ô¤§®É¡A¤ò¿AªF©M©P®¦¨Ó´Á«Ý³Ì²×Á×§K§¹¥þ¨Ìªþ©óÄ¬Áp¡C1945¦~1¤ë¡A¥LÌ
¤ò¿AªFªº½Ð¨D¦b»®º¸§Q¤j¨Ï¨º¸Ì‾ÔÀÁ¤F¤@¬q®É¶¡Å×»¼¥æµ¹Ã¹´µºÖ¡A»®º¸§Q¦b§e»¼«ØÄ³®Éµû½×»¡¡A»P©
ÁöµM³X°ÝµØ²±¹yªº«ü±æ¸¨ªÅ¡A¤ò¿AªFÄ~Äò»P¾n©µ¦w}§J¦è¨Ï¹Îªº¬Fªv©xûÁÂ°¶«ä°Q½×¬ü°ê´©§Uªº»Ý
¤¤°ê¾Ô«á³Ì¤jªº»Ýn¬O¸gÀÙµo®i¡C¥¦¦Û¤v‾Ê¥F¶}®i³o¶µ¥ô°È©Ò»Ýªº¸êª÷......¬ü°ê©M¤¤°ê¦b¸gÀÙ¤W¬
¤¤°ê»Ýn«Ø¥ß»´¤u~¥H¨ÑÀ³¥¦¦Û¤vªº¥«³õ¡A´£°ª¨ä¥»°ê°ê¥Áªº¥Í¬¡¤ô¥¡C
¬ü°ê¤£¶È¶È¬OÀ°§U¤¤°êµo®i¸gÀÙªº³Ì¦X¾Aªº°ê®a¡G¥¦¤]¬O°ß¤@¦³‾à¤O°Ñ»P¤¤°ê¸gÀÙªº°ê®a¡C±q¥ô¦ó¨
§â¬ü°êºÙ§@´©§U¤¤°ê¾Ô«á¸gÀÙµo®iªº"³Ì¦X¾A"©M"°ß¤@ªº°ê®a"¡A±j½Õ¤F¤ò¿AªF¤£Q°¦¨Ì¾aÄ¬Áp´©§Uª
²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ôµ²§ô«e¤i¡AÄ¬Ápx¶¤¬ð¤JªF¥_¡A±N»ùÈ20»õ¬ü¤¸ªº¤u~³]¬Ií§@"¾Ô§Q«~"±°¨«¡A¨Ã¨
(¤¤Ä¬ª§°õªº)®Ú¤l¦Ń®I¤U¤F¡C¥LÌ(Ä¬¦@)¤£Åý¤¤°êd(¦@²£¥D¸q)²©R¡C¨º¬O¦b1945¦~¡A´µ¤jªL¤£Ã
§Y¨Ï¦b1949¦~¤ò¿AªF§¹¦¨¤F¹ï¤j³°ªº©ºªA¤§®É¡A´µ¤jªLÁÙµ¦¹ºÅýsÃ¦«Å¥¬¿W¥ß¡AŃ¹³1921¦~¥~»X¿W¥
1949¦~12¤ë¡A¤¤¦@³Ó§Q«á¤£¤[¡A¤ò¿AªF«e©¹²ö´µ¬ì‾¬¶P´µ¤jªLªº¤C¤Q©P³¹Ø¨°¡A¨Ã´M¨DÀò±o´©§U©M¦
Ń¬O¦b¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¨ú±o³Ó§Q¥H«á¡A´µ¤jªLÁÙ®`©È¤¤°ê|¦¨¬°«n´µ©Ô¤Ò¡A§Ú|¦¨¬°¤S¤@ÓÅK¦«¡C«á¨Ó¡
¨ú±o´µ¤jªL"«H¥ô"ªº¥N»ù¬O°ª©ùªº¡G¤¤°ê¬£»º¤F¤@¦Ê¸U"§ÓÄ@x"¤¶¤J´ÂÂA¾Ôª§¡A¬°ÁÊ¶R³o¦¸«_ÀI©Ò»
¦b¤¤Ä¬¦Pùªºªì´Á¶¥¬q¡ANÃÑ§ÎºAª§½×ªººØ¤lŃ¤w®I¤U¤F¡CÄ¬Áp¤H©ú½T¤Ï¹ï¤¤°ê¤H§â¤ò¿AªF»¡¦¨¬O°
¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¥´±Ñ«Ò°ê¥D¸q©M«Ø¥ß¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê©Ò¨«ªº¹D¸ô¡A¬O³\¦h´Þ¥Á¦a¥b´Þ¥Á¦a°ê®a¤H¥Áª§¨ú¥Á±
¤¤°ê‾S§O°í«ù"¤ò¿AªF¹D¸ô"ªº¨âÓ‾SÂI¡G(1)¥Ñ¤u¤H¶¥‾Å©M¦@²£ÄÒ»â¾Éªº¥þ¥Á±Ú¤Ï«ÒÁp¦X¾Ô½u¡F(2)¥
1951¦~7¤ë1¤é¡A¦b¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ«Ø¥ß¤T¤Q©P¦~¬ö©À¤j|¤W¡A¤¤«Å³¡³¡ªø³°©w¤@«ÅºÙ¡G
¤ò¿AªFªº¤¤°ê²©R²z½×¬O°¨§J«ä¦C¹ç¥D¸q¦b´Þ¥Á¦a¥b´Þ¥Á¦a°ê®aªº²©R¤¤¤×¨ä¬O¤¤°ê²©R¤¤ªºsµ
«Ò°ê¥D¸q°ê®a¤¤ªº²©R¸g¨å¬O¤Q¤ë²©R¡C´Þ¥Á¦a¥b´Þ¥Á¦a°ê®a¤¤ªº²©R¸g¨å«h¬O¤¤°ê²©R¡C19
ÀH«á¡A¤¤«Å³¡°Æ³¡ªø³‾§B¹FÃÙ´¤ò¿AªF±À°Ê¤F"°¨§J«ä¦C¹ç¥D¸q¦bªF¤èªºµo®i"¡A¨Ã²±ÃÙ¤ò¿AªF¦¨¥\ª
Ä¬Ápªº«Å¶Ç®aÌ¤£¦PN¤ò¿AªF«ÅºÙ¥L¦b²z½×¤W¨ã¦³³Ð³y©Ê¡B¥Lªº"¹D¸ô"¾A¦X©ó¨È¬w¨ä¥¦¦a°Ïªº»¡ªk¡
¦b1951¦~11¤ë12¤éªº²ö´µ¬ì¬ì¾Ç¤j|¤W¡Aº®uµo¨¥¤H‾ø¬ì¤Ò(Ye Zhukov)Äµ§i»¡¡G"¦pªG§â¤¤°ê²©R¬
¦pªG»¡¤ò¿AªF»P´µ¤jªLªºÃöÃ´¬O«ÜWÀßªº¸Ü¡A¨º¥L»P»®¾|¾å¤ÒªºÃöÃ´«h¬O¨‾»¶ªº¡C´µ¤jªL¦Ü¤Ö¦]¬°¥
¤ò¿AªF¦P§Ó¡A³oºØQªk¨ì¤µ¤Ñ¤w¹L®É¤F¡C§A¤£‾à¦A®Ú¾Ú½Öªº¤H¼Æ³Ì¦h¨Ó¦ôºâ¤O¶qªº¤j¤p¡C©ñ¦b¹L¥h¥
¤ò¿AªF»{¬°»®¾|¾å¤Ò¬OÓÁx¤p°¡C
1959¦~¤S¥X²{¤F¤£´r§Öªº¨Æ¥ó¡A¨ä®É¡A»®¾|¾å¤Ò¨Ó¤¤°ê½Ð¨DÀòÇ¦b¤¤°ê»â¤g¤W¶}³]¤@®yµL½u¹q»O¡A¥
¥H¤Wªº§zªí©ú¡A¤ò¿AªF¦b¤T¤Q¦~¸Ì¤@ª½»PÄ¬Áp»â¾É¤H¬Û³B¤£´r§Ö¡C¥L³Ìªì³Q´µ¤jªL±ÆÀ½¥X¤F¤¤°ê¦
2.NÃÑ§ÎºAª§½×
±q¥~ªí¤W¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤¤Ä¬¤Àµõªºª½±µì¦]¡A¬O¥Ñ©ó»®¾|¾å¤Ò¦b1956¦~ªºÄ¬¦@¤G¤Q¤j¤W§å§P´µ¤jªL©M©áÀ»"
¤ò¿AªF¨M¤ß¦¨¬°°ê»Ú¦@²£¥D¸qªºNÃÑ§ÎºA»â³S¡A¨Ã¨Ï¥_¨Ê¦¨¬°ªÀ|¥D¸q¶°¹Îªºsªº¤¤¤ß¡C«X¦@¦b´µ¤
¤ò¿AªFªº±U°_©M¦@²£ÄÒ¤¤°ê¹ïÄ¬ÁpÅQÅvªº¬D¾Ô¡A´£¥X¤F³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡GªÀ|¥D¸q¥@¬É‾à¤£‾à®e§Ô¨âºØÁ
¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ°í«ù°¨§J«ä¦C¹ç¥D¸qªº¶Ç²ÎÆ[©À¡A»{¬°ªÀ|¥D¸q¥@¬É»P¸ê¥»¥D¸q¥@¬É¤§¶¡ªº¾Ôª§¤£¥iÁ×§
¥_¨Ê«ÅºÙ¾Ôª§¨Ã¤£¥i©È¡FÁöµM®ÖªZ¾¹ªºäÃø¥i‾à|®øÀ¤T»õ¤¤°ê¤H¡A¦ý¦è¤è¸ê¥»¥D¸qµo¹F°ê®aªº¾D¹
»®¾|¾å¤Ò§å»é¤¤°ê¤HªºÆ[ÂI¡A¨Ãª§ÅG»¡¡A¾Ôª§ªº‾}Ãa©Ê¤Ó¤j¡AÀ³³]ªkÁ×§K¡A²Ä¤T¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô±N¹ý©³
¤¤°ê¥Nªí¹Î®O¸¨©M¥¦@³BªºÆ[©À¬OÓ¤ÛQ¡A¥D±i§ó¦³¤O¦a¤ä´©¸Ñ©ñ¾Ôª§©M¥Á±Ú¿W¥ß¹B°Ê¡A¶S§C©M¥¨
¤U±¤@¨Ç¨Æ¥ó¬O¨Ï¤¤Ä¬ÃöÃ´¶i¤@¨Bºò±i¡G1962¦~¥j¤Ú¾É¼u¦M¾÷´Á¶¡²ö´µ¬ìªº³æ¤è±¦æ°Ê¡F²ö´µ¬ì¥¼¸
ºÉºÞ¤¤Ä¬ÃöÃ´¼È®É§ïµ½¤F¡A¦ý«Ü§ÖŃªí©ú¡AsªºÄ¬Áp»â¾É¼h¨Ã¨S¦³¹ï»®¾|¾å¤Ò½T©wªº¤è°w§ï©¶§ó±i¡
3.»â¤gª§ºÝ
¹ï¤¤Ä¬Ãä¬É4,150^¸Ìªº»â¤gª§ºÝ¡B¨F¬Ó«X°ê¤Î´µ¤jªL¬I¥[µ¹¤¤°ê¤HªºÄY«¶Ë®`NÃÑ¡A»PNÃÑ§ÎºAª§
¤¤°ê¤H¹ï³à¥¢»â¤gªº«è«ë¦³µÛ²`¨èªº¾ú¥v®Ú½¡C»P«XÃ¹´µÃ±qªº³Ìªì¨â¶µ±ø¬ù¡A1689¦~ªº¡m¥§¥¬¡±
»P¤¤°ê©Ò¦³ªºR°êªÌ¤@¼Ë¡A¤ò¿AªF¤@ª½QªÈ¥¿¤¤°ê¦b¥H©¹¾D¨üªº¶Ë®`¡C¦¦b1936¦~¡A¥L¹ï¬ü°ê°OªÌ´
1963¦~3¤ë8¤é¡A¥_¨Ê¶}¦C¥X¤@¥÷¥¢¦aªº²M³æ¡A¥]¬A¦è§B§Q¨È«n³¡¡BÀØ®ü¬Ù©M«X°ê¤¤¨È¦a°Ïªº¦Ü¤Ö500
¾Ú¤¤°ê¤è±ÁnºÙ¡A±q1964¦~½Í§P‾}µõ¨ì1969¦~3¤ë¡AÄ¬Áp¦@«I¥Ç¤¤°êÃä¬É4,189¦¸¡CÃä¹Òªººò±i§½¶Õ¤
3¤ë1-2¤é©]¶¡¡A¬ù¤T¦Ê¦W°°¸Ëªº¤¤°ê¾Ô¤h©è¹F¬ÃÄ_®q¡A¦b¤@¤ùÄé¤ì¦a±a¶}«õ´²§L§|¡AÇ³Æ¥´¥ñÀ»¡C²
3¤ë14-15¤éªº²Ä¤G¦¸½Ä¬ð¬O«X°ê¤Hµo°_ªº³ø´_¦æ°Ê¡A§ë¤J¤F©Z§J©M³\¦h¤h§L¡C¾Ô°«±q¤W¤È¤QÂI¥´ÅT¡
4.¾Ôª§¦M¾÷
1968¦~Ä¬Áp¤J«I¤F±¶§J´µ¬¥¥ï§J¡A«k¦C¤é‾I¤Ò«ÅºÙ¡A¦pªG¨ä¥¦¦@²£¥D¸q°ê®a³Q»{¬°I±óªÀ|¥D¸q¨Æ
¦b¥_¨Ê«s¶}©lªºÃä¬É½Í§P¤¤¡A¤¤°ê¤H¨Ã¤£n¨D¥þ³¡ÂkÁÙ³ÎÅýµ¹«X°êªº©Ò¦³»â¤g¡F¦ý¬O¡A¥LÌ°í«ù
Ä¬Áp¥Nªí¥D±i¡A¥Ñº¡²M¬F©²»P¨F«XÃ±qªº¨º¨Ç±ø¬ù¨Ã«D"¤£¥µ¥"¡A±qªk«ß©M¾ú¥v¨Ó»¡¡A¤¤«XÃä¬É~¤
ÅãµM¡AÂù¤è³£¦b§Q¥Î½Í§P¨Ó©ì©µ®É¶¡¡A¥H¹F¦¨¨ä¥¦¥Ø¼Ð¡C¨ì1973¦~¦~¤¤¡AÄ¬Áp¤w±N¥LÌ¦b¤¤Ä¬Ãä¹Òª
»¡¨ì©³¡A¤¤°ê¤H¥¿®IÀY©óªÀ|¥D¸q§ï³y¡B¤u~µo®i¡B»â¾É°ÝÃD©M"±µ‾Z"µ¥¨Æ°È¡A¥¦¤£Q¶}¾Ô¡CÄ¬Áp¤
¦b¤K¤Q¦~¥Nªº¤j³¡¤À®É¶¡¸Ì¡A¤¤Ä¬ÃöÃ´¨ü¨ì¥H¤U¤TÓ»ÙÃªªº¼vÅT¡G(1)Ä¬Áp¤ä«ù¶V«n«I¥e¬Z®H¹ë¡A(2
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Alsop, Joseph, "Thoughts out of China¤@(I) Go versus No go,"The New York Tim
es Magazine, March U, 1973, 31, 100-108.
2.An, Tai-sung, The Sirio-Soviet Territorial Dispute (Philadelphia, 1973).
3.Boorman, Howard L. et al. (eds.)¡AMoscow-Peking Axis: Strengths and Strains
(New York, 1957)¡B
4.Brldgham Philip, Arthur Cohen, and Leonard Jaffe, "Mao's Road and Si no-So
viet Relations: A View from Washington, 1953," The China Quarterly, 52: 670-98(O
ct.-Dec. 1972).
5.Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict (Cambridge, M
ass., 1960).
6.Clubb, Edmund 0., China and Russia; The "Great Game" (New York, 1971).
7.Dittmer, Lowell, Sino-Soviet Normalization and Its International Implicati
ons, 1945-1990 (Seattle, 1992).
8.Djilas, Milovan, Conversations with Staliny tr. by Michael B. Petrovich (N
ew York, 1962).
9.Doolin, Dermis J., Territorial Claims in the Sino-Soviet Conflict: Documen
ts and Analysis (Stanford, 1965).
10.Fitzgerald, C. P., "Tension on the Sino-Soviet Border,"Foreign Affairs, 4
5:4: 683- 93 (July 1967)¡A
11.Garthoff, Raymond, Sino-Soviet Military Relations (New York, 1966).
12.Garver, John, "New Light on Sino-Soviet Relations: The Memoirs of China's
Ambassador to Moscow, 1955-62," The China Quarterly, June 1990, 303-07.
13.Ginsburgs, George, Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute (New York, 1975).
14.Gittings, John, Survey of the Sino-Soviet Dispute (Oxford, 1968).
15.--,"The Great-Power Triangle and Chinese Foreign Policy," The China Quart
erly, 39:41-54 (July-Sept. 1969)
16.Goncharov, Sergei N.¡AJohn W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Sta
lin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, 1994).
17.Jackson, W. A., The Russo-Chinese Borderlands (Princeton, 1962).
18.Jukes, Geoffrey, The Soviet Union in Asia (Berkeley, 1973).
19.Kao, Ting Tsz' The Chinese Frontier (Chicago, 1980).
20.Khrushchev, Nikita, Khrushchev Remembers (Boston, 1970).
21.--,Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, tr. by Strobe Talbott (Bosto
n,1974).
22.¼B¾å:¡m¥X¨ÏÄ¬Áp¤K¦~¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1986¦~¡^¡C
23.Low, Alfred D., The Sino-Soviet Confrontation Since Mao Zedong: Dispute,
Detente, or Conflict (Boulder, 1987).
24.Maxwell, Neville, 'The Chinese Account of the 1969 Fighting at Chenpao,"
The China Quarterly, 56:730-39 (Oct.-Dec. 1973).
25.Mayers, David Allan, Cracking the Monolith: US Policy Against the Sino-So
viet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
26.Murphy, George G, S.¡ASoviet Mongolia: A Study of the Oldest Political Sate
llite (Berkeley, 1966).
27.Patterson, George N., The Unquiet Frontier: Border Tensions in the Sino-S
oviei Conflict (Hong Kong, 1966).
28.Robinson, Thomas W" "The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background Developme
nt, and the March 1969 Clashes," The American Political Science Review, LXVI:4:1
175-1202 (Dec. 1972).
29.Salisbury, Harrison E., War Between Russia and China (New York, 1970).
30.Simon, Sheldon W.¡A'The Japan-China-USSR Triangle " Pacific Affairs, 47:2:1
25- 38 (Summer 1974).
31.Tuchman, Barbara W" "If Mao Had Come to Washington: An Essay in Alternati
ves" Foreign Affairs, 51:1:44-64 (Oct. 1972),
32.Vucinich, Wayne S.¡ARussia and Asia: Essays on the Influence of Russia on t
he Asian Peoples (Stanford, 1972).
33.Zagoria, Donald S., "Mao^s Role in the Sino-Soviet Conflict," Pacific Aff
airs, 47: 2:139-53 (Summer 1974).
34.--¡AThe Sino-Soviet Conflictp, 1956^1961 (Princeton, 1962).
35.--,'The Strategic Debate in Peking¡A" Tang Tsou (ed.), China in Crisis: Chi
na's Policies in Asia and America 's Alternatives (Chicago, 1968), n:237-68.
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Benjamin Schwartz¡A"China's Developmental Experience¡A1949-72," in Michel Oksenber
g (ed¡O)¡AChina's Developmental Experience(New¡OYork¡A1973)¡A19¡O
2 Stuart R¡OSchram¡A"Introduction¡GThe Cultural Revolution in Historical Perspecrive,"
in Stuart R¡OSchram (ed¡O)¡AAuthority Participation and Cultural Change in China (Cam
bridge¡AEng¡O¡A1973)¡A15-16¡O
3 ¦P¤Wª`¡A16-17¡C
4 Nikita Khmshchev¡AKhrushchev Remembers(Boston¡A1970)¡A462¡O
5 Schram¡A18¡O
6 Barbara W¡OTuchman¡O"If Mao Had Come to Washington¡GAn Essay in Alternatives," Forei
gn Affairs (Oct¡A1972)¡A44¡O50-51¡A58¡O
7 ¦P¤Wª`¡A55¡C
8 ¦P¤Wª`¡A50-51,56¡C
9 Foreign Relations of the United States¡ADiplomatic Papers,1945¡AVol¡OVII, The Far Ea
st¡GChina(Washington¡A1969)¡A273 ff¡Areport by John S¡OService On a conversation with Mao
Tse-tung¡AMarch 13¡A1945¡O
10 Tai-sung An¡AThe Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute(Philadelphia¡A1973)¡A62¡O
11 James B¡OHarrison¡AThe Long March to Power(New York¡A1972)¡A379¡O
12 Quoted in Tai-sung An¡A63¡O
13 ³³«ÏÀ®¡C
14 "Khmshchev's Last Testament¡GPower and Peace," Time¡AMay 6¡A1974¡A44¡O
15 John Gittings¡A"The Great-Power Triangle and Chinese Foreign Policy," The China
Quarterly (July-Sept¡O1969)¡O39¡G44-45¡O
16 Khrushchev¡AKhrushchev Remembers¡A463¡O
17 Quoted in Tai-sung An¡A66¡O
18 Philip Bridgham¡AArthur Cohen¡Aand Leonard Jaffe¡A"Mao's Road and Sino-Soviet Relat
ions¡GA View from Washington¡A1953," The China QuarterJy(Oct¡O-Dec¡O1972)¡A52¡G678¡A¢Åé¬O¥
19 ¦P¤Wª`¡A681¡A¢Åé¬O¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C
20 ¦P¤Wª`¡A681-82¡C
21 Khrushchev¡AKhrushchev Remembers¡A474¡O
22 ¦P¤Wª`¡A470¡C
23 ¦P¤Wª`¡A466¡A472-473¡C
24 ¦³Ãö¸Ô±¡°Ñ¨£¤U¤@³¹´^¼wÃh¤U»O¤@¸`¡C
25 Zbigniew K¡OBrzezinski¡AThe Soviet Bloc¡GUnity and Conflict(Cambridge¡AMass¡O¡A1960)¡O40
26 Donald S¡OZagoria¡A"The Future of Sino-Soviet Relations," Asian Survey¡A1¡G2¡G3-14 (Apr
il 1961)¡FEdward Crankshaw¡A"Khmshchev and China," The Atlantic Monthly (May 1961)¡A43
-47¡C
27 Ãö©ó²ö´µ¬ì|Ä³ªº²`¤J¤ÀªR¡A°Ñ¨£Donald S¡OZagoria¡AThe Sino-Soviet Conflict, 1956-1961 (Pr
28 ¥~¥æ³¡ªø³‾¼Ý¹ï¤@§å´µ³ôªº‾Çºû¨È°OªÌµoªíªºÁn©ú¡A¥ÑThe Christian Science Monitor, May 27¡A1
29 Harold C¡OHinton¡ACommunist China in World Politics(New York¡A1966)¡A478-82¡O
30 Tai-sung An¡A50-51¡O
31 Edgar Snow ,Red Star Over China(New York¡A1961)¡A96¡O
32 Xai-sung An¡A76¡A82¡O
33 Thomas W. Robinson¡A"The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute¡GBackground Development¡Aand th
e March 1969 Clashes," The American Political Science Review¡ALXVI¡G4¡G1199(Dec¡A1972)¡O
34 Joseph Alsop, "Thoughts Out of China-(I)Go Versus No go," The New York Times
Magazine, March 11¡A1973¡A31¡O
35 John Newhouse¡ACold Dawn¡GThe Story of SALT(New York¡A1973)¡A188-89¡O
36 Tai-sung An¡A109¡A114-115¡FRobinson¡A1180-81¡O
37 Peter S¡OH¡OTang¡A"Russian Threat to China," The Christian Science Monitor¡ASept¡A12¡A19
2¡FShinkichi Eto¡A"Motivations and Tactics of Peking's New Foreign Policy," 33-34¡O¦b197
3¦~6¤ë24-30¤é¼w°êªF¨È¬ã¨s¨ó|¬I¬¥´µ--¹p´Ë³ù(Schloss Reisenberg)°ê»Ú|Ä³¤W«ÅÅªªº½×¤å¡C
38 ¾Ú³ø¹D¡A¨ì1973¦~¦~¤¤¡A¤¤°ê¾Ö¦³15ªT®gµ{¬°1,200^¸Ìªº¾É¼u¡A15¨ì20ªT®gµ{¬°2,300^¸Ìªº¾É¼u¡C
39 Robert A¡OScalapino¡A"China and the Balance of Power," Foreign Affairs(Jan¡A1974)¡A36
1¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
92
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤K³¹
µL²£¶¥‾Å¤å¤Æ¤j²©R
¤jÅD¶i¡B¤H¥Á¤½ªÀ¡B¤¤Ä¬¤Àµõ¥[¼@¤F¤¤°ê»â¾É¼h¤º³¡ªº¤Àª[©Mºò±iÃöÃ´¡C¤@§å¤ñ¤ò¿AªF§ó¥[°È¹êªº¦
³o¨Ç»â¾É¤H¤§©Ò¥H°õNn§ïÅÜ¤ò¿AªFªº¤è°w¡A¬O¦]¬°¥LÌ¤w¸g¦b¹L¥h´X¦~¸ÌÅv¤O¤j¼W¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦b195
¦³¤Fs´£¤ÉªºÂ¾¦ì¡A¼B¤Ö©_©M¾H¤p¥P¨ì¦³¨¬°÷ªº«H¤ß¹ï«¤jªº¬Fµ¦¨Æ°È¤jÁxµoªíN¨£¡C¥LÌÃÙ¦¨ª
1959¦~ªº¸gÀÙµo®i¬Fµ¦¤×¨äÈ±o§åµû¡C¤jÅD¶i©M¤H¥Á¤½ªÀªº«áªG¥O¤H«D±`ªq³à¡C¤gªk¤W°¨³y¦¨¤F¥¨¤
°È¹ê¬£¤H¤h¶V¨Ó¶V¹ï¤ò¿AªFªº¬Fµ¦¤£º¡¡C¥LÌÄ±±o¡A¤ò¿AªF¬O¦b¥Î§¹¥þ»P®É¥N¤£¦X©çªº¹CÀ»¾Ô«äQ¨
1.´^¼wÃhªº¤U»O
1959¦~8¤ë¡A¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡©eû|¥l¶}Ãf¤s|Ä³¡AÄÒ¤º²Ä¤¸¹¤Hª«¡B¥Dnªº¸gÀÙ³]p®v³‾¶³¦b|¤W¥D±iªö
°ê¨¾³¡ªø´^¼wÃh´£¥X¤F§óª½²v§åµû¡C´^¼wÃh¬O¤ò¿AªFªº¦Ñ¾Ô¤Í¡A¤@¦W³Ç¥Xªºx¤H¡A¥Lèè¹ïªF¼Ú§@¤
§ÚÌ³Q¤jÅD¶iªº¦¨ÁZ©M¸s²³¹B°Êªº¼ö±¡°g´b¤F¡A¤@¨Ç¥ª¶É«äQ©ïÀY¡AÁ`Q¤@¨B¸ó¤J¦@²£¥D¸q......«
¥L§â¤jÅD¶i¤ñ§@"¤p¸ê²£¶¥‾Åªº¨g¼ö©Ê"¡AºÙ¥¦¬OªÅQ¥D¸qªº"ÀY¸£µo¼ö"--³oªÖ©w¿Ø¨ë¤F¤ò¿AªFªº°±
³‾¶³»{¬°³o¼Ë§åµû¤ò¿AªF|²£¥Í¤Ï§@¥Î¡F¼vÅT¥Lªº§ó¦³®Ä¤è¦¡À³¸Ó¬O¡A§â¥Lªº¬Fµ¦©Ò³y¦¨¿ù»~ªº¨Æ¹
¤£¥X©Ò®Æ¡A´^¼wÃhªº§åµû¤§¿E‾P¾_Åå¤F¤ò¿AªF¡A¥LºÙ¤§¬°"¤j¦³¬µ¥¥bÓÃf¤s¤§¶Õ"¡C´^¼wÃh¤@¦V¥H©
¤ò¿AªF¹ï«Ý´^¼wÃh®ð«æ±ÑÃa¡A¦ý¹ï¨ä¥¦¤H«h«ù½Õ©M«ººA¡C¥L¥D°Ê¹Dºp¡A©Ó»{¤£«êí¦aÒ¾É¤H¥Á¤½ªÀ©
¤ò¿AªF°í«ù¡A®À§é¬O¼È®Éªº--"¤Q¦~«á¦A¦^ÀY¬Ý¤@¬Ý¡A§ÚÌ¬O¹ïÁÙ¬O¿ù".13¥L¥Î¤@ºØ¤£¥i§Ü©Úªº®ð¶Õ
2.ºòÁY©MªQ¸j
Ãf¤s|Ä³«áªº¤T¦~¤¤¡A¥X²{¤F¹A~ºp¦¬¡B®ðÔć¦H¡B¤u¹A~´î²£©MÄ¬ÁpºM¨«±M®aµ¥¤£©‾¨Æ¥ó¡A³oºØ±
°È¹ê¬£»â¾É¤H©ó¬O¨M©w¶}®i¤@¶µ¤ä«ù¹A~ªººò«æp¹º¡A¨Ã°õ¦æ¤@¶µªQ¸j¬Fµ¦¥H½Õ°Ê§ó°ªªº¥Í²£¿n¥©
¤ò¿AªFÄµÄ±¨ì¥i‾à|¥X²{¸ê¥»¥D¸q´_ÅP¡Bs©x¹±¶¥‾Å©ïÀY©M»PÄ¬Áp×¥¿¥D¸q§´¨óªº«e´º¡C¦pªG³o¨ÇÁ
¤ò¿AªF¹ïÄÒû¤z³¡¤£Ä@¶i¦æÄ~Äò²©Rªº¶É¦VP¨ì¼~¼{¡C¥LÄ±¹î¨ì¥LÌ¤¤¦s¦bµÛ°l¨D¦w¶h¡B´M¨Dª«½è¨
¤ò¿AªF¦P¼Ë¾á¼~¡A¦~»´¤H¤¤‾Ê¥F²©RÃ@µ¦¡A±Ð¨|¨î«×¤£°¥þ¡C¤åÃÀ¬É¤¤¤]¦s¦b¦MÀIªº°T¸¹¡GÄÒûª¾Ã
¬°¤F§áÂà³o¨Çª¬ªp¡A¤ò¿AªF¦b1962¦~9¤ëµo°Ê¤FªÀ|¥D¸q±Ð¨|¹B°Ê¡A±j½Õd¶¥‾Å°«ª§¡C¤z³¡©Mª¾ÃÑ¤À
ªÀ|¥D¸q±Ð¨|¹B°ÊµL©Ò¦¨®Ä¡A¦]¬°°õ¦æ³o³õ¹B°ÊªºÄÒ¤£ÃÙ¦¨¤ò¿AªFªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤£¦^À³¥Lªº«ü¾É¡C¤ò¿Aª
Åv«Â°ÝÃD¤]ÅÜ±o«Ü±ÓP¡C¤ò¿AªF¦³¤@Ó®Ú¥»ªº«H©À¡G"¦b¥þ°ê½d³ò¤ºÀ³¸Ó¦³¤@Ó¾Ö¦³µ´¹ï¨Mµ¦Åvªº³Ì
»¡¨ì©³¡A¤ò¿AªFP¨ì¡A¥L¿ï©wªº±µ‾Z¤H¼B¤Ö©_¥¿¦bt¤¤‾}Ãa¥L²¦¥Í«Ø¥ß°_¨ÓªºÅv«Â¡B¥L±À°ÊªÀ|¶i¨
3.¤å¤Æ¤j²©Rªº¶}©l
¾Úí®É»P¤ò¿AªF«Ü±µªñªºªL³CºÙ¡A¦¦b1962¦~¡A¤ò¿AªFŃ"³Ì¦¹w¨£¨ì¤F¼B¤Ö©_¤Î¨ä¤@¤p¼¼¤H¤Ï²©R
¤ò¿AªFQ«s½T¥ß¥L¦Ü°ªµL¤WªºÅv«Â¡B¥Lªº²©R¸ô½u©M¤u§@§@¡A¿EÀy¦~»´¤H¡A°Êû¸s²³¡F¥LQ¦PÂ
¤å¤Æ¤j²©Rªº²Ä¤@ºj¬O¥Ñ¤W®ü¡m¸Ñ©ñx³ø¡nÁ`½s¿è«À¤å¤¸¥´ÅTªº¡C1965¦~11¤ë10¤éªº¡m¤åJ³ø¡n¥Zµ
¥_¨Ê¥«¬F©²ªº¥t¥~¨âÓ¤H§åµû»â³S¤Hª«®É§ó¦y¾U¡C¥LÌ¬O¥_¨Ê¥«©e®Ñ°O¡B¥_¨Ê¥«©e²z½×Âø§Ó¡m«e½u¡
¥@¤W¦³‾fªº¤H«Ü¦h¡A©Ò±wªº‾fÄp§ó¬O¤d©_¦Ê©Ç¡AµL©Ò¤£¦³¡C¨ä¤¤¦³¤@ºØ‾fÄp¡A¦W¥s"°§ÑÄp"¡C½Ön¬
³oÃþ¥Î§t¨F®g¼v©ÎÉ¥j³ë¤µªº¤è¦¡§åµû¤ò¿AªF¤Î¨ä¬Fµ¦¤Wªº¿Ø¨ë¤å³¹ÀWÀW¥X²{¡Aªí©ú³o¬O¥Ñ°ª¼h¤Hª
¤ò¿AªF¿ï¾Ü§d §@¬°²Ä¤@Ó§ðÀ»¥Ø¼Ð¬O¸g¹L¤F²`«ä¼ô¼{ªº¡C§d ¬O¥_¨Ê¥«°Æ¥«ªø¡A¤]¬O»P¾H©Ý©M¹ùª
4.¥þ±²M¬~
§d ¨ü¨ìªºÀ£¤O¶V¨Ó¶V¤j¡A¦b1965¦~12¤ë30¤é°µ¤FÀË°Q¡A©Ó»{¦b¼@¥»¤¤¨S¦³¹B¥Î¤ò¿AªFªº¶¥‾Å°«ª§²
4¤ë18¤é¡A¡m¸Ñ©ñx³ø¡nµoªíªÀ½×"°ªÁ|¤ò¿AªF«äQ°¶¤j¬õºX¡A¿n¥°Ñ¥[ªÀ|¥D¸q¤å¤Æ¤j²©R"¡C³o¬O
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¤ò¿AªFªº°±d¬Ý¤W¥h¦³¤F¦nÂà¡G1966¦~7¤ë¡A¥LºZ¹Cªø¦¿¥HÅã¥Ü¥Lªº¬¡¤O¡A¨Ã¹ªÀy¦~»´¤H
¤ò¿AªF¨Ì¾ax¶¤¨Ó½ÄÀ»ÄÒ¡A³o¨ÏªL³CªºÅv¤O©M«Â«H¨³³t¤W¤É¡C¤ò¿AªF©ó1966¦~7¤ë18¤éªð¦^¥_¨Ê¡A¦¹
¤¤¥¡©eû|²Ä¤Q¤@¦¸|Ä³³q¹L¤F¤C¶µ«n¨M©w¡C³o¦¸|Ä³±N"ÄÒ¤ºíÅv¬£"©M"¨«¸ê¬£"©w¬°¥´Ë¹ï¹³¡
¦~»´ªº¬õ½Ã§L§â¦Û¤v¬Ý¦¨¬O"²©R±µ‾Z¤H"©M"²©R³y¤Ï¬£"¡AÄm¨©ó®øÀÂÂ«äQ¡BÂÂ¤å¤Æ¡BÂÂ«U©MÂ
¬õ½Ã§L§å§P¼B¤Ö©_¬O×¥¿¥D¸q¤À¤l¡B¤¤°êªº»®¾|¾å¤Ò¡A±j¢¥L©M¤Ò¤H±µ¨ü¤½¶}§å°«¡C¦¨¤d¤W¸Uªº¬õ½
¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç«n©xû¤]¨ü¨ì½ÄÀ»¡A¾D¨ü²Û°d¡A³QºM¾PÂ¾°È¡A±µ¨ü§ï³y¡C¥LÌ¤¤¦³ÄÒªºÁ`®Ñ°O¾H¤p¥¡B¬
¦b¤å¤Æ¤j²©R´Á¶¡¡AÁ`²z©P®¦¨Ó¦Û©l¦Ü²×§êºt¤F¤@Ó¨ô¶Vªº"½Ä¬ð½Õ¸Ñ¤H"ªº¨¤¦â¡C¥L¤ä«ù¤ò¿AªF¡A»
¥¿¬O¥Ñ©ó©P®¦¨Óªº½Õ¸Ñ¡A¦b¥þ°ê¦U‾Å²©R©eû|¤¤¦¨¥ß¤F¥Ñ¸Ñ©ñx¥Nªí¡B"²©R"¤z³¡©M"²©R"¸s²³¥
µM¦Ó¡Ax¶¤ªºÀ°§U¤£¥i©Î‾Ê¡C1967¦~1¤ë¡A¤ò¿AªF«ü¥Üx¤è¤z¹w«ì´_‾´§Ç¡C¦^ÅU¾ú¥v¡A³o¬OÓN¸q«
¬õ½Ã§L³y¦¨ªº¼@‾P²V¶Ã©Î³\¾_Åå¤F³Ìªì¹ª°Ê¥LÌ°_¨Óªº¤H¡C1968¦~7¤ë¡A¤ò¿AªF±µ¨£¤F¥Nªí¥_¨Ê¦U¤j
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥l¶}¦Û1958¦~¥H¨Ó²Ä¤@¦¸ÄÒ¥N|ªºÄw³Æ¤u§@¤]±KÆrºò¹ª¦a¶i¦æµÛ¡C²Ä¤E©¡ÄÒ¥N|³Ì«á©ó1
5.¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¦^ÅU
¤ò¿AªF¬£ªº¤HÅw©I¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¬O¤@³õ°¶¤jªº³Ó§Q¡A¦]¬°¥¦«s½T¥ß¤F¤ò¿AªFªºÅv«Â¤Î¨ä«äQÅéÃ´ªºµ
ÅãµM¡A¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¨ÏªL³C©Mx¶¤±o‾q¡A¦ý¦b«ù¤[ªº°Ê¶Ã®É´Á¸Ì¡A¤ò¿AªFªº©d¤l¤]¥O¤HÆf¥Ø¦a¤W¤É¨ì¤
¦^ÅU¦a¬Ý¡A¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¾ÉP¤F¤Q¦~ªº°Ê¿º©M¤º³¡ª§°«¡A§â°ê®a±À¨ì¤F¤@¤ù²V¶Ã©M±Y¼ìªºÃä½t¡CÄÒ²ÕÂ
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Ahn Byung-joon, Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution: Dynamics of
Policv Processes (Seattle, 1976)¡C
2.Bareata, Louis, China in the Throes of the Cultural Revolution (New York,
1968).
3.Baum, Richard, Prelude to Revolution: Mao, the Party, and the Peasant Ques
tion,1962-1966 (New York, 1975).
4.Bernstein, Thomas P., Up to the Mountains and to the Villages: The Transfe
r of Youth from Urban to Rural China (New Haven, 1977).
5.Bettelheim, Charles, Cultural Revolution and Industrial Organization in Ch
ina: Changes in Management and the Division of Labor (New York, 1974).
6.Bridgham, Philip, "Mao's¡ACultural Revolution¡A¡G Origin and Development," The C
hina Quarterly, 29:1-25 (Jan-March 1967).
7.--¡A"Mao's Cultural Revolution: The Struggle to Seize Power" The China Quart
erly, 41:1¤@25 (Jan-March 1979).
8.Brugger, B (ed.)¡AChina: The Impact of the Cultural Revolution (New York,
1978).
9.Chan, Anita, Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activi
sm in the Red Guard Generation (Seattle, 1985).
10.Chao, Kang, "Economic Aftermath of the Great Leap in Communist China," As
ian Surveyt IV:5:851-58 (May 1964).
11.Charles, David A., "The Dismissal of Marshal P'eng Teh-huaiThe China Quar
terly, 8:63-76 (Oct.-Dec. 1961).
12.Chen, Jack, Inside the Cultural Revolution (New York, 1975).
13.Chen, Jo-hsi, The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Bloomington, 1978).
14.Cheng, Chu-yilan, "The Root of China's Cultural Revolution: The Feud betw
een MaoTse-tung and Liu Shao-ch'i¡A"Orbis, XI:4:1160-78 (Winter 1968).
15.Daubier, Jean, A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution- tr. by Richa
rd Seaver (New York, 1974).
16.Dittmer, Lowell, Liu Shao-ch'i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The P
olitics of Mass Criticism (Berkeley, 1975).
17.Domes, Jurgen, Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image (London, 1985).
18.Fokkema, D. W., Report From Peking: Observations of a Western Diplomat on
the Cultural Revolution (Montreal, 1972).
19.Gao, Yuan, Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution (Stanford, 19
87).
20.Goldman, Merle, 'The Fall of Chou Yang," The China Quarterly, 27:13248 (J
uly- Sept. 1966).
21.Gray, Jack, and Patrick Cavendish, Chinese Communism in Crisis: Maoism an
d the Cultural Revolution (New York, 1968),
22.Hsueh, Ch n-tu, "The Cultural Revolution and Leadership Crisis in Commun
ist China" Political Science Quarterly, LXXXII:2:169-90 (June 1967).
23.Huang, Shaorong, To Rebel Is Justified; A Rhetorical Study of China's Cul
tural Revolution Movement, 1966-1969 (Lanham, Md., 1996).
24.Joffe, Ellis, "The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution: The Effect
s of Intervention¡A"The China Quarterly¡A55:450-77 (July-Sept. 1973).
25.Joseph, William A., The Critique of Ultra-Leftism in China, 1958-1981 (St
anford, 1984).
26.Karnow, Stanley, Mao and China: From Revolution to Revolution (New York,
1972).
27.Klein, Donald W.¡A"Victims of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," T
he China Quarterly, 27:162-65 (July-Sept. 1966).
28.Laing, Ellen Jornston, The Winking Owl: Art in the People 's Republic of
China (Berkeley, 1988).
29.Lee, Hong Yung, ihe Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case S
iudy (Berkeley,1 978).
30.--¡A"Mao's Strategy for Revolutionary Change: A Case Study of the Cultural
Revolution," The China Quarterly, 77:50-73 (March 1979).
31.Leys, Simon (Pierre Ryckmans), The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cu
ltural Revolution (tr. from French ed., 1972), (New York, 1977).
32.Li, Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Inside Story of the Man
Who Made Modern China (London, 1994).
33.Lifton, Robert J., Revolutionary Immortality: Mao Tse-tung and the Chines
e Cultural Revolution (New York, 1968).
34.Lo, Ruth Eamshaw, and Katharine S. Kinderman, In the Eye of the Typhoon,
An American Woman during the Cultural Revolution (New York, 1987).
35.MacFarquhar, Roderick, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, Vol.l: Con
tra-dictions among the People, 1956-1957 (London, 1974).
36.¡AThe Origins of the Cultural Revolution, Vol. 2, The Great Leap Forward, 1
958-1960 (New York, 1984).
37.Michael, Franz, Mao and the Perpetual Revolution (Woodbury, N.Y., 1977).
38.Nelson, Harvey, "Military Forces in the Cultural Revolution," The China Q
uarterly, 51:444-74 (July-Sept. 1972).
39.Oksenberg, Michel et al., The Cultural Revolution, 1967, in Review (Ann A
rbor, 1968).
40.Perry, Elizabeth J.¡Aand Li Xun, Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultura
l Revolution (Boulder, 1997).
41.Raddock, David M" Political Behavior of Adolescents in China: The Cultura
l Revolution in Kwangchow (Tucson, 1977).
42.Robinson, Thomas W, (ed.), The Cultural Revolution in China (Berkeley, 19
71).
43.Rosen, Stanley, Red Guards Factionalism in China's Cultural Revolution: A
Social Analysis (Boulder, 1981).
44.Seybolt, Peter I., The Rustication of Urban Youth in China: A Social Expe
riment, ed. with an intro. by Thomas Bernstein (White Plains, N.Y., 1977).
45.Schram, Stuart R., "Introduction: The Cultural Revolution in Historical P
erspec-tive," in Stuart R. Schram (ed.), Authority Participation and Cultural Ch
ange in China (Cambridge, Eng., 1973), 1-108.
46.Solomon, Richard H., Mao's Revolution arid the Chinese Political Culture
(Berkeley, 1971).
47.Starr, John Bryan, "Conceptual Foundations of Mao Tse-tung's Theory of Co
ntinuous Revolution," Asian Survey, XI: 6:610-28 (June 1971).
48.Thurston, Ann F,¡AEnemies of the People: The Ordeal of the Intellectuals in
China's Great Cultural Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1988).
49.Tsou, Tang, "The Cultural Revolution and the Chinese Political System" Th
e China Quarterly, 38:63-91 (Apr.-June 1969).
50.20 Years On: Four Views on the Cultural Revolution, The China Quarterly,
108: 597-651 (Dec,1 986),
51.Whitson, William W., The Chinese High Command; A History of Communist Mil
itary Politics, 1927-71 (New York, 1973),
52.Wang, James C. F.} The Cultural Revolution in China: An Annotated Bibliog
raphy (New York, 1976).
53.Wu, Tien-wei, Lin Biao and the Gang of Four (Carbondale, 111., 1983).
54.Yan Jiaqi, and Gao Gao, Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revol
ution, tr. by D. W. Y, Kwok (Honolulu, 1996).
55.Yue, Daiyun, and Carolyn Wakeman, To the Storm: The Odyssey of a Revoluti
onary Chinese Woman (Berkeley, 1985).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Gene t. Hsiao, "The Background and Development of 'The Proletarian Cultural Re
volution , ' " Asian Survey, VII:6:392 (June 1967).
2 ¦P¤Wª`¡A395¡C
3 James Pinckney Harrison¡AThe Long March to Power (New York¡A1972)¡A477¡O
4 Kang Chao¡A"Economic Aftermath of the Great Leap in Communist China," Asian Surv
ey¡AIV¡G5¡G851-58(May 1964)¡O
5 People's Republic of China¡GAn Economic Assessment¡AA compendium of papers
submitted to the joint Economic Committee¡ACongress of the United States
(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1972)¡A5¡O(¥H¤UºÙ§@Joint Economic Committee Report¡O)
6 Henry G¡OSchwartz¡A"The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," Orbis (Fall 1966)¡A8
13-14¡O
7 Stanley Karnow, Mao and China¡GFrom Revolution to Revolution (New¡OYork¡A1972)¡A117-19¡O
8 Ãö©óÃf¤s|Ä³½Ä¬ðªºýz¡A°Ñ¨£David A¡OCharles¡A"The Dismissal of Marshal P'eng Teh-huai¡A"
6¡FRobert S¡OElegant¡A"Mt¡OLu Meeting Paved Way for Turbulence in China." Los Angeles Ti
mes, Dec¡A17¡A1967¡FKarnow¡Ach¡O6¡A"The Marshal vs¡OMao¡O"
9 Joint Economic Committee Report ,55¡O
10 Karnow,116¡O
11 ¦P¤Wª`¡A121¡C
12 Richard H¡OSolomon¡AMao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture (Berkeley,
1971)¡A395¡A400¡O
13 Kamow,119¡O
14 ´^¼wÃhªº§U¤â¡BÁ`°Ñ¿Ñªø¶À§J¸Û¤]³Q¸ÑÂ¾¡A±µ´À¥Lªº¬O¥H«et³dÄµ½Ã¤u§@ªºÃ¹çë¡C
15 ®Ú¾Ú1964¦~¤U¥b¦~©P®¦¨Ó¦b²Ä¤T¦¸¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|¤Wªº³ø§i¡A¤Þ¦Ûsolomon¡A419¡C
16 ¤ò¿AªF¦b1967¦~¹ï°¨º¸Ã¹(Andre Maireaux)»¡ªº¸Ü¡A¤Þ¦ÛDaubier¡A11¡C
17 Solomon¡A449¡O
18 Joint Economic Committee Report¡A21¡A54¡O
19 Benjamin Schwartz¡A"Thoughts of Mao Tse-tung," The New York Review of Books¡AFeb¡O8¡A
1973¡A29¡O
20 Stuart R¡OSchram¡A"Introduction¡GThe Cultural Revolution in Historical Perspective,
" in Stuart R¡OSchram(cd¡O)¡AAuthority Participation and Cultural Change in China(Camb
ridge¡AEng¡O¡A1973)¡A85¡O
21 Harrison¡A492¡FSolomon¡A453¡O
22 Solomon , 459.
23 Edgar Snow¡A"Mao Tse-tung and the Cost 0f Living¡GAftermath of the Cultural Revol
ution," The New Republic¡AApril 10¡A197 1¡A19¡O
24 ¥L¤£¬O¦@²£ÄÒû¡A¦Ó¬O¥Áù¦¨û¡C
25 Ch n-tu Hsiieh¡A"The Cultural Revolution and Leadership Crisis in Communist Ch
ina," Political Science Quarterly¡ALXXXII¡G2¡G173(June 1967)¡O
26 Solomon¡A479¡O
27"§d"¥Nªí§d ¡F"«n"¥Nªí¾H©Ýªºµ§¦W"«n?"¡F"¬P"¥Nªí¹ùªj¨Fªºµ§¦W"Ác¬P"¡C
28 ¤Þ¦ÛCh n-tu Hstiieh¡A175¡O
29 ³o¬O¤ò¿AªFªºì¸Ü¡A¤Þ¦ÛGene T¡OHsiao¡A397¡O
30 Solomon¡A464¡A476¡O
31 William W. Whitson¡OThe Chinese High Command¡GA History of Communist Military Pol
itics,1927-71(New York¡A1973)¡A392¡O
32 Solomon¡A476¡C
33 Roxane Witke¡AComrade Chiang Ch'ing(Boston¡A1977)¡A380¡O
34 ¦P¤Wª`¡A297¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
103
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤G¤Q¤E³¹
ªL³Cªº«±»O»P«áªG
ªL³C¦b²Ä¤E¦¸ÄÒ¥Nªí¤j|¤W¨ú±o³Ó§Q¡A¨Ã¥BÅã±o¾ÔµL¤£³Óªº¼Ë¤l¡CªL³C§@¬°¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡°Æ¥D®u©M¤ò¿Aª
ªL³CªºÅã»®Åv¶Õ¨ü±j¤jªº¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¸Ñ©ñx¤ä«ù¡ÇÑ©ñx´¿¦b¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¤¤µo´§§@¥Î¡A¦]¦¹³vº¥¦b¤¤°
1.ªL³Cªº±U°_
ªL³C¥X¥Í©ó1907¦~¡A¤Q´X³®ÉŃ¥[¤J¤F¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¡A20³¤£¨ìŃ¦¨¤F¶À®Hx®Õ²Ä¥|´Á¾Ç¥Í¡Cªø©º®É´
ªL³C¨C¨ú±o¤@ÂI¦¨Ń¡AŃ§ó¥[°_«l¦aºq¹|¤ò¿AªF¡AºÙÃÙ¤ò¿AªF«äQ¬O¥ô¦ó®ÉÔªººë‾««ü¾É¡CªL³Cªº¼
¤å¤Æ¤j²©R´Á¶¡¡A¤ò¿AªF³Q¶i¤@¨B‾«¤Æ¤F¡C¤HÌ§â¤ò¿AªF©ñ¨ìµL²£¶¥‾Å²©R¾É®v¦æ¦Cªº²Ä¤@¦ì--¤ñ°
¥¿¬Oí¥N¥@¬ÉµL²£¶¥‾Åªº°¶¤j¾É®v¤ò¿AªF¦P§Ó¡A¦bsªº¾ú¥v±ø¥ó¤UÃ´²ÎÁ`µ²¤F°ê»ÚµL²£¶¥‾Å±M¬Fªº¾
1967¦~1¤ë¡A¤ò¿AªF¨M©wÅý¸Ñ©ñx¤z¹w¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¥H«ì´_‾´§Ç¡A³oÓ¨M©w¹ïªL³C©Mx¶¤¨Ó»¡N¸q«¤j
ªL³C¬O¤@Óºë©úªº³±¿Ñ®a¡A«D±`²M¡¦Û¤vªº±U°_¦³®‾©ó¤ò¿AªF"ÄÒ«ü´§ºj¡A¦Ó¨M¤£¤¹³\ºj«ü´§ÄÒ"ªº®
2.ªL³Cªº«±»O
¤¤¦@ªºªZ¸Ë¤O¶q¾ú¨ÓÄY®æ¿í¦u«e±´£¨ìªº¤ò¿AªFªº®æ¨¥¡A§J¨î¦Û¤v¤£°Ñ»P¬Fªv¡C¦¶¼w±q1928¦~»P¤ò¿
¦ý¬O¡A¤ò¿AªF¤w¸gÃhºÃªL³CªºN¹Ï¡C¤ò¿AªF¦b1966¦~7¤ë8¤é¼gµ¹©d¤lªº¤@«Ê«H¤¤¡A¹ïªL³Cªº¤@¨ÇÆ[Â
§ÚªºªB¤Í(ªL³C)......¾Õªø½Í½×¬FÅÜ°ÝÃD¡C³oÃþQªk¥H«e±q¨Ó¨S¦³¹L¡A¥¦Åý§Ú«D±`¤£¦w¡C§Ú±q¤£¬Û«
ÀHµÛªL³CÄ~Äò§Q¥Î¤ò¿AªFªº¦W¸q¤j¸vmÅv¡A¤ò¿AªF¨p¤U¸ÌP¨ì¾_Åå¡A¦ý¥L¨S¦³ªö¨ú¥ô¦óª½±µªº¦æ°Ê¡
¥Ñ©ó¤ò¿AªF¹ïªL³C¶V¨Ó¶V¤£«H¥ô¡A¥L¦b1970¦~3¤ë¨M©wºM¾P°ê®a¥D®uÂ¾°È¡Cs°_‾óªº°ê®a¾Ëªk¤¤¨S¦³
1970¦~8¤ë¡A¦bÃf¤sÁ|¦æ¤F¤E©¡¤G¤¤¥þ|¡A|¤W²Ä¤@¦¸¤½¶}¦aª§½×¤F³o¨Ç°ÝÃD--³]°ê®a¥D®u¡B¤°»ò¬O
Ãf¤s|Ä³¼Ð§ÓµÛ¤ò¿AªF»PªL³C¤§¶¡ªº¤½¶}¤Àµõ¡AªL³CºÜ¤On«O¦í±µ‾Z¤Hªº¦ì¸m¡A¦Ó¤ò¿AªF«h§V¤OQ¦
¬°¤F«d®zªL³Cªº¦a¦ì¡A¤ò¿AªFªö¨ú¤F¤TºØµ¦²¤¡A¤À§O³Q¥Í°Ê¦aºÙ§@(1)"¥Ï¥ÛÀY"¡A§Y²M¬~³‾§B¹F¥H§i
ÀHµÛ³‾§B¹F³QºMÂ¾¤Î´X¦ì¤z±N¥¢¶Õ¡AªL³Cª¾¹D¤U¤@Ó¥Ø¼ÐŃ½ü¨ì¥L¥»¤H¡C¦b1970¦~Ã]©M1971¦~¬K¡A¥
³o¥÷p¹º«ÅºÙ¡A"¥Ø«e¼Ä§ÚÂù¤è³£ÃMªêÃø¤U¡C¬O¥Í¦ºi°«¡A¤£¬O§ÚÌ³ð±¼¥LÌ¡AŃ¬O¥LÌ³ð±¼§ÚÌ"¡
B-52Á`¬O¬D°Ê¤@¬£°«¤@¬£......¥L¤µ¤Ñ¥i‾à|¹ï¥L»ÝnÀò±o¤ä«ùªº¤H²¢¨¥»e»y¡A¦ý©ú¤Ñ¥LÌ¥i‾àŃ
"¤¤C¤@"¬ön±µµÛ½Í¤F¦æ°Ê¤â¬q¡G
B-52¦b§Ú¤â¤¤¡A¼Ä¥D¤OÄ¥(«ü¤¤¥¡°ª‾Åt³d¤H)§¡¦b§Ú¤â¤ß¤§¤¤¡CÄÝ©ó¦Û§ëÃ¹ºô¦¡¡C§Q¥Î¤W¼h¶°|¤@º
¾Ú»¡¡A³oÓp¹º±o¨ì¤F²ö´µ¬ìªº¤ä«ù¡A¦Ó³o¤]¬O«Ü¦³¥i‾àªº¡A¦]¬°ªL³C¥D±i»PÄ¬Áp¾aªñ¡A¤Ï¹ï¤ò¿Aª
ªL³C«ü±æ¥L¥ô©Rªº³\¦h¥~¬Ùx¶¤»â¾É¤H|¦]P¿E¦Ó¤ä«ù¥L¡C¦ý¤ò¿AªF¬O¤@¦ìÄl¤õ‾Â«Cªº°«ª§¤j®v¡C¬
±q®Ú¥»¤W¨Ó»¡¡AªL³Cªº¤O¶q¬O¨Ì¾a¤ò¿AªFªº§ÈÅ@©Mx¶¤ªº¤ä«ù¡Cí¥L¥¢¥h¤F¤ò¿AªFªº®¦Ãd©Mx¶¤ªº¤
ªL³C»P¤ò¿AªF¤§¶¡´£«e¨ÓÁ{ªº³Ì«áÅuµPŃ³o¼Ë‾ó‾ó¦¬³õ¤F¡C®Ú¾Ú¨º¦ì§i±KªÌªº¨Ñµü¨Ó§PÂ_¡AªL³CªºÀ
¤ò¿AªF§âªL³C¨Æ¥óºÙ§@¬O¤¤¦@¤¤Q¦~¾ú¥v¤W²Ä¤Q¦¸¤]¬O³ÌÄY«ªº¤@¦¸¸ô½u°«ª§¡A¨Ã§i»|»¡¥H«áÁÙ±N¥
3.¤¤¦@¤Q¤j¡Al973¦~
ªL³C¤Î¨ä¦ºÄÒ«±»O«á¡AÄÒ©M¬F©²¤¤¥X²{¤F³\¦hªÅ‾ÊÂ¾¦ì¡C¤G¤Q¤@¤Hªº¬Fªv§½°¦³Ñ¤U¤Q¤H¡A¬Fªv§½¤
3.1sªºÅv¤Oµ²ºc ²Ä¤Q¦¸ÄÒ¥N|©ó1973¦~8¤ë24¤é¦Ü28¤é¥l¶}¡A¤¤¥¡¤å²¤p²Õ¦b|¤W«÷©Rm¹ÜÅv¤
3.2°ê¤º¥~§Î¶Õµû¦ô ²Ä¤Q¦¸ÄÒ¥N|¤W§@¤F¨âÓ«n³ø§i¡C75³ªº°Æ¥D®u©P®¦¨Ó§@¤F²Ä¤@¥÷³ø§i¡A
¤ý¬x¤åªì¦¸«G¬ÛŃ¦bÄÒ¥N|¤W§@«n³ø§i¡A¨Ã«ÅºÙ‾»¸H"¥H¼B¤Ö©_©MªL³C¬°ºªº¨âÓ¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¥q¥O³
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Bao, Ruo-wang, and Rudobh Chelminski,"The Case Against Confucius,"Saturday
Review/World, May 18, 1974, 12. Barnett, A. Doak, China After Mao (Princeton¡A196
7)
2.Bridgham, Philip, "The Fall of Lin Piao¡F' The China Quarterly, 55:42749 (Ju
ly- Sept. 1973)
3.¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤å¥ó¡A¡m¤¤µo¡n¡A1972¦~1¤ë13¤é²Ä4¸¹¡A´¦ÅS"¤¤C¤@"p¹º¡AÂà¸ü¦b 1972¦~4¤ë13¤éªº»
3.--¡A¡m¤¤µo¡n¡A1972¦~3¤ë17¤é²Ä12¸¹¡A¼ÐÃD¬°"¤ò¥D®uµø¹î¥~¦a´Á¶¡»P»â¾É¦P§Óªº½Í¸Ü¬ön¡]197
4.--¡A¡m¤¤µo¡n¡A1973¦~9¤ë8¤é²Ä34¸¹¡AÂà¸ü¦b1974¦~2¤ë6¤éªº»O¥_¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n¤W¡C
5.Chang, Parris, "Tne Ant¤RLin Piao and Coniucius Campaign: Its Meaning and Pu
rposes¡F'Asian Survey' XIV;10:871-86 (Oct. 1974).
6.Domes, Jiirgen, "The Chinese Leadership Crisis: Doom of an Heir" Orbis, XV
II: 3:863-79 (Fall 1973).
7.,China After the Cultural Revolution: Politics Between Two Party Congresse
s (Berkeley¡A1977).
8.Feng, Yu-ian¡A"Criticism of Lin Piao and Confucius and the Party's Policy To
wards Intellectuals - My Understanding," Peking Review, 12:14-16 (March 22¡A1974).
9.Joffe, Ellis, "The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution: The Effects
of Intervention," The China Quarterly, 55:450-77 (July-Sept. 1973).
10.Kau, Ying-mao¡A The Case of Lin Piao: Power Politics and Military Coup (New
York, 1974).
11.Oksenberg, Michel, "The Political Scramble in Mao's China," Saturday Revi
ew/ World, May 18, 1974, 10-15.
12.¡m§åªL§å¤Õ¤å³¹J½s¡n¡]¥_¨Ê¡A1974¦~¡^¡C
13.Powell, Ralphard¡A"The Increasing Power of Lin Piao and the Partv-Soldiers,
1959- 1966¡A"The China Quarterly, 34:38-65 (Apr.-June 1968).
14."Party Still Striving to Retain Control of "the Gun in China," The Christ
ian Science Monitor, Sept. 21, 1973.
15.Wich, Richard, "The Tenth Party Congress: The Power Structure and the Suc
cession Question," The China Quarterly, 58:23148 ¡]Apr.-June 1974).
16.Yao¡AMing-le, The Conspiracy and Murder of Mao's Heir (London, 1983).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Ralph L¡OPowell¡A"Party Still Striving to Retain Control of'the gun'in China," The
Christian Science¡OMonitor, Sept¡O21¡A1973¡A11¡C¨ä¥¦¬ã¨s¥Z¸üªº¼Æ¦r¦³¤Ö³\¤£¦P¡C
2 Ralph L. Powell, "The Increasing Power of Lin Piao and the Party-Soldiers,1959
-1966," The China Quarterly (April-June 1968)34:44.
3 Peking Review,44, Oct.28,1966, special supplement , iii, 41,Oct. 7,1966,31.
4 Text in Peking Reviews¡F36¡AOct¡O3¡A1965¡A9-30¡O
5 ¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1964¦~12¤ë29¤é¡FChu-y an Cheng¡A"Power Struggle in Red China," Asian Surve
6 Peking Review, Nov¡O10¡A1967¡F¢Åé¬°¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C
7 Ellis Joffe¡A"The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution¡GThe Effects of Inter
vention," The China Quarterly(July-Sept¡O1973)¡A55¡G451-52¡O
8 1966¦~7¤ë8¤é¤ò¿AªFP¦¿«Cªº«H¡A1972¦~¤½¶}µoªí¡C
9 Claude Julien¡A"The Lin Piao 'mystery'¡A" Le Monde¡ADec¡O30¡A1971¡A¤Þ¦ÛPhilip Bridgham¡A"
Lin Piao," The China Quartely (July-Sept¡A1973)¡A55¡G429¡O
10 ¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤å¥ó¡A¡m¤¤µo¡n¡A1972¦~3¤ë17¤é²Ä12¸¹¡A¼ÐÃD¬°"¤ò¥D®uµø¹î¥~¦a´Á¶¡»P»â¾É¦P§Óªº½Í¸Ü°O
11 ³‾§B³sªø´Á¥H¨Ó¤@ª½¬O¤ò¿AªFªº¨p¤H‾µ®Ñ©MÁ¿½Z¼¶¼g¤H¡A¦b¤å¤Æ¤j²©R´Á¶¡¤W¤É¬°¤¤¥¡¤å²¤p²Õ²Õªø
12 ¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤å¥ó¡A¡m¤¤µo¡n¡A1972¦~3¤ë17¤é²Ä12¸¹¡C
13 ¦P¤Wª`¡C
14 Bridgham¡A436¡O
15 ¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤å¥ó¡A¡m¤¤µo¡n¡A1972¦~1¤ë13¤é²Ä4¸¹¡A´¦ÅS¤F³o¥÷"¤¤C¤@"p¹º¡A«á¨Ó¡A©P®¦¨ÓÂ²n¦a¹ï
16"¤¤C¤@"ÀÉ®×¡C
17 Ä¶¦Û»O¥_Free China Weekly¡AApril 16¡A1972¡FBridgham¡A439¡O
18 Robert Elegant¡ALos Angeles Times¡AApril 1¡A1973¡O
19 ¾Ú¤@¥÷¸ê®ÆºÙ¡A¥Õ®c³q¹L²`¤J§J¸Ì©iªL®cªº¥H¦â¦C±¡³ø¨Ó½¡A«ÜÅå¸Ò¦aÀò±x¤FªL³Cªº³±¿Ñ¤Î¨ä»P²ö´µ
20 ©P®¦¨Ó¹ï¤G¤Q¤@¤H²Õ¦¨ªº¬ü°ê³ø‾È½s¿è¨ó|¥Nªí¹ÎµoªíªºÁn©ú¡A¸ü©ó1972¦~10¤ë12¤éªºThe Christia
21 §õ°¶«Hªº¥æ«Ý§÷®Æªþ¦b"¤¤C¤@"ÀÉ®×«á±¡A¥Zµn¦b1972¦~4¤ë1 3¤éªº¡m¤¤¥¡¤é
³ø¡n¤W¡C
22 ©P®¦¨ÓªºÁn©ú¡AThe New York Times¡AOct¡O12¡A1972¡O
23 ³ø§i§@©ó1973¦~8¤ë24¤é¡A8¤ë28¤é³Q³q¹L¡C¥þ¤å¥Zµn©óPeking Review, Nos. 35-36¡ASept¡O7¡A1973
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
114
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q³¹
¤¤°ê«¤J°ê»ÚªÀ|
1.¤¤¬ü½w©M
1971¦~7¤ë15¤é¡A¥§§JªQÁ`²Î³zÅS¡A°ê®a¦w¥þ¨Æ°ÈÅU°Ý°ò¨‾®æ(Henry Kissinger)³Õ¤h¦b7¤ë9-11¤é¶¡
1.1¬ü°ê¬Fµ¦ªºÅÜ¾E í1949¦~¤¤¦@¦b¤º¾Ô¤¤¨ú±o³Ó§Q¤§»Ú¡A§ù¾|ªùÁ`²Î¦ü¥GÅ¥¥ô¤¤¦@©ºªA»OÆW¡A
¦ã´Ë»¨«Âº¸ (Eisenhower)¬F©²Åã±o§ó¿E‾P¦a¼Äµø¥_¨Ê¡C°ê°Èë§ù°Ç´µ(John Foster Dulles)°í«H¡A
¦b°ê¤º¡A¦ã´Ë»¨«Âº¸¬F©²¤¹³\¨Ãt¤¤¹ªÀy³Á¥d¿ü¥D¸q¡A³oÓ¥D¸qµ¹¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦‾d¤U¤F²`¨èªº‾O¦L¡
ÁöµMªÖ¥§}(Kennedy)¬F©²Á`Åé¤W«ù¦Û¥Ñ¬£Æ[ÂI¡A¦ý¤]Ä~Äò°õ¦æ"¹K¨î©M©t¥ß¤¤°ê"ªº¶Ç²Î¬Fµ¦¡C¦ã´Ë
¤»¤Q¦~¥Nªì¡A¤¤Ä¬¤Àª[¤½¶}¤Æ¡A³oÂW¬ï¤F°ê»Ú¦@²£¥D¸q¹B°ÊÅKªO¤@Åéªº‾«¸Ü¡A¨ººØ»{¬°¤¤°ê¬O«X°êÀ
¦ý¬O¡A°ê°È°|¶}©l§@¤F¤@¨Ç¾÷ºc½Õ¾ã¡Aªí©ú¤¤°êªº«n©Ê±o¨ì¤F¬YºØµ{«×ªº©Ó»{¡C1962¦~¡As³]¤F¤
¬ù¿«»¹(Johnson)¬F©²½a©óÀ³¥I¶V«nªººò«æ¨ÆºA¡A±N¤¤°ê°ÝÃD¸m©ó¦¸nªº¦a¦ì--¤¤°ê¦b¤å²´Á¶¡®IÀY
¥H¤WªºÂ²³æ¦Ò¹îªí©ú¡A¦b¤G¤Q¦~®É¶¡¸Ì¡A¬ü°êªº©T°õ©M¤¤°êªº§Nºz§«Ãª¤FÂù¤è§ïµ½¥~¥æÃöÃ´¡C¨â°ê¶
1.2s§¡¶Õ ¥§§JªQ-°ò¨‾®æªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¬O²{¹ê¬Fªvªº²£ª«¡C¥¦°²³]¾Ô«á®É¥N¥H¬üÄ¬ÅQÅv¬°‾S©ºªº¨â
¦¦b1969¦~1¤ëªºŃÂ¾ºt»¡¤¤¡A¥§§JªQÁ`²ÎŃ´£¥X¤F"±q¹ï§ÜÂà¦V¹ï¸Ü"ªº«äQ¡C¨â¬P´Á¤§«á¡A¥L«ü¥Ü
¤£¤[«áŃ¦³¤F"¥â¥ã¥~¥æ"¡A©P®¦¨Ó¼ö±¡±µ¨£¤F¬ü°ê¹B°Êû¡C©P®¦¨Ó±j½Õ¥Á¶¡¥~¥æ¡A«ÅºÙ¬ü°ê¥â¥ã²y¶
1.3¤¤°êªº°Ê¾÷ ¥_¨ÊÅwªï¥§§JªQ¨Ó³X¬J¦³¹ê»Úì¦]¡A¤]¦³¤ß²zì¦]¡CÁöµM¤¤°ê¤H¥H«eÄþ³d¥§§JªQ
1.4Ä¬Ápªº«Â‾Ù ¤¤Ä¬ÃöÃ´¤w§¹¥þ¥¢±±¤F¡Çg¹L¤F1949-1958¦~¤Q¦~ªº¦X§@¤§«á¡A¨â°ê¦bNÃÑ§ÎºA¤
1969¦~¦b‾QÄ¬¸Ì¦¿©MsÃ¦µo¥ÍªºÃä¬É½Ä¬ð¡A¶i¤@¨BÃÒ¹ê¤F¤¤°ê¤H¹ïÄ¬ÁpN¹ÏªºÃhºÃ¡A¾Ôª§¦MÀI¦ü¥G
1969¦~®L©u¡AÄ¬Áp³¡¸p¦b¤¤Ä¬Ãä¹Òªº¦a±³¡¶¤¦ü¥GÁÙ¤£°÷µo°_¤@³õ¦¨¥\ªº¶i§ð¡C©Ò¥H¡AÄ¬Áp±N¤£±o¤
¤¤°ê¦b¤¤Ä¬Ãä¬Éªu½u³¡¸p¤F¦Ü¤Ö¦P¼Ë¼Æ¶qªº³¡¶¤¡A¨Ã¦b¦U¤j«°¥««õ«Ø¨¾ªÅ¬}¥HÇ³Æ¹ï¥I¼Ä¤Hªº¶i§ð¡
¦]¦¹¡A¦ü¥G¬O¢¦b¬ÜûªºÄ¬Áp¤J«I«P¨Ï¤¤°ê´M¨D©ó¬ü°ê±µÄ²¡Bª§¨úÀò±oÁp¦X°ê®u¦ì¤Î¼sªxªº¥~¥æ©Ó»
µM¦Ó¡A»P¸ê¥»¥D¸q¬ü°ê¦X§@|³QºÙ¬°¬ONÃÑ§ÎºA¤WªºI«q¡C¬G¥_¨Ê°_«l¦a½Í½×1945¦~ªº°ê¦@½Í§P¨Ó¸
1.5»OÆW ®Ú¾Ú´µ¿Õªº»¡ªk¡A»OÆW»P¤j³°ªº«s²Î¤@¬O¤ò¥D®u"³Ì²×ªº°ê®a²Î¤@¥Ø¼Ð"¡C¤ò¿AªF°í«ù
1.6¤é¥»ªº«sªZ¸Ë ¥_¨Ê§â¤é¥»¥¨¤jªº¸gÀÙ¼Wªø¬Ý§@¬O¨ä«s¦¨¬°x¨Æ¤j°êªº°òÂ¦¡A¨Ã¥B¹ï¤é¥»
¥H¤W³y¤TÓ¥Dn°ÝÃD¡A¥[¤W¤¤°ê§Æ±æ«ì´_¦bÁp¦X°ê¤¤ªº®u¦ì¡BÀò±o¬ü°êªº¥~¥æ©Ó»{¡A¥H¤Îµo®i¶T©ö©
¤ò¿AªF©M©P®¦¨Ó³£¬Oºë©ú³Ç¥Xªº²©R®a¡A¤]³£¼ôª¾¾ú¥v¡C¥LÌª¾¹D§ì¦í³oÓ¤j¦n®É¾÷¨Ï¨ä¬°¤v©Ò¥Îª
1.7¥§§JªQ¦b¥_¨Ê ¥§§JªQ©ó1972¦~2¤ë18¤é«e©¹¤¤°ê¡A¼§¤ªº¬Oèèªoº£¦¨ÂÅ¥Õ¬Û¶¡¦âªºÁ`²Î±M¾
¥§§JªQ¤@¦æ¤Uºf©ó¥_¨Ê¥«¤¤¤ß¥H¦è¤^¸Ì³Bªº¤@®y³W¼Ò§»¤jªº°ê»«À]¡C¨º¸ÌÄa±¾¤F¤@±¬ü°ê°êºX¡A³
ÀH«á¡A©P®¦¨Ó¦b¤H¥Á¤j|°ó¬°¥§§JªQÁ|¦æ¤F¤@Ó²±¤jªº°ê®b¡CÁ`²Î¼ö±¡©b©ñ¡A¦Ó©P®¦¨Ó«h¬O¤@¦ì¸Û¼
Åý§ÚÌ¦b¤µ«áªº¤¤Ñ¸Ì¤@¦P¶}©l¤@³õsªºªø©º¡A¤£¬O¸Ì¨¬¤£«e¡A¦Ó¬O®í³~¦PÂk--¹ê²{«Ø³]¤@Ó©M¥¤
¦b½Í§P¶¡»Ø¡A¥§§JªQ°ÑÆ[¤Fªø«°¡B¤Q¤T³®¡B¥úºöÄRªº¦è´ò©M¤W®ü¤u~®iÄý|¡A¦Ó¥Lªº¤Ò¤H«h³X°Ý¤
ºÉºÞÂù¤èªºÁ|¤îÅ¤åº¸¶®¡A¦ý½Í§P«o«D±`Á}Ãø¡C²M¡¦aÃÒ©ú³o¤@ÂIªº¬O¡A¦b¥_¨Ê¸g¹L¤F¤¤Ñªº|½Í
1.8¡m¤W®ü¤½³ø¡n ³o¥÷µoªí©ó1972¦~2¤ë28¤éªº¤å¥óªí¹F¤F¹ï¥¼¨Óªº§Æ±æ¡A¦Ó¥B¤£¦P´M±`¡A¦]¬°¥
1.Ãö©ó»OÆW°ÝÃD¡A¬ü°ê¤è±Án©ú¡A¥¦»{ÃÑ¨ì¡A¦b»OÆW®ü®l¨âÃäªº©Ò¦³¤¤°ê¤H³£»{¬°°¦¦³¤@Ó¤¤°ê¡A»OÆW¬
ÅãµM¡A¥§§JªQ§@¤F¤@ÓÅý¨B¡A¦ý¥¦©Î³\¬O¹F¦¨¤@¶µ©M¸Ñ©Ò»Ýªº³Ì¤pÅý¨B¡C±qªø»¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o¶µ©M¸Ñ¨Ï¬
2¡O¬ü°êÃÙ¦¨1955¦~¥_¨Ê¤è±¦b¸U¶©º¥ýÒ¾Éªº©M¥¦@³B¤¶µì«h¡G(1)¬Û¤¬´L«¥DÅv©M»â¤g§¹¾ã¡F(2)¤¬
3¡OÂù¤è¦PN¤£¦b¨È¤Ó¦a°Ï´M¨D"ÅQÅv"¡C¨¥¤U¤§N¡A¥¦Ì¤]¤Ï¹ïÄ¬ÁpºÙÅQ³oÓ¦a°Ï¡C
4¡OÂù¤è«OÃÒn´î¤Ö°ê»Úx¨Æ½Ä¬ðªº¦MÀI¡A¨Ã¦PN"¥ô¦ó¤j°ê»P¥t¤@¤j°ê¤Äµ²¤Ï¹ï¨ä¥¦°ê®a¡A©ÎªÌ¤j°ê¦b¥
5¡O¨â°ê¦PN¬°µo®i¬Û¤¬¶¡ªº¬ì¾Ç¡B§Þ³N¡B¤å¤Æ¡Bs»D©MÅé¨|µ¥¤è±ªº¥æ¬y´£¨Ñ«K§Q¡C
6¡O¨â°ê¦PN¡A±N³q¹L¦UºØ¤â¬q¡A¥]¬A‾S¬£¤@¦W¬ü°ê¸ê²`¥~¥æ©x«e¨Ó¥_¨Ê¡AÄ~Äò´M¨D¶i¤@¨BªºÃöÃ´¥¿±`¤Æ
Áp¦X¤½³ø¤Ï¬M¤F¦X§@ªº®ðª^¡Bµ½N©M¬Û¤¬ªº¤Í½Ë¡C¥§§JªQ±q«e¬O¤@¦W¥~°ê«Ò°ê¥D¸qªº¦ºµw¤À¤l¡A¦Ó
1.9©M¸Ñªº¦¨Ń ¤¤°ê¤HÅãµM¹ï¨ú±oªº¦¨ŃP¨ìº¡N¡A©P®¦¨Óªð¦^¥_¨Ê®É¨ü¨ìªº²±¤jÅwªï§Y¥iªí©ú
¦Ü©ó»OÆW°ÝÃD¡A¤¤°ê¨ú±o¤F¤@ÓÁö¤£¹ý©³¦ý«o«Ü¹ê¦bªº³Ó§Q¡AÅý¬ü°ê©Ó»{¤F"¤@Ó¤¤°ê"ì«h¡A¨Ã¨Ï¬
¤¤¬ü©M¸Ñ¨Ï¥_¨Ê±o¥HÁÊ¶R¬ü°êªº¸¾÷¡B¬ì¾Ç»ö¾¹¤Î¤Æ¾Ç©M¤u¹A~²£«~¡A³o¨Ç¬O¤¤°êªº²{¥N¤Æ©Ò«æ»Ýª
¥t¤@¤è±¡A»P¸ê¥»¥D¸q¬ü°êªº©M¸Ñ¦bNÃÑ§ÎºA¤WÅã±o¦³ÂIÂÕ»~¡A¥BÅý¤HÄ±±o¬Ol®`¤F¥@¬É²©Rªºì«
¹ï¬ü°ê¨Ó»¡¡A©M¸Ñ¶}©l¤F»P¤¤°êªºª½±µÁpÃ´¡A°§C¤F¤¤Ä¬¶}¾Ôªº¥i‾à©Ê¡A±q¦Ó©Ý¼e¤F¥@¬É©M¥ªº«e´
±qª«½è§Q‾qªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¬ü°ê³ÌÅãµÛªº¦¬Àò¬O¤¤¬ü¶T©öªº¼Wªø¡A³oÀ°§U½w¸Ñ¤F¬ü°êªº°f®t°ÝÃD¡C¤¤°
¦~¥÷
¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¥X¤f(¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸)
¤¤°ê¹ï¬ü¥X¤f(¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸)
1972¦~
60
32
1975¦~
304
156
1980¦~
3,755
1,059
1985¦~
3,855
3,840
Á`Åé¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥§§JªQ³q¹L¤¤¬ü©M¸Ñ±o‾qê²L¡C©M¸Ñ«d®z¤FÄ¬Ápªº°ê»Ú¦a¦ì¡A«P¨ÏÄ¬Áp§ó«æ©ó¦b¤@¨Ç¥¿¦
2.¤¤¤é«ì´_¨¹¥æ
1971¦~7¤ë1 5¤é¥§§JªQ«Å¥¬³XµØªºÁn©ú©Ml972¦~2¤ë28¤é¡m¤W®ü¤½³ø¡nªº¤º®e¾_Åå¤F¤é¥»¤H¡C¥LÌ»{
¤é¥»ªºĆÅé¦Ü¤Ö¤w¸g¹ª°Ê¤F¨â¤T¦~®É¶¡¡An¨D»P¤¤°ê«Ø¥ß§óºò±KªºÁpÃ´¡A¦Ó¤£ºÞ¬ü°êªººA«×¦p¦ó¡C¥
¦b¤é¥»°ê¤º¡A¦@²£ÄÒ©M¤é¥»ªÀ|ÄÒ°í©w¦aÒ¾É¥²¶»P¤¤°ê«ì´_¥~¥æÃöÃ´¡C¤@¦ì¤é¥»ªÀ|ÄÒµÛ¦WÄÒû2
2.1¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºaªº¹ïµØs¬Fµ¦ ¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºa©ó1972¦~7¤ë6¤éŃ¥ôº¬Û¡A¥L°¨¤W±Á{µÛn¨D»P¥_¨Ê«ì´_¨¹
¤¤°ê¹ï¤é¥»ªººA«×~¤wµo¥Í¤F«æ¼@ªºÅÜ¤Æ¡A¤£¦A©áÀ»¤é¥»ªº¸gÀÙ«Ò°ê¥D¸q©Mx°ê¥D¸q´_¬¡¡A¦Ó¬OÀWÀ
¤é¥»¬F©²Ä@N©Ó»{¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬°¤¤°êªº¦Xªk¬F©²¡C¦ý¬O¡A¤é¥»¤£Ç³ÆŃ»OÆW°ÝÃD§@©ú½TªºÁn©ú¡
1972¦~8¤ë¡A°ò¨‾®æ³Õ¤h¥X¤HN®Æ¦a¹ï¤é¥»¶i¦æ¤F¬°®É¤@¤Ñªº³X°Ý¡CµØ©²n½T«O¤é¥»¤£¦V¥_¨Ê©Ó¾á¥ô
¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºa¥²¶§JªAÂ\¦b¥L¥_¨Ê¤§¦æ±«eªº¤TÓ»ÙÃª¡G(1)½w¸Ñ¬ü°ê¤è±¹ï¤é¥»¨³³t»P¤¤°ê«ì´_¨¹¥æªº
¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºa©ó1972¦~8¤ë31¤é¨ì9¤ë1¤é¥X³XÀÈ95¤s¡A¨ä®É¥L§Æ±æ"¦¬¶R"¬ü°ê¤ä«ù¥Lªº¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¡C¤é¥»¹ï
¸g¹L¨â¤Ñªº|½Í¡AÂù¤èµoªí¤F¤@¥÷Áp¦XÁn©ú¡AÁn©ú«¥Ó¤é¬ü¦w«O±ø¬ùªº«n©Ê¡A¦ý¨S¦³´£¤Î»OÆW°ÝÃ
¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºa³WÁ×¤F»OÆW°ÝÃD¡A¨Ãª§¨ú¨ì¥§§JªQÃÙ¦¨¥L³X°Ý¤¤°ê¥H¶i¤@¨B½w©M¨È¬wªººò±i§½¶Õ¡C§@¬°¦^³
¦pªG»¡¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºa¾aºBńªº¬I»P¦Ó¨ú±o¦¨¥\ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¥L¬£©¹»OÆWªº‾S¨Ï«o»¨S¦³¨º»ò©‾¹B¡C´Õ¦W®®¤
¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºaªº²Ä¤T¶µ¥ô°È--¦w¼¾«O¦u¬£¤À¤l--¤ñ¸û®e©ö§¹¦¨¡C¦Û¥ÁÄÒ±µ¨ü¤F¥k¬£ªº¥H¤U«ØÄ³¡G"À³¤©¦Ò
¦b®ø°£¤F¤TÓ»ÙÃª¤§«á¡A¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºaÇ³Æ½ñ¤W¥Lªº¤¤°ê¤§®È¡C
2.2¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºa¦b¥_¨Ê ¤é¥»¥Nªí¹Î©ó1972¦~9¤ë25¤é¤È«e©è¹F¥_¨Ê¡A¶}©l¤F¬°´Á¤¤Ñªº³X°Ý¡C¥Nªí¹
¥Ð¤¤¦bPÃã¤¤±j½Õ¥¼¨ÓÃöÃ´ªº«n©Ê¡A¨Ã¬°¹L¥hªº¿ù»~¹Dºp¡G
¿ò¾Ñªº¬O¡A¹L¥h´X¤Q¦~¤¤¡A¤é¤¤ÃöÃ´¦³¹L¤£©‾ªº¹Lµ{¡C¨ä¶¡¡A§Ú°êµ¹¤¤°ê°ê¥Á²K¤F«Ü¤jªº³ÂÐ¡C¹ï¦
¥Ð¤¤ªº"²`¨è¤Ï¬Ù"³Õ±o¤F¤¤°ê¤Hªº´xÁn¡AÁöµM¥L¬°¤F¦w¼¾¦Û¥ÁÄÒ¤º¤´µM§åµû¥L¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦ªº¥kÁl¶Õ¤O¡
¦bÅwªï®b|¤§«á¡A¤ò¿AªF¦bÂ\º¡¹Ï®Ñªº®Ñ©Ð±µ¨£¤F¥Ð¤¤¨¤ºa¬ù¤@Ó¤p®É¡C±q«eí¹LÃöªFxÃM§Lx©xª
¸Û¼°ªº®ðª^¤Ï¬M¦b½Í§P¤¤¶¡¡C¤¤°ê¤H©ñ±ó¤F¤@¤Á¾Ôª§½ßÀvn¨D¡A¦Ó¥B¤£¦A°í«ùÅý¤é¥»¤H¦b¦@¦PÁn©ú¤
1¡O¦Û¥»Án©ú¤½¥¬º¸¤é°_¡A¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê©M¤é¥»°ê¤§¶¡¨´¤µ¬°¤îªº¤£¥¿±`ª¬ºA«Å§iµ²§ô¡C
2¡O¤é¥»°ê¬F©²©Ó»{¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬F©²¬O¤¤°ê°ß¤@¦Xªk¬F©²¡C
3¡O¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê«¥Ó¡G»OÆW¬O¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê»â¤g¤£¥i¤À³Îªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¤é¥»°ê¬F©²¥R¤À²z¸Ñ©M´L«¤¤
4¡O¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬F©²©M¤é¥»°ê¬F©²¨M©w¦Û1972¦~9¤ë29¤é°_«Ø¥ß¥~¥æÃöÃ´¡C
5¡O¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬F©²«Å¥¬¡G¬°¤F¤¤¤é¨â°ê¤H¥Áªº¤Í¦n¡A©ñ±ó¹ï¤é¥»°êªº¾Ôª§½ßÀvn¨D¡C
6¡O¨â°ê¬F©²¦PN¦b©M¥¦@³B¤¶µì«hªº°òÂ¦¤W¡A«Ø¥ß¨â°ê¶¡«ù¤[ªº©M¥¤Í¦n¶}Ã´¡C
7¡O¤¤¤é¨¹¥æ¥¿±`¤Æ¡A¤£¬O°w¹ï²Ä¤T°êªº¡C¨â°ê¥ô¦ó¤@¤è³£¤£À³¦b¨È¬w©M¤Ó¥¬v¦a°Ï¿Ñ¨DÅQÅv¡A¨C¤@¤è³£
í©P®¦¨Ó¦b§i§O®b|¤W´£Ä³¤zªM®É¡A¥Ð¤¤¿ùÁ|°_¤@ªM¤é¥»¦Ì°s¦Ó¤£¬O¤¤°êªºT»O°s¡C©P®¦¨Ó¤£¸¨²ª
¾ÚºÙ¤¤¤éÁp¦XÁn©úÅã¥Ü¥X¤¤°ê¨ú±o¤F¦Ê¤À¤§¤K¤Q¤ªº³Ó§Q¡A31ºÉºÞ¦p¦¹¡A¤é¥»¤HÁÙ¬O«ÜªY¼¢¡C¦b»O
±q°ê»Úªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤é¥»«O¥þ¤F¥¦»P¬ü°êªº¦w«O±ø¬ù¡A¥B¥[±j¤F¥¦¦b¤é«á»PÄ¬Áp¶i¦æ»â¤g¤Î©M¬ù½Í
¦b°ê¤º¡A¶Õ¤O±j¤jªº¤é¥»¥ªÁl"¤¤°ê¹C»¡¹Î"¤£¦A‾à°÷±j¢¬F©²¦V¤¤°ê¬F©²©Ó¾á¸q°È¤F¡C¹ï¤¤°êªº¥¿
¤¤°ê±o¨ì¤F¤j³¡¤À¥¦Q±o¨ìªºªF¦è¡A°¦§@¤F¤@¨Ç²Ó¤pªºÅý¨B¡C¤é¥»ªº©Ó»{¹ï¨ä¥L°ê®a¡B¤×¨ä¬O¹ï¨È
¨ü¤¤¤é´_¥æ³Ì¤£§Q¼vÅTªº¤@¤è¬O»OÆW¡C°ê¥Á¬F©²¥ý¬O³Q¥§§JªQ»P¥_¨Êªº©M¸Ñ¾_Åå¡A²{¦b¤S³Q¥Ð¤¤ªº
¤é¥»¬O²Ä¤C¤Q¤KÓ©Ó»{¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°êªº°ê®a¡A¦¹«á¡A¨ä¥¦°ê®a‾É‾É¥é®Ä¤é¥»¡G¦è¼w¦b1972¦~10¤ë
¤ò¿AªF--©P®¦¨Óªº¥~¥æ¤jºcQ¬ÛíÆFÅç¡A¤j¤j´£°ª¤F¤¤°êªº°ê»Ú¦a¦ì¡A¤¤°ê§@¬°¤@Ó¤j°ê©M²Ä¤T¥@
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Alsop,Joseph,"Thoughts Out of China¨D(I)Go versus No-go,"The New York Times
Magazine, March 11.1973,31.100-108.
2.Bachrack,Stanley D.,The Committee of One Million:"China Lobby" Politics,19
53-1971(New York,1976)
3.Bamds,William J.(ed.).China and America:The Search for a New Relationship(
New York.1977).
4.Bamett,A.Doak,CommunistChinaandAsia:ChallengetoAmericanPolicy(NewYork,1960
).
5.Brandon,Henry."The Balance of Mutual Weakness:Nixon's Voyage into the Worl
d of the 1970s¡A"The Atlantic,Jan.1973,35-42.
6.Brodine,Victoria,andMarkSelden(eds.).OpenSecret:The Kissinger-Nixon Doctri
ne in Asia(New York,1972).
7.Buss,ClaudeA.,China:The People's Republic of China and Richard - Nixon (Sa
nFrancisco,1974).
8.Caute,David.The Great Fear:The Anii-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisen
hower (NewYork,1978).
9.Clark.Ian."Sino-American Relations in Soviet Perspective," Orbis, XVII;2:4
80-92(Summer1973).
10.Cohen,WarrenI.,The Chinese Connection: Roger S.Greene, Thomas W. Lamont,G
eorge E.Sokolsky and American -East Asian Relations (New York, 1978).
11.¡]¦P¤W¡^, America's Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American
Relations(NewYork,1971).
12.Davis.Forrest,and RobertA. Hunter, The Red China Lobby (NewYork. 1963).
13.Dulles, Foster Rhea, American Policy toward Communist China, 1949-69 (New
York, 1972).
14.Fleming, D. F" America's Role in China (New York, 1969).
15.Friedman, Edward, and Mark Selden (eds.)¡AAmerica 's Asia: Dissenting Essay
s on Asian-American Relations (New York, 1971).
16.Garver, John, China 's Decision for Rapprochement with the United States,
J968- 1971 (Boulder,1982).
17.Gladue, E. Ted, Jr., China Perception of Global Politics (Lariham, Md., 1
983),
18.Griffith, William E, Peking, Moscow, and Beyond: The Sino- America-Soviet
Triangle (Washington, D.C,¡A1973).
19.Hinton, Harold C., China's Turbulent Quest: An Analysis of China,s Foreig
n Relations Since 1949 (New York, 1972).
20.Hsiao, Gene T. (ed.), Sino-American Detente and Its Policy implications (
New York, 1974).
21.--,"The Sino-Japanese Rapprochement: A Relationship of Ambivalence," The
China Quarterly, 57:101-23 (Jan.-Marcb 1974).
22.Hsiung, James Chieh, Law and Politics in China 's Foreign Relations: A St
udy of Attitude and Practice (New York, 1972).
23.Hudson, Geoffrey, "Japanese Attitudes and Policies Towards China in 1973,
" The China Quarterly, 56:700-707 (Oct.-Dec, 1973).
24.Iriye, Akira, The Cold War in Asia: A Historical Introduction (Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.¡A1974).
25.--(ed.), The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political arid Cultural
interactions (Princeton, 1979).
26.Kalicki, J. H., The Pattern of Sino-American Crisis: Political-Military I
nteractions in the 1950's (New York,1975).
27.Kintner, William R., The Impact of President Nixon's Visit to Peking on I
nternational Politics (Philadelphia, 1972).
28.Kissinger, Henry A., American Foreign Policy: Three Essays (New York, 196
9).
29.Lampton David M., "The U.S. Image of Peking in Three International Crises
," The Western Political Quarterly, XXVI: 1:28:50 (March 1973).
30.Levine, Laurence W.¡AU.S.-China Relations (New York, 1972).
31.MacFarquhar, Roderick, Sino-American Relations, 1949-71 (New York, 1972).
32.May, Ernest R., and James C. Thomson, Jr. (eds.), American-East Asian Rel
ations: A Survey (Cambridge, Mass., 1972).
33.McCutcheon, James M., China and America: A Bibliography of
34.Interactions¡A Foreign and Domestic (Honolulu, 1972).
35.Nixon, Richard, US, Foreign Policy for the 1970's; Building for Peace y A
Report to the Congress (Washington, D.C., 1971).
36.--,US. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: The Emerging Structure of Peace¡AA Re
port to the Congress (Washington, D.C., 1971).
37.--,A New Road for America (New York, 1972).
38.Overholt, William H., "President Nixon's Trip to China and Its Consequenc
es," Asian Survey, XIII:7:707-21 (July 1973).
39.Parker, Maynard, "Vietnam: The War that Won't End," Foreign Affairs, LIII
:2: 352-74 (Jan. 1975).
40.Pfaltzgraff, Robert L.¡AJr., uMuHipolarity Alliances and U.S.-Soviet-Chines
e Relations¡A" Orbis, XVn:3:720-36 (Fall 1973).
41Pollack, Jonathan D., "Chinese Attitude Towards Nuclear Weapons, 1964-69 "
The China Quarterly, 50:244-72 (April-June 1972),
42.Pond, Elizabeth, "Japan and Russia: The View from Tokyo," Foreign Affairs
, 52: 1:141-52 (Oct. 1972).
43.Pye, Luciari W., "China and the United States: A New Phase," in The Annal
s of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 402:97-106 (July 1972
).
44.Quester, George H., "Some Alternative Explanations of Sino-American Deten
te," International Journal (Canada), XXVIII:2:236-50 (Spring 1973).
45.Ravenal, Earl C., "Approaching China, Defending Taiwan¡A" Foreign Affairs,
50:1: 44-58 (Oct. 1971),
46.Rhee, T. C., "Peking and Washington in a New Balance of Power," Orbis, XV
III: 1:151-78 (Spring 1974).
47.Rice, Edward E., 'The Sino-U.S. Detente: How Durable" Asian Survey, XIII:
9: 805-11 (Sept. 1973).
48.Robinson, Thomas, "The View From Peking: China's Policies Toward the U.S.
, and Soviet Union and Japan" Pacific Affairs, XLV:3:333-53 (Fail 1972).
49.Scalapino, Robert A., "The Question of Two Chinas'" in Ping-ti Ho and Tan
g Tsou (eds.), China in Crisis: China's Heritage and Communist Political System
(Chicago, 1968), 109-20.
50.--,Asia and the Major Powers: Implications for the International Order (S
tanford, 1972),
51.--¡A"China and the Balance of Power," Foreign Affairs, 52:2:349-85 (Jan. 19
74).
52.--Schaller, Michael, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1980).
53.--Schwartz, Benjamin I¡A "The Maoist Image of World Order," in John C. Farr
ell and Asa P. Smith (eds.), Image and Reality in World Politics (New York, 1968
), 92- 102.
54.--Sidney, Hugh, "The Visit to Mao's House" Life, May 17¡A1972.
55.Snow, Edgar, "TaJks with Chou En-Iai: The Open Door" The New Republic, Ma
rch 29, 1971.
56.--¡A"A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung^ Life, April 30¡A1971.
57.--¡A"China Will Talk from a Position of Strength" Life¡AJuly 30¡A1971.
58.Solomon, Richard H,¡A"America's Revolutionary Alliance with Communist China
: Parochialism and Paradox in Sino-American Relations," Asian Survey, VII: 12: 8
32-50 (Dec. 1967).
59.Starr, John B., "China and the New Open Door," in Alan M. Jones, Jr., (ed
.), U.S. Foreign Policy in a Changing World: The Nixon Administration, 1969-73 (
New York, 1973), 67-82.
60.Steele, A. T., The American People and China (New York, 1966).
61.Syed, Anwar Hussain, China and Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale
(Amherst, 1974).
62.Thomas, John N., The Institute of Pacific Relations: Asian Scholars and A
merican Politics (Seattle, 1974).
63.Thomson, James C., Jr., "On the Making of U.S. China Policy, 1961-9: A St
udy in Bureaucratic Politics" The China Quarterly, 50:220-43 (April-June 1972).
64.Van der Linden, Frank, Nixon's Quest for Peace (Washington, D.C., 1972).
65.Van Ness, Peter, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy (Berkeley, 1973).
66.Weng, Byron S. J., Peking's UN Policy: Continuity and Change (New York, 1
972).
67.Wilson, Francis O. (ed.), China and the Great Powers: Relations with the
United States, the Soviet Union, and Japan (New York, 1974).
68.Wu, Fu-mei Chiu, Richard M. Nixon and China (Washington, D.C., 1978).
69.Yahuda, Michael, "Kreralinology and the Chinese Strategic Debate, 1965-66
,"The China Quarterly, 49:32-75 (Jan.-March 1972).
70.Zagoria, Donald, "The Strategic Debate in Peking," in Tang Tsou (ed.), Ch
ina in Crisis: China's Policies in Asia and America 's Alternatives (Chicago, 19
68), II: 237-68.
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Warren I¡OCohen¡AAmerica's Response to China¡GAn Interpretative History of Sino-Amer
ican Relations (New York¡A1971)¡A201¡O
2 John K¡OFairbank¡A"The New China and the American Connection," Foreign Affairs (Oc
t¡O1972)¡A37¡O
3 ¦pJohn S¡OService¡AJohn Paton Davis¡AJohn Carter Vincent¡AO¡OEdmund Clubbµ¥¤H¡C
4 Allen S¡OWhiting¡A"Statement on U¡OS¡O-China Relations," ¦bSenate Committee on Foreign R
elations¤W«ÅÅª¡AJune 28¡A1971¡A17¡O
5 James C¡OThomson¡AJr¡O, "On the Making or U¡OS¡OChina Policy¡O1961-9¡GA Study in Bureaucr
c Politics," The China Quarterly (April-June 1972)¡O50¡G220-21¡O
6 Cohen¡A220¡O
7 Joseph Alsop¡A"Thoughts Out of China-(1)Go versus No-go," The New York Times Mag
azine¡AMarch 11¡A1973¡A31¡O
8 Thomson¡A226¡A229¡O
9 ¦P¤Wª`¡A240-42¡C
10 Kenneth T¡OYoung¡ONegotiating with the Chinese Communists¡GThe United States Experi
ence¡A1953-1967(New York¡A1968)¡O
11 Robert A¡OScalapino¡A"China and the Balance of Power," Foreign Affairs(Jan¡O1974)¡A35
6¡O
12 1971¦~7¤ë6¤ê¥§§JªQÁ`²Î¦b³ôÂÄ´µ«°(Kansas City)¤¤¦è³¡³øªÀ¤Î¹q»OÁ`µôs»Dµo¥¬|¤Wµoªíªºµû½×¡
À³í´£¥X¡A¤¥¥@¬Éªº§©ÀÁöµMªíz±o«Üºë±m¡A«o¤£µL‾Ê³´¡C³oÓ§©À°ò¥»¤W¬O«Ø¥ß¦b°ê»ÚÅv¶Õ¦]‾
13 Edgar Snow, "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," Life¡AApril 30¡A1971¡A47¡O
14 Aisop¡A100¡O
15 Strategic Survey 1973 (The International Institute for Strategic Studies¡ALondo
n¡A1974)¡A67¡FShinkiChi Eto¡A"Motivations and Tractics of Peking's New Foreign Policy,"
33¡A¦b¼w°êªF¨È¬ã¨s¨ó|Á|¦æªº¤¤°ê°ÝÃD°ê»Ú|Ä³(1973¦~6¤ë24¤é-30¤é©ó¬I³Ò´µ--¿à´Ë´µ³ù)¤W«ÅÅªªº½
16 Alsop¡A102-3¡AÃö©ó¦P©P®¦¨ÓÁ`²z½Í¸Üªº³ø¹D¡C
17 Edgar Snow," China will Talk from a Position or Strength¡A" Life¡AJuly 30¡A1971¡A24¡O
18 ®æÄõ‾SÁ`²Î¦b¨ø¥ô«á¶i¦æªºÀô²y®È¦æ´Á¶¡´¿©ó1879¦~³X°Ý¤F¥_¨Ê¡C
19 San Francisco¡OExaminer, Feb¡O21¡A1972¡AA¡O
20 Hugh Sidney," The Visit to Mao's House," Life¡AMay 17¡A1972¡O
21 Robert A¡OScalapino¡A"First Results of the Sino-American Detente," 14¡C¦b¼w°êªF¨È¬ã¨s¨ó
22 ¡m¤W®ü¤½³ø)ªº¥þ¤å¸ü©óThe Departmen of State¡ASelected Documents¡ANo¡O9¡AU¡OS¡OPolicy¡ATo
(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1979)¡A6-8¡O
23 John Downey¡O
24 ¤pªL¶i¡C
25 Los Angeles Times¡AMarch 1¡O1972¡APart I¡A7¡O
26 Gene T¡OHsiao¡A"The sino-Japanese Rapprochement¡GA Relationship of Ambivalence," Th
e China Quarterly (Jan¡O-March 1974)¡A57¡G109-110¡O
27 ¤p µ½¤Ó¦¡C
28 Gene T¡OHsiao¡A113¡O
29 ¤¤¤éÁp¦XÁn©úªº¥þ¤å¥Zµn¦b The New York Times, Sept¡O30¡A1972¡FPeking Review¡A40¡G12-13¡AO
30 ªi‾ý©Z¤½§i²Ä¤K±ø½T»{¤F1943¦~¶}Ã¹«Å¨¥Ãö©ó»OÆW¦b¾Ô«áÂkÁÙµ¹¤¤°êªºÁn©ú¡C
31 Scalapino¡A13¡O
32 ¤é¥»QÅýÄ¬ÁpÂkÁÙ¥_¤è½Ñ®q¡G¾¦»R¡B¦â¤¦¡B°ê«á©M¾Ü®»¡C°Ñ¨£Elizabeth Pond¡A"Japan and Russia¡
33 1972¦~¡A¤é¥»¦V¤¤°ê¥X¤f¤F6.09»õ¬ü¤¸¡A±q¤¤°ê¶i¤f¤F4.9»õ¬ü¤¸¡A²b¥X¶W1.19»õ¬ü¤¸¡C1973¦~8¤ë30
34 í1974¦~4¤ëªF¨Ê»P¥_¨ÊÃ±q¤@¶µ‾èªÅ¨óÄ³®É¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²¸T¤î©Ò¦³ªº¤é¥»‾è‾Z¸©è»OÆW©Î¸¶V»OÆW¤Wª
35 Gene T¡OHsiao¡A118-20¡AJIA¥D®uªO«®ªv¬O«e¾n»O¥_¤j¨Ï(1969-71¦~)¡A¨ä»O¥_¤À|ªº¥D¥ô¥ìÄð¬v¨å¦
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
121
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤@³¹
°ê¥Á¬F©²¦b»OÆWªº²Îªv
»P¤j³°ªº¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬Û¹ï§Üªº¬O¦b»OÆWªº°ê¥Á¬F©²¡AÂù¤è³£¦ÛºÙ¬O¤¤°êªº¦Xªk¬F©²¡C´¿¸g¬O¤j©
»OÆW¤SºÙ"ºÖ¼‾ÂÄ"¡A¸²µå¤ú»y¤¤¬O"¬üÄR"ªºN«ä¡C»OÆW§¤¸¨¦b¨È¬w¤j³°¥HªF¬ù¤@¦Ê^¸Ì¡B¤é¥»¥H«n6
ÀHµÛ1948¦~©³°ê¥Á¬F©²x¨Æ³B¹Òªº¨³³tć¤Æ¡A½±Á`²Î§â²´¥úÂà¦V»OÆW¡A§â¥¦¬Ý§@¬O¤@ÓÁ×Ãøªº¥h³B¡
¬°¤F¤ä¼µ»OÆWªº¨¾±s¡A½±±q´X³B«eï°}¦a¶i¦æ¤F"¾Ô²¤"ºM°h¡C1950¦~4¤ë©M5¤ë¡A¬F©²xºMÂ÷¤F®ü«n©
1.¬ü°êªº¹ï»O¬Fµ¦
¬ü°ê¹ï»OÆW°ê¥Á¬F©²ªº¬Fµ¦Âà¤F¤@Ó¤j°é¤l¡G±qºz¤£Ãö¤ß¨ì¿n¥¤ä«ù¡A¤S°h¦^¨ì¾A«×ªº©¿µø¡A³Ì²×µ
¬ü°ê¹ï»OÆW©Î¨ä¥¦¥ô¦ó¤¤°êªº»â¤g¨S¦³«I¥eN¹Ï¡C¬ü°ê¦¹¨è®Ú¥»¤£Q¦b»OÆWÀò¨ú‾S®í§Q‾q©ÎÅv‾q¡A¤
¦P¼Ë¡A¬ü°ê¬F©²±N¤£|¦V»OÆWªº¤¤°êx¶¤´£¨Ñx¨Æ´©§U©Î«ØÄ³¡C4
¦ý¬O¡A¦b1950¦~6¤ë25¤é¥_´ÂÂA¹ï«nÁúµo°Ê¶i§ð¤§«á¡A³o¤@¬Fµ¦ÂàÅÜ¤F¡C§ù¾|ªù¦b6¤ë27¤é«Å¥¬¡A"¦@
¦]¦¹¡A´ÂÂA¾Ôª§¼Ð§Ó¤F¬ü»OÃöÃ´ªº¤@ÓÂà§éÂI¡C¬°¤F¨Ï»OÆW"¤¤¥ß¤Æ"¡A¦P®É¨¾¤î¥¦¦¨¬°¦@²£ÄÒªº¾Ô§
»OÆW¦a¦ìªº§ïµ½¤Ï¬M¦b¬ü°êªº¾n»O¥N¿ì©ó1953¦~1¤ë¤É®æ¬°¤j¨Ï9‾Å§O¡A¥H¤Î1954¦~12¤ë»OÆW»P¬ü°êÃ
µM¦Ó¡A1971¦~7¤ë15¤é¥§§JªQÁ`²Î«Å¥¬¥L±N³X°Ý¥_¨ÊªºÁn©ú¡A¾ÉP¤F¤@Ã´¦Cl®`»OÆW°ê»Ú¦a¦ìªº¥~¥æ
2.¬Fªvµ²ºc
ÀHµÛ¤é¥»¦b1945¦~8¤ë¾Ô±Ñ§ë°¡A»OÆW¦^Âk¨Ã¦¨¬°¤¤°êªº¤@Ó¬Ù¡A¥Ñ³‾»ö10¥X¥ô¦æ¬Fªø©x¡C¿ï¾Ü³‾»ö
»OÆWªº°ê¥Á¬F©²¥HÁ`²Î¬°º¸£¡A¥Ñ¤@¦W‾µ®Ñªø©M¤@¦W°Ñ¿ÑÁ`ªø¨ó§U¥L³B²zx¬F¨Æ°È¡C¤°|¨îµ²ºc«O«
¥qªk°|ªººc¦¨¤]¦³¤F¸û¤j§ïÅÜ¡C¥¦¥Ñ¥H¤U´XÓ³¡¤À²Õ¦¨¡G(1)"¤jªk©x|Ä³"¡A¸ÑÄÀ¾Ëªk¡Bªk«ß©Mªk¥O
ºÊ¹î°|©eû¥Ñ¬Ù¥«Ä³|¿ïÁ|²£¥Í¡A¥ô´Á¤»¦~¡AºÊ¹î°|°|ªø©M°Æ°|ªø¦b¸Ó°|©eû¤¤¿ïÁ|²£¥Í¡C¦Ò¸Õ°|³
»OÆW¬Ù¬Ù¬F©²§¹¥þ¥éÓ¤°|¨î¾÷ºc¡A°¦¬O¨S¦³¥~¥æ³¡©M°ê¨¾³¡¡C¬Ù¬F©²¦³¦Û¤vªº¤º¬F¡B°]¬F¡B±Ð¨|¡
ºÉºÞ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê«ÅºÙ¦Û¤v¬O¤@Ó¥ß¾Ë¨î¥Á¥D¬F©²¡A¦ý¥¦¨S¦³µ¹»P¤H¥Á¹³¬ü°ê¨º¼Ë§¹¥þªº¨¥½×©M¶°|¦Û¥
»OÆW¬Fªv¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº¤@Ó±ÓP¸ÜÃD¬O½±ªºÁ`²Î¥ô´Á¡C¾Ëªk³W©wÁ`²Î¥Ñ¿ïÁ|²£¥Í¡A¥ô´Á¤»¦~¡A¥i¥H³s¿ï³
1972¦~¡A½±²Ä¤¦¸í¿ï¡AÄY®a²hí¿ï¬°°ÆÁ`²Î¡A¦Ó½±ªºªø¤l½±¸g°ê¥X¥ô¦æ¬F°|ªø¡C¹ï¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¨Ó»¡¡
¤¤¬ü©M¸Ñ²£¥Í¤F¤@ºØN¥~ªºµ²ªG¡A¨Ï¥|¦Ê¸U¤j³°¤H©M¤@¤d¨â¦Ê¸U»OÆW¤HÁpÃ´§ó±K¤Á¤F¡C¥Ñ©ó¥_¨Ê§â°
®Ú¾Ú´µ¿Õªº³ø¹D¡A¤ò¿AªF§â»OÆW¦^Âk¤j³°¥DÅv¬Ý§@¬O¥L"²Î¤@¤¤°êªº³Ì²×¥Ø¼Ð"¡A¥L°í«ù¡A»OÆW§@¬°¤
3.¸gÀÙ©MªÀ|µo®i
¦b¤j³°¥¢±ÑªººGµh±Ð°V¨Ï°ê¥Á¬F©²»{ÃÑ¨ì¡A¥LÌ¤£‾à©¿µøªÀ|©M¸gÀÙ§ï²ªººò¢°ÝÃD¡C¤@í¦b»OÆW¥
³o³õ¹A§ø««Ø¹B°ÊI«áªºÆF»î¤Hª«¬O¬Ù¥D®u³‾¸Û¡A¥L¦b1949¦~¶}©l¤F²Ä¤@¶¥¬qªº§ï²¡A±j¨î±À¦æ°§
²Ä¤G¶¥¬qªº¤g§ï¶}©l©ó1951¦~6¤ë¡A¾P°â¥|¤Q¤T¸U^‾aªº¤½¦a¡C³oµ§¦a²£¥e»OÆW¥þ³¡‾Ñ¦aªº20%¡Aì¨
²Ä¤T¶¥¬qªº¤g§ï¶}©l©ó1953¦~1¤ë¡A±¹¬I¬O±j¦æ±N¨p¥Ð©M¥X‾²¥Ð½æµ¹¬F©²¡A¬F©²¦A±N¤§¥H¦P¼Ëªº»ù®æ
¥Ñ©ó³o¨Ç¥Ð¦a§ï²¬Fµ¦¡A¥Dn§@ª«ªº²£¶q¤j¤j´£°ª¤F¡C¹A¥Á¥Í¬¡ªº´¶¹M¤p±d¤Ï¬M¦b¥LÌ«Ø³y©Î×Âµ¤
³Ì¤Þ¤Jª`¥Øªº¬O¤u~µo®iªº³t«×¡C³Ìªì¶¥¬q(1945-52¦~)¥Dn¬O«ì´_¾D¨ü¾Ôª§‾}Ãaªº¤u~³]¬I¡A¦b³o
²Ä¤@Ó¥|¦~p¹ºªº¥¨¤j¦¨Ń¡A¹ªÀy¬F©²ÀH«áµo°_¤F§ó¦hªº¥|¦~p¹º¡A³o¨Çp¹º³£«Ü¦¨¥\¡C±q1963¦~¨
4.¤å¤Æ¥Í¬¡
¨ì1967¦~¡A»OÆW¹F¨ì¤F97.15%ªº°ªÃÑ¦r²v¡C‾à¨ú±o³o¼Ë¥O¤HÆf¥Øªº¦¨Ń¡A¤]³\¬O¦]¬°¾Ëªk³W©w¡A°ê®
»P»OÆW±Ð¨|¨î«×ªºµo®i¬Û»²¬Û¦¨ªº¡A¬O»OÆW¬ã¨s¾÷ºc½d³òªºÂX®i©M½è¶qªº´£°ª¡C°ê¥ß»OÆW¤j¾Ç¬O»OÆ
»OÆW¾ÇªÌ§â»OÆW®q¬Ý§@¬O¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¿ò²£ªºÀxÂÃ¦a¡C³\¦h±q«e¦¬ÂÃ¦b¥_¨Ê©M«n¨Êªº³Õª«°|¤¤ªºÃÀ³N¬Ã«
¥H¤W¹ï»OÆW¥Dnµo®i±¡ªpªº²Ê²¤µûz¡Aªí©ú¤F³o¼Ëªº¨Æ¹ê¡G¦b¤j³°¾D¨üºG±Ñªº°ê¥Á¬F©²¡A¦b»OÆW«o¦
1975¦~4¤ë5¤é½±ªº¥h¥@¡A¹ï°ê¥ÁÄÒªº¨Æ~ºc¦¨¤F¤@ÓÏ«ªº¤ß²z¥´À»¡Cªø´Á¥H¨Ó¡A½±¤@ª½¬O¨È¬w¤Ï¦
½±§@©ó1975¦~3¤ë29¤éªº¿òÅñ¤¤¡An¨D¥Lªº¤H¥Á¤£n¦]¥Lªº¥h¥@¦Óªq³à¡A¦ÓÀ³Äm¨©ó¹ê²{®]¤¤¤s¥ý¥Í
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Ahern, Emily M.¡Aand Hill Gates (eds.)¡AThe Anthropology of Taiwanese Society
(Stanford, 1981).
2.Appleton, Sheldon, "Taiwanese and Mainlanders on Taiwan: A Survey of Stude
nt Attitudes," The China Quarterly, 44:38-60 (Oct-Dec. 1970).
3.Ballantine, Joseph W., Formosa: A Problem for United States Foreign Policy
(Washington, D.C. 1952).
4.Barclay, George W., Colonial Development and Population in Taiwan (Princet
on¡A 1954).
5.Bueler, William M., U.S. China Policy and the Problem of Taiwan (Boulder,
1971).
6.Chiu, Hungdah (ed.)¡A China and the Question of Taiwan: Documents and Analys
is (New York, 1973).
7.Chiu, Hungdah, and Shao-chuan Leng (eds.), China: Seventy Years after the
19l1 Hsin-hai Revolution (Charlottsville, 1984).
8.Chuang, Ying-chang, and Arthur P. Wolf, "Marriage in Taiwan, 1881 - 1905:
An Example of Regional Diversity," The Journal of Asian Studies, 781-795 (Aug. 1
995).
9.Clough, Ralph N., Island China (Cambridge, Mass" 1978).
10.Cohen, Jerome Alan et ah, Taiwan and American Policy: The Dilemma in U.S.
China Relations (New York, 1971).
11.Davidson James W., The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, Peop
le, Resources, and Commercial Prospects (New York, 1989).
12.Dickson, Bruce J., "The Lessons of Defeat: The Reorganization of the Kuom
intang on Taiwan, 1950-52¡F' The China Quarterly, March 1993, 56-84.
13.¡m¤G¡E¤G¤K¨Æ¥ó¬ã¨s³ø§i¡n(»O¥_¡A1992¦~¡^¡C¥Ñ»OÆW¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¦æ¬F°|µo¥¬¡C
14.Freedman, Ronald, and John Y. Takeshila, Family Planning in Taiwan: An Ex
periment in Social Change (Princeton, 1969).
15.Galenson, Walter (ed.), Economic Growth and Structural Change in Taiwan:
The Postwar Experience of the Republic of China (Ithaca, 1979).
16.Goddard, W. G.¡AThe Makers of Taiwan (Taipei, 1963).
17.--,Formosa: A Study in Chinese History (East Lansing, 1966).
18.Gordon, Leonard H. D (ed.), Taiwan: Studies in Chinese Local History (New
York, 1970).
19.Grasso, June M.¡ATruman's Two-China Policy, ¡I948-1950 (Armonk, N.Y., 1987).
20.Gregor, A. James, with Maria Hsia Chang and Andrew B. Zimmerman, Ideology
and Development: Sun Yat-sen and the Economic History of Taiwan (Berkeley, 1982
).
21.Ho, Yhi-min, Agricultural Development of Taiwan 1903-J960 (Nashville, 196
6).
22.Hsieh, Chiao-min, Taiwan: 11 ha Formosa (London, 1964).
23.¶À¹ÅÂÓ¡G¡m¬ü°ê»P»OÆW¡nÃä¥_¡A1966¦~¡^¡C
24.Huang, Shu-min, Agricultural Degradation: Changing Community Systems in R
ural Taiwan (Lanham, Md.¡A1982).
25.Huebner, Jon W., "The Abortive Liberation of Taiwan " The China Quarterly
, 110:256-75 (June 1987).
26.Jacobs, J. Bruce, "Recent Leadership and Political Trends in Taiwan" The
China Quarterly, 45:120-54 (lan.-March 1971).
27.Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, A Decade of Rural Progress, 194
8- )958 (Taipei, 1958).
28.Ken, George, Formosa Betrayed (Boston, 1965).
29.,Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, J895-1945 (Hono
lulu, 1974).
30.Kirby¡AE. S. (ed.), Rural Progress in Taiwan (Taipei, 1960).
31.Kung, Lydia, Factory Women in Taiwan (Ann Arbor, 1983).
32..Lai, Tse-han, A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 19
47 (Stanford, 1991).
33..Lasater, Martin L" The Taiwan Issue in Sino-American Strategic Relations
(Boulder, 1984).
34.Lee, Teng-hui, Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of
Taiwan, 1895-1960 (hhma, 1971).
35.³s¾î¡G¡m»OÆW³q¥v¡n¡]¤W®ü¡A1947¦~¡^¡A¦@¨â¨÷¡C
36.Mendel, Douglas, The Politics of Fortnosan Nationalism (Berkeley, 1970).
37.Peng, Ming-min, "Political Offenses in Taiwan: Laws and Problems," The Ch
ina Quarterly, 47:471-93 (July-Sept. 1971).
38.Rankin, Karl L.¡A China Assignment (Seattle, 1964).
39.Ravenal, Earl C.¡A"Approaching China, Defending Taiwan," Foreign Affairs, 5
0:1: 44-58 (Oct. 1971).
40.Riggs, Fred W., Formosa under Chinese Nationalist Rule (New York, 1952).
41.Shen, T. H., Agricultural Development on Taiwan Since World War II (Ithac
a, 1964).
42.--,The Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction; Twenty Yea
rs of Cooperation for Agricultural Development (Ithaca, 1970).
43.Shieh, Milton J. T" Taiwan and the Democratic World (Taipei, 1951).
44.Sih, Paul K. T. (ed,), Taiwan in Modem Times (New York, 1973).
45.Simon, Denis Fred, Taiwan, Technology Transfer, and Transnationalism (Bou
lder, 1983).
46.Stolper, Thomas E, China, Taiwan, and the Offshore Islands (Armonk, N.Y.,
1985).
47.Tsurumi, E. Patricia, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, 1895-J 945 (
Cambridge, Mass.,1977).
48.Vander Meer, Canute and Paul Vander Meer, "Land Property Data on Taiwan,"
The Journal of Asian Studies, XXVIII¡G 1 ¡G 144-50 (Nov.1968).
49.Wilson, Richard, Learning to Be Chinese: Political Socialization of Child
ren in Taiwan (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
50.Wolf, Margery, Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan (Stanford, 1972).
51.Wu¡ARong-I¡AThe Strategy of Economic Development: A Case Study of Taiwan (Lou
vain, 1971).
52.Yang, Martin M. C.¡ASocioeconomic Results of Land Reform in Taiwan (Honolul
u, 1970).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 º»â¬O°ê©mÝ¾G¦¨¥\©M¥Lªº¨à¤l¡A±q1661¦~«ùÄò¨ì1683¦~¡C°Ñ¨£²Ä¤G³¹¡C
2 Chiao-min Hsieh¡ATaiwan¡GIlha Formosa(London,1964)¡A3-6¡O
3 Ë¤f¡C
4 Âà¤Þ¦ÛJoseph W¡OBallantine¡AFormosa¡GA Problem for United States Policy (Washington ¡AD¡O
5 Ballantine¡A127¡O
6 ºÖ§J´µ(Fox)¤Ö±N¡C
7 ¬ü°ê¸gÀÙ´©§UªºÃB«×¦p¤U¡G1951¡Ð52¦~¡A8.100¸U¬ü¤¸¡F1952-53¦~¡A1.05»õ¡F1953-54¦~¡A1.16»õ¡F19
00¸U¡F1961-62¦~¡A1.34»õ¡C
8 Âà¤Þ¦ÛBallantine ¡A153¡O
9 º¥ô¤j¨Ï¬OKarl L¡ORankin¡O
10 ¤£‾à±N¦¹¤H»P¤¤¦@¥~¥æ³¡ªø³‾¼Ý²V²c¡A³o¨â¤Hªº¦W¦r¤£¬O¦P¤@Ó¦r¡A¦ýµoµ¬Û¦P¡C
11 «á¨Ó¡A¥L¦b1949¦~1¤ë¦]»P¤¤¦@¥Nªí±K¿Ñ¤Äµ²¦Ó³Qºj¨M¡C
12 1950¦~¡A»OÆW¤H»P¤j³°¤Hªº¤ñ¨Ò¬O680¸U524,940¤H¡A1968¦~¤jP¬O¤@¤d¸U¤ñ¤T¦Ê¸U¡C1992¦~2¤ë¡A»OÆ
13 ÁÂªF¶{¡C
14 ±iÂ×ºü¡C
15 Sheldon Appleton¡A"Taiwanese and Mainlanders on Taiwan¡GA Survey of Student Attit
udes," The China Quarterly(Oct¡O-Dec¡O1970)¡O44¡G56¡O
16 Mark A¡OPlummer," Taiwan's Chinese Nationalist Government," Current History (Se
pt¡O1971)¡A171¡O
17 Edgar Snow," China Will Talk from a Position of Strength," Life¡AJuly 30¡A1971¡A24¡O
18 °ê¥ÁÄÒ³Ì¦¦b1930¦~ªö‾Ç¤F37.5%ªº¦a‾²²v(®ÉºÙ"¤T¤C¤´î‾²")¡A¦ý«o±q¥¼¹ê¦æ¹L¡C
19 W¡OG¡OGoddard¡AFormosa¡GA Study in Chinese History(East Lansing¡AMich¡O¡A1966)¡A191¡O
20 Goddard¡A192¡FChiao-min Hsieh¡A285-86¡O
21 Goddard¡A193¡FChiao-min Hsieh¡A286¡O
22 Free China Weekly, Taipei¡AFeb¡O4¡A1968¡O
23 Chiao-min Hsieh¡A309-10¡O
24 Free China Weekly¡ADec¡O23¡A1973¡AMay 5¡A1974¡O
25 Free China Weekly¡AJan¡O20¡AMarch 24¡A1974¡O
26¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n¡A»O¥_¡A1974¦~10¤ë24¤é¡C
27 Free China Weekly¡AJuly 21¡A1974¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
136
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤G³¹
‾»¸H¥|¤HÀ°
1976¦~¹ï¤¤°ê¨Ó»¡¬OÓ¥û¦~¡C¤¤µØ¤j¦aªº¨CÓ¨¤¸¨¡A³£Ï®û¦b¥¢¥h¤T¦ì°¶¤j»â³Sªº´d¶Ë¤§¤¤¡G©P®¦¨
1.°ê®a»â¾É¤Hªº³u¥@
1.1©P®¦¨Ó(1898-1976¦~) 1976¦~1¤ë8¤é©P®¦¨Óªº¥h¥@¬O¤@ÓµL¥i®¾¦^ªºl¥¢¡C¥L¬OÄÒ©M¬F©²ªºÀ
©P®¦¨Ó¦b²M´Â¥½¦~¥X¥Í©ó²Ð¿³ªº¤@Ó¶m²Ô®a®x¡C¥LŃÅª©ó«n¶}¤¤¾Ç¡A¤§«á«e©¹¤é¥»²`³y¡C1920¦~¡A«
©P®¦¨Ó´ý¨´²µoµÛ¤@ºØ¥O¤HµLªk§Ü©Úªº¾y¤O©MÅ¤åº¸¶®ªº¦Ñ½m¡C¥L¨ººë¤zªº«×©M¹ï¥@¬É¨Æ°Èªº¼s³
¦¦b1972¦~¡A©P®¦¨ÓŃ³Æ¨üÀùÄpªº§é¿i¡A¥L¦ü¥Gµ¦¹º¤FÅý¾H¤p¥¦b1973¦~´_¥X¾á¥ô°ÆÁ`²z¡A¨Ã±ÀÂË¥
¤C¤Q¤K³ªº©P®¦¨Ó³u¥@¤F¡A¤E»õ¤¤°ê¤HµL¤£«s±¥³o¦ì³Æ¨üqRªºÅ@°êªøªÌ¡A²`¤Á½qÃh³o¦ì¶i¦æ²©R°
1.2µØ°ê¾Wªº±U°_ ©P®¦¨Ó´¿ÂÔV¦a±ÀÂË¾H¤p¥°µ¥Lªº±µ‾Z¤H¡C¦b©P®¦¨Ó¦í°|ªvÀøªº³Ì«á¤@¦~¡A¾H
¤ò¿AªF¦b¥Í©Rªº³Ì«á´XÓ¤ë¸Ì¨ü¨ì©d¤lªºÀ£¤O¡AQ¹Ln¤ä«ù¤¤¥¡¤å²¤p²Õ¡A¦ý¤S¤£Q¶TµMÄ²¥Ç°ª‾Å¤
¦b¥ô©RµØ°ê¾W¤§«á¤£¤[ªº²M©ú¸`´Á¶¡¡AÃzµo¤F¤@Ó«¤j¨Æ¥ó¡C²M©ú¸`¬O¤¤°ê¤H«ö¶Ç²Î²½³þ‾ª¼Xªº¸`¤
¥_¨Ê¥«ªø§d¼w§â³o³õ¼É¶Ã»P¤Ï¹ï"¤ÏÀ»¥k¶ÉÂ½®×°«ª§"ªº¤HÁpÃ´°_¨Ó¡C¾H¤p¥¾D¤½¶}«ü³d¬°¸o»íº×
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥¿¦¡«Å¥¬¥ô©RµØ°ê¾W¬°Á`²z©M¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡²Ä¤@°Æ¥D®u¡C44¤ë8¤é¡A¤Q¸U¦W¸s²³¨ì¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õ
4¤ë30¤é¡A¤ò¿AªFµ¹µØ°ê¾W¼g¤F¤T±ø«nªº¿Ëµ§«ü¥Ü¡G(1)"ºCºC¨Ó¡A¤£µÛ«æ"¡A(2)"«ö¹L¥h¤è°w¿ì"¡F
1.3ð¤s¤j¦a¾_ °ê®a»â¾É¤Hªº³u¥@©M±µ‾Z°«ª§ªº¬Fªv°Ê¿º¦ü¥GÁÙ¬O¤£¨¬°÷ªºWÃø¡A1976¦~7¤ë28¤
1.4¤ò¿AªF(1892-1976¦~) ¤ò¿AªF¦h¦~¨Ó¤@ª½¨ü©¬ª÷´Ë¤ó‾e‾fªº§é¿i¡A³o¬O¤@ºØºC©Êć¤Æªº‾e‾f¡
°¦¦³µ¥«Ý¾ú¥v¦³®É¶¡¾ã²z¥L¹ï¤¤°ê©M¥@¬É³y¦¨ªº¼vÅT¤§«á¡AÅ×‾à¹ï¤ò¿AªF°µ¥X¥þ±ªºµû»ù¡F²{¦b«h°
¦b¥Lªº¤@¥Í¤¤¡A¤ò¿AªF¸g¨üµÛ¤@ºØ«ù¤[ªº¤£¦w¤À±¡ºüªº±À°Ê¡C¥L³y¥L¤÷¿Ëªº¤Ï¡A³y¦a¥D¸ê¥»®aªº¤Ï¡
¦]¦¹¡A¦b1949¦~²©R¦¨¥\«á¡A¤ò¿AªF¦ü¥G¬O¦¿¦Å×ºÉ¤F¡C¤Þ¾É¥L¹Ü¨ú¬FÅvªºÅ×µØ¡A¤£‾à¤Þ¾É¥L¦¨¥\¦
²©R¦³¾l¡A«Ø°ê¤£¨¬¡C
2.¥|¤HÀ°
2.1¥|¤HÀ°ªº³±¿Ñ ¥Ñ©ó‾Ê¥F©M¥¥æ±µÅv¤Oªº¾Ëªk¾÷¨î¡Aí¦b¦ìªº»â¾É¤H¥h¥@®É¡A«K|¥X²{±µ‾Z¦M
¦¿«C¨Ì¾aªº¤ýµP¤ò¿AªF¤w¸g¥h¥@¤F¡C¦o¤â¸ÌÁÙ³Ñ¤Uªº½äª`¬O±±¨îµÛs»DĆÅé¥H¤Î¤W®ü¡B¥_¨Ê¡B¤Ñ¬z©
ÄÒ©Mx¶¤ªº°ª‾Å¤z³¡¹ï¦¿«C¤Î¨ä¦P¥ë¤Q¤À°Q¹½¡A¦ý°¦n¤ò¿AªFÁÙ¦b¥@¡A¥LÌŃ¨S¦³¤O¶q¤Ï¹ï³oÀ°¤H¡
¥t¤@ªÑ¤Ï¦¿«C¶Õ¤O¤]¦b®¨®¨¦a¦æ°Ê¡C4¤ë¥÷³Q¸ÑÂ¾ªº¾H¤p¥¾D¨ì¥|¤HÀ°ªº¹G¢¡A¥L¦b¸¼C^©M³\¥@¤Í
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥|¤HÀ°¤]¦bµ¦¹ºt±þ¬Fªv§½©eû¡A¥HµØ°ê¾W¡B¸¼C^©M¨ä¥¦´XÓ¤H¬°¥Dn¥Ø¼Ð¡C±¹ï¦@¦
¦b9¤ë18¤éªº°l±¥|¤W¡AµØ°ê¾W¤Þ¥Î¤F¤ò¿AªFµÛ¦Wªº®æ¨¥"ºj§ý¤l¸Ì±¥X¬FÅv"¡At¥Ü¥L¤w±o¨ì¤Fx¤è
2.2¤Q¤ë¤»¤é¬FÅÜ ¨ì9¤ë©³¡A¬Fªv§½Á|¦æ¤F´X¦¸Ãz¬µ©Ê¤Q¨¬ªº|Ä³¡C¦¿«C«ü¥XµØ°ê¾W¤£‾à³Ó¥ô»â¾
10¤ë5¤éâ±á¡A¦b¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¸Ñ©ñxÁ`¥q¥O³¡Á|¦æ¤F¤@¦¸‾µ±K|Ä³¡A°Ñ¥[ªÌ¦³¤¤H¡GµØ°ê¾W¡B¸¼C^¡B
±µµÛ¡AµØ°ê¾WÁÜ½Ð¥|¤HÀ°¦b10¤ë5¤é²`©]u¤¤«n®ü¥X®u¬Fªv§½ºò«æ|Ä³¡C¤ý¬x¤å³Ì¥ý¨ì¹F¡C¥L©Ú®®
10¤ë7¤é¡AµØ°ê¾W©M¨LªF¿³¤À§O¦V¬Fªv§½§@¤F¨â¥÷³ø§i¡A¸¼C^§@¤F¤@¥÷³ø§i¡C³o¨Ç³ø§i¥]¬A¤F¹ï¥
10¤ë24¤é¡A¤@¦Ê¸Ux¥Á¦b¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õÁ|¦æ¼y‾¬‾»¸H¥|¤HÀ°ªº¤j|¡CµØ°ê¾W¦bx¶¤°ª‾Å±N»âªº³¦P¤U
¦³´XÓ¤è±ªº¦]‾À«P¦¨µØ°ê¾Wªº³Ó§Q¡C§@¬°ÄÒªº²Ä¤@°Æ¥D®u©M°ê°È°|Á`²z¡A¥L¾Ö¦³¦b¦ì»â¾É¤Hªº©Ò
¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥|¤HÀ°ªº¥¢±ÑÂk®Ú¨ì©³n°l¹¨ì¤ò¿AªFªº¥h¥@¡C¦b¤ò¿AªFªº«OÅ@¤U¡A³o¥|Ó¤H¥Î¥Lªº¦W
¥|¤HÀ°µê®z¤£³ôªº²Ä¤GÓ«nì¦]¡A¬Ox¨Æ¤O¶q»PĆÅé±±¨î¤§¶¡ªº¤£¹ïºÙ¡C¥|¤HÀ°±±¨î¤£¤Fx¶¤¡A
¥|¤HÀ°¾D¶}°£¥XÄÒ¡AºM¾P¤@¤ÁÂ¾°È¡C¥LÌ³Q¥¸³d¬°³±¿Ñ®a¡B¥¥ª¤À¤l¡B¤Ï²©R©M°ê¥ÁÄÒªº¥Nªí¡C
3.¤ò¿AªF»P¥|¤HÀ°
n¨Ï¤ò¿AªF»P¥|¤HÀ°²æÂ÷ÃöÃ´¬O°µ¤£¨ìªº¡C¦]¬°¨S¦³¥LŃ¨S¦³¥|¤HÀ°¡F¨S¦³¥Lªº¤Ò¤H¡A¥|¤HÀ°Ń¨S¦
¤ò¿AªF»{ÃÑ¨ì¤F¦¿«CQí¥D®uªº"¤j³¥¤ß"¡A¥L¤]Å¥¹L¦o¦b¤å²´Á¶¡ÞªP¡B¶Ë®`¡B¶e®¨Ã±þ®`¤FµL¼Æª
¬ü°ê¼@§@®a¦Ì°Ç(Arthur Miller)¦b1978¦~³X°Ý¤¤°ê´Á¶¡¡A|¨£¤F¤¤°êªº§@®a¡BÃÀ³N®a¡B¹q¼v¾Éºt©M
ÁöµM¤ò¿AªF³Q¤E»õ¤H¥Á©^Y‾«©ú¡A¦ý¥L¦b¤é±`¨p¥Í¬¡¸Ì¡A«o°¦¤£¹L¬O¤H®aªº¤@Ó¦ÑºAÀsÄÁªº¤V¤Ò¦Ó¤
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Barm ,Geremie R., Shades of Mao: The Posthumous Cult of the Great Leader
(Arrnonk, N.Y., 1996).
2.Bonavia, David, Verdict in Peking: The Trial of the Gang of Four (New York
, 1984).
3.Chang, David W.¡AZhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping in the Chinese Leadership Succ
ession Crisis (Lanham, Md., 1983).
4.Ch'eri, Yung-sheng, "The 'October 6th Coup¡Aand Hua Kuo-feng's Rise to Power
," Issues & Studies, XV¡G 10:75-86 (Oct. 1979).
5.Cheng, i. Chester, Documents of Dissent: Chinese Political Thought Since M
ao (Stanford, 1981).
6.Chi, Hsin, The Rise and Fall of the "Gang of Four" (tr. from The Seventies
Magazine), (New York, 1977).
7.Domes, Jurgen, "The Gang of Four and Hua Kuo-feng: An Analysis of Politica
l Events in 1975-76¡A" The China Quarterly, 71:473497 (Sept, 1977).
8."Great Historic Victory¡F" Peking Review, 44:14-16 (Oct. 29, 1976).
9."How the 'Gang of Four' Used Shanghai as a Base to Usurp Party and State P
ower," Peking Review, 6:5-10 (Feb. 4, 1977).
10.Leng, Shao-chaurs, with Hungdah Chiu, Criminal Justice in Post-Mao China:
Analysis and Documents (Albany, N.Y., J985).
11.Liu, Alan P, L.¡A"The Gang of Four and the Chinese People's Liberation Army
," Asian Survey, XIX:9:817-837.
12.Moralh, Inge, and Arthur Miller, Chinese Encounters (New Vork" 1979).
13.Nee, Victor, and James Feck (eds.), China's Uninterrupted Revolution (New
York, 1975).
14.Oksenberg, Michel, and Sai-choung Yeung, "Hua Kuo-feng's Pre-Cultural Rev
olution Hunan Years, 1946-66: The Making of a Political Generalist" The China Qu
arterly, 69:3-53 (March 1977).
15.Oksenberg, Michel, "Evaluating the Chinese Political System " Contemporar
y China, 111:2:102-111 (Summer 1979).
16.Onate, Andres D., "Hua Kuo-feng and the Arrest of the 'Gang of Four,"1 Th
e China Quarterly, 75:540-565 (Sept. 1978).
17.Roots, John McCook, An Informal Biography of China's Legendary Chou En4ai
(New York, 1978).
18.Schram, Stuart R" Mao Zedong, A Preliminary Reassessment (Hong Kong, 1983
).
19.Teiwes, Frederick C., Leadership, Legitimacy, and Conflict in China: From
a Charismatic Mao to the Politics of Succession (Armonk¡AN.Y.¡A1984).
20.Terrill, Ross, White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong (New Y
ork, 1984).
21.Tsou, Tang, "Mao Tse-tung Thought, the Last Struggle for Succession, and
the Post-Mao Era," The China Quarterly, 71:498-527 (Sept. 1977).
22.Wang, Hsueh-wen, "The 'Gang of Four' Incident: Official Expose by a CCPCC
Document¡F' Issues Studies' XII1:9:46"58 (Sept. 1977).
23.Wilson, Dick (ed.)¡AMao Tse-tung in the Scales of History: A Preliminary As
sessment Organized by the China Quarterly (Cambridge, Eng., 1977).
24.--¡AChou: The Story of Zhou Bnlai, 1898-1976 (London. 1984).
Witke, Roxane, Comrade Chiang Ch'ing (Boston, 1977).
25.Wong, Paul, China's Higher Leadership in the Socialist Transition (New York,
1976).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 The New York Times¡AJan¡O9¡A1976¡A11¡Ð12¡O
2 Ch'en¡OYung-sheng¡A"The'October 6th Coup'and Hua Kuo-feng's Rise to Power," Issues
and Studies¡AXV¡G10¡G80-82(Oct¡O1979)¡O
3 ¤ò¿AªF´¿§â¦Û¤v¤ñ§@¤½¤¸«e221¦~²Î¤@¤¤°êªº‾³©l¬Ó¡C
4 ¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤½§iªº^¤åÄ¶¥»¸ü©ó The New York Times, Apr¡O8¡A1976¡A16¡O
5 Piking Review¡ADec¡O24¡A1976¡A8¡O¤]¨£Richard C¡OThornton¡A"The Political Succession to Ma
g," Issues and Studies¡AXIV¡G6¡G35(June 1978)¡O
6 ºÙ¦³24¸U¤H¦º¤`¡A164,000¤H¨ü¶Ë¡CLos Angeles Times¡AJune 11¡A1977¡O
7 Chien T'ich¡A"The Chiang Ch'ing Faction and People's Military Forces," Issues an
d Studies¡AXII¡G1¡O¡G25(Jan¡O1976)¡O
8 Peking Review¡AFeb¡O4¡A1977¡A5-1O¡FAndres D¡OOnate¡A"Hua Kuo-feng and the Arrest of the '
g of Four'," The China Quarterly¡A75¡G555-56(Sept¡O1978)¡O
9 Ch'en Yung-sheng¡A78¡O
10 «e¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡«Å¶Ç³¡³¡ªø±i¥¤Æªº³‾z¡AÂà¤Þ¦ÛCh'en Yung-sheng¡A85-86¡O
11 Onate¡A556¡O
12 ±¥µü¥þ¤å¨£Peking Review, Sept¡O24¡A1976¡A12-16¡O
13 »O¥_¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n1980¦~9¤ë23¤é³ø¹D¡C
14 ±ÀÁ|µØ°ê¾W¤@¨Æ³Q±À´ú¬O¦b10¤ë7¤é§@¥Xªº¡A¦ý¥i‾àn±ß¤@¨Ç¡C10¤ë7¤é³Ìªìµo¥¬ªº¬Fªv§½¤½§i¨S¦³´£
15"µØ°ê¾W¦P§Ó¬O§ÚÄÒªº^©ú»â³S"©M"°¶¤jªº¾ú¥v©Ê³Ó§Q"¡A¨â½g¤å³¹¥Zµn¦bPeking Review, No¡O44¡G14
16 Peking Review¡ANo¡O47¡ANov¡O19¡A1976¡O
17 Roxane Witke¡AComrade Chiang Ch'ing(Boston¡A1977)¡A37-38¡O
18 Witke¡A148-57¡A335¡O
19 1976¦~10¤ë25¤é¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡B¡m¬õºX¡nÂø§Ó©M¡m¸Ñ©ñx³ø¡nªºÁp¦XªÀ½×¡C
20 Inge Morath and Arthur MiIler, Chinese Encounters (New York¡A1979)¡A21¡A40¡O
21 ¦P¤Wª`¡A7¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
146
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤T³¹
¾H¤p¥©M¤¤°êªºs‾´§Ç
¥|¤HÀ°Ë»O«á¡AµØ°ê¾W¥D®u±Á{µÛ¤TÓºò¢ªº°ÝÃD¡G(1)¥L§@¬°¤ò¿AªF±µ‾Z¤Hªº¦Xªk©Ê¡F(2)¾H¤p¥ª
¤Q©¡¤T¤¤¥þ|³q¹L¤F¤T¶µ¨MÄ³¡A½T»{¤F¦¹«e¬Fªv§½ªº¤@¨Ç¨M©w¡C²Ä¤@¶µ¨MÄ³¬O°l»{µØ°ê¾W¾á¥ôÄÒ¥D®
1.¾H¤p¥ª§¨ú¬Fªv±±¨îÅv
1.1Åv¤O°òÂ¦ªºÂX¤j ¾H¤p¥´Á±æ³q¹L¬°¦b¤ò¿AªF©M¥|¤HÀ°²Îªv®É´Á¨ü¢®`ªº¤H¥¤Ï¨ÓÂX¤j¥LªºÅv
¦ý¬O¡A¾H¤p¥¤]¤£§½©ó¹ï¬Y¨Ç¤Hªº§å§P©Î¥ô©R¤@¨Ç"¦~»´¤HÅ×"¡F¥L¦P®É¬D¾Ô"¤ò¿AªF«äQ"¦b¤HÌÀ
1.2"¸gÀÙ±¾«Ó"¡G²M°£¤Ï¹ï¬£©M¿é¤J"sÂA¦å²G" ¤¤¦@¤Q¤@©¡¤¤¤¥þ|(1980¦~2¤ë23-29¤é)¼Ð§ÓµÛ
®ø°£°ê¤º¤Àª[ªº¶É¦V¨Ã¤£¥ú¬O°w¹ï¥Á¥DÀð¡C¥|¦ì¹ï¾H¤p¥¤Î¨ä¬Fµ¦«ù§N²H©Î¤ÏPºA«×ªº¬Fªv§½©eû¡
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¨Ï¾H¤p¥±o‾qê²Lªº¥¤Ï¤u§@Ä~Äò¶}®i¡C«e°ê®a¥D®u¼B¤Ö©_¦b¤å²´Á¶¡´¿»P¾H¤p¥¤@°_³
1.3µØ°ê¾WÃã¥hÁ`²zÂ¾°È ¦b²Ä¤©¡¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|²Ä¤T¦¸|Ä³(1980¦~8¤ë29¤é- 9¤ë10¤é)¤W¡A
¥²¶ª`Nªº¬O¡A¥þ°ê¤H¤j°¦¼fÄ³¦³Ãö¬F©²ªº¥ô©R¡C¨º¨Ç¤Þ°h©ÎÃãÂ¾ªº¤H¤´«O‾dµÛÄÒ¤ºªºÂ¾°È¡CµØ°ê¾
2.¤ò¿AªFªº«D‾«¤Æ
¦b¨ä¥Í©Rªº³Ì«á¤Q¤¦~¸Ì¡A¤ò¿AªF§@¬°¤¤°ê"¶°¦C¹ç©M´µ¤jªL©ó¤@¨"ªº¤Hª«¡A³Q‾«¤Æ¬°µ´¹ï¤£|°µ¿
¤@í¤ò¿AªF¥h¥@©M¥|¤HÀ°³Q‾»¸H¡A¤ò¿AªFªº§Î¹³¥ß§YÅfµM¥¢¦â¡C¥L¹ï¥|¤HÀ°±U°_©Òtªº³d¥ô¬O²³©Ò©
¤¤°ê±Á{³Ì¢¤Áªº°ÝÃD¡A¬O¦p¦ó³B²z¤ò¿AªF¹ï¤¤°êªñ¨ÓäÃø©Òt³d¥ôªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b´£¥Xµª®×¥H«e¡A¤¤¦
¤ò¿AªF¥h¥@«áªº²Ä¤@¦~¤¤¡A´é²{¥X¤@ªÑ¤é‾q±j‾Pªº¸Ñ²æP©MÁÚ¦Vs°_ÂIªº¨Ï©RP¡C¤ò¿AªF©Î¥|¤HÀ°©
ÀHµÛ1977¦~7¤ë¾H¤p¥ªº´_¥X¡A¹ï¤ò¿AªFªº«D‾«¤Æ¥[³t¤F¡C¤ò¿AªFªº¶ì¹³¥ý¬O¾D¨ì§t»Wªº§åµû¡A«á¨Ó
1978¦~7¤ë1¤é¬O¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ«ØÄÒ¤¤Q¤C©P¦~¬ö©À¤é¡A³o¤@¤Ñªº³ø‾È«s¥Zµn¤F¤ò¿AªF¦b1962¦~µoªíª
1978¦~9¤ë9¤é¤ò¿AªF³u¥@¨â©P¦~ªº¬ö©À¤é®¨µM«×¹L¡C¤£¤[¥H«á¡A§@¬°¤ò¿AªF¤ä«ù¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¤§¹³©ºª
¾H¤p¥ªº¨â¶µì«h"¹ê½î¬OÀËÅç‾u²zªº°ß¤@¼ÐÇ"©M"¹ê¨Æ¨D¬O"¡AÀ»¤¤¤F¤ò¿AªF«äQªºn®`¡C½T¹ê¡A³
11¤ë22¤é¤@±i¶K¦b¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õªº¤j¦r³ø¡A¹B¥Î¾H¤p¥ªº¤f¸¹¨Óµû½×¤ò¿AªFªº¦¨Ń¡G
§ÚÌ¤£ÃhºÃ¤ò¥D®uªº¥¨¤j¦¨Ń¡A¦ý³o¨Ã¤£N¨ýµÛ¥L¤£¥Ç¿ù»~......¤ò¿AªF¬OÓ¤H¡A¤£¬O‾«¡C§ÚÌ¥²¶
¤HÌ§ä¨ì¤@ºØ¹ï¤ò¿AªF¶i¦æ«D‾«¤ÆªºÁo©úªº¤èªk¡A§Y¥Î¾H¤p¥ªºÆ[©À¨Óµû§P¤ò¿AªFªº¦æ°Ê¡A¥Î°¨§J«
1979¦~9¤ë¡A¤ò¿AªF³u¥@¤T©P¦~¬ö©À¤é¤S¤FµLÁn®§¦a¹L¥h¡C¨ì¦¸¦~ªº¬K¤Ñ¡A¤j³¡¤À¤½¦@³õ©Òªº¤ò¿AªF
³o¨Ç«D¤ò¿AªF¤Æªº¦æ°Ê¡A¬OÄÒ¤º¤@ª½¶i¦æµÛªº¤@³õ¿E‾Pª§½×ªº¥~¦bªí²{¡A³o³õª§½×‾A¤Îªº¬OÃö©ó¤ò¿
Ãö©ó¤ò¿AªF¤é‾q¤U°ªº«Â«Hªº¤Àª[Ä~Äò¦s¦bµÛ¡A¦b¦¹´Á¶¡¡A¸¼C^¤¸«Ó¦b1979¦~10¤ë1¤é¼y‾¬¤¤µØ¤H
íµM¡A¤ò¿AªF«äQ¤£¤î¬O¤ò¿AªF¦P§Ó¤@Ó¤H´¼¼zªº²£ª«¡A¤]¬O¥Lªº¾Ô¤ÍÌ¡BÄÒ©M²©R¤H¥Á´¼¼zªº²£ª
¸¼C^¦Ò¹î¤F¹L¥h¤T¤Q¦~ªº¾ú¥v¡A©ú½T¤F¦b¤ò¿AªFªº¤Þ¾É¤UÄÒ©Ò¥Çªº¿ù»~¡G
¦ý¬O¡A§ÚÌ¦b¥¨¤jªº³Ó§Q±«e¡A¶}©l¤£ÂÔV¤F¡C1957¦~¡A¹ï¥¤Ö¼Æ¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¥k¬£¤À¤lªº¶i§ð¶i¦æ¤ÏÀ
¸¼C^«ü³d¤å¤Æ¤j²©R¬O"«Ø°ê¥H¨Ó§Ú°êªÀ|¥D¸q¨Æ~¨ü¨ìªº³ÌÄY«ªº®À§é"¡C¥L±µµÛ¤@°w¨£¦å¦a«ü
¥ô¦ó»â³S¤Hª«³£¤£¬O‾«¡A³£¤£¥i‾à¨S¦³‾ÊÂI¡A³£¤£À³í¥[¥H‾«¤Æ¡C¨M¤£‾à¶S§C¶°Åé¡A¶S§Çs²³¡A¥ô
¤¤¦@³q¹L³oºØ¤è¦¡©ß±ó¤F¹ï¤ò¿AªFªºÓ¤H±R«ô¡A§â¥L±q°ª°ªªº‾«¾Â¤W©Ô¤U¡A«ì´_¥L¤Z¤Hªº±»ª¡C¤£¹
§ÚÌ¥i¥H³q¹L¨MÄ³©Ó»{§ÚÄÒªº¿ù»~¡C§ÚÌ¥i¥H¬°¼B¤Ö©_¬~¨ê¦WÁn¡Aµ¹»P¥L«D±`°ªªºªÖ©w©Êµû»ù¡C¦ý§
¤j³¡¤ÀÄÒû³£©ê¦³»P¸¼C^¤@¼Ëªº§é°JP¨ü¡A‾S§O¬O¨º¨Ç¹A§ø¦a°Ï©M¦b¤å²´Á¶¡©Î¤å²¥H«á¤JÄÒªº
µLºÃ¡A¤¤¦@¬J¤£|§_»{¤ò¿AªFªº°^Äm¡A¤]¤£|±»¹¢¥Lªº¿ù»~¡A‾S§O¬O¥L¦b"¤Q¦~‾E§T"¤¤°_ªº§@¥Î¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Bums,John P.,and Stanley Rosen(eds.).Policy Conflicts in Post-Mao China (A
rmonk.N.Y.,1986).
2.Bush.Richard C,"Deng Xiaoping:China's Old Manina Hurry" in Robert B.Oxnam
and Richard C.Bush(eds.), China Briefing. 1980 (Boulder, 1980),9-24.
3.Chang,Parris H.,"The Riseof Wang Tung-hsing: Head of China's Security Appa
ratus, "The China Quarterly,73:122-137(Mar.1978).
4.Chi,Hsin,Teng Hsiao-ping, A Political Biography (HongKong, 1978).
5.Ching,Frank,"The Current Political Scenein China,"The China Quarterly,80:6
91-715(Dec.1979).
6.Ch'iu,Hungdah."China's New Legal System,"Current History, 79:458: 29-32,44
-55(Sept.1980).
7.Cohen,Jerome Alan,"China's Changing Consititution,"The China Quarterly,76:
794-841(Dec.1978).
8.Ditimer Lowell."Deathand Transfiguration:Liu Shaoqi's Rehabi -litation and
Contemporary Chinese Politics, "The Journal of Asian Studies,XI:3;455-79(May198
1).
9.Fang,Hsiieh-ch'un,'TengHsiao-p'ing: Supporters and Possible Successors,"Is
sues & Studies,XV:4:47-60(Apr.1979).
10.Hua,Guofeng,"Report on the Work of the Government, "Beijing Review,27:5-3
1(July6.1979).
11.Jain,Pagdish Prasad,After Mao What¡HArmy Party Group Rivalries in China(Bou
lder,1976).
12.Joffe,Ellis,The Chinese Army After Mao(Cambridge,Mass.,1987).
13.Lampton,David M.,"China's Succession in Comparative Perspective, "Contemp
orary China,III:1:72-79(Spring.1979).
14.Lee,Leo Ou-fan,"Recent Chinese Literature: A Second Hundred Flowers,"in R
obert B.Oxnam and Richard C.Bush (eds.), China Briefing, 1980(Boulder,1980),65-7
3.
15.Lieberthal, Kenneth, "Modernization and Succession in China," Contemporar
y China, III 1:53-71 (Spring 1973).
16."Man of the Year: Visionary of a New China, Teng Hsiao-p'ing Opens the Mi
ddle Kingdom to the World," Time Magazine, Jan. 1, 1979, 13-29.
17.McDougall, Bonnie S., "Dissent Literature: Official and Nonofficial Liter
ature in and about China in the Seventies," Contemporary China¡A10:4:49-79 (Winter
1979).
18.McGough¡AJames P.(tr. and ed,)¡AFei Hsiao-t 'urig; The Dilemma of a Chinese I
ntellectual (White Plains, N.Y., 1980).
19.Montaperto, Ronald NM and Henderson, Jay (eds.), China Schools in Flux: R
eport by the State Education Leaders Delegation, National Committee on United St
ates-China Relations (White Plains, NT., 1980).
20.Munro, Robin, "Settling Accounts with the Cultural Revolution at Beijing
University, 1977-78," The China Quarterly, 82:304-333 (June 1980).
21."On Policy towards Intellectuals" Beijing Review, 5:10-15 (Feb. 2, 1979).
22.Pepper, Suzanne, "An Interview on Changes in Chinese Education after the
Gang of Four¡A" The China Quarterly, 72:815-824 (Dec. 1977).
23.--¡A"Chinese Education After Mao: Two Steps Forward, Two Steps Back and Beg
in Again," The China Quarterly, 81:145 (Mar. 1980).
24.Shambaugh, David L, The Making of a Premier: Zhao Ziyang's Provincial Car
eer (Boulder, 1984).
25.Teng Hsiao-ping and the "General Program " (San Francisco, 1977).
26."¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¤Q©¡¤T¤¤¥þ|¤½³ø"¡A¥þ¤å¥Zµn¦b¡m¬õºX¡nÂø§Ó¡A1977¦~²Ä8´Á¡A²Ä 5-9¶¡C
27.Thornton, Richard C.,"The Political Succession to Mao Tse-tung," Issues &
Studies, XIV:6:32-52 (June 1978).
28.Wakeman, Frederic, Jr, "Historiography in China after Smashing the Gang o
f Four," The China Quarterly, 76:891-911 (Dec, 1978).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¦p³\¥@¤Í©M³°ê²M±Nx¡A¥LÌ¬O¬Fªv§½©eû¡F³\¥@¤ÍÁÙ¬O¼s¦{x°Ï¥q¥O¡A¦Ó³°ê²M«h¬O¼sªF¬Ù²Ä¤@®Ñ°
2 Richard C¡OThornton, "The Political Succession to Mao Tse-tung," Issues and Stu
dies¡AXIV¡G6¡G47-49 (June 1978)¡F¡m¬õºX¡nÂø§Ó¡A1977¦~¡A²Ä8´Á¡A²Ä7-8¶¡C
3 ¥Á¹B»â³SÃQ¨Ê¥Í³Q¥}¸T¤F¤Q¤¦~¡A1993¦~9¤ë¡A¥L³Q´£«e¥b¦~ÄÀ©ñ¡Cí®É¤¤°ê¬F©²¥¿¦b¥þ¤O¥Ó½Ð¥_¨ÊÁ|
4¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1978¦~7¤ë1¤é¡C
5 °¨§J«ä¦b<Ãö©ó¶Oº¸¤Ú«¢ªº´£ºõ>¤@¤å¤¤»¡¡G"¤Hªº«äºû¬O§_¨ã¦³«ÈÆ[ªº‾u²z©Ê¡A³o¨Ã¤£¬O¤@Ó²z½×°ÝÃD
6 <¬ì¾Ç©M°g«H>¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1978¦~10¤ë2¤é¡C
7 Âà¸ü¦b1979¦~1¤ë3¤éªº¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n¤W¡C
8 ¸¼C^¡G"¦b¼y‾¬¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¦¨¥ß¤T¤Q©P¦~¤j|¤WªºÁ¿¸Ü"¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1979¦~9¤ë30¤é¡C
9 Âà¸ü¦b1980¦~4¤ë30¤éªº¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n¤W¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
153
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¥|³¹
¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¥¿±`¤Æ
¦b1972¦~¥§§JªQ³X°Ý¥_¨Ê¤§«á¡A¥Ñ©ó¤¤¬ü¨â°ê°ê¤ºªº¤£§Q§Î¶Õ¡A¨â°êÃöÃ´¶i®i¬ÆL¡C¦b¤¤°ê¡A¿E¶iª
¾ÚºÙ¡A¥§§JªQÁ`²ÎÇ³Æ©Ó»{¥_¨Ê¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó¤ôªù¨Æ¥ó¦Ó¥¼‾à°µ¨ì¡C¥§§JªQªº¬Fªv«e´º¶V¨Ó¶V¨Ì¿à©ó°ê
¦b¥§§JªQÃãÂ¾«á¡A¹L´çÁ`²ÎºÖ‾S¥ý¬O±Á{¤F¶V«n§½¶Õ±Y¼ìªºäÃø¡A±µµÛ¤S¶V¨Ó¶V¥ø¬ßÄ¹±o1976¦~¤j¿
½T¹ê¡A»OÆW¦¨¬°¬ü°ê°ê¤º¬Fªv¤¤¾î¥å¦b¥¿±`¤Æ¹D¸ô¤Wªº¤@Ó±ÓP»ÙÃª¡C¬ü°êªº¤½²³»P½×¤Ï¹ï»P»OÆWÂ
¦b¤¤¬üÂù¤èP¨ì¤w§@¦n¹ê²{¥¿±`¤ÆªºÇ³Æ¤§«e¡A¨â°êªº°ê¤º§Î¶Õ³£¥²¶n¦³©Ò½w©M¡C³Ì«á¡A¥Dn¬O¥
1.¥~¥æÃöÃ´ªº¥¿±`¤Æ
¦b¤ôªù¨Æ¥ó©M¥§§JªQÁ`²ÎÃãÂ¾¤§«áªº¤T¦~¸Ì¡A¤¤°ê¤è±®É±`¹ï¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¥¿±`¤Æ‾Ê¥F¶i®iªí²{¥X¤£@
1.1¸U´µ³XµØ 1977¦~8¤ë21¤é-25¤é¡A¸U´µ¦b¤¤°ê¶i¦æ³X°Ý¡CÁöµM¥L¬O¥d‾S¬F©²¤¤²Ä¤@¦ì³X°Ý¤¤°ê
±q¬ü°êªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o¦¸¨Ï©R§ë¤J±o«Ü¤Ö¡AÀò±oªº¤]«Ü¤Ö¡C¥Ñ©ó¤Ú®³°¨¹Bªe±ø¬ù¥¿¦bµ¥«Ý°ê|ªº§å
1.2¥¬¼ö¬z´µ°ò³XµØ ¦pªG»¡¸U´µ¦b¤¤°ê±o¨ìªº±µ«Ý«Ü¤£¼ö±¡ªº¸Ü¡A°ê®a¦w¥þÅU°Ý¥¬¼ö¬z´µ°ò(Zbi
¦b¥_¨Ê¡A¥¬¼ö¬z´µ°ò«ÅºÙ¡G"¬ü°êÁ`²Î´Á«Ý»P¤@Ó±j¤jªº¤¤°ê«Ø¥ß¤Í¦nÃöÃ´¡C¥L¨M¤ß»P¶Q¤è¤@¦P§JªA
¬°¤Fªí©ú¬ü°êªº¸ÛN¡A¥¬¼ö¬z´µ°ò¦V¤¤¤è³zÅS¤F¨â¥÷‾µ±K¤å¥óªº¤º®e¡G²Ä¤Q¸¹"Á`²Îµû½×³Æ§Ñ¿ý"(¬ü
ºÉºÞ¨S¦³¤½¶}«Å¥¬¥¿±`¤Æ¨Æ©y¡A¥¬¼ö¬z´µ°ò¦b¨p¤U¸Ì¦VµØ°ê¾W©M¾H¤p¥³q³ø¡AÁpµ¸³B¥D¥ô¥î¼w¬ì§J(
1.3´Â¦V¥¿±`¤Æ 1978¦~10¤ë¡A¥d‾S§@¥X¤F¦³Ãö¥¿±`¤Æªº³Ì«¤j¨M©w¡C¥d‾SÁ`²Îèè¦b®J¤ÎÁ`²ÎÂÄ
´¿í¹LÁp¦X¨T¨®¤u|¥D®uªº¥î¼w¬ì§J¬O¤@¦ì¸gÅçÂ×Í¤Î¼_¼ôªº½Í§PªÌ¡C11¤ë¡A¥L¦V¥_¨Ê¬F©²»¼§e¤F¤
1978¦~12¤ë15¤é¡A¼~¤ßÊÝÊÝªº¥d‾SÁ`²Î§@¤F¤@¦¸¥^¦£¦w±Æªº¹qµøÅS±¡A«Å¥¬¬ü°ê»P¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¤
¤j³¡¤À¬ü°ê¤HÁöµM¹ï"²rµM©ß±ó"»OÆW°ê¥Á¬F©²P¨ì¿ò¾Ñ¡A¦ý¤]Ä±±o«ÜÃø¤Ï¹ï¤@ÓÂ²³æªº¥i¦æ©Ê¹ï¤ñ¡
»P¦¹¦P®É¡AµØ°ê¾W¥D®u¦b¥_¨ÊÁ|¦æ¤F¤@¦¸«e©Ò¥¼¦³ªº¤¤¥~°OªÌ©Û«Ý|¡Aµo¥¬¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¥¿±`¤Æªº®ø®§¡
¡mÁp¦X¤½³ø¡nªºnÂI¦p¤U¡G11
1¡O¬ü§Q°í¦X²³°ê©M¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê°Ó©w¦Û1979¦~1¤ë1¤é°_¤¬¬Û©Ó»{¨Ã«Ø¥ß¥~¥æ¶}Ã´¡C
2¡O¬ü§Q°í¦X²³°ê©Ó»{¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬F©²¬O¤¤°êªº°ß¤@¦Xªk¬F©²¡C¦b¦¹½d³ò¤º¡A¬ü°ê¤H¥Á±N¦P»OÆW¤H¥Á
3¡O¬ü§Q°í¦X²³°ê©M¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê«¥Ó¡m¤W®ü¤½³ø¡n¤¤Âù¤è¤@P¦PNªº¦U¶µì«h¡A¨Ã¦A¦¸±j½Õ¡G
a¡OÂù¤è³£§Æ±æ´î¤Ö°ê»Úx¨Æ½Ä¬ðªº¦MÀI¡C
b¡O¥ô¦ó¤@¤è³£¤£À³¸Ó¦b¨È¬w--¤Ó¥¬v¦a°Ï¥H¤Î¥@¬É¤W¥ô¦ó¦a°Ï¿Ñ¨DÅQÅv¡C¨C¤@¤è³£¤Ï¹ï¥ô¦ó¨ä¥¦°ê®a©Î
c¡O¥ô¦ó¤@¤è³£¤£Ç³Æ¥Nªí¥ô¦ó²Ä¤T¤è¶i¦æ½Í§P¡A¤]¤£Ç³Æ¦P¹ï¤è¹F¦¨°w¹ï¨ä¥¦°ê®aªº¨óÄ³©Î½Ì¸Ñ¡C
d¡O¬ü§Q°í¦X²³°ê¬F©²»{ª¾¤¤°êªº¥ß³õ¡A§Y°¦¦³¤@Ó¤¤°ê¡A»OÆW¬O¤¤°êªº¤@³¡¤À¡C
e¡OÂù¤è»{¬°¡A¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¥¿±`¤Æ¤£¶È²Å¦X¤¤°ê¤H¥Á©M¬ü°ê¤H¥Áªº§Q‾q¡A¦Ó¥B¦³§U©ó¨È¬w©M¥@¬Éªº©M¥¨Æ~
4¡O¬ü§Q°í¦X²³°ê©M¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê±N©ó1979¦~3¤ë1¤é¤¬¬£¤j¨Ï¤Î«Ø¥ß¤j¨ÏÀ]¡C
¬ü°ê¤è±Ń»OÆW°ÝÃD³æ¿Wµo¥¬¤F¤@¥÷Án©ú¡G12
l¡O¦P¤é¡A§Y1979¦~1¤ë1¤é¡A¬ü§Q°í¦X²³°ê±N³qª¾»OÆW¡Aµ²§ô¥~¥æÃöÃ´¡A¬ü°ê©M¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¤§¶¡ªº¦@¦P¨¾±s
2¡O¤µ«á¡A¬ü°ê¤H¥Á©M»OÆW¤H¥Á±N¦b¨S¦³©x¤è¬F©²¥Nªí¾÷ºc¡A¤]¨S¦³¥~¥æÃöÃ´ªº±¡ªp¤U«O«ù°Ó°È¡B¤å¤Æ©M
3¡O¬ü°ê²`«H¡A»OÆW¤H¥Á±N¦³¤@Ó©M¥»PÁcºaªº¥¼¨Ó¡C¬ü°êÄ~ÄòÃö¤ß»OÆW°ÝÃDªº©M¥¸Ñ¨M¡A¨Ã´Á±æ»OÆW°Ý
ÅãµM¡A¥D°Ê¥´¶}»OÆW°ÝÃD»ø§½ªº¬O¤¤°ê¤@¤è¡A¦Ó¾H¤p¥«h¬O¥Dnªºµo°_¤H¡C¥¿±`¤Æ±N¨Ï¥L¨ú±o¤ò¿Aª
¥_¨Ê±µ¨ü¤FsªºÆ[©À¡A§Y¦bí«eªº¥@¬É®æ§½¤¤¡A¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¤ñ»OÆW§ó«n¡C1978¦~11¤ëªºÄ¬¶V±ø¬ù§t¦
1.4»P»OÆWªºÃöÃ´ ¬°¤F½w©M¹ï»OÆWªº¥´À»¡A¥d‾S©ó1978¦~12¤ë27¤é¬£¤F¤@Ó°ª‾Å¥Nªí¹Î«eu»O¥_
½±¸g°êÁ`²Î¹ï¥Nªí¹ÎºÙ¡A¥Lªº¬F©²©M¤H¥Á¹ïµØ©²¦b»P¥_¨Ê¹F¦¨¨óÄ³«e¨S¦³¨Æ¥ý»P»O¥_½R°ÓP¨ì¼«ń¡
¬ü°ê»P»OÆWªºÁpÃ´¬O¥¨ä´_Âøªº¡C°£¤F¦@¦P¨¾±s±ø¬ù¥~¡A¬ü°ê»P¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¬F©²«O«ùµÛ¤¤Q¤E¶µ¦¸n¤
¬ü°ê¦b»OÆWªºªº§ë¸ê¬O¬Ûí¥iÆ[ªº¡C¦b»OÆW¸g°Óªº¬ü°ê¤j¤½¥q¥]¬A¹³Bank of America¡AChase Manh
¦b³Ìªìªº®ð¼«µo§@¤§«á¡A»OÆW»â¾É¤H¥ÀR¤F¤U¨Ó¡A¥H´LÄY¡B¶ÔÂ¾©M¦Û¥ß¸g¨ü¦í¤F³o³õ¬Fªv¼É¡C¥L
¥Ñ©ó¬ü°ê¾n»O¥_¤j¨ÏÀ]©M¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¾nµØ²±¹y¤j¨ÏÀ]±N¦p´Á©ó1979¦~3¤ë1¤éÃö³¬¡A¦]¦¹Ń¥²¶«ü©w´À¥
»P¦¹¦P®É¡A°ê|µoªí¤F´XÓ¨MÄ³¡A¥Hªí¹F¹ï»OÆW«e³~ªºÃöª`¡C1979¦~3¤ë10¤é¡A°Ñ²³¨â°|¥Hµ´¤j¦h¼Æ
1.5¶V«n¤J«I¬Z®H¹ë ¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¥¿±`¤Æªº¤@Ó±o¤£¨ì¤½¶}©Ó»{¦ý¥¦³¥i‾àªº¤ÏÅT¡A¬O¶V«n¦bÄ¬Áp§È
ºÉºÞ¬ü°ê©Ó»{¤¤°ê»P¶V«n¤J«I¬Z®H¹ë³o¨â¥ó¨Æ¤§¶¡ªº¦]ªGÃöÃ´¬O¤£¥i‾à±o¨ìÃÒ¹êªº¡A¦ý³\¦h¤H¨p¤U³
1.6¾H¤p¥³X¬ü µu¤pºë¤zªº¾H¤p¥°ÆÁ`²z©ó1979¦~1¤ë28¤é¸©èµØ©²¡A¶i¦æ¬°´Á¤E¤Ñªº³X°Ý¡C³o¬
¦b©è¹F«áªº²Ä¤G¤Ñ¡A¾H¤p¥¦b¥Õ®c¥X®u¤F¥¿¦¡ªºÅwªï»ö¦¡¡A»ö¦¡¤W»ï©ñ¤Q¤EÅTÂ§¬¶¡A¨Ã¥Ñ¨Ó»«ÀË¾\»
´X¦Ê¦W¤½¥qÁ`µô¡B°ê|Ä³û©M¨ä¥¦¬ü°ênû¥X®u¤F¥Õ®cªºÅwªï±ß®b¡C¦b®b|¤W¡A¾H¤p¥¹ïÄ¬Áp«Â‾Ù¥
¦b»¨µØªº±ß®b¤§«á¡A»«¥D«e©¹ªÖ¥§}¤¤¤ßÆ[¬Ý¬ü°êµ¼Ö»RÁÐªíºt©M«¢ªL¶¤(Harlem Globetrotters)º
¦b|¨£¬ü°ê°ÑÄ³û©M²³Ä³°|®É¡A¾H¤p¥¾_¾Ù¤F°ê|¤s²ø¡CÃö©ó»OÆW°ÝÃD¡A¥L«ü¥X¤¤°ê¤£¦A¨Ï¥Î"¸Ñ©ñ
§ÚÌ±N¥R¤À´L«»OÆWªº¹ê»Ú±¡ªp¡Aª½¨ì¹F¦¨»OÆW¦^Âk‾ª°ê¡B¹ê²{¤¤°êªº²Î¤@¡C§ÚÌ±N¤¹³\»OÆWªº²{¦
³o¨Ç¸Ü¨Ï°ÑÄ³û³Ç§J»¹(Henry Jackson)µ¥°ê|Ä³ûP¨ì©ñ¤ß¡A¥LÌíµM§Æ±æ‾à±o¨ì§ó©ú½Tªº¤£¨Ï¥Î
¦Ü©óÄ¬Áp¡A¾H¤p¥ªº§åµû«D±`¦y¾U¡CÁöµM¥L¤£¤Ï¹ï¬ü°ê±N»PÄ¬Áp¹F¦¨ªº¥ô¦ó¾Ô²¤ªZ¾¹¨óÄ³¡A¦ý¥L±j½
¾H¤p¥ºë±m¦a§êºt¤F¿Ëµ½¤j¨Ïªº¨¤¦â¡C¥L»P¥d‾S°ö´Ó°_¤F¼ö±¡ªº¤Í½Ë¡A¨Ã¥H¥Lªº¾÷´¼¡B«ÕÀq©M¾A«×ª
³o¦¸³X°ÝÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¨ã³Æ¦Pµ¥«Ø³]©Êªº¦¨Ń¡A¨ºŃ¬O¾H¤p¥¿Ë²´¥Ø¸@¤F¬ü°ê¥Á¥D¨î«×ªº¹B§@©M²{¥N¤Æ¸
¾H¤p¥¹ï¦Û¤v¬ü°ê¤§¦æªºµ²ªG«Üº¡N¡C¥L©M¥~¥æ³¡ªø¶ÀµØ»P¥d‾S©M¸U´µÃ±¸p¤F¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¡B¤å¤Æ¥æ¬y©
1.7¤¤°ê¤J«I¶V«n 1979¦~2¤ë17¤é¡A¦b¾H¤p¥¦^°ê«áè¹L¤F¤@¬P´Á¡A¤¤°êx¶¤¤j³W¼Ò«I¤J¤F¶V«n¡
¦¦b1950¦~¡A¤ò¿AªFŃ¦VJ§Ó©ú´£¨Ñ¤Fx¨Æ¡B¬Fªv©M¸gÀÙ´©§U--µÛ¦Wªº³þÃä©²¾Ô§Ð(1954¦~)¡AŃ¬O¶
°µ¥X¤F³o»ò¦h¤Í½ËªºÁ|°Ê¡A¤¤°ê«ü±æ¶V«n‾àªí¥Ü¥XP¿E©Mµ½N¡A¦ý¤@íªe¤º±±¨î¾ãÓ¶V«n¡A¥¦«K¹ï¤
¾H¤p¥¦b³r‾dµØ²±¹y´Á¶¡¡A¤½¶}»¡n"±Ð°V±Ð°V¶V«n"¡A¦ý¥L¨S¦³ÂI©ú¤¤°ê±Nªö¨ú¤°»ò¼Ëªº¦æ°Ê¡C¤¤°
¤¤°êªº¤J«I§ë¤J¤F25¸U³¡¶¤¡B¼Æ¦Ê©Z§J¡B¾Ô°«¾÷¤Î¤õ¬¶¡Aªu450^¸Ìªº¾Ô½u¤À¤QÓ¤è¦V®i¶}¡C³o¼Ëªº
ÀHµÛ¾Ôª§ªº©ìÌî¡A¤¤°ê¨³³t¨ú³Óªº«e´ºt²H¤F¤U¨Ó¡A¦ÓÄ¬Áp³ø´_ªº¦MÀI¤]¬ÛÀ³¼W¥[¡C3¤ë1¤é¡A¤¤°ê´
¦è¤èx¨Æ±M®a«Ü§x´b¡A¤¤°ê¬°¤°»òn¬°¤F«Ü¤pªº¦¬Àò¦Ó«_³o»ò¤jªºÀI¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬AÄ¬Ápªºx¨Æ¤z¹w¡
¦pªG»¡¤¤°ê±Ð°V¤F¶V«nªº¸Ü¡A¥¦¦Û¤v¤]±o¨ì¤F¤@Ó±Ð°V¡G¦pªG¤£¦n¦n¾ã¹yx³Æªº¸Ü¡A¤¤°êŃµLªk¦³®
2.°Ó°È©M¨ä¥¦ÃöÃ´ªº¥¿±`¤Æ
¦b¤¤°êÀò±o¥~¥æ©Ó»{¤§«á¡A¤¤¬üÂù¤è®i¶}¤F¤@Ã´¦C½Í§P¡A¥H«P¨Ï¶T©ö¡B¤å¤Æ¡B¬ì¾ÇÃöÃ´¡A¥H¤Î¬YºØµ
2.1¶Å°È¨óÄ³©M°Ó°È¨óÄ³ ¦b1979¦~3¤ë1¤é¬ü°ê¾n¥_¨ÊÁpµ¸³BÅÜ¦¨¥¿¦¡¤j¨ÏÀ]¤§«áªº²Ä¤G¤Ñ¡A¦~»´
¦b¥_¨Ê‾óÃ±ªº¨óÄ³¨Ï¤¤°ê±o¥H«O‾d¬ü°êªº°]²£¡A¦ýn¤ä¥I8,050¸U¬ü¤¸¨ÓÀvÁÙ¥þ³¡ªº¬ü¤è²£Åv--¤j¬ù
³o¶µ‾óÃ±ªº¨óÄ³°¦»Ý¥Ñ¨â°ê¬F©²ªº¥Nªí¥¿¦¡Ã±¸pŃ‾à¥Í®Ä¡AµL»Ý´£¥æ¦U¦ÛªºÄ³|§åÇ¡C¬°¤FÃ±¸p³o¶
¦¹®É¡A½Í§P¤@¶µ°Ó°È±ø¬ùªº¹D¸ô±½²M¤F¡A³o¶µ°Ó°È±ø¬ù±N¬Û¤¬µ¹»P¹ï¤è³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J¡A¤¹³\°Ó¤H¦b¹ï¤
¨âÓ¤ë«á¡A³o¶µ°Ó°È¨óÄ³¥¿¦¡Ã±¸p¤F¡A¦ý³¡¤À¬O¥Ñ©ó¬ü¤è¾á¤ß¤¤°ê‾¼Â´«~ªº¤j¶q´é¤J¡A°ê|ªº§åÇ³
¤£¥i‾à¨º»ò§ÖŃÁ`µ²¥X¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¥¿±`¤Æªº¦n³B--¥¦Ì¥Ã»¦bµo®iµÛ¡A¹ï¥¦Ìªºµû¦ô¨üµÛµû¦ô¤Hªº¤£¦
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Alexiev, Alex, "Prospects for Accommodation,Contemporary China, 111:2:36-4
6 {Summer 1979).
2."An Interview with Teng Hsiao-p'ing: Calling for Stronger U.S.-China Ties
and a United Front against Moscow," Time Magazine. Feb. 5, 1979, 32-33.
3.Bamett, A. Doak, "Miliiary-Security Relations beiween China and the United
States," Foreign Affairs, LV:3:584-597 (Apr. 1977).
4.Bellows. Thomas J., "Normalization: Process and Prognosis," Sino-American
Relations, V:3:U-21 (Auuinm 1979).
5.Butterfield Fox, and William Safire, "China: Unraveling the New Mysteries,
" The New York Times Magazine, June 19, 1977, 32-34¡A48-59.
6.--,"After Camp David, Carter Set a Date for China Ties," The New York Time
s, Dec. 18, 1978, A12.
7.Chang, Jaw-ling Joanne, United States-China Normalization: An Evaluation o
f Foreign Policy Decision (Denver, 1986),
8.Chay, John (ed.), The Problems and Prospects of American-East Asian Relati
ons (Boulder, 1977).
9.Chiu, Hungdah (ed.), Normalizing Relations with the People's Republic of C
hina: Problems, Analysis, and Documents (University of Maryland, School of Law,
Occasional Papers, 1978).
10.Cohen, Jerome AIan" "A China Policy for the Next Administration," Foreign
Affairs, LV: 1:20-37 (Oct. 1976).
11.Cohen, Warren I.f America's Response to China: An Interpretative History
ofSino- American Relations, 2nd ed. (New York. 1980).
12.Copper, John Franklin, China's Global Role (Stanford, 1981).
13.Department of State, "Diplomatic Relations with the People's Republic of
China and Future Relations with Taiwan" (Washington, D,C.¡ADec. 1978),
14.--¡AUS. Policy Toward China, July 15, 1971-January J5, 1979¡BSelected Documen
ts No. 9, Office of Public Communication (Washington, D.C.¡A 1979).
15.Gairett, Banning, "The China Card: To Play or Not to Play," Contemporary
China, ffl:l:3-18 (Spring 1979).
16.--,"Explosion in U.S,China Trade" Contemporary China, 111:1:32-42 (Spring
1979).
17.Gurtov, Melvin, "China Invades Vietnam: An Assessment of Motives and Obje
ctives " Contemporary China, 111:4:3-9 (Winter J 979).
18.Harrison, Selig S,¡AThe Widening Gulf: Asian Nationalism and American Polic
y (New York, 1978).
19.Hsiao, Gene T.¡Aand Michael Witunski, Sino-American Normalization and Its P
olicy Implications (New York, 1983),
20.Johnson, Chalmers, "The New Thrust in China's Foreign Policy," Foreign Af
fairs, LVII: 1:125-37 (Fall, 1978).
21.Kim, Samuel S,¡AChina, the United Nations, and World Order (Princeton, 1978
). Kim, Se-jin, "American Moral Psyche in Political Perspective," Sirto-American
22.Relations, VI: 1:8-18 (Spring 1980). Larkin, Bruce D.¡A"China and Asia: The
Year of the China-Vietnam War" Current
23.History, 77:449:53-56, 83 (Sept. 1979). Lawson, Eugene K., Sino-Viemamese
Conflict (New York, 1984). Lieberthal, Kenneth, "The Foreign Policy Debate in P
eking, as seen through Allegorical Articles, 1973-76," The China Quarterly, 71:5
28-54 (Sept. 1977).
24.Luttwak, Edward N., "Against the China Card" Contemporary China, 111:1:19
- 31 (Spring 1979).
25.Martin, Edwin W., Southeast Asia and China: The End of Containment (Bould
er,1977) .
26.Mendl, Wolf, Issues in Japan's China Policy (London, 197B).
27.Middleton, Drew¡AThe Duel of the Giants: China and Russia in Asia (New York
,1978) .
28.Nathan, Andrew J.¡A"Prospects for Sino-American Relations and the Effects o
n Korea," Contemporary China, 11:4:14-22 (Winter 1978). Okita, Saburo, "Japan, C
hina and the United States: Economic Relations & Prospects," Foreign Affairs, LV
II:5:1090-1110 (Summer 1979).
29.Oksenberg, Michel, ..China Policy for the 1980s¡A" Foreign Affairs, LIX:2:3
04-22 (Winter 1980/81).
30.--,and Robert B. Oxnam, Dragon and Eagle: United States-China Relations:
Past and Future (New York, 1978). Ray, Heman, China's Vietnam War (New Delhi, 19
83).
31.Rothenberg, Morris, "The Kremlin Looks at China," Contemporary China, 111
:2:
32.25-35 (Summer 1979). Segal, Gerald, "China and the Great Power Triangle "
The China Quarterly, 83:490-509 (Sept. 1980). Solomon, Richard H.¡A"Thinking Thro
ugh the China Problem," Foreign Affairs,
33.LVI:2:324-56 (Jan. 1978). Sutter, Robert G.¡AChinese Foreign Policy after t
he Cultural Revolution, 1966-2977 (Boulder, 1978).
34.--¡A China-Watch: Towards Sino-American Reconciliation (New York, 1978),
35.--¡AChinese Foreign Relations: Development After Mao (New York, 1986).
36.Tretiak, Daniel¡A "China's Vietnam War and Its Consequences " The China Qua
rterly, 80:740-767 (Dec. 1979). Yu, George T. (ed.), Intra-Asiart International
Relations (Boulder, 1978).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Warren I¡OCohen¡AAmerica's Response to China¡GAn Interpretative History of Sino-Amer
ican Relations¡A2nd cd¡O(New York¡A1980)¡A244¡O
2 The New York Times¡ODec¡O15¡A1978¡A8¡O
3 The Wall Street Journal, Aug¡O23¡A1977¡O
4 ¦¹³BÃ´®Ú¾Ú¾H¤p¥°ÆÁ`²zªº»¡ªk,°Ñ¨£The Christian Science Monitor¡ASept¡O8¡A1977¡A3¡C
5 The New York Times¡AMay 21¡A24¡A1978¡O
6 Martin¡GTolchin¡A"How China and the U¡OS¡OToppled Barriers to Normalization," The New
York Times¡ADec¡O18¡A1978¡AA12¡O
7 Fox Butterfield¡A"After Camp David¡ACarter Set a Date forr China Ties," The New Yo
rk Times¡ADec¡O18¡O1978¡AA12¡O
8 ¦P¤Wª`¡C
9 »\¬¥´¶¥ÁN´úÅçªí©ú¡A58%ªº¤HÃÙ¦¨Á`²Îªº¦æ°Ê¡A¦Ó24%ªº¤H¤Ï¹ï¡A18%ªº¤H¤£ªíºA¡CThe New York Tim
10 Stanley D¡OBachrack¡A"The Death Rattle of the China Lobby," Los Angeles Times, De
c¡O20¡A1978¡O
11 The Department of State¡ASelected Documents No¡O9¡GU.S¡OPolicy Toward China¡AJuly l5¡O19
1-January l5¡O1979, Office of Public Communication¡AJan¡O1979¡A45-46¡O
12 ¦P¤Wª`¡A48¡C
13 Linda Mathews¡A"Is the U¡OS¡OAbout to Take a Dragon by the Tail" Los Angeles Times¡AF
eb¡O11¡A1979¡O
14 ÀH³Xªº¦³ªk«ßÅU°ÝHerbert Hansell©M¬ü°ê¤Ó¥¬v¾nx¥q¥OMaurice Weisner¤W±N¡C
15 The New York Times¡ADec¡O18¡A1978¡AA10¡O
16 Ross Terili¡AThe Future of China (New York¡A1978)¡A201¡O
17 Los Angeles Times¡ADec¡O25¡A1978¡O
18 CBS radio broadcast by Marvin Kalb¡AJan¡O9¡A1979¡O
19 U.S. News & World Report¡AFeb¡O12¡A1979¡A26¡O
20 »O¥_¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n¡A1979¦~7¤ë31¤é¡A12¤ë7¤é¡A1981¦~10¤ë15¤é¡C
21 ¦Ñµó¡AµÜ¦{¡B°ª¥©M¨~µó¡C
22 Anthony M¡OSoloman¡A"When 41(¬ü¤À²Å¸¹)on the dollar is a good deal¡A" The Christian Scie
,Mar¡O28¡A1979¡OMr¡OSolomaní®É¬O¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡¥DºÞ³f¹ô¨Æ°Èªº°Æ³¡ªø¡C»PÄ¬Áp¹F¦¨ªº¤@ÓÃþ¦ü¨óÄ³¬O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
159
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤³¹
¥|Ó²{¥N¤Æ
¦pªG¤¤°ê¦s¦b¬YºØ¥þ¥Á¦@ÃÑªº¸Ü¡A¨º«K¬O¹ê²{¥|Ó²{¥N¤Æªº©êt--§Y¹A~¡B¤u~¡B¬ì§Þ©M°ê¨¾ªº²{¥
1.¤Q¦~³W¹º
¦b1978¦~2¤ëªº¥þ°ê¤H¤j²Ä¤@¦¸|Ä³¤W¡AµØ°ê¾W¥D®u«Å¥¬¤F¤@¶µ1976-1985¦~²{¥N¤Æ¤Q¦~³W¹º¡F¥Ñ©ó¤
1.1¤u~³¡ªù ¤u~°òÂ¦«Ø³]ªº§ë¸ê±Nµ¥©ó©Î¶W¹L¦¹«e¤G¤Q¤K¦~ªº§ë¸êÁ`ÃB¡A¾Ú²Îp¬O4,000»õ¬ü¤
1.2¿ûÅK 1952¦~ªº¿û²£¶q(155¸U¾)¤w¸g¶W¹L¤F¸Ñ©ñ«eªº³Ì°ªÂI¡A1960¦~¼Wªø¨ì1,867¸U¾¡C¤jÅD¶i
¤Q¦~³W¹º¸¹¥l¨ì1985¦~¿û²£¶q¼Wªø¨ì6,000¸U¾¡A1999¦~¼Wªø¨ì1.8»õ¾¡C¬°¨ú±o³o¼Ë¥¨¤jªº¼Wªø¡A
1.3¥Ûªo 1957¦~¥H«e¡A¤¤°êªº¥Ûªo¥Í²£L¤£¨¬¹D(¨C¦~¥Í²£146¸U¾ìªo)¡C¤»¤Q¦~¥N¨ú±o¤F¥¨¤jªº¶
1.4Ñ¬´ ¤¤°ê‾à½¨ÑÀ³ªº70%¾aÑ¬´¡A¦ý¤j³¡¤ÀÑÄq³W¼Ò³£«Ü¤p¡A³]³Æ«ÜÂ²®¡C¤Q¦~³W¹º´£¥X«Ø³]¤
1.5¹q¤O ¥O¤HÅå³Yªº¬O¡A¹q¤O¥Í²£¬O²{¥N¤Æ³W¹º¤¤³ÌÁ¡®zªºÀô¸`¡C1978¦~ªºÁ`µo¹q¶q¬°2,566»õ¤d¥
1.6¹A~³¡ªù ¹A~¬O¤¤°ê¸gÀÙªº°òÂ¦¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦Û1949¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¹A~©ÒÀò±oªº§ë¸ê©l²×¤Ö©ó¤u~©M
µØ°ê¾W¦b«Å¥¬¤Q¦~³W¹º®É¸¹¥ln³q¹L¾÷±ñ¤Æ¡B¹q°Ê¤Æ¡B¤ô§QÄéµ@©M§ó¦³®Ä§Q¥Î¤ÆªÎ¨Ó³Ì¤j«×¦a´£°
1¡O¨C¦~¼Wªø4-5%ªº¹A~Á`²£È¡C
2¡O¨ì1985¦~±N¹«~²£¶q´£°ª¨ì4»õ¾(1977¦~¬O2.85»õ¾¡A¬G¦~§¡¼Wªø²v¬O4.4%)¡C
3¡O¨Ï85%ªº¥Dn¹A¬¡¹ê¦æ¾÷±ñ¤Æ¡C
4¡Oµo®i¤ô§Q¤uµ{¡A¥H«OÃÒ¨CÓ¹A~¤H¤f¥e¦³¤@‾a(!¡þ6^‾a)¨}¥Ð©Î¤@‾a½T«OÄéµ@ªº¹A¥Ð¡A‾Ñ¥ÐÁ`±¿n¹F
5¡O¦b¥þ°ê«Ø¥ß¤Q¤GÓ°Ó«~Â³°ò¦a¡C
¬°¤F´£°ª¦Û1957¦~¥H¨Ó¹A~¥Í²£¨C¦~2%ªº½wºC¼Wªø²v¡A¬F©²½T¥ß¤F´X±øsªº«ü¾Éì«h¡C¥H«e¤@ª½¬O¦
1.7¬ì¾Ç²{¥N¤Æ ¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N³Q¬Ý§@¬O¨ä¥¦¤TÓ³¡ªù¦¨¥\¹ê²{²{¥N¤Æªº°òÂ¦¡C¦b1978¦~3¤ëªº¥þ°ê¬ì¾
¤¤¥¡§Æ±æ¡A¨ì1985¦~¡A¤¤°ê±N°¦¤ñ³Ì¥ý¶i°ê®a¸¨«á¤Q¦~¡A¨Ã¾Ö¦³¨ì¥»¥@¬ö¥½»°¤W¥ý¶i°ê®aªº°í¹ê°òÂ
1.8x¨Æ²{¥N¤Æ ¤¤°ê¾Ö¦³¥@¬É¤W³ÌÃe¤jªº±`³WªZ¸Ë¤O¶q¡A¤H¼Æ¬ù¬°432.5¸U¤H¡C¨ä¤¤¶È³°xŃ¾Ö¦
¦b¤¤Q¦~¥NÄ¬Ápªº´©§U¤U¡A¤¤°ê«Ø¥ß°_¤F´X¥G¦Ûµ¹¦Û¨¬ªº°ê¨¾¤u~¡A¤@¨Ç²£«~(¦pAK-47¨Bºj)¦ì¦C¥@
¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H»{ÃÑ¨ì¤F¤j³W¼Ò§ós³‾ÂÂ¸Ë³Æªº¢¤Á»Ýn¡A¦ý¤]¬Ý¨ì³o¼Ë°µªºÅå¤H¥N»ù¡CÁöµM¤¤°êªº°ê¨
³Ì®Ú¥»ªº¿Ø¨ë¥i‾à¬O¡A¤¤°êºÜºÉ¥þ¤O¥hÀò¨ú¥Ø«e³Ì¥ý¶iªº§Þ³N©MªZ¾¹¡AµM«á±Nªá¤¨ì¤Q¦~®É¶¡¨Ï¦p¦
2.ºòÁY©M½Õ¾ã«ÂI
³Ìªìªº¤Q¦~³W¹º¬O¤@ºØ¬FªvÄ@±æ¦Ó«D¤@¶µ¸gÀÙÂÅ¹Ï¡A¦]¦¹‾Ê¥F¥i¦æ©Ê¤è±ªºÂÔV¬ã¨s¡C¦b³oÓ³W¹ºª
¸gÀÙ²{ª¬¤£¤[¤Þµo¤F§åµû©ÊÀË°Q¡C³Ì°ª¼h¤ºŃ§ë¸êªº½d³ò©M«ÂI°ÝÃD®i¶}¤F¤@³õª§½×¡C1978¦~7¤ë¡A
¤¤°ê¦³ªº°]¬F©M¬ì¾Ç¸ê½¢¨Ï»â¾É¤H«sÀË°Q¤Q¦~³W¹º¡C¤¤¥¡¨M©w¡AÀu¥ýµo®iªº«ÂIÀ³¸Ó¬O§@¬°¸
¦b²Ä¤©¡¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|(²Ä¤G¦¸|Ä³¡A1979¦~6¤ë)¤W¡AµØ°ê¾W«Å¥¬°ê¥Á¸gÀÙ¶i¦æ¬°´Á¤T¦~(1979-
ºòÁY¬Fµ¦¶Õ¦b¥²¦æ¡A¤£¶È¬O¥Ñ©ó¤¤°êªº¥~J¦s´Ú¡B°]¬F¸ê½©M®ø¤Æ‾à¤O³£«Ü¦³¡A¤]¦]¬°1979¦~¤J«
¥Ñ©óºòÁY¬Fµ¦¡A1985¦~°ê¥Á¸gÀÙÀ³¹F¨ìªº«ü¼Ð¤j¤j°§C¤F¡A¤UªíÅã¥Üªº¬O°§C«áªºs«ü¼Ð©M1985¦~¤
1978¦~
1979¦~
1985¦~
(¤Q¦~p¹º)
1985¦~
(×§ï«áp¹º)
1985¦~
(¹ê»Ú²£¥X)
¿ûÅK(¦Ê¸U¾)
31.8
34.5
60
45
46.66
Ñ¬´(¦Ê¸U¾)
618
635
900
800
850
ìªo(¦Ê¸U¾)
104
106.2
500
300
125
¹q¤O(¤Q»õ¤d¥Ë)
256.2
282
¤£¸Ô
¤£¸Ô
407
¤ôªd(¦Ê¸U¾)
65.2
73.9
100
100
142.46
À³¤©ª`Nªº¬O¡A¨âºØ¥Dnªº‾à½Ñ¬´©Mìªoªº²£¶q¼Wªø«Ü¤p¡CÑ²£¶q¦b1978¦~¼Wªø¤F12.5%¡A¦ý1979
³o¨Ç¼Æ¾Ú²M¡¦aªí©ú¡A¥æ³q©M‾à½¤´µM¬O²{¥N¤Æ³W¹º¤¤ªº¥Dn»ÙÃª¡C¥Ûªo¡BÑ¬´©M¹q¤O¥Í²£»»¤£‾
©Î³\¥i¥H±q‾¼Â´~©M»´¤u~¤¤Àò¨ú¤@¨Çªþ¥[ªº¦¬¤J¡A³o¨Ç¦æ~‾à°÷¤ñ¸û®e©öº¡¨¬®ø¶OªÌªº»Ý¨D¨Ã±Ã¨
3.§Ö³t²{¥N¤Æªº«áªG
¥¿¦p¹ê²{²{¥N¤Æ|²£¥Í°ÝÃD¤@¼Ë¡A²{¥N¤Æªº¥[³t¹ê²{¤]|²£¥Í°ÝÃD¡Cºnªº¬O³q³f¿±µÈ¡A³o¦b¥H«e®
³q³f¿±µÈ©M¹L«×¶W¤äªº¥t¤@Óª½±µ«áªG¬O1981¦~¨M©w«d´î40%ªº¤j«¬°ò«Ø¶µ¥Ø¡C³\¦h¦³¥~°ê¤½¥q°Ñ»P
°ò«Ø¤uµ{ªº¤U°¨¾ÉP¤FµL¼Æ¤u¤H³Q¸Ñ¶±¡A¥[¼@¤F¤w¸g«ÜÄY«ªº¥¢~°ÝÃD¡C¤¤°ê´¿¸g¸ØÄ£¡A¥¦ªºªÀ|¥
²{¥N¤Æªº¥t¤@Ó²§±`²{¹³¬O¡A¦b¤@Ó©Ò¿×ªºµL¶¥‾ÅªÀ|¤¤´é²{¥X¤F¤@¨Çsªº¶¥‾Å¡C²{¥N¤Æ¨Ï¬ì¾Ç®a¡
¥t¤@Ó¤£Â_¥[²`ªº°ÝÃD²£¥Í©ó«°¥«»P¹A§ø¤§¶¡©M¦UºØ¤uÄq¥ø~¥»¨¤§¶¡¤é‾qÂX¤jªº®t§O¡C¥Ñ©ó¬F©²ª
¦b©Ò¦³³o¨Ç§Ö³t²{¥N¤Æªº¤£§Q«áªGI«á¡AÁôÂÃµÛºÙ±o¤W¬O¤¤°ê³ÌÄY«ªºÃøÃD--«H¥ô¦M¾÷¡Çg¹L¤T¤Q¦
4.¥~¨Ó»ùÈÆ[©M¤¤°ê¤å¤ÆºëÅè
²{¥N¤Æ¤@ª½¬O¤@¦Ê¦h¦~¨Ó¤¤°êªº¥Ø¼Ð¡C¦ý¬O¿E¶iªº¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒÄ±±oÉìD¦è¤è©M¤é¥»¦³¥¢Åé±¡C1975¦
"¥þ½L¦è¤Æ"¡A¦b¬Fªv¤WŃ¬O³àÅv°d°ê¡A¥þ½L¥X½æ‾ª°êªº¿W¥ß©M¥DÅv......"¥þ½L¦è¤Æ"¡A¦b«äQ¤WŃ¬
¦]¦¹¡A¤ò¿AªF¥D¸q¬£´£Ò¦Û¤O§ó¥Í¡C¤ò¿AªF»{ÃÑ¨ì¤¤°êªº¸¨«á¡A¦P¼Ë¤]ª¾¹D¤¤°êªº¸ê½¦³¡C¥L¾á¤
ÀHµÛ¤ò¿AªFªº¥h¥@©M¥|¤HÀ°ªº«±»O¡A¶}³Ð¤@Ósªº°_ÂI¥HÀ±¸É®É¶¡l¥¢ªº¹D¸ô±½²M¤F¡C¤@¶µ²{¥N¤Æª
¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H«ÅºÙ¡A¥LÌ¤£Q¼Ò¥é¦è¤è¡A¦Ó¬OnÁë³y¤@ºØ"¤¤°ê‾S¦âªº²{¥N¤Æ"¡CµM¦Ó¡A»P¥~°êªº§Þ³NÁ
ÁöµM¤¤¦@¤@¦A§i»|¤£n¨ü¥~°ê¤å¤Æªº¼vÅT¡A¦ý»P°ê¥~NÃÑ§ÎºA¡B¨î«×©M¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡ªº±µÄ²©Ò±a¨Óªº¤å¤
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Andors, Stephen, China's Industrial Revolution: Politics, Planning, and Ma
nagement, 1949 to the Present (New York. 1977).
2.Baum, Richard (ed.), China's Four Modernizations (Boulder, 1980). Chang, A
rnold, Painting in the People's Republic of China: The Politics of Style¡]Boulder.
1980).
3.Chen, Kuan-l, "Agricultural Modernization in China," Current History, 77:4
49;66-70, 85-86 (Sept. 1979).
4.Cheng, Chu-y an, China's Petroleum Industry: Output Growth and Export Pot
ential(New York, 1976)
5.°q¦Ë¶é¡G¡m¤¤¦@ªñ¥N¤Æªº¹y®À¤Î®i±æ¡n¡A¡m®ü¥~¾Ç¤H¡n¡A1980¦~9¤ë¡A²Ä25-32 ¶¡C
6.Chou, S. H., "Industrial Modernization in China," Current History, 77:449:
49-52, 87-88 (Sept. 1979).
7.Dean, Genevieve C., Science and Technology in the Development of Modern Ch
ina: An Annotated Bibliography (London, 1974),
8.--,and Fred Chernow, The Choice of Technology in the Electronics Industry
of the People's Republic of China: The Fabrication of Semiconductors (Palo Alto,
1978).
9.Field, Robert Michael, "A Slowdown in Chinese Industry," The China Quarter
ly, 80:734-739 (Dec. 1979).
10.Freed man, Lawrence, The West and the Modernization of China, Chatham Hou
se Papers (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1979).
11.Fureng, Dong, "Some Problems Concerning the Chinese Economy," The China Q
uarterly, 84:726-736 (Dec. 1980).
12.Gelber, Harry G., Technology, Defense, and External Relations in China, 1
975- 1978 (Boulder, 1979).
13.Godwin¡APaul H. B.¡A "China and the Second World: The Search for Defense Tech
nology" Contemporary China, 0:3:3-9 (Fall 1978),
14.--¡A"China's Defense Dilemma: The Modernization Crisis of 1976 and 1977¡A"Con
temporary China, 11:3:63-85 (Fall 1978),
15.--¡APLA-Military Forces of the PRC (Boulder, 1981).
16.Goldman Merle, sTeng Hsiao-pMng and the Debate over Science and Technolog
y," Contemporary China, 11:4:46-69 (Winter 1978).
17.Hardy, Randall W., China's Oil Future: A Case of Modest Expectations (Bou
lder, 1978).
18.Harrison, Selig S¡AChina, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead (New York, 1977).
19.Hu, Ch'iao-mu, "Observe Economic Laws, Speed Up the Four Modernizations,"
Pt. I, Peking Review, 45:7-12 (Nov. 10, 1978); Pt. II, Peking Review, 46:15-23
(Nov. 17, 1978); Pt. IM¡APeking Review, 47:13-21 (Nov. 24¡A1978).
20.¶À§Ó°í¡G¡m¨s³ºÀ³í¦p¦ó»{ÃÑ³o¤@¥N«C¦~¡n¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1981¦~2¤ë24¤é¡C
21.Huang, Philip C. C. (ed.)¡AThe Development of Underdevelopment in China (Wh
ite Plains, N.Y., 1980).
22.Klatt, W., "China's New Economic Policy: A Statistical Appraisal," The Ch
ina Quarterly, 80:716-733 (Dec. 1979).
34.--,"China Statistics Up-dated," The China Quarterly, 84:737-743 (Dec. 198
0).
35.Kokubun, Ryosei, "The Politics of Foreign Economic Policy-making in China
:
36.The Case of Plant Cancellation with Japan," The China Quarterly, 105:19^4
4 (March 1986).
37.Lardy, Nicholas R., "China's Economic Readjustment: Recovery or Paralysis
" in Robert B. Oxnam and Richard C. Bush (eds.)¡AChina Briefing, 1980 (Boulder, 19
80), 39-51.
38.--¡AEconomic Growth and Distribution in China (Cambridge, Eng., 1978).
39.--(ed.), Chinese Economic Planning: Translations from Chi-hua ching-chi (
White Plains, N.Y., 1979).
40.§õ¬xªL¡G¡m«H¥õ¦M¾÷»¡©ú¤F¤°»ò¡n¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1980¦~11¤ë11¤é¡C
41.Myers, Ramon H., The Chinese Economy¡G Past and Present (Belmont, Cal., 198
0).
42.National Foreign Assessment Center, China: Economic Indicators fWashingto
n, D.C., Dec. 1978).
43.--¡AChina's Economy (Washington, D.C., Nov. 1977).
44.--,China: Gross Value of Industrial Output, 1965-77 (Washington, D.C.¡AJune
1978.)
45.--,China: In Pursuit of Economic Modernization (Washington, D.C., Dec.197
8).
46.--¡AChina: Post-Mao Search for Civilian Industrial Technology (Washington,D
C., 1979).
47.--¡AChina: The Continuing Search for a Modernization Strategy (WashingtonD.
C., April 1980).
48.--¡AChina: A Statistical Compendium (Washington, D.C., July 1979).
49.Nelsen, Harvey, The Chinese Military System (Boulder, 1981).
50.Pollack, Jonathan, "The Modernization of National Defense,"in Richard Bau
m (ed.), China's Four Modernizations (Boulder, 1980)¡A241-261¡G
51.Prybyla, Jan. S., The Chinese Economy: Problems and Policies (Columbia, S
.C., 1978).
52.--,"Feeding One Billion People: Agricultural Modernization in China" Curr
ent History¡B79:458:19-23, 40-42 (Sept. 1980).
53.Reardon-Anderson, James, "Science and Technology in Post-Mao China" Conte
mporary China¡B11:31-^5 (Winter 1978).
54.Segal, Gerald, and William Tow (eds.), Chinese Defense Policy (Champaign,
1984).
55.Sigurdson, Jon, Rural Industrialization in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1977)
.
56.Smil, Vaclav, China's Energy Archievements, Problems, Prospects (New York
, 1976).
57.--,"The Energy Cost of China's Modernization" Contemporary China, 11:3:10
9-114 (Fall 1978).
58.Stavis, Benedict, Making Green Revolution - The Politics of Agricultural
Development in China (Ithaca, 1974).
59.Stover, Leon E,, The Cultural Ecology of Chinese Civilization: Peasants E
lites in the Last of the Agrarian States (Stanford, 1979).
60.Suttmeier, Richard P., etal. Scie/ice and Technology in the People's Repu
blic of China (Paris, 1977).
61.--,Science, Technology and China fs Drive for Modernization (Stanford, 19
81).
62.¾H¤O¸s¡G¡m¦@²£¥D¸q¬O¤d¬î¸U¥Nªº±R°ª¨Æ~¡n¡A¡m¥ú©ú¤é³ø¡n,1981¦~3¤ë28¡C
63.Ullerich, Curtis, Rural Employment and Manpower Problems in China (White
Plains, N-Y.¡A1979).
64.Volti, Rudi, Science and Technology in China (Boulder, 1981).
65.Wiens, Thomas B. "China's Agricultural Targets: Can They Be Met" Contemp
orary China, 11:3:115-127 (Fall I97B).
66.Young, Graham (ed.), China: Dilemmas of Modernization (Dover, 1985).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1978¦~3¤ë9¤é¡A²Ä1-5¶¡C
2 Chu-y an Cheng¡A"The Modernization of Chinese Industry," in Richard Baum(ed¡O)¡AChi
na's Four Modernizations¡GThe New Technological Revolution(Boulder,1980)¡A26¡O
3 ¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1977¦~8¤ë8¤é¡A"¦b¥þ°ê¹A¥Ð°ò¥»«Ø³]|Ä³¤Wªº³ø§i"¡C
4 Hu Ch'iao-mu¡A"Observe Economic Laws¡ASpeed Up the Four Modernizations," Peking Re
view, 47¡G8(Nov¡O24¡A1978)¡O
5 ³o27Ó»â°ì¥]¬A¦ÛµM¸ê½¡B¹A~¡B¤u~¡B°ê¨¾¡B¹B¿«¡B®ü¬v¾Ç¡BÀô¹Ò«OÅ@¡BÂå¾Ç¡Bª÷¿Ä¡A¶T©ö¡B¤å¤Æ©
6 ®Ú¾ÚÛ´°¬Ó®a°ê»Ú¨Æ°È¬ã¨s©ÒLawrence Freedman©Ò°µªº¬ã¨s¡AThe West and the Moder- nization o
¾Ô²¤³¡¶¤¡G¤¤µ{¾É¼u¡G30-40ªTCSS-I«¬¾É¼u¡A®gµ{¬°¤»¦Ê¨ì¤C¦Ê^¸Ì¡C¤¤µ{¼u¹D¾É¼u¡G30-40ªTCSS-2«¬¾
³°x¡G325¸U¤H¡A10Ó¸Ë¥Ò®v¡A121Ó¨B§L®v©M150Ó¿W¥ß¹Î¡C
®üx¡G3¸U¤H¡F¥t¦³3¸U¦W®üx‾èªÅ§L¡A©¤°ò¸¾÷700¬[¡F38,000¸U¦W®üx³°¾Ô¶¤¡F23¿´¤j«¬¤ô±§@¾ÔÄ¥¸¥
ªÅx¡G40¸U¤H¡A5,000¬[§@¾Ô¸¾÷¡A¥]¬A¤ë4,000¬[¦Ì®æ-17©M¦Ì®æ-19«¬¸¾÷¡A¥H¤Î¼Æ¶q¤£¦hªº¦Ì®æ-21«¬
7 ¤Þ¦ÛLawrence Freedman¡O6¡C
8 Jonathan Pollack¡A"The Modenization of National Defense," in Baum(ed¡O)¡A247¡O
9 Jonathan Pollack¡A243¡O
10 Lawrence Freedman¡O19-20¡O
11 ¦P¤Wª`¡A19¡C
12 Chu-y an Cheng¡A"Industrial Modernization in China," Current History ,Sept¡O1980¡A
24¡O
13 Peking Review¡ONo¡O47¡G¡O7-21(Nov¡O24¡A1978)¡O
14 Chu-y an Cheng¡Ain Baum(ed¡O)¡C41¡GLos Angeles Times¡AMay 10¡A1979¡O
15 Chu-y an Cheng¡A"Industrial Modernization," Current History¡A25¡O
16 John Bryan Starr, "China's Economic Outreach," Current History¡ASept¡O1979¡A50-51¡O
17 Chu-y an Cheng,"Industrial Modernization," Current History,Sept¡O1980,26¡FJames
T¡OH¡OTsao¡AChina's Development Strategies and Foreign Trade(Lexington¡AMass¡O¡A1987)¡A151¡
18 Cheng¡A27
19 ¦P¤Wª`¡A27¡C
20 Far East Times¡ASan Francisco¡AMar¡O10¡A1981¡O
21 The Christian Science Monitor, Feb¡O20¡A1981¡O¾Ú³ø¹D¡A¤é¥»¤½¥q¤TµÙ«¤un¨D±o¨ì8,400¸U¬ü¤
22¡m¬õºX¡nÂø§Ó¡A²Ä14´Á¡A²Ä25-27¶(1980¦~)¡C
23 ¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1980¦~7¤ë1¤é¡F1980¦~11¤ë11¤é¡F1981¦~2¤ë24¤é¡m¥ú©ú¤é³ø¡n1981¦~3¤ë28¤é¡C
24 ±ç®Ä¡G<¬v°È¹B°Ê©M¬v¥£õ¾Ç>¡A¡m¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡A²Ä5´Á(1975¦~¡A10¤ë20¤é)¡C
25 Genvieve C. Dean, "A Note on Recent Policy Change" in Baum (ed.), 105.
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
170
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤»³¹
¤ò¿AªF®É¥Nªºµ²§ô
1.¼f§P¥|¤HÀ°©MªL³C¶°¹Î
±q1980¦~11¤ë¨ì1981¦~1¤ë¡A¤¤°êµo¥Í¤F¤@¥ó«e©Ò¥¼¦³ªºªk«ß©M¬Fªv¤j¨Æ¡G¼f§P¥|¤HÀ°©MªL³Cªº¦P¥ë
¦b¶e®¥|¤HÀ°¨ì¶}®x¼f§P¤§¶¡¦³¥|¦~ªº¶¡»Ø¡A³oªí©ú¤F°ÝÃD¥¨ä±ÓP©M´_Âø¡A¤]ªí©úÄÒ¤º¹ï³o¼Ë°µ¬
¦b1976¦~10¤ë³Q®«á¡A¥|¤HÀ°Ń¤£Â_¨ü¨ì¬F©²½Õ¬d¤Hûªº¶Ç°T¡A¬F©²§Æ±æ³z¹L³o¼Ë¨Ó¦¬¶°ÃÒ¾Ú¡B¨Ñµ
¤ý¬x¤å©M±i¬K¾ô¤]¤@¼Ë§â¦æ°Êªº©Ò¦³³d¥ô±Àµ¹¤ò¿AªF¡A¥LÌ¶i¤@¨B«ü¥X¡AµØ°ê¾W¬O§½¤º¤H¡A¥Lª¾¹D¤
¦b¤¤¦@»â¾É¶°¹Î¤º³¡¡A«Ü§Ö¥X²{¤F¨âºØ«ä¸ô¡CÁ`®Ñ°OJÄ£¨¹©MÄÒªº°Æ¥D®u³‾¶³¥D±i¡A°¦¦³¥ýµû©w¤ò¿
¬°¤FÁ×§K¶i¤@¨Bªº©ì©µ¡A»â¾É¼h³Ì«á¨M©w¡A¼f§P±N«ö«Å¥¬ªº¤éµ{¶i¦æ¡A¤£¥ý¹ï¤ò¿AªFªº§@¥Î§@µû§P
1¡O¥¿¦¡¼f°T"¥|¤HÀ°"±N¦b¨â¡B¤TÓ¤ë¤º¶i¦æ¡C¬°ÅU¤Î«O¦u"°ê®a¾÷±K"¤Îºû«ù¤ò¿AªF"Án±æ"¡A¼f°T¤´±Nªö
2¡O¦³Ãö¤ò»P"¥|¤HÀ°"ªºÃöÃ´¡A¸g¨ó°Ó¨M©w¡G¥ý©w"¥|¤HÀ°"¸o¦æ¡A¦A¥¿¦¡µû»ù¤ò¥\¹L¡A¦p¦¹¹ï©ó§å¤ò°ÝÃD
3¡O¤ý¡B±i¡B¦¿¡B«À¥|¤H¸o¦æÁö²¤¦P¡A¦ý¿ù»~ÄY«µ{«×¤£¤@¡A¦¿«C¦]¸o¤jć¥¡A¬°¥|¤H¤§º¡A¤ý¬x¤å¦]§ë
¤@Ó¦³¤T¤Q¤¦Wªk©x²Õ¦¨ªº‾S§Oªk®x¦¨¥ß¤F¡A¤À§@¨âÓ¼f§P®x¡G¥Á¨Æ¼f§P®x¼f§P¥|¤HÀ°¡Ax¨Æ¼f§P®
1.1¼f§P 1980¦~11¤ë20¤é¡A³Ì°ª¤H¥Áªk°|°|ªø¦¿µØ¥¿¦¡«Å¥¬¤HÌµ¥«Ý¤w¤[ªº¼f§P¡C¥t¥~¤T¡B¥|¤Q
»EµJÂI¦ÛµM¦b67³ªº¤j¦W³Q§i¦¿«C¨¤W¡A¦o‾«®ð¤Q¨¬¦a¨B¤Jªk®x¡C¦o¬ïµÛ¤@¨¶Â¦âªA¸Ë¡A³oºØÃC¦â¾
º¥ý¡A³Ì°ª¤H¥ÁÀË¹î°|ÀË¹îªø¶À¤õ«C§@¬°‾S§O¤½¶D¤H¦CÁ|¤F¤»¦W¤w¸g¦º±¼ªº¤H¡A¥LÌ¦pªG¬¡µÛ¤]±N³
ÀH«á¡A¶À¤õ«C«ÅÅª¤F¤@¥÷¨â¸U¦rªº°_¶D®Ñ¡A«ü±±³o¨Ç³Q§i¿y¹Ü°ê®a¬FÅv©MÄÒªº»â¾ÉÅv¡C¥LÌªº¥Dn¸
1¡O»z³´¡B¢®`ÄÒ©M°ê®a»â¾É¤H¡A³±¿Ñ±ÀÂ½µL²£¶¥‾Å±M¬F¡C
2¡O¢®`¡B±þ®`¡B§é¿i¤j§å¤z³¡©M¸s²³¡A¤H¼Æ¶W¹L34,375¤H¡C
3¡O³±¿Ñµ¦¹ºµ¥¤ò¿AªF¥h¥@«á¦b¤W®üµo°ÊªZ¸Ë°_¸q¡A1976¦~8¤ë¤ý¬x¤åt³d¦V¥Á§L¤Àµo¤T¦Êªù¤j¬¶¡B¤ÇU¥
4¡O³±¿Ñµ¦¹º¨ë±þ¤ò¿AªF¨Ãµo°Ê¤Ï²©RªZ¸Ë¬FÅÜ¡C
¤WzÀY¨âÃþ¾A¥Î©ó©Ò¦³³Q§i¡F²Ä¤TÃþ°w¹ï¥|¤HÀ°¡A¦Ó²Ä¥|Ãþ«h°w¹ïªL³C¶°¹Î¡C¹ï³Q§i´£¥X¤F¥|¤Q¤K¶
¦b¼f§P´Á¶¡¡A¦¿«C¿ï¾Ü¬°¦Û¤vÅGÅ@¡C³o¦ì±q«eªº¤kºtû®t¤£¦h°µ¤F¦o¤@¥Í¤¤³Ìºë±mªºªíºt¡C¦o¬G§@µ
¦¿«C³Q«ü±±¬O¤Uz³±¿Ñªº¥Dnµ¦¹º¤H¡G1974¦~10¤ë¬£¤ý¬x¤å¥h¨£¤ò¿AªF¡A»z§i©P®¦¨ÓÁ`²z¥iºÃ¦a|¨
º®uªk©x±µ¨ü¤F¤½¶D¤èªº½×ÃÒ¡A¦¿«C¶°¹Î(²{¦b³oÓµü¥N´À¤F"¥|¤HÀ°"¤@µü)»z³´©P®¦¨Ó©M¾H¤p¥¡A¥
¥|¤HÀ°ÁÙ³Q«ü±±¦b1966-1976¦~¶¡«Dªk¢®`75¸U¤HÌ¡A¨ä¤¤ªº34,375¤H³Q±þ¡C¬°¤FÃÒ©ú³o¨Ç¸o¦æ¡A¤½
³Q¤HÌ¥H¬°¦b1970¦~¤U»O«á¤w¸g¦º±¼ªº³‾§B¹FÅã±oµê®z¡O°I¦Ñ¡C¥L©Ó»{´¿¦b1967¦~7¤ë»P¦¿«C©M±d¥Í
¦b¤£Â_ªº½è°Ý¤U¡A¦¿«C±Y¼ì¤F¡A¦o©Ó»{´¿¼g«Hµ¹t³d¢®`¼B¤Ö©_ªº¤p²Õ¡A«ü¥Ü±N¼B¤Ö©_¹G¦º¡C¦oÁÙ©
¬°ÃÒ©ú¦¿«C¦³¸o¡A¤½¶D¤èªö¨ú¤F³Ì«á¤@Ó°Ê§@¡A¥X¥Ü¤F¦o¦b¤å²´Á¶¡Ç³Æªº¤@¥÷¤©¥H²M¬~ªº¤¤¥¡©e
¦Ü©óªL³C¶°¹Îªº¤»Ó³Q§i¡A¥þ³¡ªA¸o¡A©Ó»{¦b1971¦~9¤ë¤ò¿AªFµø¹î¥þ°ê´Á¶¡¡A«öªL³Cªº©R¥Oµ¦¹º¿Ñ
¸g¹L¤G¤Q¤C¤Ñªº¼f§P¡A¥[¤W³\¦h¦¸²Öpªø¹Fªñ¨âÓ¤ëªº¥ð®x¡Aªk®x©ó1980¦~12¤ë29¤é§¹¦¨¤F¤u§@¡A¦
¤½¶D¤H¦¿¤å½Ð¨D¡AìD©ó¦¿«C"‾S§OÄY«¡B‾S§Oć¦H"ªº¤Ï²©R¬¡°Ê¡AÀ³µ¹»P¦oÄY¼Fªº³B»@(ÁöµM¤£¤@©w
¦¿«CÁÙ¬O¨º¼Ë¿E°Ê¡BµL®¬©M¶ÆºC¡A¦o¦bªk®x¤W¤j¥s¡G"¦n°Ú¡C½Ð«K§a!§AÌ¤£‾à±þ¦º¤ò¥D®u¤F--¥L¤w¸
»¡¨ì©³¡A¥¿¦p³o³õ¼f§P¬O¤@Ó¬Fªv¦æ°Ê¤@¼Ë¡A§P¨M¤]¥²¶¤Ï¬Mí®É»â¾É¼hªºQªk¡F¦]¦¹¦b¤TÓ¬P´Á¸
°¦n¬Ý¤@¬Ý¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H³ºªá¶O¤F¨º»òªøªº®É¶¡Å×§@¥X§P¨M¡A¤HÌŃ‾àQ¨ì¡A®aªø¦¡ªº¤ò¿AªF¤§¼vÅT¤
±q¬YºØN¸q¤W¨Ó»¡¡A³o³õ¼f§P¥i¥H³Q¬Ý§@¬O¹ï¤ò¿AªFªº¶¡±µ¼f§P¡A¦¿«C«h¥Rí¤F¤ò¿AªFªº´À¥N«~¡C§
¼f§P¤Þ°_ªº¤@Ó¥¼´¿N®Æªº¤ÏÀ³¡A¬O¹ïµØ°ê¾W¥D®uªº¤é«á©R¹B³y¦¨¤F¤£§Qªº¼vÅT¡C§@¬°¥|¤HÀ°¾î¦æ¤
¾Ú³ø¹D¡AµØ°ê¾W¦b1980¦~11¤ëªº¬Fªv§½|Ä³¤W´£¥X¤FÃã¥h¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¥D®uªºÂ¾°È¡AÃãÂ¾±N¦b1981¦~6¤ë
2.¹ï¤ò¿AªFªºµû»ù
¦b¤¤°ê¬Fªv¤¤¡A«Ü¤Ö¦³¤°»ò¨Æ¥ó¹³¹ï¤ò¿AªFªºµû»ù¨º¼Ë¤Þ°_¦p¦¹¿E‾Pªºª§½×¡C§@¬°¤å²©M¥|¤HÀ°Äë¬
³B¦bºØºØ³o¨Ç¹ï¥ßÆ[ÂIªº¤f®ö¦y¡A¦@ÃÑ¬O«ÜÃø¹F¦¨ªº¡F³Ì±µªñ¦@ÃÑªº¬O¾H¤p¥°Æ¥D®uªºÁn©ú¡G¤ò¿
2.1¤¤¦@ªºµû»ù 1981¦~6¤ë27¤é¨ì29¤é¥l¶}ªº¤Q¤@©¡¤»¤¤¥þ|²×©ó§@¥X¤F¤HÌªø¤[´Á«ÝªºÄÒ¹ï¤ò¿
¤»¤¤¥þ|³q¹L¤F¤T¸U¤¤d¦rªº¡mÃö©ó«Ø°ê¥H¨ÓÄÒªºY¤z¾ú¥v°ÝÃDªº¨MÄ³¡n¡A³o¥÷¨MÄ³¸Ô²Óµû»ù¤FÄÒ¦
¤¤¦@ÁnºÙ¡A³o³õ¹B°Ê¬J¤£²Å¦X°¨§J«ä¦C¹ç¥D¸q©M¤ò¿AªF«äQ¡A¤]¤£²Å¦X¤¤°ê¹ê»Ú¡C½T¹ê¡A±q¾ú¥vªº¦
¹ê½îÃÒ©ú¡A"¤å¤Æ¤j²©R"¤£¬O¤]¤£¥i‾à¬O¥ô¦óN¸q¤Wªº²©R©ÎªÀ|¶i¨B¡C¥¦®Ú¥»¤£¬O"¶Ã¤F¼Ä¤H"¦Ó°
³o¥÷ÄÒªº¤å¥ó¤]µû»ù¤FµØ°ê¾W¡F¨MÄ³ÁöµM¹ï¥L¦b‾»¸H¥|¤HÀ°©M¬Y¨Ç¸gÀÙ¤u§@¤¤ªº«Ø³]©Ê§@¥Îµ¹»P¤F«
JÄ£¨¹¥D®u¦b¼y‾¬¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¦¨¥ß¤»¤Q©P¦~(1981¦~7¤ë1¤é)ªº²Ä¤@¥÷«nÁ¿¸Ü¤¤¡A¹ï¤ò¿AªF§@¤FÂ²©
¦p¦P«Ü¦h‾¸¦b¾ú¥v¼é¬y«e±ªº°¶¤j¤Hª«¤j³£¦³¥LÌªº‾ÊÂI©M¿ù»~¤@¼Ë¡A¤ò¿AªF¦P§Ó¤]¦³¥Lªº‾ÊÂI©M¿
ÁöµM¤ò¿AªF¦P§Ó±ß¦~¥Ç¤FÄY«ªº¿ù»~¡A¦ý¬OŃ¥Lªº¤@¥Í¨Ó¬Ý¡A¨ºŃ¤Q¤À²M¡¡A¥L¹ï¤¤°ê²©Rªº¥\ÁZ»
È±oª`Nªº¬O¡AJÄ£¨¹¦b³q½gÁ¿¸Ü¤¤¤@³B³£¨S¦³ºÙ©I¤ò¥D®u¡A¦Ó°¦¬OºÙ¥L¤ò¿AªF¦P§Ó¡C"¤å¤Æ¤j²©R
2.2¤@Ó¾ú¥v¾Ç®aªºÆ[ÂI ¦b«ÈÆ[µû»ù¤ò¿AªF®É¡A¹ê¨Æ¨D¬Oªº¾ú¥v¾Ç®aÌ±Nº¥ý©Ó»{¥L§@¬°¤@Ó²
²Ä¤GÓ«¤jªº¬Fµ¦¥¢»~¬O¥[±j¤¤°êªº©t¥ß§½±¡C°£¤F¤¤Ä¬¦X§@³B¦b¥þ²±´Áªº¤¤Q¦~¥N¤§¥~¡A¤¤°ê§¹¥
²Ä¤TÓ¬Fµ¦¥¢»~¬O¦b¸gÀÙµo®i¤è±ªº"¥ª¶Éª¼°Ê¥D¸q"©M"«_ÀI¥D¸q"¡C¦b1980¦~12¤ëªº¤@¦¸¤¤¥¡¤u§@
¤ò¿AªFªº²Ä¥|¤j¿ù»~¬O¦Û»{¬°¦bÄÒ¤º¥e¾ÚµL¥i¸mºÃªº³Ì°ª¦a¦ì¡A‾}Ãa¤FÄÒ¤º¥Á¥D©M¶°Åé»â¾É¡A¨Ã¶}³
¤ò¿AªFªº¬Fªv§@¡A°£¤Fµ¹¥L¦Û¤v¥Hµ´¹ïªº±±¨î¥~¡AÁÙµ¹¦U¬Ù©M¦U¦a¿¤ÄÒ©e®Ñ°O¾ð¥ß¤Fº]¼Ë¡F¥LÌ¦
ÄÒ«ç»ò‾àÅý©Ò¦³³o¤@¤Áµo¥Íªº©O¡H¤¤°ê¤H¦Û¤v«ÜÃø§ä¥X¤@Ó¾Aíªºµª®×¡A¦ý¥LÌ³Ì²×´£¥X¤F¨âºØ¸ÑÄ
¬y¶Ç§ó¼sªº©x¤è¸ÑÄÀ«h±´°Q¤¤°ê¹L¥hªº«Ê«Ø®É¥N¹ï©Ò¦³¤H«äQ©M¦æ¬°³y¦¨ªº²`¨è¼vÅT¡C©x¶¥©Mµ¥‾Å¨
³o¨Ç¸ÑÄÀµLºÃ³£‾¸±o¦í¸}¡A¦ý¥¦Ì©¿²¤¤F¤@ÓÃöÁäªº¦]‾À¡G¤ò¿AªF¨c¨c±±¨î¤Fx¶¤¡B‾µ±KÄµ¹î¡B¦w¥
Á`¤§¡A¾ú¥v¾Ç®a¦PN¡A¤ò¿AªF§@¬°¤@Ó²©R®a¬O¥¨ä¦¨¥\ªº¡A¦ý§@¬°¤@Ó°ê®a«Ø³]ªÌ«o¥O¤H¥¢±æ¦a¨
3.sªº»â¾É¼h©Msªº‾´§Ç
ÀHµÛµû»ù¤ò¿AªFªºL§®°ÝÃD³Ì²×±o¨ì¸Ñ¨M¤ÎÄÒªº¿ù»~±o¨ì©Ó»{¡AÏ«ªº¤ß²z¥]µö³Q¥Ï±¼¤F¡CsªºÅv¤
1¡O§ÚÌ¥þÅéÄÒûn¬°¤¤°êªÀ|¥D¸q²{¥N¤Æ«Ø³]¨Æ~¾Ä¤£ÅU¨¡A¥þ¤ß¥þN¬°¤H¥ÁªA°È¡C
2¡O§ÚÌnµ½©ó¦bsªº¾ú¥v±ø¥ó¤U§â°¨¦C¥D¸q¡B¤ò¿AªF«äQ±À¦V«e¶i¡C(JÄ£¨¹«¥Ó¥|¶µ°ò¥»ì«hªº«n©
3¡O§ÚÌn¶i¤@¨B°¥þÄÒªº¥Á¥D¥Í¬¡¡AÄY®æÄÒªº²ÕÂ´¬ö«ß......§ÚÌ¥²¶¸T¤î¥ô¦ó§Î¦¡ªºÓ¤H±R«ô......
4¡O§ÚÌnµ½©ó¸g±`²M°£¦Û¤v¨¤Wªº¦Ç¹Ð¡A¦b°õ¬F±ø¥ó¤U¥Ã«O²©R«C¬K¡C(JÄ£¨¹«D±`©Z²v¦a©Ó»{)¹L¥h§Ú
5¡O§ÚÌn§â§ó¦h¼wÅ×Ý³Æ¡B¦~Í¤O±jªº¤z³¡´£¼¨ì¦U‾Å»â¾É±^¦ì¤W¨Ó¡C
6¡O§ÚÌ¥Ã»n°í«ù°ê»Ú¥D¸q¡A¦P¥þ¥@¬ÉµL²£¶¥‾Å©M¤H¥Á¤j²³¦P©I§l¦@©R¹B......¦b¦P¥ô¦ó±j°ê¡BÍ°êªº
ÅãµM¡A¤ò¿AªFªº¬Fªv¤u§@§@©M¸gÀÙµo®i¤è°w±N¤£³Q¿í´`¡G¤£¦A¦³¤°»òÓ¤H±R«ô¡A¤£¦AÀ£¨îÄÒ¤º|Ä
ªÀ|¥D¸q²{¥N¤Æ"¥»¨Ń¬O¤@³õ°¶¤jªº²©R"¡C¬°¤F½T«O³o³õ²©Rªº¦¨¥\¡AJÄ£¨¹¸¹¥l«P¶iÄÒ¤º¹Îµ²©
4.¤¤°ê¦@²£¥D¸q¡G¤T¤Q¤¦~¦^ÅU
1949¦~10¤ë1¤é¡A¤ò¿AªF‾¸¦b¤Ñ¦wªù«°¼Ó¤W«Å¥¬¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¦¨¥ß¡A¥LÅw©I"¤¤°ê¤H¥Á‾¸°_¨Ó¤F!"¦
ÅãµM¡A³o¨Ç¥Ø¼Ð¦Ü¤Ö³¡¤À¦a¹F¨ì¤F¡C³Ì¤jªº¦¨Ń¦³¡G¤¤°ê(°£»OÆW¥~)²Î¤@¦b¤@Ó¤¤¥¡¬F©²¤§¤U¡A¥¦À
µM¦Ó¡A³Ìªñªº¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H¤½¶}©Ó»{¡AÁöµM¨ú±o¤F¬Y¨Ç¶i¨B¡A¤¤°ê¤´µM³B¦b¤@½a¤G¥Õªºª¬ºA¡C°ê®aªºª
¤¤°ê¤º³¡ªº¥Dn»ÙÃª¬O¬Fªv¤£Ã©w©MÄÒ¤º¥~¥Á¥Dì«hªº³Q‾}Ãa¡C°£¤F¬v¸µÛ²©R©Ê°Ê¤O©M«Ø³]s¥@¬
Ãö©ó¤¤°ê¬Fªv¤£Ã©wªº²W½¡A¤HÌ´¶¹M»{¬°1956¦~ªº¤¤¦@¤K¤j¬O¬Fªvµo®i¤¤ªº¤À¤ôÀ¡C³o¦¸¤j|»P«
¦b³oÓ¹©²±´Á¤¤¡A¤ò¿AªFµo°_¤F¦Êªá»ô©ñ¹B°Ê¡Aª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l¦y¾U¦a§åµûÄÒªº¬Y¨Ç¬Fµ¦¡C¤ò¿AªFªº¤ÏÀ³¬
¤@í¤ò¿AªFªº"µL©Ò¤£‾à"ªí²{¥X¨Ó¡A¾÷|¥D¸qªÌ©M³±¿Ñ®a«K²³¶°¨ì¥L©P³ò¡A³q¹Lºò¸ò¦b¥L¥ª¥k¨Ó³Õ¨
¬Fªv¤£Ã©w©MÄÒ¤º¥Á¥Dªº®ø¥¢¤£¥iÁ×§K¦a¼vÅT¤F¸gÀÙµo®i©M¤H¥Áªº¥Í¬¡¡C1979¦~7¤ë1¤é¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³
¤¤°ê¤è±ªº²Îpªí©ú¡A¸gÀÙµo®i¥X²{¤F¤TÓ¼Wªø´Á(1949-1957¦~¡B1963-1965¦~¡A1977-1988¦~)©M¨â
«ì´_©M¼Wªø´Á
1949-52¦~
1953-57¦~
1963-65¦~
1977¦~
1978-86¦~
¤u~
36%
19.2%
7.9%
14.1%
134.3%
¹A~
14%
4.5%
11.1%
67.2%
°ê¥Á¦¬¤J
¤£¸Ô
¤£¸Ô
14.5%
¤U°´Á
1958-62¦~
1967¦~
1968¦~
1974¦~
1976¦~
¤u~
+3.8%
-13.8%
-5%
+0.3%
+1.3%
¹A~
-4.3%
-2.5%
°ê¥Á¦¬¤J
-3¡O9%
¼Æ¾Ú¨Ó¦Û«n¨Ê¤j¾Ç¡mõ¾ÇªÀ|¬ì¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n¡A1979¦~²Ä3´Á¡A²Ä1-8¶¡FCIA¡AChina-Economic Pol
¤¤°ê°_¥ñ¤£©wªºµo®iªí©ú¡A¾Õªø¬Fªv°«ª§ªº²©R»â³S¤£¤@©w³q¾å¸gÀÙ¨Æ°È¡C¤ò¿AªF¤×¨ä¤£Ä@ª`N¸gÀ
µM¦Ó¡AºÉºÞ¦³¬Fªvªº¤£Ã©w©M¸gÀÙµo®iªº°_¥ñ¡A¤¤°ê¦b¤u¹A~¥Í²£¤WÁÙ¬O¨ú±o¤F¥¨¤jªº¶i¨B¡C¹A~ª
±q¹L¥h¤T¤Q¤¦~¤¤§l¨úªº±Ð°V¬O«Ü¦hªº¡Cº¥ý¡A¥²¶n¦³¬Fªv©MªÀ|Ã©w¡A¨Ï¬F©²±o¥H¶}®i¦³‾´§Çª
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.¡m¥@¬ö¤j¼f§P¡n (¥_¨Ê¡A1981¦~¡^¡C
2."R°ê¥D¸q¬O«Ø³]ªÀ|¥D¸qªº¥¨¤jºë‾«¤O¶q"¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1981¦~3¤ë19¤é¡C
3.Bonavia, David, Verdict in Peking: The Trial of the Gang of Four (London,
1984).
4.¡mÅv¤O¤£‾à¹L¥÷¶°¤¤©óÓ¤H¡n¡A¡m¬õºX¡n¡A1980¦~²Ä17´Á¡A²Ä5-8¶¡C¼¶½Z¤H¬°¸ÓÂø§Óªº¤@¦W‾S¬ù
5."¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ²Ä¤Q¤@©¡¤¤¥¡©eû|²Ä¤»¦¸¥þÅé|Ä³¤½³ø"¡A1981¦~6¤ë29¤é³q¹L¡ABeijing Review,
6.Hsiung, James C. (ed.)¡ASymposium¡G The Trial of the "Gang of Four" and Its Im
plication in China (Baltimore, 1981). Occasional Papers/Reprint Series in Contem
porary Asian Studies, University of Maryland, School of Law.
7.JÄ£¨¹¡G"¦b¼y‾¬¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¦¨¥ß¤»¤Q©P¦~¤j|¤WªºÁ¿¸Ü"¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n. 1981¦~7¤ë2¤é¡C
8.¶À§J¸Û¡G"¦p¦óµû»ù¤ò¿AªF¥D®u©M¤ò¿AªF«äQ"¡ABeijing Review, 17:15-23 (Apr. 27¡A 1981).
9.Johnson, Chalmers, "The Failure of Socialism in China," Issues &Studiesf X
V:7: 22-33 (July 1979).
10.Kallgren, Joyce K. (ed.), The People' Republic of China after Thirty Year
s: An Overview (Berkeley, 1979).
11.§õ¬xªL¡G"¬ì¾Ç©M°g«H"¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1978¦~10¤ë2¤é¡C
12.Li Hung-lin, ..Chinese Communist Party Is Capable of Correcting Its Mista
kes," Beijing Review, No. 25:17-20 (June 22, 1981).
13.Li, Victor H., Uw without Lawyers: A Comparative View in the United State
s and China (Boulder,1 978).
14."»â¾É¨î«×¥²¶§ï²"¡A¡m¬õºX¡n, 1980¦~²Ä17´Á¡A²Ä1-4¶¡C¥Ñ¸Ó¥Z‾S¬ùµû½×û¼¶½Z¡C
15.Liu, Kwang-ching, "World View and Peasant Rebellion: Reflections on Post-
Mao Historiography," The Journal of Asian Studies, XL:2:295-326 (Feb. 1981)¡C
16¡A¿c¤¤°í¡G"¤T¤Q¦~ªº±Ð°V"¡A¡mª§»ï¡nÂø§Ó¡A95´ä¡A²Ä24´Á¡A²Ä5-15¶¡A¡]1979¦~10 ¤ë1¤é¡^¡C
17.¾|»«¡G¡m<¤ò¿ï>¤¨÷À³í«¼f«½s¡n¡A¡mª§»ï¡nÂø§Ó,95´ä¡A²Ä24´Á¡A²Ä16-17¶ ¡]1979¦~10¤ë1
18.Morath, Inge, and Arthure Miller, Chinese Encounters (New York, 1979)¡C
19.Pye, Lucian W., Mao Tse-tung: The Man in the Leader (New York, 1976)¡C
20.¡mÃö©ó«Ø°ê¥H¨ÓÄÒªºY¤z¾ú¥v°ÝÃDªº¨MÄ³¡n¡A1981¦~6¤ë27¤é¦b¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ²Ä¤Q¤@©¡¤¤¥¡©eû|²
21.ªò¥É»Ê¡G¡m¸Õ½×¤¤¦@¬FÅv¦b¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤Wªº¥\¹L¡n¡A¡m®ü¥~¾Ç¤H¡n¡A»O¥_¡A²Ä99´Á¡A²Ä6-20¶¡]
22.¡mºÝ¥¿¸gÀÙ¤u§@ªº«ü¾É«äQ¡G½×¸gÀÙ«Ø³]¤¤ªº¥ª¶É¿ù»~¡n¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1981¦~4¤ë9¤é
23.Witke, Roxane, Comrade Chiang Ch 'ing (Boston, 1977). Yahuda, Michael, "P
olitical Generations in China," The China Quarterly, 80:793- 805 (Dec. 1979).
24.¡mn¤½¶}¦a¡B¬ì¾Ç¦aµû¤ò¡n¡A¡mª§»ï¡nÂø§Ó,95´ä¡A²Ä24´Á,²Ä4¶¡AªÀ½×(1979 ¦~10¤ë1¤é¡^¡C
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1¡m¤¤¥¡¤é³ø¡n¡A1980¦~11¤ë16¤é¡C®Ú¾Ú°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤è±ªº±M®a³ø§i¡C
2 ¦P¤Wª`¡A1980¦~8¤ë12¤é¡C±M®a³ø§i¡C
3 ¥]¬AµÛ¦WªÀ|¾Ç®a¶O§µ³q
4 ³o¤¦ì±Nx¬O¡G70³ªº¸Ñ©ñx«eÁ`°Ñ¿Ñªø¶À¥Ã³Ó¡F65³ªº«eªÅx¥q¥O§dªk¾Ë¡F66³ªº«e®üx¬F©e§õ§@Ä
5 °_¶D®Ñ¥þ¤å¥Zµn¦b¡m¥@¬ö¤j¼f§P¡n(¥_¨Ê¡A1981¦~)¡A²Ä18-26¡B49-98¶¡C
6 Ñ¬´³¡³¡ªø¬O±iÀM¤§¡C¤Q¤@¦W±Ð±Â©M¼B¤Ö©_ªº¼ô¤H¾D¨ü§é¿i¡A¨ä¤¤¤TÓ³Q¢®`P¦º¡C¡m¥@¬ö¤j¼f§P¡n¡
7 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä39¶¡C
8 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä105¶¡C
9 "¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ²Ä¤Q¤@©¡¤»¤¤¥þ|¤½³ø"¡A1981¦~6¤ë29¤é³q¹L¡CBeijing Review¡ANo¡O27¡G6-9(July 6¡A
10 ¤¤¤å¥»¡m¨MÄ³¡n¥Zµn¦b1981¦~7¤ë1¤éªº¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¤W¡C^¤å¥»¥i¨£©óBeijing
Review¡A¦P¤Wª`10-39¡C
11 JÄ£¨¹Á¿¸Üªº¤¤¤å¥»¥Zµn¦b1981¦~7¤ë2¤éªº¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¤W¡C
12 ¨ä¥¦¤H¦³³‾¹F©M§d´º¶W¡C
13 <ºÝ¥¿¸gÀÙ¤u§@ªº«ü¾É«äQ>¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡nªº‾S¬ùµû½×û¼¶¼g¡C¥Zµn¦b1981¦~4¤ë9¤éªº¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n
14 ¦P¤Wª`¡C
15 ¦P¤Wª`¡A1980¦~9¤ë18¤é¡A²Ä5ª©¡C
16¡m¬õºX¡nÂø§Óµû½×û¡G<¥²¶§ï²»â¾É¨î«×>¡A¡m¬õºX¡nÂø§Ó¡A1980¦~¡A²Ä17´Á¡A²Ä2-4¶¡C
17 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä5-8¶¡C
18 ¥þ¤å¥Zµn¦b1981¦~7¤ë2¤éªº¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¤W¡C
19 ¦¹¾Ú¤¤°êªÀ|¬ì¾Ç°|°|ªøJ³ì¤ìªºÆ[ÂI¡C°Ñ¨£¥Lªº¤å³¹"Observe Economic
Laws, Speed Up the Four Modernization," Peking Review,47¡G18-19(Nov¡O24¡A1978)¡O
20 ¿c¤¤°í¡G<¤T¤Q¦~ªº±Ð°V>¡A¡mª§»ï¡nÂø§Ó¡A95´ä¡A²Ä24´Á¡A²Ä8¡B11¶(1979¦~10¤ë1¤é)¡C
21 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä14¶¡C
22¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1979¦~7¤ë1¤é(ì®Ñª`¤é´Á¦³»~¡A¬G¥¼¬d¨ìì¤å¡A¤µ±q^¤å¦^Ä¶¡C_Ä¶ªÌ)¡C
23 Lu Chung-chien¡A6¡O
24 Xue Muqiao(ed¡O)¡AAlmanac of China's Economy, 1985¡þ1986(Hong Kong¡A1986)¡A26¡F°ê®a²Îp§
-13¡A1988¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
179
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤C³¹
«Ø³]¦³¤¤°ê‾S¦âªºªÀ|¥D¸q
1978¦~12¤ëªº¤¤¦@¤Q¤@©¡¤T¤¤¥þ|¡A¬O«á¤ò¿AªF®É¥N¤¤°ê¬Fªv©M¸gÀÙ¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº¤@Ó«n¸Ìµ{¸O¡C³o¦
1.¾H¤p¥ªººcQ
³Ìªì¡A¾H¤p¥¨Ã¨S¦³¤@ÓÁ`p¹º¡C¥L°¦¦³¤@ºØ°È¹êNÃÑ¡A¬°¤F‾à¨Ï§ï²¨ú±o¦¨¥\¡A¤¤°êªºªÀ|¥D¸q«
¦b¤T¤¤¥þ|³¬¹õ«áªº²Ä¤G¦~¡A¾H¤p¥³vº¥§âµo®i¤¤°êªº¥¼¨Óªºp¹º§ó²M´¤Æ¤F¡C1979¦~1 2¤ë¡A¨Ó³X
íµM¡An¹F¨ì³oÓ¥Ø¼Ð¡AŃ»Ýn¥þ°ê¤W¤Uªº¦@¦P§V¤O¡A»Ýn¥[³t¸gÀÙ¼Wªø¡A»Ýn§l¦¬¥~°êªº¸ê¥»¡B¬
¾H¤p¥¦V¤H¥Á«OÃÒ¡A¥LÌ¾á¤ß¶}©ñ±NN¨ýµÛ¸ê¥»¥D¸q«I»kªÀ|¥D¸qªºQªk¬O²@µL®Ú¾Úªº¡C¤¤°ê¸gÀÙª
¾H¤p¥«Ü²{¹ê¦a»{ÃÑ¨ì¡A¥þ°ê¤£¦P¦a°Ï¦³¤£¦Pªº¦ÛµM¸ê½©M¤H¤O¸ê½¡A¦]¦¹¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¨âÓ¦a°Ï¤§¶¡‾
¾H¤p¥¶V¨Ó¶V¬Û«H¡A¥Lªº¹ÚQ‾à°÷¹ê²{¡C1984¦~10¤ë1¤é¡A¦b¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¦¨¥ß¤T¤Q¤©P¦~¤§»Ú¡A
2.¹A~§ï²
¶Ç²Î¤W¡A¹A~¬O¤¤°ê°ê®a©M¸gÀÙªº°òÂ¦¡C¦]¦¹¡Aº¥ý¦b¹A~¤W¶i¦æ«¤j§ï²³Q»{¬°¬O¦ÜÃö«nªº¡C¦
¤H¤H³£ª¾¹D¡A¹ï®¶¿³¹A§ø¸gÀÙ³ÌÄY«ªº»ÙÃª¬O¤½ªÀ¨î«×¡C¥Ñ©ó¥¦¬O¤ò¿AªF¹A§ø¸gÀÙµ²ºc¤¤ªº¤ä¬W¡A¦
1978¦~12¤ëÄÒªº¤T¤¤¥þ|³q¹L¤F¤@¨ÇªGÂ_ªº¨M©w¡A¹ªÀyªö¥Î§ó¤jªºª«½è¨ë¿E¡A©ñªQ¦¹«e¤@ª½§ô¿£¹A
³d¥ô¨î¶}©l©ó1979¦~¡A1980-1981¦~¶¡³vº¥ÂX®i¨ì¦U¬Ù¡A1982-1983¦~¶¡³oÓ¶iµ{¥[³t¤F¡C¨ì1984¦~¡
¬F©²¤]¹ªÀy¹A§ø³Ò°ÊªÌ¶i¦æ²ø½[¡B¬¹‾b¡B®a¸V©Î¨ä¥¦¦UºØ°Æ~ªº±M~¤Æ¥Í²£¡C³o»P¤ò¿AªF¹ïÂ³¹¥Í²
¥]¤z³d¥ô¨î³vº¥¨ú¥N¤F¤½ªÀªºÂ¾‾à¡A³Ì«á¤½ªÀ¥þ³£À¸ñ¤F¡C¤µ¤Ñ¡A°¦³Ñ¤U«Ü¤Ö¤@¨Ç¼ËªO¤½ªÀ¡A§@¬°¾
¥Ñ©ó¹A~§ï²¡A¹A~²£¶q©M¥Í²£¤O³£«æ¼@´£°ª¤F¡C1987¦~¡A½_³Á²£¶q¤ñ¤½ªÀ¨î«×®É´Áªº²£¶q¼Wªø¤F5
¥Ñ¤W¥i¨£¡A¤½ªÀªº¸ÑÅé¨Ã¤£¬O¤@¤U¤l¹ê²{ªº¡A¦Ó¬O¸g¾ú¤F¤¦~ªº¹Lµ{¡C²{¦b¡A¤@ºØs«¬ªº"¶m¡Ð§ø¡Ð
¹A§ø§ï²ªºµ²ªG§¹¥þ¬OÓ©_¸ñ¡CÂ³¹¥Í²£ªº¦~¼Wªø²v±q1957-1978¦~¶¡ªº2.1%´£°ª¨ì¤F1979-1984¦~¶
¥Dn¹A²£«~²£¶q (³æ¦ì¡G¦Ê¸U¾)
1952¦~
1957¦~
1965¦~
1978¦~
1980¦~
1984¦~
1987¦~
Â³¹
163.42
195.05
194.53
304.77
320.56
407.31
402.41
´Öªá
1.30
1.64
2.09
2.16
2.07
3.25
4.19
ªo®Æ§@ª«
4.19
4.19
3.62
5.21
7.69
11.91
15.25
¥Ì½©
7.11
10.39
13.39
21.11
22.80
39.51
46.85
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡GXue Muqiao(ed¡O)¡AAlmanac of China's Economy,1985¡þ86(Hong Kong¡A1986)¡AP¡O19
88¡O
¹A~²£¥X¤è±ªº¥¨¤j¶i®i¡A¨Ï¤¤°ê±q¤@ÓÂ³¹²b¶i¤f°êÅÜ¦¨¨¦ª«¡B¤j¨§©Mì´Öªº¥X¤f°ê¡C1980-1984
¤½ªÀ¸Ñ´²«á¡A¤j®a¶V¨Ó¶V©¿µø¥H«e¥Ñ¤½ªÀ«O¾iªº¤j«¬¶µ¥Ø¡A¦p¾÷±ñ¤ÆÄéµ@ÅéÃ´©M§Q¥Î««¬©ì©Ô¾÷¥¾
¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¹A~°ÝÃD¡Cº¥ý¡AÁ}W¾Ä°«©Mª«½è¨ë¿E¬O¦³«×ªº¡F¹L¤F³oÓ«×¡AŃ¹F¨ì¤F¹¡©
§ó¥[²`¨èªº¬D¾Ô¬O¥¿¦b¥X²{ªº¤H¤fÃz¬µ¡A¥¦±N®ø‾Ó±¼¤j³¡¤À(§Y¨Ï¨Ã¤£¬O¥þ³¡)¼W¥[ªº¤u¹A~²£«~¡A±
ÁöµM¦³¦UºØ¦U¼Ë°ÝÃD¡A1986¦~ªºÂ³¹²£¶qÁÙ¬O¹F¨ì¤F3.9»õ¾¡A¤ñ1985¦~¼W¥[¤F¤@¤d¸U¾¡F1986¦~ªº
Á`¤§¡A¤¦~ªº¹A~§ï²ÄÀ©ñ¤F¹A~³¡ªùÁôÂÃªº¥¨¤jªº¼ç‾à¡A³o¹ªÀy¤F¬F©²µÛ¤â¦b«°¥«¦a°Ï¶}®i¤u~§
3.¤u~§ï²
1952¡Ð1983¦~¶¡¡A¤¤°êªº¤u~¼Wªø¬Ûí¥iÆ[¡A¥§¡¦~¼Wªø²v¬°9.8%¡C17¦ý¬O¡A³\¦h¦è¤è¸gÀÙ¾Ç®a©Òº
¦b³o¼Ëªº¨î«×¤U¡A¥ø~¤£ºÞ¥¦Ìªº~ÁZ¦p¦ó³£±o¨ì°ê®aªº¤ä«ù¡AÂ¾¤u¤£ºÞ¥LÌ¤u§@ªº½è¶q¦p¦ó¤]³£±
3.1²Ä¤@¶¥¬q 1978-1984¦~¶¡¤u~§ï²ªººë‾«¬O«sÂI¿U¤u§@¼ö±¡¡A¥R¤Àµo´§¤u¤Hªº¼ç¤O¡A"¬¡ÅD
1978-1979¦~¶¡¬O¶}©l®É´Á¡C¥|¤t©M¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç©wÂI¦a°Ïd°_¤F§Q¼í´£‾dp¹ºªº¹êÅç¡Cí¹êÅç¨ú±o¦¨¥\
¦b198l-1982¦~¶¡¡A¹ï§Q¼í´£‾d¨î«×§@¤F¶i¤@¨Bªº§¹µ½¡A¤¹³\¥ø~´£‾d¶W¥X«ü¼Ð¥H¤Wªº§ó¤jÃB«×ªº§Q
³d¥ô¨îªº¤@Óª½±µªº®ÄÀ³¬O°ê®a±q¥ø~¦¬¨úªº¸êª÷¤j¤j´î¤Ö¡A¥ø~©M¦a¤è«O‾dªº¸êª÷«h¬ÛÀ³¼W¥[¡A³
1983¦~6¤ë1¤é¡A¬F©²±À¥X¤F"¥Hµ|¥N§Q"¬Fµ¦¡C¤j¤¤«¬¥ø~n¨D±N¨ä55%ªº§Q¼í¥æ§@µ|¦¬¡A¤p¥ø~«h«ö
¦b¦@²£¥D¸q¨î«×¤U©º¦¬©Ò±oµ|¬O¤@Ó¹º®É¥Nªº¨Æ¥ó¡C¦b¥H«e¡A¤u¼t§@¬°¤½¦@°]²£¡A¤£»Ýn¥I¤g¦a‾²ª
³o¨Çsªº±¹¬I½T¹ê±a¨Ó¤F¤u~³¡ªùªº§ïµ½¡AÅé²{¬°§ó°ªªº¥Í¬¡¤ô¥¡Bsªº°Ó~¬õ§Q©M¤j¿³¤g¤ìªº´º¹
¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº³ÌÅãµÛµ²ªG¡A¤]³\¬O¦b«°¥«©M¹A§ø¦a°Ï¨pÀç¥ø~©M¦Û¥Ñ¥«³õªº¼h¥X¤£½a¡C¨pÀç¥ø~±q197
«°¥«¸gÀÙ§ï²©Ò‾A¤Îªº³Ì±ÓP°ÝÃD¡A¬O¤Þ¶i¤F¤@®M²Å¦X²{¹êªº»ù®æÅéÃ´¡A¥¦±N³Ì²×±Æ°£¬F©²¹ï®ø¶O«
1979-1984¦~ªº«°¥«§ï²¨Ã¨S¦³«ü±æ«Ø¥ß¤@ºØ¦Û¥Ñªº¥«³õÅéÃ´¡C¥¦Ì¶È¶È¬O¤@¨Ç¤C«÷¤K´êªº¤è®×¡A¦®
3.2²Ä¤G¶¥¬q ¹A~§ï²ªº¦¨¥\©M¤u~³¡ªù¨ú±oªº¶i®i¨Ï¤¤¦@±o¨ì¤F¹ªÀy¡C1984¦~10¤ë20¤é¡A¤¤¦@
ÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¦³§Qªºµo®i¥[±j¤F¤¤°êsªº¦Û«H¤ß¡C³oŃ¬O»P^°ê¶i¦æªºÃö©ó95´ä¦^Âkªº¦¨¥\½Í§P¡C¤¤^¨
ìD©ó‾²É¦aªº‾²´Á§Y±N¨ì´Á¡A¤¤^¨â°ê³£´Á«Ý½Í§´¤@¶µ¤Íµ½ªº¨ó©w¡C^°ê¤è±§Æ±æ¦b1997¦~¥H«á«O‾
1984¦~10¤ë³o¶µ¨óÄ³ªº‾óÃ±©M¦P¦~12¤ë¼»¤Áº¸º¬Û»P»‾µµ¶§Á`²z¥¿¦¡Ã±q¸Ó¨óÄ³¡A¼Ð§ÓµÛ¤¤°ê¨ú±o¤
¥¿¬O¦b³o¼Ë¤@ºØ²§±`´r®®ªº®ðª^¤¤¡A²Ä¤G¶¥¬qªº«°¥«§ï²µo°_¤F¡C²{¦sªº¸gÀÙ¨s³º¦³¤°»ò°ÝÃD»‾µµ¶
»‾µµ¶§µ¹¸gÀÙ¿é¤J¬¡¤Oªº¤èªk¬O©ñªQ°ê®a¹ï¤j¤¤«¬¥ø~ªº±±¨î¡C¤½¦³¨î¤£¤@©wµ¥©ó°ê®aªºª½±µ±±¨î¡
§ÚÌ¥²¶¬ð‾}§âp¹º¸gÀÙ¦P°Ó«~¸gÀÙ¹ï¥ß°_¨Óªº¶Ç²ÎÆ[©À¡A©ú½T»{ÃÑªÀ|¥D¸qp¹º¸gÀÙ¥²¶¦ÛÄ±¨Ì¾
»‾µµ¶§»{¬°¡A³v¨B©ñªQ»ù®æ±±¨î¬O«°¥«¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº®Ö¤ß¡A¦]¬°¥¦±N¨Ï°ê®a‾à°÷¨ú®ø¸É¶K¡A¨ÃÅý»ù®æ®
»‾µµ¶§«Å¥¬¡A§â"¦@¦PÍ¸Î"»P"©Ò¦³¤H¥H¦P¼Ë³t«×Àò¨ú¥µ¥°]Í"µ¥¦P°_¨Ó¤£¶È¬O¤£¥i‾àªº¡A¦Ó¥B¤]±
³Ì«á¡A»‾µµ¶§ÃÙ¦¨Ä~Äòµo®i¨p¦³¥ø~¥H¸É¥R¤½¦³¨î¡A¨ÃÃÙ¦¨±N¤¤¤p«¬°êÀç¥ø~‾²¸î©Î©Ó¥]µ¹¨p¤H¸gÀ
Ń¦b³o¶µ¨M©w³Q³q¹Lªº¦P®É¡A¸gÀÙÄ~Äò¦V«eÁÚ¶i¡C1978¦~¨ì1986¦~¶¡¡A¤u¹A~¥Í²£Á`È¥H¨C¦~10%ªº
µM¦Ó¡A³o¼Ëªºµo®i³t«×ÅãµM¤£‾à«ùÄò¡A¥¦¤Þ°_¤F«Ø¿v§÷®Æªºµu‾Ê¡B®ö¶O¡B²V¶Ã©M»ù®æ¸º¦¡C¥Ñ©ó¦³¦
¹L¼öªº¸gÀÙ¹ï°ê®aªºªø»§Q‾q²£¥Í¤F³\¦ht±¼vÅT¡C¥H¤U¬O³Ì©úÅãªº¼vÅT¡G
1¡O1978-1985¦~¶¡°ê®a¹wºâ¨ª¦r°ª¹F¤@¤d»õ¤¸¤H¥Á¹ô¡A¥Dn¬O¥Ñ©ó¹L¤Àªº§ë¸ê©M¤j¶qªº¸É¶K¡C
2¡O1985¦~©M1986¦~ªº¶T©ö°f®t¹F280»õ¬ü¤¸¡C
3¡O³q³f¿±µÈ²v°ª©~¤£¤U¡A1985¦~¬°12.5%¡A1986¦~¬°7%¡A1987¦~¬°8%¡A¦Ó«D©x¤è¼Æ¦r«h¦ôp¨C¦~¬°15-20
4¡O¸gÀÙ¥Ç¸o©M»G±Ñ¾î¦æ¡A¤×¨ä¬Oµo¥Í¦b°ª‾Å¤z³¡ªº¤l¤k©M¿Ë±¤¤¶¡¡A¥LÌ§Q¥Î¦Û¤vªº‾S®í¦a¦ì¤jd«à¨p
5¡O1986¦~@¥Î®ø¶O«~µo®i¤Ó§Ö¡A¦p¬~¦ç¾÷(900¸U»O)¡B¹q®° (3,300¸U»O)¡B¹q¦B½c(285¸U»O)µ¥¡C
6¡O°ò¥»‾à½¨ÑÀ³¼Wªø½wºC(1986¦~¼Wªø²v¬°2.9%)¡AµLªk¤ä«ù¨³³t¼Wªøªº¤u~µo®i(9.2%)»Ý¨D¡A¤Þ°_¤F‾à
7¡O¶m§ø¤u~µo®i¨³³t¡A1985¦~¹F¨ì82¸U®a¡AÁ`²£È¹F1,375»õ¤¸¤H¥Á¹ô¡A¥e¤u~Á`²£Èªº«5.7%¡C¦ý¹A§
8¡O¥Ñ©ó¤u~¥Î¦aªº¼W¥[¡Bs«Ø¦í©Ð©M¨C¦~1,400¸U¤H¤fªº¼Wªø¡A‾Ñ¦a±¿n¥H¨C¦~2,000¸U‾a©Î329¸U^‾aª
±¹ï¨³³t¤u~¤ÆªºÄY«°ÝÃD¡A«O¦u¬£»â¾É¤H¦b¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº¤è¦V¡B³t«×©M³W¼Òµ¥°ÝÃD¤W»P¹ê¤z¬£µo¥Í¤
¥Dn¤u~ªº²£¶q
1952¦~
1957¦~
1965¦~
1978¦~
1981¦~
1984¦~
1987¦~
Ñ(»õ¾)
0.66
1.31
2.36
6.18
6.22
7.89
9.20
ìªo(¦Ê¸U¾)
0.14
1.46
11.31
104.05
101.22
114.61
134.00
¤ÑµM®ð(»õ¥ß¤è¦Ì)
0.08
0.7
11.00
137.30
127.40
124.30
140.15
¹q¤O(¤Q»õ¤d¥Ë)
7.3
19.3
67.6
256.6
309.3
377.0
496.0
¿û§÷¨î«~(¦Ê¸U¾)
1.06
4.15
8.81
22.08
26.70
33.72
43.91
¿û(¦Ê¸U¾)
1.35
5.35
12.23
31.78
35.60
43.47
56.02
¥ÍÅK(¦Ê¸U¾)
1.93
5.94
10.77
34.79
34.17
40.01
54.33
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡G¡m¦~ìD¡n¡A²Ä26¶¡F°ê®a²Îp§½¡A1988¦~2¤ë23 ¤é¡ABeijing Review¡AMarch 7-13¡A1988¡F¡
¦ý¬O¡AºòÁY¬Fµ¦µLªkªý¤î¸gÀÙµo®iªººD©Ê¡C1987¦~¡A¹A~²£È¤ñ¤W¦~ªº4,447»õ¤¸¤H¥Á¹ô¤S¼Wªø¤F4.
4.¹ï¥~¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦
¦b¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°êªº³Ìªì¤Q¦~(1949--1959¦~)¤¤¡A¤¤°ê°¦»PÄ¬Áp¤Î¨äªF¼Ú½Ã¬P°ê«O«ù¥~¥æ©M¶T©öÃöÃ
1978¦~¥H«á¹ï¥~¶T©öªº¨³³t¼Wªø¬O¥Ñ©ó1978¦~12¤ëÄÒªº¤Q¤@©¡¤T¤¤¥þ|ªö¨úªº¹ï¥~¶}©ñs¬Fµ¦¡C¥¦»
¤é¥»¡B95´ä¡B¬ü°ê©M¦è¼w¬O¤¤°ê³Ì¤jªº¶T©ö¥ë¦ñ¡C1983¦~¡A¤é¥»ªº¹ïµØ¶T©ö¥÷ÃB¹F97.64»õ¬ü¤¸¡A95
¥Ñ©ó¦a²zªº±µªñ©M¬YºØµ{«×¤W¤å¤Æªº¬Û³q¡A¤é¥»»P¤¤°ê¨ã¦³¤@ºØ‾S®íªºÃöÃ´¡C³o¨Ï¤é¥»¤H‾à°÷¤ñ¨ä¥
¥~¶Tp¹ºªº¥Dn¥Ø¼Ð¬O¿n²Ö¨¬°÷ªº¥~J¥H¼W¥[²{¥N¤Æ©Ò»Ýªº¸êª÷¡C¬°¤F¼W±j²£«~ªºÄvª§¤O¡A¤¤°ê¤H¨
³q¹LÄY®æ±±¨î¥~J¡BÂX¤j¥X¤f©M¨î¶i¤f¡A¤¤°êÃ¨B¦a¿n²Ö°_¤F¤@µ§¥~JÀx³Æ¡Cí¤¤°ê¹J¨ì¦è¤è°w¹
¤¤°ê¥~¶TÅé¨îªº¤@Ó«ùÄòªº§xÃø¬O¥¦ªº°ê¤º»ù®æÅéÃ´¤£¦X²z¡C¤¤°êªº°ê¤º»ù®æ»P¥@¬É»ù®æ²æy¡CÁöµ
¥~¶T¬Õ§Qªº¤@Ó¤£´Á¦ÓµMªº¨Ó½¡A¬O³q¹L¥_´ÂÂA©M®J¤Î¦V¤¤ªF°ê®a¥X°âx¤õ¡A³o¶µ¥X¤f±q1980¦~ªº´
°£¤F1981-1983¦~¶¡ªººòÁY¬Fµ¦´Á¶¡¸ê¥»³fª«¶i¤f¤U°¥H¥~¡A¤¤°êªº¹ï¥~¶T©ö¨C¦~³£¦b¼Wªø¡A¶i¤f¦~
¬°¤F§l¤Þ¥~°ê¸ê¥»©M§ë¸ê¡A¤¤°êªö¨ú¤F¤@¨Ç§ïµ½§ë¸êÀô¹Òªº±¹¬I¡C¥H¤U¬O¤@¨Ç¤ñ¸ûÅãµÛªº¨BÆJ¡G
1¡O1979¦~¦b²`¦`¡B‾]®ü(¾aªñ¼s¦{ªº‾]¦¿¤T¨¤¬w¹ï©¤)¡B¦ÂÀY (¼sªF¬Ù¥_³¡ªu®ü)©MHªù(ºÖ«Ø«n³¡ªu®ü)¶
2¡O1984¦~±Nªu®ü¤Q¥|Ó¦a¤è©M®ü«n®q¦V¥~°ê§ë¸ê¶}©ñ¡A¦bµ|¦¬©M¶i¤f¶}µ|¤è±µ¹»PÀu´f±ø¥ó¡C
3¡O¦b°ê»Ú|Ä³¤W¬°¤@¨Ç»Ýn¥~°ê«t¸ß¡B¸ê¥»¡B³]³Æ¡BºÞ²z©M¥«³õªº¶µ¥Ø°µ¼s§i¡C
4¡O¤¹³\¦a¤èí§½¥i¤£¸g¤¤¥¡¬F©²¦PN§Y¬¢½Í¥~°ê§ë¸ê¨Æ©y¡A³o¾ÉP¤F¥~°ê¨ÑÀ³ªº¶i¤fÆJ¼W--¿ûÅK¡B¦³¦â
5¡O³q¹L¤F¦³Ãöµ|¦¬¡B¶Å°È¡B±M§Q«OÅ@©M¥~°ê°Ó¼Ðµ¥¨Æ°Èªºªk«ß©M³W³¹¡C
6¡OÂç©w¤F¥òµôµ{§Ç¡B³Ò°Ê¤O¸ÉÀv¡B¥~°ê§Q¼íªðÁÙµ¥¨Æ¶µ¡C46
¤¤°ê¦b§l¤Þ¥~°ê§ë¸ê¤è±ªº¦¨¥\¬O«Ü¦³ªº¡C¨ì1983¦~©³¡A°¦¦³188®a"ªÑ¥÷¨î"©M1,047®a"¦X¦P¨î"¤
¥~°ê¤Hµo²{¤¤°êªºÀô¹Ò¤£¤Ó¦³§Q©ó§ë¸ê¡CÄ~Äò¤£Â_ªº½Í§P©M©x¹±¦¡ªº©ìÌî‾ÓºÉ¤F¤Hªº@©Ê¡A°Ó°È©M©
4.1¤¤¤é¶T©ö §@¬°¤¤°ê¥Dnªº¶T©ö¥ë¦ñ¡A¤é¥»¬O²{¥N¤Æ¤u¼t³]³Æ¥H¤Î°]¬F©M§Þ³N´©§Uªº³Ì¤j´£¨Ñ
¤é¥»¦V¤¤°êªº¥X¤f¥Dn¬Oª÷ÄÝ©Mª÷ÄÝ¨î«~(ÅK©M¿û)¡A¥¦Ì¦b1983¦~¥e¤é¥»¥X¤fÁ`ÃBªº49.6%¡F««¬¾÷
¤é¥»¦b¤¤°ê¨ú±o¦¨¥\ªºì¦]¦³¡G(1)¦a²z¦ì¸mªº±µªñ¡A°§C¤F¹B¿é¶O¥Î--ªF¨Ê¨ì¤W®ü¤ñ¨ìÂÂª÷¤sªñ¤
¦ý¬O¡AºÉºÞ¦³³o¨ÇÀu¶Õ¡A¤é¥»¨Ã¨S‾à¨ú±oµ´¹ïªº¦¨¥\¡C¤¤°ê¤H¸g±`©ê«è¤é¥»²£«~"½è¶q¸û¦¸"¬Æ¦Ü«Ü®
1979-92¦~ªº¤¤¤é¶T©ö(³æ¦ì¡G¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸)
¤¤°êªº¥X¤f
¤¤°êªº¶i¤f
¤¤°êªº¶T©ö¥¿Å
1979¦~
2,954
3,698
-744
1980¦~
4,323
5,078
-755
1981¦~
5,291
5,097
+194
1982¦~
5,352
3,510
+1,842
1983¦~
5,087
4,912
+175
1984¦~
5,155
8,057
-2,902
1985¦~
6.091
15,178
-9,087
1986¦~
5,079
12,461
-7,384
1987¦~
6,392
10,087
-3,695
1988¦~
8,046
11,062
-3,016
1989¦~
8,395
10,534
-2,139
1990¦~
9,210
7,656
+1,554
1991¦~
10,265
10,079
+186
1992¦~
17,000(¦ôp)
12,000(¦ôp)
+5,000(¦ôp)
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡GInternational Monetary Fund¡ADirection of Trade Statistics Yearbook,1992(Washingt
¤¤¤é¦V¤é¥»¥X¤f°Ó«~¤ÀÃþ²Îpªí¡A1980-83¦~(³æ¦ì¡G¤d¬ü¤¸)
³fÃþ
1980¦~
1981¦~
1982¦~
1983¦~
1983¦~¥÷ÃB(%)
°Êª«¨î«~
297,108
316,311
272,910
262,467
5.2
³½©M¨©Ãþ
181,979
188,042
138,042
131,314
2.6
½µæ¨î«~
321,623
407,377
377,977
484,236
9.5
Äq²£«~
2,514,233
3,060,980
3,212,072
2,926,877
57.5
Ñ
116,519
188,676
212,536
212,958
4.2
ìªo
1,949,172
2,332,960
2,340,918
2,080,959
40.9
‾¼Â´«~
682,967
691,504
722,582
806,577
15.9
µº÷
171,611
116,587
153,262
158,487
3.1
´Ö‾¼Â´«~
92,180
115,865
118,248
140,121
2.8
ªA¸Ë
230,704
242,748
263,896
270,895
5.3
¨ä¥¦
507,443
815,628
766,876
607,200
11.9
Á`p
4,323,374
5,291,800
5,352,417
5,087,356
100.0¤é¥»¦V¤¤°ê¥X¤f°Ó«~¤ÀÃþ²Îpªí¡A1980-83¦~ (³æ¦ì¡G¤d¬ü¤¸)
³fÃþ
1980¦~
1981¦~
1982¦~
1983¦~
1983¦~¥÷ÃB(%)
¤Æ¾Ç²£«~
575,416
559,599
512,139
539,674
11.0
¤ÆªÎ
244,476
213,120
84,712
17,509
0.4
ª÷ÄÝ¤Î¨î«~
1,686,655
1,255,421
1,355,788
2,434,133
49.6
ÅK©M»É¤Î¨î«~
1,618,233
1,197,407
1,292,616
2,253,334
45.9
¾÷±ñ©M¾÷±ñ»ö¾¹
2,154,309
2,440,450
1,007,491
1,399,656
28.5
´¶³q¾÷±ñ
1,164,226
1,440,696
399,967
545,107
11.1
¹q¾÷
422,428
554,861
203,868
264,502
5.4
¹B¿é¾÷±ñ
426,746
225,294
309,836
320,580
6.5
¥ú¾Ç©Mºë±K»ö¾¹
140,909
219,599
163,820
269,466
5.5
‾¼Â´«~
403,900
599,233
368,220
286,567
5.8
¤â¤uÂ´«~
156,127
201,815
115,869
81,997
1.7
¨ä¥¦
258,055
242,486
197,817
252,304
5.2
Á`¥X¤f
5,078,335
5,097,189
3,510,825
4,912,334
100.0
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡GU¡OS¡OCongress¡AChina's Economy Looks Toward the Year 2000 (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O198
¤¤¬ü¶T©ö ¬ü°ê¤H¨S¦³¤é¥»¤H¨º¼ËªºÀu¶Õ¡A¦ý¥LÌ¦b¤¤°ê¤H¤¤¶¡¾Ö¦³¥¨¤jªº¦nP¡C¤¤°ê¤H³ßÅw¬ü°
ÀHµÛ¤¤°ê±À¶i²{¥N¤Æ¶iµ{¡A»Ýnsªº¤uÃÀ¤ô¥¡A¤]»Ýn¤ÆªÎ¡B¤Æ¾Ç«~©M¤ì§÷¨î«~¡C¤¤°êªº¤T¤Q¸U®a°
¤¤¬üÂù¤èªÖ©w³£P¨ì¶T©ö¤¤¦s¦b¤£´r§Ö©M®À§é¡C¬ü°ê¤H¤£º¡ªº¬O½Í§P¤¤¦ü¥G¨S§¹¨S¤Fªº©ì©µ¡A‾Ê¥FÂ
1972-92¦~ªº¤¤¬ü¶T©ö(³æ¦ì¡G¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸)
¤¤°êªº¥X¤f
¤¤°êªº¶i¤f
¤¤°êªº¥X¶W©Î¤J¶W
1972¦~
32
60
-28
1973¦~
61
741
-680
1974¦~
112
819
-707
1975¦~
156
304
-148
1976¦~
202
135
+67
1977¦~
203
171
+32
1978¦~
324
865
-541
1979¦~
594
1,724
-1,130
1980¦~
1,059
3,755
-2,696
1981¦~
1,875
3,603
-1,728
1982¦~
2,275
2,912
-637
1983¦~
2,244
2,173
+71
1984¦~
3,065
3,004
+61
1985¦~
3,865
3,856
+6
1986¦~
4,771
3,106
+1,665
1987¦~
6,293
3,497
+2,796
1988¦~
8,511
5,021
+3,490
1989¦~
11,990
5,755
+6,235
1990¦~
15,237
4,806
+10,431
1991¦~
18,969
6,278
+12,691
1992¦~
25,728
7,418
+18,309
1993¦~
31,530
8,760
+22,770
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡G1972-82¦~ªº¼Æ¾Ú¥X¦ÛChina's Economy Looks Toward the Year2000 (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡
lights¡AU¡OS¡ODepartment of Commerce¡AInternational Trade Administration¡A1989 and June 19
93¡O
¤¤°ê¦V¬ü°êªº¥Dn¥X¤f(³æ¦ì¡G¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸¡A¥æ³f»ù)
1983¦~
1984¦~¤W¥b¦~
³fÃþ
»ùÈ
¥÷ÃB(%)
»ùÈ
¥÷ÃB(%)
Á`ÃB
2,244
100.0
1¡A482
100.0
¨î³y«~
1,026
45.7
689
46.5
ªA¸Ë©M¤p¹¢¥ó
774
34.5
499
33.7
¬h±ø½sÂ´«~©MÄxµ¨
58
2.6
35
2.4
¾cÃþ
34
1.5
24
1.6
¿U®Æ
430
19.2
263
17.7
¨Tªo
309
13.8
149
10.1
ìªo
79
3.5
62
4.2
¥b¦¨«~
390
17.4
272
18.4
‾¼‾½¥¬
241
10.7
184
¤Æ¾Ç«~¤Î¬ÛÃö¨î«~
131
5.8
79
5.3
Ïªá
29
1.3
19
1.3
ÃÄ¾‾
25
1.1
13
0.9
¹«~
112
5.0
78
5.3
Åø¸Ë½µæ
34
1.5
30
2.0
‾ù¸
10
0.4
8
0.5
ì§÷®Æ
97
4.3
55
3.7
¾X²¸»ÄÆQ©MºÒ»ÄÆQ
26
1.2
14
0.9
¦Ðµ³©M¦Ð¤ò
8
0.3
6
0.4
¾÷±ñ¡B¹B¿é³]³Æ
42
1.9
29
2.0
Âø³f
10
0.5
12
0.8
¶¼®Æ©MÏ‾ó
4
0.2
2
0.1
°à°s
2
0.1
1
0.1
°Êª«‾×ªÕ¡þ´Óª«ªo
2
0.1
2
0.1
¬ü°êªº¥Dn¶i¤f
¡]³æ¦ì¡G¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸¡A¥æ³f»ù¡^
1983¦~ 1984¦~¤W¥b¦~
³fÃB »ùÈ ¥÷ÃB¡]%¡^ »ùÈ ¥÷ÃB¡]%¡^
Á`ÃB 2173 100.0 1162 100.0
¾÷±ñ©M¹B¿é³]³Æ 586 27.0 284 24.4
¸¾÷©M³¡¥ó 235 10.8 49 4.2
«Ø¿v©MªöÄq³]³Æ 52 2.4 45 3.9
¿ì¤½³]³Æ 52 2.4 34 2.9
¹«~ 541 24.9 284 24.4
¨¦ª« 536 24.7 283 24.4
¤Æ¾Ç«~ 354 16.3 265 22.8
¤ÆªÎ 468 7.7 119 10.2
¶ì®Æ 92 4.2 73 6.3
ì§÷®Æ 300 13.8 173 14.9
ªQ¤ì 228 10.5 129 11.1
¨î¦¨«~ 220 10. 1 61 5.2
¾T¨î«~ 87 4.0 3 0.3
‾È±i 41 1.9 22 1.9
Âø³f 172 7.9 94 8.1
¹q¤l»öªí¡B»»±±¾¹ 92 4.2 46 4.0
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡GU.S. Congress, China's Economy Looks Toward the Year 2000 (Washington, D.C., 19
, 336-40.
5.¥¼¨Óµo®i«e´º
§ï²¶}©ñªº¸gÀÙ©M§Þ³N®Ä‾q¬O¦³¥Ø¦@¸@ªº¡C¹A§ø¦a°Ï¤£Â_Ácºa¡A¹A¥Áªº¥Í¬¡¤ô¥¤j¤j´£°ª¡C«°¥«¥Í¬
±q²Îp¾Çªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o¼Ëªº¹w¨¥¬O¦³¹D²zªº¡C¦b¶i¤J§ï²¤Q¦~¥H«á¡A¤¤°êªº¸gÀÙ«ü¼ÆÄ~ÄòÄÆ¤É¡A¨
ÀHµÛ§ï²¶}©ñªº¤Q¦~Á{ªñ§ÀÁn¡A¥X²{¤F¤@¨Ç¤£²»ªº©º¥ü¡GNÃÑ§ÎºA²V¶Ã¡A¸gÀÙ¥¢¿Å¡AªÀ|¤£¦w©w¡A¹
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.¡m¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬F©²©M¤j¤£¦CÄA¤Î¥_Rº¸ÄõÁp¦X¤ý°ê¬F©²Ãö©ó95´ä°ÝÃDªºÁp¦XÁn©ú¡n¡A95´ä¡A1
2.Bannister, Judith. China's Changing Population (Stanford, 1987).
3.Bums, John P.. Policy Conflicts in Post-Mao China (Armdnk. N.Y.. 1986).
4.Bamett, A. Doak, and Ralph N. Clough (eds.). Modernizing China: Post-MaoRe
form and Development (Boulder. 1985).
5.»‾µµ¶§¡G"í«eªº¸gÀÙ§Î¶Õ©M¸gÀÙÅé¨î§ï²"¡A1985¦~3¤ë27¤é¦b²Ä¤»¦¸¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|¤Wªº³ø Ã
6.Chen, Nai-Ruenn, and Jeffrey Lee. China's Economy and Foreign Trade{Washin
gton. D.C, 1984), Dept. of Commerce report.
7.China: Economic Policy and Performance in 1987 (Washington, D.C, 1988). A
report by the Central Intelligence Agency presented to the Subcommittee onNation
al Security Economics of the Joint Economic Committee. U.S. Congress.
8.China: Umg-Term Development Issues and Options (Washington, D.C, 1985).The
World Bank report.
9."China and India: Two Billion People Discover the Joys of the Market," The
Economist, Dec. 21, 1985. 65-70.
10.China's Economy Looks Toward the Year 2000, Joint Economic Committee, U.S
.Congress (Washington. D. C. 1986). 2 vols.
11. Ching, Frank, Hong Kong and China: For Belter or for Worse (New York,198
5).
12.Chiu. Hungdah, Y. C. Jao, and Yuan-1 i Wu (eds.). The Future of Hong Kong
: Toward1997 and Beyond (New York. 1987).
13.Chow, Gregory C, The Chinese Economy (Hong Kong, 1986).
14.Cremer, R. (ed.). Macau. City of Commerce and Culture {Hong Kong. 1987).
15. Croll. Elisabeth, The Family Rice Bowl (Geneva and London, 1983).
16.Goodman. David S. G.¡ADens Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political
Biography (New York, 1995).
17.Griffin, Keith (ed.), Institutional Reform and Economic Development in th
e Chinese Countryside (Hong Kong, 1986).
18.Hinton, William, Shenfan: The Continuing Revolution in a Chinese Village
(New York, 1984).
19.Ho, Samuel R S,, and Ralph W. Huenemann, China's Open Door Policy: The Qu
est for Foreign Technology and Capital (Vancouver, 1984).
20.Ikels¡ACharlotte, The Return of the God of Wealth: The Transition to a Mark
et Economy in Urban China (Stanford, 1996).
21.Ishikawa, Shigeru, "Sino-Japanese Economic Cooperation," The China Quarte
rly, 109:1-21 (March 1987).
22.Jao¡AY. C., and C. K. Leung (eds.), China's Special Economic Zones: Problem
s and Prospects (New York, 1986).
23.Joffe, Ellis, The Chinese Army After Mao (Cambridge, Mass.¡A 1987).
24.Kelley, Ian, Hong Kong: A Political-Geographic Analysis (Honolulu, 1986).
25.Kirby, Richard J. R., Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Develo
ping Economy, 1949-2000 A.D. (New York, 1985).
26.Lardy, Nicholas R., Agriculture in China fs Modern Economic Development (
New York, 1983).
27.Lee, Ching Hua (Patrick), Deng Xiaoping: The Marxist Road to the Forbidde
n City(m5).
28.Leeming, Frank, Rural China Today (New York, 1985),
29.Madsen, Richard, Morality and Power in a Chinese Village (Berkeley, 1986)
.
30.Mathur, Ike, and Chen Jai-sheng, Strategies for Joint Ventures in the Peo
ple's Republic of China (New York, 1987).
31.Naughton, Barry, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978-
J993 (Cambridge, 1995).
32.Parish, William L. (ed,), Chinese Rural Development: The Great Transforma
tion (Armonk,N.Y.,1985).
33.Perkins, Dwight¡Aand Shahid Yusuf, Rural Development in China (Baltimore, 1
984).
34.Perkins, Dwight H., China: Asia's Next Economic Giant (Seattle, 1986).
35.Perry, Elizabeth J.¡A and Christine Wong (eds.), The Political Economy of R
eform in Post-Mao China (Cambridge, Mass., 1985).
36.Rabushka, Alvin¡AForecasting Political Events: Future of Hong Kong (New Hav
en, 19S6).
37.Saith, AshwMii (ed.), The Re-emergence of the Chinese Peasantry: Aspects
of Rural Decollectivisation (London, 1987),
38.Shaw¡AYu-ming (ed.), Mainland China: Politics, Economics, and Reform (Bould
er, 1985).
39.Starr, John B. (ed.), The Future of U.S.-China Relations (New York, 1984)
,
40.Stavis, Benedict, The Politics of Agricultural Mechanization in China (It
haca, N.Y., 1978).
41.Stephan, John I., and V. P. Chichkanov (eds.), Soviet-American Horizons o
n the Pacific (Honolulu, 1986).
42.Tam, On Kit, China's Agricultural Modernization: The Socialist Mechanizat
ion Scheme (Dover, N.R¡A1985).
43.¾H¤p¥¡G¡m«Ø³]¦³¤¤°ê‾S¦âªºªÀ|¥D¸q¡n(¥_¨Ê¡A1985¦~¡^¡C
44.The Chinese People's Liberation Army 60 Years On: Transition towards a Ne
w Era, four articles, The Chinese Quarterly, 112:541-630 (Dec. 1987).
45.Tsao¡AJames T. H.¡AChina's Development Strategies arid Foreign Trade (Lexingt
on, Mass., 1987).
46.Tsou, Tang, The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Pe
rspective (Chicago, 1986).
47.Wesley-Smith, Peter, Unequal Treaty, 1898-1997: China, Great Britain, and
Hong Kong's New Territories (New York, 1984).
48.Wik, Philip, How to Do Business with the Peopled Republic of China (Engle
wood Cliffs, N. J., 1984).
49.Youngson, A. J. (ed.), China and Hong Kong: An Economic Nexus (New York,
19B5).
50.Zweig, David, "Prosperity and Conflict in Post-Mao Rural China," The Chin
a Quarterly, 105:1-18 (March 1986).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Teng Hsiao-p'ing¡ABuilding Socialism with Chinese
Characteristics( Peking, Foreign Languages Press¡A1985)¡A35-40¡A49-52¡A58-59¡A70-73¡O
2 ¦P¤Wª`¡A61¡C
3 ¦P¤Wª`¡A62¡C
4 ¦P¤Wª`¡A53¡C
5 China¡GLong-Term Development Issues and Options (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡AThe World Bank¡A1985
6 Nicholas R¡OLardy, "Overview, Agriculture Reform and the Rural Economy," China's
Economy Looks Toward the Year 2000, Joint Economic Committee¡ACongress of the Uni
ted States(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1986)¡AVol¡OI¡AThe Four Modernizations¡A325¡A331¡O
7 Frederick W. Crook¡A"The Reform of Commune System and the Rise of the Township-C
ollective-Household System," China's Economy Looks Toward Ihe Year 2000, Vol¡OI¡O362
-362¡O
8 Crook¡A370¡O
9 Los Angeles Times¡ANov¡O25¡A1987¡O
10 Crook¡A364-65¡A368-69¡O
11 Frederick M¡OSuris¡A"China'S Agriculture in the Eighties," China's Economy Looks
Toward the Year 2000¡AVol¡OI¡A338¡O
12 Lardy¡A327¡O
13 ¦P¤Wª`¡A328-330¡C¬F©²¦¬ÁÊ»ù¦b1979¦~´£°ª¤F22.1%¡A1980¦~´£°ª¤F7.1%¡A1981¦~´£°ª¤F5.9%¡A1982
981-85(U¡OS¡ODept¡Oof Commerce¡A1984)¡A6¡O
14 Lardy¡A333¡O
15 ¤W®ü¡m¸gÀÙ¾Ç©P³ø¡n¡A1986¦~7¤ë20¤é¡CÃö©ó¹«~°ÝÃDªº¤å³¹¡C
16¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê°ê®a²Îp§½¡G¡m1987¦~ªÀ|¸gÀÙµo®i²Îp¡n¡A1988¦~2¤ë23¤é¤½¥¬¡C¥Zµn¦bBeijing Re
17 Robert Michael Field¡A"China¡AThe Changing Structure of Industry;" in China's Eco
nomic Toward the Year 2000¡ASelected Papers submitted to the Joint Economic Commit
tee¡ACongress of the United States (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1986)¡AVol¡OI¡AThe Four Modernizati
5¡O(¤U§@China's Economy)¡O
18 Nai-Ruenn Chen and Jeffrey Lee¡AChina'S Economy and Foreign Trade¡A1981-85¡AU¡OS¡ODepa
rtment of Commerce (Washington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1984)¡A13¡O(¤U§@Chen and Lee)¡O
19 Barry Naughton¡A"Finance and Planning Reforms in Industry," China's Economy, I
,608¡O
20 Christine Wong, "The Second Phase of Economic Reform in China," Current Histo
ry, September 1985¡A261¡A278¡O
21 Chen and Lee¡A13¡O
22 Field¡A532¡O
23 Naughton¡A612¡O
24 ¦P¤Wª`¡A611¡C
25 ¦P¤Wª`¡A608-9¡C
26 Chen and Lee¡O14¡O
27 Sung Ting-ming¡A"Review of Eight Years of Reform," Beijing Review, Dec¡O22,1986¡A15¡O
28 Tung-hsia Li¡A"Tertiary Industry Takes Off in China," Beijing Review¡AFeb¡O9¡A1987¡A18-
19¡O
29 Chen and Lee¡A15¡O
30 ¦P¤Wª`¡A8¡C
31 ½ëµµ¶§¡G"í«eªº¸gÀÙ§Î¶Õ©M¸gÀÙÅé¨î§ï²"¡A1985¦~3¤ë27¤é¦b²Ä¤»¦¸¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|¤Wªº³ø§i¡C
32 Ãö©ó³o¶µ¨óÄ³ªº¸Ô²Ó¤º®e¡A°Ñ¨£¡m¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¬F©²©M¤j¤£¦CÄA¤Î¥_Rº¸ÄõÁp¦X¤ý°ê¬F©²Ãö©ó95´ä
33¡m¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡Ãö©ó¸gÀÙÅé¨î§ï²ªº¨M©w¡n(¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤Q¤G©¡¤T¤¤¥þ|³q¹L)¡A(95´ä¡A1984¦~)¡A²Ä4-6¡B17
34 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä9-10¶¡C
35 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä17-18¶¡C
36 Chu-y an Cheng¡A"China's Economy at the Crossroads," Current History¡ASept¡O1987¡A27
2¡F°ê®a²Îp§½¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1988¦~2¤ë23¤é¡C Beijing Review¡AMarch 7-13¡A1988¡O
37 Chu-y an Cheng¡A272-73¡O
38 ¬ü°êªº²Îp¼Æ¾Ú»P¤¤°êªº²Îp¼Æ¾Ú¤£¤@P¡A¦]¬°¬ü°êªö¥Î"²£¦a°ê"¤èªk§@pºâ¡A¦Ó¤¤°êªö¥Î®üÃö¼Æ¾Ú
39 Helen Louise Noyes¡A"United States-China Trade," China's Economy¡AII¡A343¡O
40 John L¡ODavie¡A"China's International Trade and Finance," China's Economy Looks T
oward the Year 2000¡AII¡A311-12¡A323¡O
41 ¦P¤Wª`¡A319¡C
42 Los Angeles Times, May 4¡A1988¡O
43 °ê®a²Îp§½¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1988¦~2¤ë23¤é¡C
44 Davie¡A318¡O
45 Victor C¡OFalkenheim¡A"China's Special Economic Zones," China's Economy ,II¡A348-50¡F
Y¡OC¡OJao and C¡OK¡OLeung(eds¡O)¡AChina's Special Economic Zones¡GPolicies, Problems, and P
pects(Hong Kong¡A1986)¡O
46 Noyes¡A340¡O
47 Davie¡A324-25¡FNoyes¡A341¡O
48 Dick K¡ONanto and Hong Nack Kim¡A"Sino-Japanese Economic Relations," China's Econ
omy¡AII¡A454¡A466¡O
49 ¦P¤Wª`¡A465-66¡C
50 Noyes¡A335-37¡O
51 Davie¡A324¡FNoyes¡A342¡A344¡O
52 Paul Kennedy¡AThe Rise and Fall of the Great Powers¡GEconomic Change and
Military Conflictfrom 1500 to 2000(New York¡A1987)¡A448¡O
53 ¦P¤Wª`¡A455¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
191
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤K³¹
ÂàÅÜ¤¤ªº¤¤°ê¡A1986-1988¦~¡G
¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦¹ï¤å¤Æªº¼vÅT
í1978¦~12¤ë¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡³Ì¥ýªö‾Ç¹ï¥~¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦®É¡A¤¤¥¡»â¾É¤H§Æ±æ¦b¤Þ¶i¥~°ê¬ì¾Ç§Þ³Nªº®ÉÔ¤£n±
Ń¤¤°ê¦Ó¨¥¡A¸g¹L»P¦è¤èªº¤T¤Q¦~¹jµ´¤§«á¡A°êªù¬ðµM³Q¥´¶}¡G¥~°êªºÆ[©À¡B®ø®§¡B¹q¼v¡BÀ¸¼@¡B
¦è¤è¥Á¥D¨î«×ªº°ª®Ä²v©M¦è¤è¤H¥Áªº¦Û¥Ñµ¹³X°Ý¦è¤èªº¤¤°ê¤H‾d¤U¤F²`¨èªº¦L¹³¡C‾S§O¨ã¦³±ÒµoN¸
¤£¶È¬O¦è¤è¡A¤é¥»©M¨È¬w¥|¤pÀs--95´ä¡Bs¥[©Y¡B»OÆW©M«nÁú--¤]¬O±Òµoªº½¬u¡C§â¥¦Ì»P¤¤°ê§@¤
©ñªQ§ô¿£ªº»Ýn»P«O«ù¤@©wµ{«×¥¿²Î©Êªº¢¤ÁÄ@±æ¡A§Î¦¨¤F¤@ºØ¥Ù¬Þ¡A³oºØ¥Ù¬Þ¥O¤¤¦@¥»¨«D±`¤£¦
1986-1988¦~¶¡ªº¤¤°ê¡A¥¿¦b¸g¾úµÛ¸gÀÙ§Ö³t¼Wªø±a¨ÓªºU‾q±j‾PªºµhW©M§ïÅÜ»ùÈÆ[ªº¥«×µh¡¡C
1.¾Ç¥Í¥Ü«Â
1986¦~12¤ë¡A¦b¤¤°êªº¤Q¤Ó¤j«°¥«Ãzµo¤FÁn¶Õ‾E¤jªº¾Ç¥Í¥Ü«Â¡A¥OÄÒ©M¬F©²°}¸}¤j¶Ã¡C¨Ó¦Û¤@¦Ê¤
¦bªñ¥N¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W¡A¾Ç¥Íªº¿n¥¼ö±¡¨Ã¤£sÂA¡F¦b1986¦~12¤ë¨Æ¥ó¥H«eŃ¦³¹L³\¦h¥ý¨Ò¡C³ÌµÛ¦Wªº¬
1986¦~12¤ëªº§ÜÄ³³Ì¦©ó¤ëªì¦b¦wÀ²¬Ù|¦XªÎÃzµo¡C¤¤°ê¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç¦ì©ó¸Ó¥«ªº¿ï°Ï½d³ò¤º¡A¸Ó¤j¾Çª
í¦a¥t¥~¨â©Ò°ª®Õ1ªº¾Ç¥Í¥[¤J¤F¤¤°ê¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç¥Íªº§ÜÄ³¦æ°Ê¡C12¤ë5¤é¡AÁ`¦@¦³¤T¤d¦W¾Ç¥Í¹C¦æ¨ì¥
¦b¤W®üÃzµo¤F¤@³õ³W¼Ò§»¤jªºÁn´©¹B°Ê¡C12¤ë19¤é¡A¬ù¤T¸U¦W¾Ç¥Í4©M¾Ú¦ôp¤Q¸U¦W¤u¤H¹C¦æ¨ì¥«¬F
³o¨Ç§ÜÄ³ªÌ¥Ó©ú¡AÁöµM¥LÌn¨D¥Á¥D¡A¦ý¥LÌ³£¬O¾H¤p¥§ï²¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦ªº‾u¥¿¤ä«ùªÌ¡C³o«P¨Ï¡m¥_¨
¤¤¦@±¹¤â¤£¤Î¡AµLªk¹ï¦¹ªö¨úªGÂ_±¹¬I¡C«O¦u¬£n¨D¶i¦æ±j¨îÂíÀ£¡A¦ýÁ`®Ñ°OJÄ£¨¹ªö¨ú¤F¶}©úªº«
¨ä¥¦¤@¨Çnû¤]ªö¨ú¤F½w©MªºÁ|°Ê¡C¤W®ü¥«¥«ªø8©Ó»{¾Ç¥Íªº¦æ°Ê¬O"¥¿íªº¡B¦Xªkªº©MR°êªº"¡A¬O
¤ñ¸û«O¦uªº»â¾É¤H§â¦è¤è¸ê²£¶¥‾Åªº¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q¥¸³d¬°³ÂÐªº®Ú½¡C¤Ö¼Æ¾Ç¥Í³Q¶e®¡A¦ý¤j³¡¤À¤H«Ü§
JÄ£¨¹Á`®Ñ°O³B²z°Ê¶Ãªº¤è¦¡¿E°_¤F¹x©T«O¦u¬£ªº¼««ã¡C¥LÌ¤£‾à§Ô¨ü¥Lªº¶}©ú«ººA¡A¶V¨Ó¶V¤£º¡¥
1.1¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q ¾Ç¥ÍªºÄÌ°Ê¨Ã¤£¬O¦~»´¤H¼ö±¡ªº©t¥ß¡B¬ðµMªºÃzµo¡A¦Ó¬O´X¦~¨Ó¤@ª½¦bÁß
´XÓ°ê»Ú¨Æ¥ó¦³§U©ó¤½²³§Î¦¨³oºØ¤ßºA¡G1986¦~2¤ëµá«ß»«ªº°¨¥i´µ(Marcos)¬FÅv³Q"¤H¥ÁÅv¤O"±ÀÂ½
¦b°ê¤º¡Aª¾ÃÑ¬É©M¤å¤Æ¬É¸Ì¤]¦s¦bµÛ±j‾PªºÄÌ°Ê¡C1978¦~12¤ëªº¤T¤¤¥þ|§âÄÒªº¤¤¤ß¥ô°È±q¶¥‾Å°«ª
³o¨Ç¤£¦P¬F¨£ªÌ¸g±`Ä²°Ê¤¤¦@±ÓPªº‾«¸g¡A¤¤¦@«D±`Äµ±§¦a®Â½Ã¦Û¤v¦æ¨Ï²Îªv©M³Qµ´¹ïªA±qªºÅv§Q¡
1984¦~4¤ë¡A¸Ì®ÚÁ`²Î(Ronald Reagan)³X°Ý¤¤°ê¡A¥L´ý¨¬v¸µÛ¤@ºØ¨Ï©RP¡An¤j¤O«Å´¬ü°êªº¥Á¥
±q§ÚÌªº®Ú¤W¡A§ÚÌ±q¨âÓ°¶¤jªº°Ê¤O¤¤Àò¨ú¤F¥¨¤jªº¤O¶q¡A³oŃ¬O«H©À©M¦Û¥Ñ¡C³Ð«Ø¬ü°êªº¤H°l¨
§ÚÌ¹ï¦Û¥Ñªº¿E±¡¾ÉP¤F¬ü°ê²©R¡A³o¬O²Ä¤@³õ°l¨D¤HÅv©M¤Ï¹ï´Þ¥Á²Îªv¥H¨D¿W¥ßªº°¶¤j°_¸q¡C§Ú
µØ²±¹y(George Washington)§i¶D§ÚÌ¡A§ÚÌ±N³q¹L¦Û¥Ñ¤Hªº‾«¸t³ÕR»E¶°¦b¤@°_¡CªLªÖ(Abraham L
"¬Û«H¤H¥Á"--³o¥|Ó¦r¤£¶È¬O¬ü°ê¾ú¥vªº®Ö¤ß©MÆF»î¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¬Oí¤µ¥@¬É¤HÃþ¶i¨Bªº³Ì±j¤j°Ê¤O...
³o¬Oµ¹¤@ÓµL‾«½×ªº¡B±M¨îªºªÀ|±a¨Óªº±j‾P¦Ó¤S¨ë¿Eªº°T®§¡C¤¤°ê»â¾É¤HÅãµM§â¥¦¬Ý§@¬O«_¥Ç¡A¥
¸Ì®Ú¦b´_¥¹¤j¾Çµoªíªº¹qµøºtÁ¿¤¤«´_¤F¦P¼Ëªº¥DÃD¡A‾S§O±j½Õ¤HÅv¡G"§ÚÌ¬Û«H¨CÓ¨k¤H¡B°ü¤k©M
¤¤°êªº¦~»´¤H³q¹L¨ì°ê¥~©M¸Ì®Úªº¨Ó³X±µÄ²¨ì¤F¦è¤èªº¬FªvÆ[©À¡A³o¨ÇÆ[©À¨Ï¥LÌ²`¨ü¼vÅT¡C¥LÌ³
ÀHµÛ1984¦~«°¥«¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº¶}©l¡A¥Ç¸o¡B»G±Ñªº¨Æ¨Ò¶V¨Ó¶V±`¨£¡A¦b°ö¾i²Ä¤T±è¶¤ªºE¤l¤U°¾³R°ª¤
¤£¶È¬O¤j¾Ç¥Í¡A¦Ó¥B¤@‾ëªº¤å¤Æ¬É¡BÃÀ³N¬É©Mª¾ÃÑ¬É¤]³£¨ü¨ì¤F¦è¤è¦Û¥Ñ¤Æªº¼vÅT¡C§@®a©MÃÀ³N®a
µÛ¦W¤ÑÅéª«²z¾Ç®a¤èÀy¤§§¶§¶¤£Â¦aÒ¾É¤HÅv©M¥Á¥D¡C¥L³QÅA¬°¤¤°êªº"ÂÄ«¢Ã¹¤Ò"¡A¸g±`¨ì¦U¤j¾Ç©
¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡nªºªö³X°OªÌ¼B»«¶©M§@®a¤ýY±æ¤£¾A¾l¤O¦a´¦ÅS©x¹±¥D¸qªº³±t±©M©x¤è¹ï¤å¾Ç©M¥Xª
¼B»«¶¬O¤¤°ê§@®a¨ó|ªº°Æ¥D®u¡A¥L¿Ø¨ëÄÒªº¥|¶µ°ò¥»ì«h¡A½è°Ý¦b¤¤°ê°í«ùªÀ|¥D¸qªºÅÞ¿è¡C¥L°
¥¥ª«ä¼éªº®Ú¥»¬O¤°»ò¡H¥¦¬O¬Û¤¬¹½ć¡B¬Û¤¬ºR´©M¬Û¤¬´Ý§Ô¡C¥¦¨Ï¤H¦¨¬°«D¤H¡C¥¦¨Ï¦Û¥Ñªº¤HÅÜ±
¼B»«¶¥¸³d°ê¤H¨ü¥|ºØ¤ÛQªº»X½ª¡G(1)ªÀ|¥D¸q¬O§¹¬üªº¡F(2)¦@²£ÄÒ¬O¥Ã»¥¿½Tªº¡F(3)°¨§J«ä¦C
¥t¤@¦ì§åµû®a¤ýY±æ¬O¤¤°ê§@®a¨ó|²z¨Æ¡A¥L¦b1986¦~11¤ëª½±µ§åµû¾H¤p¥¥»¤H¡C¾H¤p¥´¿¦PN±µ¨
¤£¶È¶È¬O¹³¤èÀy¤§¡B¼B»«¶©M¤ýY±æ³o¼Ëªºª¾ÃÑ¤À¤lªí²{¥X¦è¤è¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸qªº¼vÅT¡AªÀ|¤W¤]´¶¹M¦s¦
¤T¤Q¦h¦~¨Ó¡A§ÚÌ§â¦è¤èªº¤å¤Æí§@¸T§Ò¹ï«Ý¡A©ß±ó¨Ó¦Û¦è¤èªº¤@¤Á¨Æª«¡Cµ²ªG¡A§ÚÌ¹ï¦è¤èªº¤F¸
µL¥i§_»{¡A¦è¤èªº¼vÅT¨ì³BÀ±º©¡A¦Ó¥B¤é‾q±j‾P¡C
¦bÄÒ¤º¡A¹ï³oºØsÁÍ¶Õªº¤ÏÀ³¬O¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¡CÁ`®Ñ°OJÄ£¨¹¹ï¤§ªö¨ú¤@ºØ©ñ¥ô¦Û¬yªººA«×¡A¥L¬Û«H¡
¥¿²Î²z½×®a»P¶i¨B§ï²®a¤§¶¡ªº½Ä¬ð¡A°¦‾à¥Ñ³Ì°ª»â¾É¤H¾H¤p¥¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¡C¥O¤HÃø¥H²z¸Ñªº¬O¡A¾H¤p¥
¦b1986¦~9¤ëªº¤Q¤G©¡¤»¤¤¥þ|¤W¡A«O¦u¬£²z½×®aÌ¦b¾H¤p¥ªºÀq³\¤U¡AÀ£Ë¥D±i±À¶i§ï²ªº¤H¤h¡A
1.2JÄ£¨¹ªº¸ÑÂ¾ ¾Ç¥ÍÄÌ°Êªº¤@Ó³Ì¤j«áªG¬OÁ`®Ñ°OJÄ£¨¹ªº¤U»O¡A¥L¤Ó¶}©ú¤F¡A¤Óª½²v¤F¡C¥L
¹L¤F¤¸¥¹¡AJÄ£¨¹Ń¨S¦³¤½¶}ÅS±¤F¡F¥Lªº¤U»O¢¦b¬Üû¤F¡C»P¦¹¦P®É¡A¥l¶}¤@¦¸¬Fªv§½ÂX¤j|Ä³ª
±q¦b1987¦~ªì¤º³¡¶Ç¹Fªº¤K¥÷ÄÒ¤º¤å¥ó¤¤¡A¥i¥H¤@¨£³Ì°ª¼h|Ä³¤Wµo¥ÍªºÄÒ¤ºª§½×¡CJÄ£¨¹ªºÀË°Q¥
1¡OdÀ°¬£¥D¸q¡AÀu¥ý´£¼¦@«C¹ÎÃ´²Îªº¤z³¡¡A¥L¦Û¤v´¿¾á¥ô¹L¦@«C¹ÎÁ`®Ñ°O¡C
2¡O¦b¥~¥æ³õ¦X»¡¸ÜÀHN¡G¦b1983¦~³X°ÝªF¨Ê´Á¶¡«ÅºÙ¡A¦pªG¬ü°ê¤z‾A»OÆW°ÝÃDªº¸Ü¡A¤¤°ê±N¦Ò¼{¨ú®ø»‾
3¡O¨S¦³¦³®Ä¦a¶}®i¥¤Ï¤u§@¡C
4¡O±À¦æ¹L§Öªº¸gÀÙ§ï²¨B¥ï¡A³y¦¨¤F¸gÀÙ¥¢¿Å©M¹ï§½¶Õ¥¢±±¡C
5¡O¦b¥D«ùÄÒ¤º¤u§@®É¥D±i¤Hªv°ª©óªkªv¡C
6¡O¨S¦³¿í¦u²ÕÂ´ì«h,¦V¥~°ê¤H©Ms»D°OªÌ¬ªÅS°ê®a¾÷±K¡C
¬Fªv§½ÂX¤j|Ä³Á`µ²JÄ£¨¹ªº¿ù»~¦p¤U¡G
1¡O¹H¤ÏÄÒªº¶°Åé»â¾É¡C
2¡O¦b«¤j¬Fªvì«h¤W¥Ç¦³¿ù»~¡C
3¡O¹ð¹ð¦a¡BªZÂ_¦a¤z‾A¬F©²¤u§@¡C
4¡O¹ð¹ð¤£Å¥¾H¤p¥ªº«ØÄ³¡C
5¡O¦b«¤jªº¥~¥æ°ÝÃD¤WªZÂ_°µ¨M©w¡C
6¡O¬Fªv¤u§@§@¤¤ªí²{¥X¥þ½L¦è¤Æªº¶É¦V¡C
¦b³o¨Ç¥¿¦¡«ü³dªºI«á¡A¦s¦bµÛ¹ïJÄ£¨¹¤£°±¦a©I¦SÄÒ¤º¦Ñ¤@¥N¤H°h¥ð¤@¨Æªº²`²`¤£º¡¡C¾ÚºÙ¡A¥L´
x¤è¤]¤£¬°JÄ£¨¹©Ò¥Î¡A¦]¬°¥L»Px¶¤ÃöÃ´¤£±K¤Á¡A¦b¥|Ó²{¥N¤Æ¤¤µ¹x¶¤¤À°tªº§Q‾q¥÷ÃB¸û§C¡C¦
¹x©Tªº¦Ñ¤@¥N¤H¨M©w¦b¤Q¤T¤j¥l¶}«eŃ©ÔJÄ£¨¹¤U°¨¡A³o¼ËŃ¥i¥H¤£Åý¥L¦b¬D¿ï¥Nªí©MÇ³Æ|Ä³Ä³µ
íJÄ£¨¹§@¤F¦Û§Ú§åµû¨Ã´£¥XÃãÂ¾¥H«á¡A¥|¤QÓ»P|ªÌ¤¤¦³¤G¤Q¤@Ó¤Hµo¨¥§åµû¥L¡A¥]¬A¤@¨Ç¥L±q«
»‾µµ¶§Á`²z³Q¥ô©R¬°¥NÁ`®Ñ°O¡A¦P®ÉÝ¥ô¥L¨ä¥¦ªºÂ¾°È¡C§ï²¬£ªº¨Æ~¾D¨ü¤F¤@°O«³Ð¡A«O¦u¬£ªº¶
1.3¤Ï¹ï¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¦Û¥Ñ¤Æ ´^‾u©M¾H¤O¸s²r‾P¦aµo°Ê¤F"¤Ï¹ï¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¦Û¥Ñ¤Æ"¹B°Ê¡C1987¦~1¤ë°ê°
§@¬°ÅTÀ³¡A¤@¤d¦W¦b¬ü°êªº¤¤°ê‾d¾Ç¥Í©M³X°Ý¾ÇªÌ©ó1¤ë19¤éÁp¦W¦VÄÒ¤¤¥¡©M°ê°È°|µo¤F¤@«Ê§ÜÄ³«H
¾H¤p¥¤ä«ù¤Ï¹ï¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¦Û¥Ñ¤Æ¹B°Ê¡A¦ý¤£¤¹³\³o³õ¹B°Ê‾}Ãa¦w©w¹Îµ²¡C¹B°Ê±N§½©óÄÒ¬Fx¾÷Ãö©
±q1987¦~1¤ë¨ì5¤ë¡A«O¦u¬£«ä¼é³q¹L¿E‾Pªº¨¥µü©MćNªº¼v®gº‾³z¨ì«äQ¬É¡B¤å¤Æ¬É¡B¤å¾Ç¬É©Ms»
¦ý¬O¤j¦h¼Æ¤H¤£Q°h¦^¨ì¦Ñªº¤é¤l¡C¤@¥¹±µÄ²¨ì¤F¬Y¨Ç¦Û¥Ñ©M¹qµø¡B¦B½c¤§Ãþªºª«½è¨É¨ü¡A¤HÌŃµ
¤¤¦@½T¹ê¬O¶i°h¨âÃø¡C±q1949¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¥¦¤@ª½¿W¨ÉµÛÅv¤O¡A¦Ó¦æ¨Ï²ÎªvªºÅv§Q±q¨Ó¨S¦³¤HÃhºÃ¹L¡C²
»‾µµ¶§Á`²z¤º¤ß¸Ì¬OÓ±M®aªv°ê½×ªÌ¡A¥L»P±jµw¬£µê»P©e³D¡AÁ×§K¹ï¥ß¡C¥L°¦¦P¥LÌ¦b1987¦~5¤ë13
5¤ë©M6¤ëí¤¤¡A¾H¤p¥¦b¥|Ó³õ¦X¹ï¥~°ê¨Ó³XªÌ±j¦³¤O¦a¥Ó©ú¡A»Ýn¨î¤î¥ª¶É¡AÂX¤j§ï²¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦ª
¦b¥_À¹ªe¡A¦U¤è¥Nªí¬FªvÅv¤Oªº¤Hª«¤§¶¡¶i¦æ¤F¿E‾Pªºª§°«¡A³Ì«á¦b¥|Ó¥Dn°ÝÃD¤W¹F¦¨¤F¨óÄ³¡G(
2.¤¤¦@¤Q¤T¤j
¸U²³´Á«Ýªº¤¤¦@¤Q¤T¤j©ó1987¦~10¤ë25¤é¨ì11¤ë1¤é¦b¥_¨Ê¤H¥Á¤j|°ó¥l¶}¡A»P|¥Nªí1,936¤H¡A¥Nª
¥NÁ`®Ñ°O»‾µµ¶§¦b¶}¹õ¦¡¤W§@¤F¤@¥÷ºë±mªº¬Fªv³ø§i¡AÁ`µ²1978¦~12¤ë¥H¨Ó¤E¦~¤¤ªº¥¨¤j¦¨Ń¡C°ê¥
2.1¤H¨ÆÅÜ°Ê ¾H¤p¥¿Ë¦Û¾Éºt¤F¤E¤Q¦h¦ì§åµû¥«³õ¾É¦V§ï²ªºÄÒ¤º¤¸¦Ñ¤Þ°h¡C¥LÌ¤¤¦³´^‾u¡A85
285¦Wsªº¤¤¥¡©eû¤¤§t¥¿¦¡©eû175¦W¡AÔ¸É©eû110¦W¡Cì¨Óªº348¦W¤¤¥¡©eû¤¤¦³150¦W(¥e43%)¦
¬Fªv§½17Ó©eû©M¤@ÓÔ¸É©eû°ò¥»¤W¬O¸û¦~»´ªº§ï²¤ä«ùªÌ¡C¤W¤@©¡20Ó¬Fªv§½©eû¤EÓ°h¥ð¤F¡
¦bÅv¤O¥¤jªº±`°È©eû|¤¤«O«ù¤FÆ[ÂIªº¥¿Å¡Aí¿ïªº¤¤H¦p¤U¡G»‾µµ¶§¡A68³¡F§õÄP¡A59³¡FJ±
¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç«nªºÄÒ¤ºÂ¾°È¥ô©R¦³¡A³‾¶³¾á¥ô¨â¦Ê¤Hªº¤¤¥¡ÅU°Ý©eû|¥D¥ô¡AJ±Ò¥ß¾á¥ô¥|¤H®Ñ°O³Bª
ÀHµÛ«O¦u¬£ªº¤j³¡¤À§åµû³Q§í¨î¡A§ï²¬£Àò±o¤F¥þ³t«e¶iªº±ÂÅv¡C¦ý¬O¡A¥LÌª¾¹D¡A°h¥ðªº¦Ñ¤H¨S¦
§õÄP¬O¤@¦W¦´Á²©R‾P¤h32ªº¨à¤l¡A¥L¦b¤w¬GÁ`²z©P®¦¨Óªº®a¤¤ªø¤j¡C§õÄP17³¤JÄÒ¡A1948¦~³Q¬£©
2.2ªÀ|¥D¸qªì‾Å¶¥¬q ±jµw«O¦u¬£¤£Â_«ü³d¡A¨ä¥¦³\¦h¤H¤]Á`¬O¦³ºÃ´b¡AÄ±±o¥«³õ¾É¦V¾÷¨î®Ú¥»
»‾µµ¶§´£¥X¤F³o¼Ëªº½×ÂI¡G¥Ñ©ó¤¤°ê¥H«e¸¨«áªº¥Í²£¤O©M¤£µo¹Fªº°Ó«~¸gÀÙ¡A¤¤°ê¨S¦³¸g¹L¾Aíªº¸
»‾µµ¶§«ÅºÙ¡A«Ø³]¦³¤¤°ê‾S¦âªºªÀ|¥D¸q¡A¬O¤@³õ¤Q¤E¥@¬öªº¼Ú¬w²z½×®a¤£¥i‾à¹w¨£¨ìªº¹êÅç¡C
§ÚÌ¤£³B¦b°¨§J«ä¥D¸q³Ð©l¤H©Ò³]Qªº±ø¥ó¤U¡A¦b¥LÌ¨º¸Ì¡AªÀ|¥D¸q¬O«Ø¥ß¦b°ª«×µo¹Fªº¸ê¥»¥D¸
»‾µµ¶§´°«P°ê¤H´M§ä¤¹³\¦hºØ©Ò¦³¨î¨Ã¦sªº¤èªk¡A¥HÁ×§K¸gÀÙµ²ºc»ø¤Æ¡Aµo®i°Ó«~¸gÀÙ¡A´£°ª³Ò°Ê¥
³o®M²z½×ªuµÛ¥H¤Uªº«ä¸ôÄ~Äòµo´§¡C¦bªÀ|¥D¸qªì‾Å¶¥¬q¤¤¡A¤¤¤ß¥ô°È¬Oµ²§ô³h§x©M¸¨«á¡C¥¦¤£¦A¬
«ùÄò¥O¤¤°êµhWªº°ÝÃD¬O¡G"§ï²¬O¤£¬O¥¿¦b¨Ï¤¤°êÅÜ¦¨¸ê¥»¥D¸qªÀ|¥D¸q©Î¸ê¥»¥D¸qªº©Ê½è¬O¤£¬O
2.3¬Fªv§ï² ¬Fªv§ï²¨Ã¤£N¨ýµÛ¤@ºØ¦è¦¡ªº§ï²¡A±N¤£|‾A¤Î¥]§t¦Û¥Ñ¿ïÁ|¡B¥Xª©¦Û¥Ñ¡B¤TÅv
«öÓ¤¤¦@»â¾É¼hªº»¡ªk¡A¤¤°ê¥²¶«O«ù¿W‾Sªº¬F©²§Î¦¡¤ÎªÀ|¥D¸q¥Á¥DªºÂA©ú‾S¦â¡C¦b´£°ª´¶³q¸s²
2.4µû»ù ¤¤¦@¤Q¤T¤j¤§©Ò¥HÈ±o«µø¡A¦³¥H¤U´XÓì¦]¡C¥¦¦³¤O¦a±N¤¤°ê±À¤W¤F¥[³t¸gÀÙµo®i©M
¦ý¬O¡A¤¤¦@¤Q¤T¤jÁöµM¦¨Ń´´µM¡A«o¤]‾d¤U³\¦h°ÝÃD¨S¦³¸Ñ¨M¡Cº¥ý¡A¥¦ªº¦¨ªG¨Ã¤£¥Nªí¶i¨B§ï²¬
²Ä¤G¡A¾H¤p¥¦w±Æ»‾µµ¶§¾á¥ô¤¤¥¡x©e°Æ¥D®u¡A¦ý«oµ²@¨S¦³«OÃÒ»‾µµ¶§‾àÄ~©Ó¥L¾á¥ô²Î«Ó©M³Ì°ª»
²Ä¤T¡A¥[³tªº¸gÀÙµo®i©M§ó¤jµ{«×ªº¹ï¥~¶}©ñ¡A¥²µM|¨Ï"ºë‾«¦Ã¬V"¡B"¸ê²£¶¥‾Å¦Û¥Ñ¤Æ"©M¸g¤[¤£°
²Ä¥|¡AÄÒ¬FÂ¾‾à¤ÀÂ÷±N¼vÅT´X¦Ê¸U¤Hªº¬J±o§Q‾q¡C³e¹ý³o¤@¤è°w|¬O¥«×½wºC¦ÓÁ}Ãøªº¡C
²Ä¤¡A¥|¶µ°ò¥»ì«hªº¦Ü°ªµL¤W±Æ°£¤F¦@²£ÄÒ¥H¥~ªº¥ô¦ó²Îªvªº¥i‾à¡A¤]±Æ°£¤F¦@²£ÄÒ¤¹³\½d³ò¤§¥
Á`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A¤Q¤T¤jªí¥Ü¤F¦U¬£»â¾É¤H¤@P¦PN±À°Ê°ê®aªº¸gÀÙµo®i¡AŃ¦¹¦Ó¨¥¡A¤Q¤T¤jºÙ±o¤W¬O¦¨¥
3.ªu®ü¸gÀÙµo®i³W¹º
¦b1987-1988¦~¶¡¡A¤¤°ê³vº¥µo®i¤F¤@®Mªu®ü¦a°Ïªº¸gÀÙ¾Ô²¤¡A®Ú¾Ú³o®M¾Ô²¤¡A±N¥[³t³o¨Ç¦a°Ïªºµo
ªu®ü¸gÀÙµo®i³W¹º¬O1978¦~12¤ëªö‾Çªº¹ï¥~¶}©ñ¬Fµ¦¤§¥²µM©µ¦ù¡C±q1978¦~12¤ë¶}©l¡A¤¤°ê¤@ª½¦b¦
³oÓ³W¹ºªº²z½×°òÂ¦¥Ñ¤@¦ì34³ªº¸gÀÙ³]p®v©ó1987¦~6¤ë´£¥X¡C³o¦ì³]p®v¦³¤O¦a¸ÑÄÀ¤F¨Ï¤¤°êªº
ªu®ü¸gÀÙµo®i³W¹º¦Ò¼{¤F¦Û1949¦~¸Ñ©ñ¥H¨Ó¤¤°ê¤@ª½¦s¦bªº¿W‾Sªº¤G¤¸¤Æ¸gÀÙµ²ºc¡C¦bÄ¬Ápªº¼vÅT¤
¤¤°êªºªu®ü¦a°Ï«D±`¾A¦X©ód³Ò°Ê±K¶°«¬¥X¤f¾É¦V©Ê¤u~¡A¦]¬°³o¸Ì¨ã¦³Â×ÍªºÀu¨q³Ò°Ê¤O--Áo©ú¡
ªu®ü¸gÀÙµo®i³W¹º¤Þ°_¤F¾UN§ï²ªºÁ`®Ñ°O»‾µµ¶§ªºª`N¡A¨Ã¦b°ê°È°|°ª¼h|Ä³¤W¶i¦æ¤F¥J²Óªº°Q½
ªu®üµo®i¾Ô²¤¥²¶³Q¬Ý§@¬O¤@¶µ§ï²¬£Ì¿W³Ðªº°ª¶WÁ|±¹¡A¥LÌ³q¹L³o¶µ¾Ô²¤§â¤¤°ê»P¥@¬É¸gÀÙÁpµ
4.°Ê¿º¤¤ªºªÀ|¡G³q³f¿±µÈ©M¹D¼w±ÑÃa
¤¤°ê§Ö³tªº¸gÀÙ¼Wªø¦ñÀHµÛ°ª³q³f¿±µÈ²v¡A©x¤è«Å¥¬ªº´T«×¦b1985¦~¬O12.5%¡A1986¦~¬O7%¡A1987¦~
³q³f¿±µÈ¥[¼@¤F¬F©²¤¤ªº»G±Ñ¡A°ª¤z¤l¤kªº¸È±a§@¡B¨««áªù©M¶Â¥«¥æ©ö¡C¤@¦ì¬F©²ÅU°Ý©Ó»{¡G"¦b
¤K¤Q¦~¥N´¶¹Mªº§xÃø¦ü¥G°§C¤F¤HÌªº¦Û§Ú»ùÈÆ[¡A¨Ï¥LÌÅÜ±oµÊ®ð¼ÉÄ¼¡B¤ß±¡§é¡C¥Í¬¡¤¤¥R¥¸¤
¦b1983¦~¨ì1988¦~¶¡¡A¤j³¡¤À«°¥«¤uÁ~¶¥¼hµo²{ÁÊ¶R‾à¤O¤U°¤F100%¬Æ¦Ü§ó¦h¡F¥Í¬¡¤ô¥«æ¼@°§C¤
1987¦~¡A¤@Ó´¶³q¤u¤H®a®xn§â¦¬¤Jªº35%¨ì45%ªá¦b³ð¤W¡A¥t¥~25%¨ì35%ªá¦b¨ä¥¦¥Í¬¡¥²»Ý«~¤W¡C4
©ñ¶}»ù®æ¬°º¦»ù´£¨Ñ¤F®É¾÷¡A¦ý³q³f¿±µÈªº¥t¥~¨âÓ°ò¥»ì¦]¤]¤£À³©¿µø¡C¤@¬O¦b1984-1988¦~¶¡³f
¤½²³¹ïº¦»ùªº¤£º¡©M§ÜÄ³¡A«P¨Ï¬Fªv§½©ó1988¦~7¤ë¦b¥_À¹ªe¥l¶}¤F¦n´X¦¸ª§½×¿E‾Pªº|Ä³¡CÁ`®Ñ°O
¦ý¬O¡A¦³¤@§å¤H¦ü¥G¦b³o¬q°Ê¿º®É¤é¸Ìµo¸ñ°_¨Ó¡C¥LÌ¬O¨º¨Ç¹ñÅSÀY¨¤ªºÓÅé¥ø~®a©MÓÅé¤á¡A³o¨
°l¨Dª÷¿úªººÆ¨g¬O¤£¬O§â¤¤°ê±À¦V¤F¸ê¥»¥D¸q¤j¦h¼Æ¤¤°êªº²z½×®a»{¬°¤£¡A¦]¬°¨pÀç¥ø~ªºÁ`²£È´
¦b³o¼Ëªº®ðª^¤¤¡A«äQNÃÑªººn¦a¦ì³Q«d®z¤F¡A¾ÉP¤F¤è¦Vªº¼Ò½k©M¦Û§ÚÃhºÃªº¿³°_¡C¹ï°¨¦C¥D¸
1988¦~ªº¤¤°ê³B¦b°Ê¿º¤§¤¤¡C°¨§J«ä¥D¸q‾´§Ç¤w°ò¥»®ø³u¤F¡A¦ý´À¥N¥¦ªº‾´§Ç©|¥¼½Ï¥Í¡C¤¤°êªº¸gÀ
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Amnesty International, China: Violations of Human Rights (London, 1984).
2.Benton, Gregor (ed,),Wild LiUies, Poisonous Weeds: Dissident Voices from P
eople's China (Dover, N.H., 1982).
3.Brzezinski, Zbigniew, The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism
in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1989).
4.³‾§Æ¤¸(µÄ¶¡^:¡m±q°ê»Ú¤j´`Àô¨ì¥[§Öªu®ü¸gÀÙµo®i¡n¡A¡m¤¤¦@¬ã¨s¡n¡A»O¥_¡A ²Ä22¨÷²Ä7´Á¡A²
5.Cohen, Roberta, "People's Republic of China: The Human Rights Exception¡A" H
uman Rights Quarterly, 9:447-549 (1987).
6.Chao, Tzu-yang, "Advance Along the Road of Socialism with Chinese Characte
ristics" -a report delivered to the Thirteenth National Congress of the Communis
t Part of China, Oct 25, 1987, Beijing Review, Nov. 9-15¡A1987¡A9-15.
7.--:"Chao on Coastal Areas1 Development Strategy" Beijing Review, Feb. 8-14¡A
1988¡A 18-23.
8.Chu¡ADavid S. K.¡ASociology and Society in Contemporary China, 1979-1983 (Armo
nk, NT., 1984),
9.Duke, Michael Blooming and Contending: Chinese Literature in the Post-Mao
Era (Bloomington, 1985).
10.Edwards, R. Randle, Louis Henkin, and Andrew L Nathan, Human Rights in Co
ntemporary China (New York, 1986).
11.Goldman, Merle, China's Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent (Cambridge, Mas
s., 1981).
12.--¡ATimothy Cheek, and Carol Lee Hamrin (eds.), China's Intellectuals and t
he State: In Search of a New Relationship (Cambridge, Mass.¡A1987),
13.Goodman, David S. G., Beijing's Street Voices: The Poetry and Politics of
China's Democracy Movement (New York, 1981).
14.Hamrin, Carol Lee, China and the Future: Decision Making, Economic Planni
ng, and Foreign Policy (Boulder, 1987).
15.--,and Timothy Cheek (eds.), China s Establishment Intellectuals (Armonk,
N.Y.¡A1986).
16.Hayhoe, Ruth, and Marianne Bastid, China's Education and the Industrial W
orld: Studies in Cultural Transfer (Armonk, N.Y., 1987).
17.Kallgren, Joyce K., and Denis Fred Simar (eds.)¡AEducational Exchanges: Ess
ays on the Sino-American Experience (Berkeley, 1987).
18.Kissinger, Henry A., "China How Changing Rules and Ruling Party," Los Ang
eles Times, Oct. 25, 1987.
19.Kinkley, Jeffrey C, (ed.), After Mao: Chinese Literature and Society, 197
8-198J (Cambridge, Mass., 1985).
20.Lampton, David M., Joyce A. Modancy, and Kristen M. Williams, A Reiations
hip Restored: Trends in U.S.-China Educational Exchanges, 1978-1984 (Washington,
D.C., 1986).
21.Link, Peny (ed.), Roses and Thorns: The Second Blooming of the Hundred Fl
owers in Chinese Fiction, 1979-80 (Berkeleyt 1984).
22.--¡AStubborn Weeds: Popular and Controversial Chinese Literature After the
Cultural Revolution (Biaamington, 1983).
23.¼B»«¶¡G¡m²Ä¤GºØ©¾»|¡n¡A95´ä¡mª§¶ã¡nÂø§Ó¡A²Ä10´Á¡A²Ä48-61¶¡]1985¦~10 ¤ë¡^¡C
24.Louie, Kam, Inheriting Tradition: Interpretation of the Classical Philoso
phers in Communist China, 1949-1955 (New York, 1986).
25.Mosher, Steven W" Journey to the Forbidden City (New York, 1985).
26.Nathan, Andrew J" Chinese Democracy (New York, 1985).
27.--¡AR. Randle Edwards, and Louis Henkin, Human Rights in Contemporary China
(New York, 1986).
28.Orleans, Leo A., Chinese Students in America: Policies, Issues, and Numbe
rs (Washington, D.C., 1988).
29.Rozman, Gilbert, The Chinese Debate About Soviet Socialism, 1978-1985 (Pr
inceton, 1987).
30.ÂÄªÅ¦¿¡mµÄ¶¡^¡G¡mµû¤¤¦@ªu®ü¦a°Ï¸gÀÙµo®is¾Ô²¤¡n¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤j³°¬ã¨s¡n¡A»O ¥_¡A²Ä30´Á¡A²
31.Schram, Stuart R., "China After the I3rh CongressThe China Quarterly, No.
114:177-197 (June 1988).
32.Seymour, James D., China's Satellite Parties (Armonk, N.Y., 1987),
33.-- (ed.), The Fifth Modernization: China's Human Rights Movement, 1978-19
79 (Stanford, 1980).
34.Shapiro, Judith, and Liang Heng, Cold Winds, Warm Winds: Intellectual Lif
e in China Today (Middletown, Conn., 1986).
35.Siu, Helen F., and Zelda Stem (eds.), Mao's Harvest: Voices from China's
New Generation (New York, 19B3).
36.Sullivan, Lawrence R., "Assault on the Reforms: Conservative Criticism of
Political and Economic Liberalization in China, 1985-86 " The China Quarterly,
114: 198-222 (June 1988).
37.Tung, Constantine, and Colin MacKerras (eds.), Drama in the People's Repu
blic of China (Albany, N.Y., 1987).
38.¤ý«Ø¡G¡m¿ï¾Ü¥¿½Tªºªø´Áµo®i¾Ô²¤¤@Ãö©ó"°ê»Ú¤j´`Àô"¸gÀÙµo®i¾Ô²¤ªººcQÀÙ¡n¡A¡m¸gÀÙ¤é³ø¡n
39.Wang, Jing, High Culture Fever: Politics, Aesthetics, and Ideology in Den
g's China (Berkeley, 1996).
40.Wortzel, Larry M.¡A Class in China: Stratification in a Classless Society (
New York, 1987).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¦wÀ²¤j¾Ç©M¦XªÎ¤u¾Ç°|¡C
2 ¤èÀy¤§±Ð±Â¥H3,503²¼í¿ï¡FÅ¤¸³Í±Ð±Â¥H2,406²¼í¿ï¡F¾Ç¥Í»â³S¨F°¨[µÄ¶]¥H2,164²¼í¿ï¡F²Ä¥|¦ì
3¡m¤Q¤ëµû½×¡n¡A95´ä¡A±M¥Z(1987¦~)¡A²Ä14´Á¡A²Ä4-5¸¹¡B6-8¶¡C
4 ¥Dn¨Ó¦Û¦PÀÙ¤j¾Ç©M¥æ³q¤j¾Ç¡A¤]¦³¤Ö¼Æ¨Ó¦Û´_¥¹¤j¾Ç¡C
5 Los Angeles Times¡AJan¡O6¡A1987¡O³o¦ì§ÜÄ³ªÌ¬°¦Û¤vª¾¹D³o³¡µÛ¦W¬ü°ê¼v¤ùªº¦WºÙ"Gone with the
6 ¦óªF©÷¡A¤¤¥¡©eû¡C
7 Los Angeles Times¡ADec¡O31¡A1986¡C
8 ¦¿¿A¥Á¡C
9 Los Angeles Times¡ADec¡O22¡A1986¡O
10 ¶O§µ³q±Ð±Â¡C
11 ¥LÌ¤¤ªº¤@¦ì¥s¨°¶(µÄ¶)¡A32³¡AºÓ¤h¡A1983¡Ð1986¦~¶¡¦b¬ü°ê¨È§Q®á¨º¤j¾Ç¾Ç²ß¡AÀò¸Ó®Õªº¤À¤l
12 Christian Science Monitor, Jan¡O6¡A1988¡O
13¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n¡A1987¦~1¤ë6¤é¡Cªö¥Î"¦Û¥Ñ¤Æ"¦Ó¤£¬O"¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q"¤@µü¡A¬O¬°¤Fªí¥Ü¤@ºØ¥¿¦b®i¶}ªº¹Lµ
14 ÃQ¨Ê¥Í¡C
15 U¡OS¡ODept¡Oof State¡ABureau of Public Affairs¡AWashington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A"President Reagan¡AA
Opportunity for the U¡OS¡Oand China," April 27¡A1984¡O
16 Los Angeles Times¡AApril 28¡A1984¡O
17 The Christian Science Monitor, May 1¡O1984¡O
18 Sino Express, New York¡AMay 6¡A1984¡O
19 ¨F¸s¡AÂà¤Þ¦ÛLos Angeles Times¡AJan¡O7¡A1987¡O
20 ¤èÀy¤§µoªíªº¤@Ã´¦CºtÁ¿ªºnÂI¡G1986¦~11¤ë15¤é¦b¤W®ü¥æ³q¤j¾ÇªººtÁ¿¡A1986¦~11¤ë18¤é¦b¦PÀÙ¤j
21 ¤¤¦@¿¤¹Î‾Å¥H¤W¤z³¡¨Ï¥Îªº¤º³¡§÷®Æ¡G§å§P¤èÀy¤§©M¼B»«¶¡AÂà¸ü©ó¡m¤E¤Q¦~¥N¡n¡A95´ä¡A1987¦~6¤
22 ¤ýY±æ¹ï¾H¤p¥Æ[ÂIªº§åµû¥Î¤F³o¼Ëªº¼ÐÃD¡A<¨â¥¤À¤Æ¤§§Ú¨£_»P¾H¤p¥¦P§Ó°Óºe>¡A¡m¤u¤H¤é³ø¡n¡
23 Shang Rongguang¡A"Bridging Ocean-Wide Chasm," Beijing Review¡AJan¡O18-24¡A1988¡A31¡O¥Lªº
24 ¤¤¥¡¤å¥ó¡A1987¦~²Ä2¤Î4¸¹¡AÂà¸ü¦b¡m¼é¬y¤ë¥Z¡n¡A95´ä¡A1987¦~4¤ë15¤é¡A²Ä14¡Ð17¶¡C
25 ´^‾u©M¥t¥~¤T¦WÅv¤O«Ü¤jªº²z½×®a¾H¤O¸s¡BJ³ì¤ì©MÁ¡¤@ªi¥þ¬O¬Fªv§½©eû¡A¥LÌ¦³®É³Q»¡¦¨¬Os¥|
26 ¥LÌí¤¤¦³¡GÄ¬²Ð´¼¡Aõ¾Ç®a©M§ï²²z½×®a¡A°¨¦C¬ã¨s©Ò©Òªø¡F¤ýY¤ô¡A«e¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡n°ÆÁ`½s¡F§d
27 ¤¤¥¡¤å¥ó¡A1987¦~²Ä2¤Î4¸¹¡C
28 »‾µµ¶§§åµû¤F¤T¦W±aÀYªº«O¦u¬£²z½×®a¾H¤O¸s¡BJ³ì¤ì©MÁ¡¤@ªi¡C
29 ¥~°ê¨Ó³XªÌ¤¤¦³¥[®³¤jÁ`²z°¨º¸Ã¹¥§(Brian Mulroney)¡Bs¥[©Y²Ä¤@°ÆÁ`²z¡B¤é¥»©M«n´µ©Ô¤Òªº¥Nªí
30 Beijing Review¡ANov¡O2-8¡A1987¡A10¡A12¡A18-19¡FNews and World Report¡AOct¡O12¡A1987¡A41¡
31 Beijing Review, Nov¡O16-22¡A1987¡A6¡O
32 §õºÓ³Ô¡C
33 Los Angeles Times¡ANov¡O25¡A1987¡O
34 Beijing Review¡ANov¡O2-8¡A1987¡A12¡O
35 »‾µµ¶§¡G"ªuµÛ¦³¤¤°ê‾S¦âªºªÀ|¥D¸q¹D¸ô«e¶i"-1987¦~10¤ë25¤é¦b¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ²Ä¤Q¤T¦¸¥þ°ê¥Nªí¤j
36 David Holly, "New Leaders¡AReforms to be Weighted at Chinese Party Congress," L
os Angeles Times¡AOct¡O24¡A1987¡O
37 Henry A¡OKissinger, "China Now Changing Rules and Ruling Party," Los Angeles Ti
mes¡AOct¡O25¡A1987¡O
38 Joseph C¡OHarsch¡A"A New Look," The Christian Science Monitor, Nov¡O5¡A1987¡Aand "Fortu
nes Shift for Leaders of World's Three Powers," ibid¡O¡ANov¡O6¡A1987¡O
39 Adi Ignatius¡A "China's Party Meeting Unlikely to Seattle Success Issue," The W
all Street Journal¡AOct¡O23¡A1987¡O
40 ¤ý«Ø¡G<¿ï¾Ü¥¿½Tªºªø´Áµo®i¾Ô²¤_Ãö©ó"°ê»Ú¤j´`Àô"¸gÀÙµo®i¾Ô²¤ªººcQ>¡A¡m¸gÀÙ¤é³ø¡n¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1
41 1987¦~¤¤°ê¤u¤Hªº¥§¡¤u¸ê¬O»OÆW©M«nÁú¦PÃþ¤u¤H¤u¸êªº¤¤À¤§¤@¡A95´ä©Ms¥[©Y¤u¤H¤u¸êªº¤K¤À¤§
42 ³o¥÷³ø§iªº^¤åºKnÃD¥Ø¬°"Chao on Coastal Areas' Development Strategy," Bejing Review¡AFe
43 95´ä¡m¤j¤½³ø¡n¡A1988¦~3¤ë21¤é¡A²Ä2ª©¡C
44 Beijing Review¡AMay 23-29¡A1988¡A10¡FJune 20-26¡A1988¡A7-9¡O
45 Newsweek¡AHong Kong¡AJune 6¡A1988¡A25-26¡O
46 Feng Ching¡A"The Life of Ordinary Chinese People," Beijing Review, July 4-10¡A198
8¡A21-26¡O
47 The Christian Science Monitor, June 9¡A1988¡FOct¡O4¡A1988¡OAsiaweek¡AHong Kong¡A
July 1¡A1988¡A19¡FU¡OS¡ONews and World Report, Sept¡O8¡A1986¡O
48 China Daily¡ABejing¡AJune 28¡A1988¡O
49 Beijing Review¡AJuly 18-24¡A1988¡A12-13¡O
50 U¡OS¡ONews and World Report¡AFeb¡O8¡A1988¡A30¡O
51 §ÆÂÄ¿Õ(Joaquim Chissano)Á`²Î¡C Asiaweek¡AHong Kong¡AJuly 1¡A1988¡A18¡O
52 U¡OS¡ONews and World Report, Feb¡O8¡A1988¡A30¡O
53 Asiaweek¡AJuly 1¡A1988¡A20-21¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
210
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¤T¤Q¤E³¹
»OÆWªº"¸gÀÙ©_¸ñ"
¤Î»P¤¤°ê¤j³°²Î¤@ªº«e´º
¨«¤W»O¥_ªº¥D¤z¹D¡A§A±N¬Ý¨ì¼‾¦«¨®¡B¤½¦@¨T¨®©M¤pÃâ¨®¨®¤ô°¨Às¡Cµó¹D¨âÃä«h¬O°s©±¡B²{¥N¦í¦v©
³oŃ¬O²{¥N»OÆW¡A¦b¤@¥N¤Hªº®É¶¡¸Ì±q¤@Ó¹A~ªÀ|ÂàÅÜ¦¨¤F¤@ÓÍ±jªº¤u~ªÀ|¡C"¤é¥»²Ä¤G"(Li
¨ì1988¦~¡A»OÆW¤w¸g¨É¦³¤F¶W¹L¤T¤Q¤¦~ªº©M¥¡B¦w©w©M«ùÄòªº¸gÀÙ¼Wªø¡C¤¤Q¦~¥Nªº¦~§¡¼Wªø²v¬
È±oª`Nªº¬O¡A¦b»OÆW¡A°]Í¨Ã¨S¦³¶°¤¤¨ì¤Ö¼Æ¤H¤â¸Ì¡A¦Ó¬O¥Ñ¤j¦h¼Æ¤H¤À¨É¡A¥R¤À¹ê²{¤F"§¡Í"ª
1.»OÆW¸gÀÙ¦¨¥\ªºì¦]
1.1¸gÀÙ¾Ô²¤ »OÆWªº¸gÀÙ¾Ô²¤¬OÀu¥ýµo®i¹A~¡A¨ä¦¸¬O»´¤u~¡A¦A¦¸¬O«¤u~¡C±q1949¦~¨ì1960
‾U¤p¦Ó¸ê½³h½Cªº»OÆW§OµL¿ï¾Ü¡A°¦¦³¨Ì¾a¶T©ö¡ÇgÀÙ³W¹ºªÌ»{ÃÑ¨ì³o¤@ÂI¡A¦b¤»¤Q¦~¥N±j½Õ¤u~¤
¤C¤Q¦~¥N¡A¬Fµ¦«ÂIÂà¦V¤Fµo®i¦yºÝ¤u~©M«¤u~¡A¨ÃÂX®i°ò¥»«Ø³]¡C1973¦~¶}©l¤F¤Q¤j«Ø³](¨ä¤¤
ÀHµÛ³o¤Q¶µ«Ø³]¦b1979¦~µ¤¤u¡A»OÆW®i²{¥X"Í¸Îµo®i¤¤°ê®a"ªº±»ª¡C³o¨Ç«Ø³]¦V¸gÀÙª`¤J¤F¤j¶qª
¬°¤F¥R¤À§Q¥Î³o¨Çsªº§Þ‾à¡A¶i¤@¨B¨Ï»OÆW®q²{¥N¤Æ¡A¬F©²¥ß§Yµo°_¤F¤Q¤G¶µ«ÂI¤uµ{¡AµÛ««Ø³]§
1985¦~¡A¬F©²¶}®i¤F¤Q¥|¶µ«ÂI¤uµ{¥HÂX¤j¸gÀÙ°òÂ¦¡A¹wp§ë¤J¸êª÷200»õ¬ü¤¸¡C³o¨Ç¤uµ{¥Dn¥Ñ°ò
1.2²{¥N¤Æªº¤â¬q ²{¥N¤Æ»Ýn¸êª÷¡BÀu¨qªº¤HÅ×©M¬ì¾ÇªººÞ²z¡CÁöµM¬F©²©M®q¤º¨p¤H§ë¸ê¡Aºc¦¨
¤»¤Q¦~¥N¤TÓ¥X¤f¥[¤u°Ï--¨âÓ¦b°ª¶‾¦a°Ï¡A¤@Ó¦b»O¤¤ªþªñ--ªº«Ø¥ß¡A¤]³q¹LÂ²¤ÆÃöµ|µ{§Ç©M¥X¤
¤Þ¶i¨Ó¦Û®q¥~ªºs¥Í²£§Þ³N¡A¤]¦b¸gÀÙªº¨³³tµo®i¤¤µo´§¤F«n§@¥Î¡C®Ú¾Ú¡m§Þ³N¦X§@ªk¡n¡A1952¦
»OÆW¨ô¶Vªº±Ð¨|Åé¨î´£¨Ñ¤F¦³§Q©ó§ë¸ê©M²{¥N¤Æªº¦X®æ¤HÅ×¡C©Ò¦³¤H³£±µ¨ü¤E¦~¨î¸q°È±Ð¨|¡C¨ì197
¥R¨¬ªº°Ê¤O©MÀu´f¬Fµ¦¡B°V½m¦³‾Àªº¤HÅ×©MG»ùªº³Ò°Ê¤O¡A«P¨Ï¥~°ê©M®ü¥~µØ¤Hªº§ë¸ê¨³³t¼Wªø¡A±
1979¦~1¤ë1¤é¬ü°ê¹ï¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°êªº©Ó»{¡A¨S¦³¤Þ°_¹ï»OÆW¸gÀÙµo®i©M¥~°ê§ë¸êªº¦h¤j¼vÅT¡C197
¨³³tªº¤u~¤Æ¤Þ°_¤F¤@¨Ç¤£¥iÁ×§KªºÀô¹Ò©MªÀ|°ÝÃD¡A¥]¬A¥æ³q¡B¦Ã¬V¡B¤u~©U§£¡B³q³f¿±µÈ¡B¤Ö¦
1.3ªÀ|ÅÜ¤Æ ¦b¨³³t¤u~¤Æªº¼vÅT¤U¡AªÀ|µ²ºc©M®a®xÃöÃ´µo¥Í¤F²`¨èªºÅÜ¤Æ¡C³o¨ÇÅÜ¤Æ¤¤³ÌÅã
®a®xÃöÃ´¤]µo¥Í¤F¨ã¦³²`»N¸qªºÅÜ¤Æ¡C¤÷¥À¦b¦³Ãö¤l¤k±B«Ã©MÂ¾~¿ï¾Üµ¥¨Æ°È¤WªºÅv«Â«æ¼@°I¸¨¤
°]Íªº¨³³t¿n²Ö¹ï¸gÀÙ¦æ¬°©MªÀ|Û²z²£¥Í¤Ft±¼vÅT¡Cªø¦~ªº¶T©ö¬Õ¾l©M³q±`¸û°ªªºÀx»W²v(34%)
í¤@ÓªÀ|¤¤ÂÂªº»ùÈÆ[µo¥Í§ïÅÜ¤§®É¡AŃ»Ýn¦³»{¦P©M«OÃÒ¡C¬ü°ê¬Fªvº©µe®a¿çÌ(Rarian R¡OLu
½±¸g°ê¦b»â¾É»OÆW¸gÀÙµo®i©MÀ³¥I¬ü°ê»P¥_¨Ê©M¸Ñ©Ò¤Þ°_ªº¦M«æ§½¶Õ¤¤¡A¥\¤£¥i¨S¡C¥L¬O¤@¦ì‾à¤zª
½±¸g°ê¹ï¤÷¿Ë«O«ùµÛ¥ºÝªº§µ¶¶¡A¦ý¤÷¤lÇ¦b¨ü~¡BÆ[©À¡BµÊ®ð©M¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡¤W³£~µM¬Û²§¡C¦Ñ½±ªº©
½±¸g°ê²Îªvªº‾SÂI¬O¬Fªv²s¡B¸gÀÙµo®i¡BªÀ|Ã©w©MÁcºa¡A¥H¤Î¾ãx³ÆªZ¡C¥L¬Û«HÓ¤H^¶‾¥D¸qª
1.4½±¸g°ê(1910-1988¦~)ªº¿ò²£ ½±¸g°êÁ`²Î¦b1984¦~í¿ï²Ä¤G¥ôÁ`²Î¡A¥H»OÆW¥X¥Íªº¹A~¸gÀÙ±
¨ì1986-87¦~¡A°ê»Ú§Î¶Õ©M®q¤º¿E‾PªºªÀ|ÅÜ¤Æ«P¨Ï¥L¬Û«H¡A°¦¦³³q¹L¬Fªv¶}¸T©M¥[±jªkªv¡A»OÆWÅ×
½±¸g°êªº«äºûµLºÃ¨ü¹L¥h´X¦~°ê¥~©M»OÆW¥Dnµo®iÁÍ¶Õªº¼vÅT¡C¥Á¥D¤Æªº®ö¼é¤w®u¨÷¤F¦n´XÓ¨È¬w°
®q¤º¨³³t§ïÅÜªºªÀ|ª¬ªp¡A¨Ï½±¸g°êÃöª`°_s¿³¤¤²£¶¥‾Å¤é‾q°ªº¦ªº©êt¡C¤¤²£¶¥‾Å¦b¸gÀÙ¤W«ÜÍ¸
¦b°ê¥ÁÄÒÄÒ¤º¡A¬°¥´‾}¤¸¦Ñ¹ïÄÒªº±±¨î¡A¦ü¥G¤]¥²¶¶i¦æ¤º³¡ªº¥Á¥D¤Æ©M§ï²Õ¡CÄÒ¤ºÂ¾°È¥²¶³q¹L¥
½±¸g°êÁ`²Î‾dN¤F³o¨ÇN¨£¡AÂà¦Ó¬Û«H¡AÅý¤H¥Á¡B¬F©²©M¬FÄÒ¾át°_¥Á¥D¬Fªvªº§ó¤j³d¥ôªº®É¨è¤w¸
¬°¤F¹ê¬I¦Û¤vªºÂE¹Ï¤jp¡A½±¸g°ê©ó1986¦~3¤ë±q°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤¤¥¡©eû|¤¤¬D¿ï¤Q¤G¤H¦¨¥ß¤F¤@Ó©eû|
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦b³o¤§«e¡A¬FÄÒ¤w¸g"«Dªk¦a"¦s¦b¤F¡F²{¦b¡A1986¦~9¤ë28¤é¡A¤»Ó¬FÄÒµn°O¨ú±o¦Xªk¦a¦ì
½±¸g°êªº¥t¤@¤j°^Äm¡A¬O¥L«ù¤§¥H«í¦a¦VÄÒ©M¬F©²¿é¤JsÂA¦å²G¡C¤j¦h¼ÆsÄÒû³£¬O¨ü¹L¨}¦n±Ð¨|¡
1988¦~¤¸¥¹¹L«á¡A½±¸g°êªº°±d«æ¼@ć¤Æ¡A©ó1¤ë13¤é¥h¥@¡C®q¤ºÏ®û¦b«¤j¥¢¸¨P¤¤¡A¦]¬°¥L¬O¤@
1.5§õµn½÷®É´Á §õµn½÷Á`²Î¦bŃ¥ôÁ`²Î®É¦~©¡65³¡C¥L¬O¤@¦ì¾ÇªÌ«¬ªº¬Fªv®a¡A¾Ö¦³±d¤Dº¸¤j¾Ç
¦b1988¦~7¤ëªº°ê¥ÁÄÒ²Ä¤Q¤T¦¸¥Nªí¤j|¤W¡A§õµn½÷Àò½T»{¬°°ê¥ÁÄÒ¥D®u¡A³\¦h»OÆW¥X¥ÍªºÄÒû´£¤É
°ê¥ÁÄÒ¤Q¤T¤j³q¹L¤F´X¶µÃö©ó»OÆW»P¤j³°¤§¶¡¤Hû±µÄ²ªº±¹¬I¡A³W©w¡G
1¡O»P¤j³°¶}®i¶¡±µ¶T©ö¤Î¦b¤j³°§ë¸ê¡A³o±N¨Ï»OÆWªº¤u~³¡ªù½T«O±q¤j³°Àò±oì§÷®Æ¡A¨Ã¦b¤j³°«s¦w
2¡O»OÆW°OªÌ¸g©e¬£¦Û¥Ñ«e©¹¤j³°ªö³X¡C
3¡O¤¹³\¥Í¬¡¦b°ê¥~ªº¤j³°ª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l©M°kÁ×¦@²£¥D¸q¤Î°l¨D¾Ç³N¦Û¥Ñªº¾ÇªÌ³X°Ý»OÆW¡C
4¡O¤¹³\¤j³°©~¥Á±´³X±o‾fªº»OÆW¿Ë±¡A©Î¥X®u¦b»OÆWÁ|¦æªº¸®Â§¡C
5¡O¤å¤Æ©MÅé¨|¥æ¬y¡C
6¡O³]¥ß±Mªùªº¬F©²¾÷Ãöt³d»P¤j³°ªºÃöÃ´¡A¨Ã½T«O»OÆWªº¦w¥þ©MªÀ|Ã©w¤£¨ül®`¡C17
§õµn½÷¤ß¥Ø¤¤³Ì«nªº¨Æ±¡²ö¹L©ó±À¶i¥Á¥D¥ß¾Ë¡A°í©w¤£²¾¦a¼i¦æ¥L¹ê¦æ¬Fªv¦h¤¸¤Æ©M¬FÄÒ¬Fªvªº©
¤Ï¹ï¬£¹ÎÅé¡A§Y©Ò¿×ªº"ÄÒ¥~"¹ÎÅé¡A¤×¨ä¬O¥Á¶iÄÒ¡A¹ª§j§ó¤jªº°Ñ¬Fµ{«×¡An¨D²M°£ªý¤î‾u¥¿¥Á¥D¥
1989¦~2¤ë¡A§õµn½÷Á`²Î«ØÄ³Åý¦Ñ¥Nªí©M¦Ñ©eû³v¨B°h¥ð¡A¨Ã³v¨B¼W¿ïs¦¨û¡C¥Lªºp¹º¸¹¥l±N¤TÓ
1991¦~6¤ë¡A¤jªk©x©eû|³W©w¡A¤TÓ¾÷ºc¤¤©Ò¦³¦b¤j³°¿ï¥Xªº¦¨û¡A¥²¶©ó1991¦~12¤ë31¤é«e°h¥ð
¥[¤W1986¦~¿ï¥Xªº78Ó¥Nªí¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒ¦b°ê¥Á¤j|¤¤½T«O¤F79%ªº®u¦ì¡A¶W¹L¤F¦b²Ä¤G¦~³q¹L¾Ëªk×¥¿
¦b1992¦~12¤ë19¤éªº¥ßªk°|¿ïÁ|¤¤¡A¥Á¶iÄÒÅã±o¤ñ¥H«e§ó±j¤j¡B«HÅA§ó°ª¤F¡A¥¦Àò±o¤F31%ªº¿ï²¼¡A
s°ê¥Á¤j|©Ms¥ßªk°|ªº¿ïÁ|¡A¼Ð§ÓµÛ»OÆW¦V¥Á¥D¥ß¾ËÁÚ¥X¤F¤@¤j¨B¡CµM¦Ó¡AÁÙ¦³³\¦h¨Æ±¡n°µ¡C»
»OÆW¹ï®q¤ºªº"¸gÀÙ©_¸ñ"©M¬Fªv¥Á¥D¤Æ«D±`¦Û»¨¡A¦ý§ó¦Û»¨ªº¬O¥Rí¤F¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¿ò²£«OÅ@ªÌªº¨¤¦â¡
»OÆW¨M¤ß³Ð³y¤@ºØ¥H¦Û¥Ñ¥ø~©M¤T¥Á¥D¸q¬°°òÂ¦ªº²{¥Nµo®i¼Ò¦¡¡A¨Ï¤§¦¨¬°¤j³°¨î«×ªº´À¥N«~¡C¦b¤
2.²Î¤@ªº«e´º
¤¤°êªº²Î¤@¬O°ê¦@¨âÄÒªº¦@¦PÄ@±æ¡C»OÆW¤½¶}ªí¹FÃö¤ß¤j³°¤H¥ÁªººÖ¬ç¡A¦Ó¤º¤ßÃÙ½à»OÆW¸gÀÙ¦¨Ńª
¥_¨Ê§â²Î¤@¤¤°ê¬Ý§@¬O¤K¤Q¦~¥NªºÀYµ¥¤j¨Æ¡C¬°¤F³oÓ¥Ø¼Ð¡A¥_¨Ê´£¥X¤F¥H¤T±øì«h¬°°òÂ¦ªº²Î¤@¤
½±¸g°êÁ`²Î°í¨M©Úµ´©M½Í´£Ä³¡Aµø¤§¬°"‾ºÁy¥~¥æ"¡A¬O¤¤¦@ÅÜ¬Ûªº²Î¾Ô¡A¦®¦b³Âô»OÆWªºÄµ±§©Ê¡C½
¦b1984¦~¡A¤¤°ê¦¨¥\¦a»P^°ê¹F¦¨1997¦~95´ä¦^Âk¨óÄ³¥H«á¡A¾H¤p¥¦Û»¨¦a«Å¥¬¡A¥Lªº"¤@°ê¨â¨î"²
»OÆWÄ±±o³o¼Ë¤@ºØ¤è¦¡«D±`¤£¾A¡A¦Ó¥BÄ±±o±N»OÆWµ¥¦P©ó95´äªºQªk¤]¬O§¹¥þ¤£¤Á¹ê»Ú¡C»OÆW¤H°íº
³Ì®Ú¥»ªº¬O¡A»OÆW»â¾É¤H§â¤T¥Á¥D¸qµ¥¦P©óªLªÖªº"¥Á¦³¡B¥Á¥e¡B¥Á¨É"ªº²zQ¡C¥LÌQÅý¤¤°ê¤H¥Á§
»OÆWªºªB¤Í©M®q¤ºªº¶}©ú¤H¤h¤@ª½¦b´°«P¹ï¤j³°ªö¨ú§óÆF¬¡ªº¬Fµ¦¡A¥LÌºÙ"¤T¤£¬Fµ¦"®ø¥¡B¦Û§Ú
§õµn½÷ªº"°È¹ê¥~¥æ"«P¨Ï¦b»OÆWªº¤¤µØ¥Á°ê©ñ±ó¤F¦ÛºÙ¬O¥þ¤¤°ê¦Xªk¬F©²ªº¥D±i¡C¥¦¤£¦A«ÅºÙ"°¦¦³
§õµn½÷©Úµ´¥_¨Êªº"¤@°ê¨â¨î"ºõ»â¡A»{¬°¥¦§â»OÆW¶S§C¨ì¤F¤@Ó¬Ù‾Å¦a¦ì¡C¦ý¬O¡A¦pªG¥_¨Ê¦PN(1)
²Î¤@ªº¶iµ{±N¬Oº©ªøÁ}¨‾ªº¡A¤£‾à¾Þ¤§¹L«æ¡C¦]¦¹¡A»OÆW¦b1991¦~2¤ë23¤é³q¹L¤F¡m°ê²Îºõ»â¡n¡C³o
²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¹ªÀy«D©x¤èªº¥æ©¹©M¥æ¬y¡A¥H¤Î¤Hûªº±µÄ²¡C²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¦®¦b³q¹L¶}©ñ©x¤è¥æ¬y´ë¹D«Ø¥ß¬Û¤
§õµn½÷Á`²Î¬Û«H¦³¥i‾à¦b¤»¨ì¤Q¦~¤º¹ê²{²Î¤@¡A¦ý»OÆWªº¤½²³ÁÖ½×«o¤£¨º»ò¼ÖÆ[¡C°¦¦³10%ªº¤H°í¨M
»OÆW¶V¨Ó¶V¥Á¥D¡A1992¦~ªº¤H§¡¦¬¤J¹F¨ì10,215¬ü¤¸¡A¬Û¤ñ¤§¤U¡A¤j³°Ä~Äò¹ê¦æ¦C¹ç¥D¸qªº±M¨î²Îª
¦b¹F¨ì©M¥²Î¤@¤§«e¡A»OÆW±NÄ~ÄòÃkµn¥Á¥D¥ß¾Ëªº§ó°ª»O¶¥¡A§ïµ½¥Í¬¡½è¶q©MÀô¹Ò¡A¶}®i¤@¶µ¬°´Á¤
¥_¨ÊÃÕ¿Ø»OÆWn¨D¹ïµ¥¦a¦ìªº¥D±i¡A«ü¥X°ê¥Á¬F©²¦b1949¦~Ń¥á¥¢¤F¹ï¤j³°ªº±±¨î¡A¦]¦¹¤]Ń³à¥¢¤
¦ý¬O¡A¥_¨ÊÅwªï¥Á²³¡B¸gÀÙ¡B°Ó°È©M¤å¤Æ¥æ¬y¡A1988¦~7¤ë6¤é¹{¥¬¤F¡m¹ªÀy»OÆW¤½¥q¦b¤j³°§ë¸êªº³
®ü®l¨â©¤³£¶V¨Ó¶VPÄ±¨ì¤F¸gÀÙ¤Wªº¬Û¤¬¨Ì¿à¡C¹ï¤j³°¦Ó¨¥¡A»OÆWªº§ë¸ê¥e¤j³°°ê¥Á¥Í²£Á`È¤¤ªº8
¦ñÀHµÛ¸gÀÙ¤W¶V¨Ó¶V±jªº¬Û¤¬¨Ì¿à¡A¾Ç³N¡B¬ì¾Ç¡Bs»D¡BÅé¨|©M¤å¤Æ¥æ¬y¤]¤é‾q¼W¥[¡C¤ñ¸û«¤jªº¨
ÀH«á¡A¦b1993¦~4¤ë28-29¤é¡A¤HÌ´Á«Ý¤w¤[ªº¨â©¤¥b©x¤è|½Í¦bs¥[©YÁ|¦æ¡A|½Íªº¤@¤è¬O»OÆWªº®
¤@¦Ê¦h¦~«e¡A¦Û±j¹B°Êªº»â¾ÉªÌ¥H°l¨D"Í±j"§@¬°¤¤°ê¦b²{¥N¥@¬É¤¤¥Í¦sªºÃöÁä¡C1919¦~¤¥|¹B°Ê´
¦b¥|¤d¦~¦³¤å¦r°O¸üªº¾ú¥v¤W¡A¤¤°ê´¿µL¼Æ¦¸¦a¤À¤À¦X¦X¡C°²¦p¾ú¥v¬O¦³«ü¾É§@¥Î¡A¦Ó¬Fªv¬O°l¨D³
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Bader, William, and Jeffrey T. Bergner (eds.)¡AThe Taiwan Relations Act: A D
ecade of Implementation (Indianapolis, 1989).
2.Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Securit
y Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983).
3.Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, Republic of China in
International Perspective (New York, 1992).
4.Chang, King-yuh, A Framework for China 's Unification (Taipei, 1987).
5.--(ed,)¡AROC-US Relations under the Taiwan Relation's Act; Practice and Pros
pects (Taipei, 1988).
6.Chang, Maria, 'Taiwan's Mainland Policy and the Unification of China" Asia
n Studies Center, Claremont Institute of California, 1990.
7.Chen, Wen-tsung, and Richard R. Yuylsteke, "Democratization in the ROC" Fr
ee China Review, Taipei (March 1989): 46-56.
8.Chiu, Hungdah, "Chinese Communist Policy Toward Taiwan and the Prospect of
Unification" Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No. 5-1991 (106). Sc
hool of Law, University of Mainland.
9.Chou, Yangsun, and Andrew J, Nathan, "Democraiizing Transition in Taiwan"
Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No. 3-1987 (80), School of Law, Un
iversity of Maryland.
10.Clough, Ralph, Island China (Cambridge, Mass" 1978).
11.Cohen, Marc J., Taiwan at the Crossroad (Washington, D.C., 1988).
12.Cohen, Myron L, House United, House Divided: The Chinese Family in Taiwan
(New York, 1976).
13.Copper, Johrj R, A Quiet Revolution: Political Development in the Republi
c of China (Lanham, Md.. 1988).
14.--,Taiwan: Nation-state or Province (Boulder, 1989).
15.--¡A"Taiwan's Recent Elections: Fulfilling the Democratic Promise." Reprint
Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, 1990. School of Law, University of Maryla
nd.
15.--,China Diplomacy: The Washington-Taipei-Beijing Triangle (Boulder, 1992
).
16.Chu¡AYungdeh Richard (ed.), China in Perspectives: Prospects of China's Reu
nification (Hong Kong, 1987).
17.Damrosch¡ALori Fischer, The Taiwan Relations Act After Ten Years (Baltimore
, 1990).
18.Faurot, Jeannette L (ed.), Chinese Fiction from Taiwan (Bloomington, 1980
).
19.Gold, Thomas B.s State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle (Armonk, N.Y., 1
986).
20.Gregor, A. James, and Maria Hsia Chang, "The Taiwan Independence Movement
: The Failure of Political Persuasion¡A"Political Communication and Persuasion, 2:
4(1985):363-91.
21.Ho, Samuel P. S., Economic Development of Taiwan, 1860-1970 (New Haven, 1
978),
22.Jing, Wei, "Overstretched: Taiwan's 'Elastic Diplomacy5," Beijing Review,
April 3-9, 1989¡A7.
23.Knapp, Ronald G. (ed.), China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historica
l Geography of Taiwan (Honolulu, 1981).
24.Kuo, Shirley W. Y,¡AThe Taiwan Economy in Transition (Boulder, 1983).
25.Lasater, Martin L., Policy in Evolution: The U.S. Role in China's Reunifi
cation (Boulder, 1989).
26.Lee, Teng-hui, Creating ike Future: Towards a New Era for the Chinese Peo
ple (Taipei, 1992).
27.Li, Cheng, and Lynn White, "Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mai
nland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy " The China
Quarterly, March 1990, 1-35.
28.Li, Dahong, "Main! and-Taiwan Economic Relations on the Rise," Beijing Re
view, April 3-9, 1989, 24-27.
29.Li, Jiaquan, "More on Reunification of Taiwan with the Mainland," Beijing
Review^ Jan, 16-22, 1989, 26-30.
30.--,"Taiwan's New Mainland Policy Raises Concern," Beijing Review, May 22-
28¡A1989¡A23-25.
31.Long, Simon, Taiwan: China fs Last Frontier (London, 1991).
32.--¡A'Taiwan's National Assembly Elections," The China Quarterly, March 1992
,216-28.
33.Myers, Ramon H. (ed.), A Unique Relationship: The United States and the R
epublic of China Under the Taiwan Relations Act (Stanford, 1989).
34.--(ed.), Two Societies in Opposition: The Republic of China and the Peopl
e's
35.Republic of China after Forty Years (Stanford, 1991).
36.´^Ãh®¦¡G¡m»OÆW¬FªvÅÜ¾E¥|¤Q¦~¡n(»O¥_¡A1987¦~)¡C
37.Political Trends in Taiwan since the Death of Chiang Ching-Kuo. Committee
on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., 1989.
38.Schive, Chi, The Foreign Fact: The Multinational Corporations' Comributio
n to the Economic Modernization of the Republic of China (Stanford, 1990).
39.Senese, Donald J. and Diane D. Pikcunas, Can the Two Chinas Become One (W
ashington, D.C., 1989).
40.Siiin, Robert H.¡ALeadership and Values: The Organization of Large-Scale Ta
iwanese Enterprises (Cambridge, Mass., 1976),
41.Sutter, Robert G.¡A Taiwan: Entering the 21st Century (Lanham, Md., 1988).
42.Tien, Hung-rao, The Great Transition: Political arid Social Change in the
Republic of China (Stanford, 1987).
43.Ts'ai Ling, arid Ramon H. Myers, "Surviving the Rough-and-Tumble of Presi
dential Politics in an Emerging Democracy: The 1990 Elections in the Republic of
China on Taiwan," The China Quarterly, March 1992, 123-48.
44.Tsai, Wen-hui, "In Making China Modernized; Comparative Modernization bet
ween Mainland and Taiwan." Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No. 4 -
1993 (117). School of Law, University of Maryland.
45.Vogel, Ezra F.¡AThe Four Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East A

sia (Cambridge, Mass" 1991).
46.Wu, Wen-cheng, and Chen I-hsin, "Entering the Age of Party Politics" Free
China Review, April 1989, 52-57¡C
47.Wu, Yuan-li, Becoming an Industrialized Nation: ROC Development on Taiwan
(New York, 1985).
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¤@¥»¼Ú¬wªºª÷¿ÄÂø§Ó¡C
2 ¤T¦Ê»õ¬ü¤¸ªº¥X¤f©M220»õ¬ü¤¸ªº¶i¤f¡C
3 °ê»Ú³f¹ô°òª÷²ÕÂ´ªº²Îp¼Æ¾Ú¡ALos Angeles Times¡A1988¦~1¤ë4¤é©M3¤ë7¤é³ø¹D¡FThe Free China J
4 The Free China Journal¡ATaipei¡AMarch 24¡A1986¡O
5 The Christian Science Monitor, editorial¡AJuly 1980¡O¦b¬ü°ê¡A¤u¸ê®t§O¤ñ¨Ò¬O9¤ñ1¡A¾¥¦èô¬O
6 A Review of Public Administration¡GThe Republic of China¡Acompiled by the Administ
rative Rehash and Evaluation Commission¡AExecutive Yiian¡A1975¡O(Taipei¡A1975)¡A79-80¡A96¡O
7 ¦b1979_80¦~«×¡A¦³17,560¦W»OÆW¾Ç¥ÍŃÅª©ó¬ü°ê°ª®Õ¡A¶È¦¸©ó¥ì®Ôªº51,310‾d¾Ç¥Í¡C¨ä¥¦¤@¨Ç¦b¬ü‾d
8 U¡OS¡ODepartment of State¡A"Review of Relations with Taiwan," Current Policy No¡O
190¡AJune 11¡A1980(Washington¡AD¡OC¡O)¡OThe Free China Journal¡AMarch 30¡A1989¡O
9 ¹A§ø¤H¤f±q1953¦~¥eÁ`¤H¤fªº51.9%¤U°¨ì1986¦~ªº21.6%¡C The Free China
Journal¡AMay 12¡A1986¡C
10 The Free China Journal, April 4¡O1991¡O
11 ¿à¿A²[¡G<ªÀ|ÅÜ¾E¤¤ªº®a®x¨î«×>¡A¡m®ü¥~¾Ç¤H¡n¡A»O¥_¡A1985¦~1¤ë31¤é¡A²Ä11-15¶¡C
12 1988¦~¡A"¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¤p©j¤jÁÉ"¦b¤G¤Q¥|¦~«á²Ä¤@¦¸«ì´_¡A³]«ax¼ú35¸U¬ü¤¸¡F1988¦~5¤ëÁ|¿ì¤F"Ä_®q
13 °ê¥ÁÄÒ°Æ‾µ®Ñªø°¨^¤E³Õ¤hªºÆ[ÂI¡CFree China Review¡Aeditorial¡AMarch 1988¡FAlexander Ya-l
d¡O¡AOctober 1987¡A8-9; Wei Tsai¡A"Transformations in tbe Body Politics," ibid¡O¡A14-15¡O
14 The Free China Journal, Taipei¡AFeb¡O21¡A1987¡FPeter Chang¡A"Party Politics Redefined,"
¹ï°ê¥ÁÄÒ°Æ‾µ®Ñªø°¨^¤E³Õ¤hªºªö³X¡ADeputy Secretary-General¡AKMT¡AFree China Review¡AOct¡O1
15 µyµy´£´XÓ¤H¡G³s¾Ô¡AªÛ¥[ô¤j¾Ç³Õ¤h¡F¿ú´_¡AC¾|¤j¾Ç³Õ¤h¡F°¨^¤E¡A«¢¦ò¤j¾Çªk¾Ç°|ªk¾Ç³Õ¤h¡F
16 The Free China Journal, July 25¡A1988¡C¥LÌ¤¤¤Q¤H¾Ö¦³³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡A¤@¤H¦b¬ü°ê
¤j¾ÇÀò±oºÓ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡A¥t¨â¤H¤À§OÀò±o¦è¼w©M¤é¥»¤j¾ÇªººÓ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡CÁÙ¦³¨â¤H¤À
§O¦b»OÆWªº¤j¾ÇÀò±oºÓ¤h©Mªk¾Ç¾Ç¤h¾Ç¦ì¡C
17 Los Angeles Times¡AJuly 13¡A1988¡FThe Free China Journal¡AJuly 18¡A1988¡O
18 Yangsun Chou and Andrew Nathan¡A"Democratizing Transition in Taiwan¡A" Occasional
Papers¡þReprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies¡ANo¡O3¡A1987(80)¡G21-22¡OSchool of L
niversity of Maryland¡O
19 Wu Wen-cheng and Chen I-hsiu¡A"Entering the Age of Party Politics," Free China
Review¡AApril 1989¡A52-57¡FChen Wen-tsung and Richard R¡OVuylsteke¡A"Demo-cratization in t
he ROC," Free China Review¡OMarch 1989¡A46-56¡O
20 Zhou Xiaomeng, "On the Road Toward Democracy¡GParty Politics in Taiwan," Papers
of the Center for Modern China¡AVol¡O3¡ANo¡O10 (Oct¡O1992)¡G14¡FThe New York Times¡ADec¡O2
s Angeles Times¡ADec¡O21¡A1991¡O
21 Fredrick F. Chien¡A"A View from Taipei," Foreign Affairs (Winter 1991-92)¡G97-98¡O
22 Lee¡GTeng-hui¡A"Opening a New Era for the Chinese People," Inaugural address by C
he eighth-term President of the Republic 0f China¡AMay 20¡A1990¡Ain Creating the Futur
e towards a New Era for the Chinese People (Taipei¡A1992)¡A8¡O
23 Jason C¡OHu¡A"Building Democracy for Unification," an address to the Los Angeles
World's Affairs Council¡AOct¡O26¡A1992¡FLee¡A126-27¡O
24 Lee¡A101¡FThe Free China Journal, April 10¡A1992
25 Zhou Xiaomeng¡A7¡O
26 ¤¤°ê¬F¨ó°Æ¥D®u¿ú°¶ªøªºÁn©ú¡A1992¦~12¤ë9¤é¡C
27 Âà¤Þ¦ÛThe Free China Journal¡ANov¡O6¡A1992¡C
28 »O¥_¤¤°ê»È¦æ¼Æ¾Ú¡AÂà¤Þ¦ÛThe Free China Journal¡ANov¡O27¡A1992¡C
29 The Free China Journal¡AOct¡O30¡A1992¡O
30 ¦P¤Wª`¡A1993¦~7¤ë9¤é¡C
31 95´ä¬F©²²Îp¼Æ¾Ú¡C
32 The New York Times¡AApril 28¡A1993¡FLos Angeles Times¡AApril 28 and 29¡A1993¡O
33 ªò¥É»Ê¡G<¸Õ½×¤¤¦@¬FÅv¦b¤¤°êªñ¥N¥v¤Wªº¥\¹L>¡A(®ü¥~¾Ç¤H)¡A²Ä99´Á¡A²Ä8¶(1980¦~)¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
228
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¥|¤Q³¹
¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õªºªZ¤OÂíÀ£
1989¦~6¤ë3-4¤é
1989¦~¡A³D¦~¡Cs¦~¥ì©l¡AŃ¥X²{¤F¤£²»ªº©º¥ü¡A¹w¥Ü¤¤°ê¦æ±NÃzµoªº°Ê¿º¡C°ê®a±Á{µÛ¤é‾q¥[¼@ª
¥Á¥D©M¦Û¥Ñ¤Æªº¤O¶q¤£°±¦a»PÀ£¨î©M±M¨îªº¶Õ¤Oµo¥Í½Ä¬ð¡A©Î¬O¤½¶}©Î¬OÁô½ª¡A¦ýºò±i§½¶Õ©l²×¦s¦
1989¦~¤]¬ON¸q¥¨¤jªº¤@¦~¡A¦]¬°³o¤@¦~¬O³\¦h«¤j¾ú¥v¨Æ¥óªº©P¦~¬ö©À¡G¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê«Ø°ê(19
1.¶Â¶³À£«°
s¦~è¹L¡AµÛ¦W¤ÑÅéª«²z¾Ç®a¤èÀy¤§«K©ó1¤ë6¤é¦V¾H¤p¥µo¥X¤@«Ê¤½¶}«H¡A©I¦S¦b¤¥|¹B°Ê¤C¤Q©P¦
1989¦~2¤ë¤U¦‾¥¬¤°(George Bush)Á`²Î³X°Ý¥_¨Ê´Á¶¡¡A¥Á¥D¨Æ~¾D¹J®À§é¡C«öÓ¸Ì®ÚÁ`²Î«e¤@¦~®L¤
¬F©²ªº¦æ¬°¿E«ã¤F¤¤°êªº¾Ç¥Í©Mª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l¡A¥LÌµ¥«Ý¾÷|µo¬ª«ã¤õ¡A«sµo°_¨â¦~«e¾D¨ìªý¤îªº¥Á¥
¤¤¦@©Úµ´¬°JÄ£¨¹¥¿¦W¡A¦]¬°³o¼Ë°µµ¥©ó©Ó»{©Ò¦³±N¥L¸ÑÂ¾ªº¤H³£¦³¿ù¡A¥]¬A¾H¤p¥©M¨ä¥¦±jµw¬£¤
2.ÄÒªº¤Àµõ
Á`®Ñ°O»‾µµ¶§»P¥Lªº«e¥ôJÄ£¨¹¤@¼Ë¡Aªí²{¥X¹ï¥Ü«Â¬¡°Ê¥«×ªº¼e®e©M¹ï¾Ç¥Í°Ê¾÷¬Ûíªº¦P±¡¡C§@¬
±jµw¬£§â¾Ç¥Í¥Ü«Â¬Ý§@¬OÂíÀ£¥Á¥D¹B°Ê©Mªý¼¸¸gÀÙ§ï²ªº¨}¾÷¡C¦pªG‾à¥©§®¦a¥[¼@¾Ç¥Í»P»‾µµ¶§¤§¶
4¤ë24¤é¡A¥_¨Ê¥«©e®Ñ°O5¦b«O¦u¬£¤¸¦Ñªº«ü¨Ï¤U¦V¤¤¥¡©eû|´£¥æ¤F¤@¥÷"¾Ô³ø"¡C³ø§iºÙ¡A®Ú¾Ú¾Ç¥
ÅãµM¡A¥¿¦p¨â¦~«e¤@¼Ë¡A±jµw¬£©ÔÃl¾H¤p¥¨ì¥LÌ¤@Ãä¡C¤¤¦@±N¹ï¥Ü«ÂªÌªö¨ú§ó°í¨Mªº¥ß³õ¡C§õÄP©
4¤ë29¤é»‾µµ¶§¥X³X¦^°ê«á¡A¥L¦bÅU°Ý7ªº«ØÄ³¤U¡A§åµû4¤ë26¤éªºªÀ½×¡A¥¤OªÖ©w¾Ç¥Íªº¦æ°Ê¬O¦Ûµo
¶i¤@¨Bªº¹ï§Ü¥X²{¦b5¤ë16¤é¡Cí¤Ñ¡A»‾µµ¶§§i¶D¨Ó³XªºÄ¬¦@Á`®Ñ°O¤àº¸¤Ú³ì¤Ò¡A¦Û1987¦~11¤ëÄÒªº
¦b¤àº¸¤Ú³ì¤Ò¤T¤Ñªº³X°Ý´Á¶¡¡A¤W¦Ê¸U¤H¥e¾Ú¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õ¡A¥O¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H¥áºÉÃC±¡CÅwªï»ö¦¡¤£±o¤
±jµw¬£°í«ù»{¬°¾Ç¥Í°Ê¶Ãªº®Ú½¦b¤¤¦@ÄÒ¤º¡A¥¿¬O»‾µµ¶§¤Î¨ä«e¥ôJÄ£¨¹¹ï¸gÀÙªº³B²z¤£í¡AÅ×¾É
¨ÆºAªºµo®i¶i¤@¨B¨Ï±jµw¬£¬Û«H¡A»‾µµ¶§¤Î¨ä´¼Ån³±¿Ñ§Q¥Î¤£¨ü±±¨îªº¾Ç¥Í¤O¶q¨Ó¤ÀµõÄÒ¡C»‾µµ¶§¹
5¤ë17¤é«e«á¡A¤¤¦@³Ì°ª¼h¥l¶}¤F¤@¦¸"¾Ô³Æ|Ä³"¡A°¦¦³¤C¡B¤KÓ¹ïÄÒ©M°ê®a§@¥X¹L«¤j°^Ämªº¸ê®æ
³o¨Ç¤¸¦Ñ½úªº»â¾É¤H³B¦bªq³àªº¹Ò¦a¡C¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õ¤W¤@¦Ê¸U¥Ü«ÂªÌ¤é´_¤@¤é¦a¹C¦æ¡B°Ûºq¡B³Û¤f¸¹¡
ÅãµM¡A³o¨Ç¤¸¦ÑÌ§Æ±æ¤£±¤¤@¤Á¥N»ù«O¦í¥LÌªº¬FªvÅv¤O©M¸gÀÙ‾SÅv¡F°¦¦³®Â½ÃªÀ|¥D¸q¨î«×¡AÅ×‾
¾H¤p¥«Å¥¬¥L¤£©È°ê¤º¥~ÁÖ½×¡A¤]¤£©È¥ô¦ó¹ï§Ü¤¤ªº¬y¦åÄë¬¹¡C5¤ë19¤é¥L«e©¹ªZº~¡A¥l¶°¤F¤@¦¸x
3.¦Ñ¤H¬Fªvªº¤ßºA
¤¤¦@¤¸¦Ñªº¤ß²z¦b¨Mµ¦¤¤°_¤FÃöÁäªº§@¥Î¡C¥LÌ¬Oªø©º¤@¥N¶È¦sªººÓªG¡Aªø¦~¸g¾ú¤F‾}Ãa¡B¶¥‾Å°«ª
¾H¤p¥´¿º¡¤£¦b¥G¦aÃÙ¦P³oºØÆ[©À¡A¥L«ÅºÙ¡G"¤£ºÞ¬O½Ö¡A°¦n¦b¬FÅv°«ª§¤¤Àò³Ó¡AŃ¥i¥H§¤¤W³Ì°ª
«O¦u¬£»â¾É¤H±¹ï¥Á²³¹ï¥LÌªº¦~ÁÚÅé®z¡Bºë¤O¤£ÀÙ©M²æÂ÷¥D¬yªÀ|ªº´¶¹M§åµû¡A¶Vµo«æ©óÃÒ©ú¦Û¤
ÂíÀ£¬Fµ¦®Ú½©ó¹ï¾Ç¥Íªº¥ø¹Ï¦³N©ÎµLNªº»~¸Ñ¡C¾Ç¥ÍÌn¨D»P¬F©²¤@¹Dªö¨ú¤Ï»G±Ñªº±¹¬I¡A»P¬F©
¦b«Å¥¬§ÙÄY¥O«á¡A¬F©²»â¾É¤H«K¤£¦AÅS±¡A¤@ª½¨ìÂíÀ£¤§«áÅ×«¥X¡C¦ý¬O¡A»‾µµ¶§¦b5¤ë19¤é§@¤F³Ì
4.±O±þ
±q5¤ë19¤é«Å¥¬§ÙÄY¥O¨ì6¤ë4¤éªº¦å¸{ÂíÀ£¤§¶¡¡A¦³¾ã¾ã¨âÓ¬P´Á¡A¾H¤p¥©M¨©|©ø¦³¨¬°÷ªº®É¶¡ºë
¾H¤p¥©M¨©|©ø±q¥þ°ê¦U¦a¤QÓx13¤¤½Õ¶°¤F¤T¤Q¸U³¡¶¤¡A¥H¤Î¤@Ó¸Ë¥Ò®v¡B¤@ÓªÅ°®v©M¨ä¥¦¤@¨
¦b¨âÓ¬P´Áªº²®§¥ÀR´Á¤¤¡A"¥e»â"¤F¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õ¹F¤»Ó¬P´Áªº¾Ç¥Í³vº¥‾h¾Î¤£³ô¡C³\¦h¥»¦a¾Ç¥Í¦
6¤ë3¤é±ß¡A¦M¾÷¹Gªñªº¤£²»¤§©ºÅÜ±o«Ü©úÅã¤F¡C¤@¦W¬F©²ªº¹qµø¼½µû¾G«¦aÄµ§i¥_¨Ê¥«¥Á»Â÷¤Ñ¦
¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õ¥»¨¥Rº¡¤F¥½¤é¨ÓÁ{ªººò¢P¡C6¤ë3¤é¬P´Á¤Ñ¤U¤È¥|ÂI¡A¤@Ó°Î¦W¹q¸Ü¥´¨ì¾Ç¥Í»â³Sªº«
±ß¤W¤QÂI¡AÁ`²z§õÄP¤U¥O³¡¶¤¥þ³t»°u¼s³õ¡A±½®g¤@¤Á¹x©T¤£¤Æªº¥Ü«ÂªÌ¡A¦b¾¤©ú«e²M³õ¡C©Z§J¡B¸
¤È©]¥H«e¡A¨â½ø¸Ë¥Ò¨®¥þ³t¾p¶i¤F¼s³õ¡A¨®¤Wªº°ªµ³â¥z¼½°e¤@¥÷Ánµ¦y¾UªºÄµ§i"³qª¾"¡C6¤ë4¤é
ºë½T¦a²Îp¶Ë¤`¤H¼Æ¬O¤£¥i‾àªº¡C¦è¤è¸ê®Æ¦ôp¦³¤T¤d¤H¦º¤`¡A¤@¸U©Î§ó¦hªº¤H¨ü¶Ë¡A¦ý¡m‾Ã¬ù®É
¨S¦³¤H‾à½èºÃ¬F©²«O½Ã¦Û¤vªºÅv§Q¡A¤]¨S¦³¤H´Á±æ¬F©²¦b¨ü¨ì«±»O«Â‾Ù®É¥æ¥X¬FÅv¡CµM¦Ó¡A³o¸Ìªº
³\¦hµû½×®a³£¦³¤@ºØ¶É¦V¡A§â1989¦~ªº°Ê¶Ã¨Æ¥ó»P¤å²§@¤ñ¸û¡A¦ý³o¨âªÌ¤§¶¡¦s¦b®Ú¥»ªº®t§O¡C³Ì
5.«¼g¾ú¥v
¬ã¨s±M¨î¨î«×ªº¾ÇªÌ³£©ú¥Õ¡A¦bÅv¤O°«ª§¤Î²M¬~¬F¼Ä®É¡AÁÀ¨¥¬O¥qªÅ¨£ºDªº¡C¼É¦æ¶V¤j¡AŃ¶V»Ýn¬
¹³¤Ñ¦wªù¤j±O±þ³o¼Ë¤¡ćªºäÃø¡A»Ýn³Ì¤jÁx¡B³Ì¤£¥i«äÄ³ªºÁÀ¨¥¨Ó±»»\¡C¦bÂíÀ£µo¥Í«á¤£¤[¡A¾H¤
¤j¶e®´X¥G¦b¦å¸{ÂíÀ£¤§«á¥ß§YŃ¶}©l¤F¡C¤¤¥¡µo¥¬¤F¤@¥÷°l®¤G¤Q¤@¦W¾Ç¥Í»â³Sªº³q½r¥O¡A¹ªÀy¸
1989¦~6¤ëªº¤¤°ê¡AÂ²ª½Ń¹³¶ø«Âº¸(George Orwell)µ§¤Uªº¬G¨Æ¤@¼Ë¡A(* Ä¶ªÌª`¡G¶ø«Âº¸(George
ÂíÀ£¤ÎÀH«áªº¤j³W¼Ò¶e®©Ò¤Þ°_ªº¤ÏÅT«D±`¥¨¤j¡C¤¤°ê¬F©²´¿ªí²{¬°°ê»ÚªÀ|¤¤¤@Ó¶V¨Ó¶Vt³dªº¦
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Amnesty International, People's Republic of China: Preliminary Findings on
Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Executions Since J
une 3, 1989 (New York, August 1989).
2.Brzezinski, Zbigniew, The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism
in Twentieth Century (New York, 1989).
3.Cheng, Chu-yuan, Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Eco
nomic Ferment in China (Boulder, 1990).
4.Fang, Lizhi, Bringing Down the Great Wall: Writings on Science, Culture, a
nd Democracy in China (New York, 1991). Ed- by lames H. Williams and tr. by him
and others.
5.Gargan¡AEdward A., "Beijing Diary: Eyewitness at Tian An Men Square," Los An
geles Times Magazine, July 16,1989, 6-20, 37-39.
6.Gold, Thomas B., "The Class of 1989,"California Monthly, Sept. 1989, 18,
7.Hayhoe, Ruth, "China's Universities Since Tiananmen: A Critical Assessment
," The China Quarterly, June 1993¡A291-309.
8.Hicks, George (ed.), The Broken Mirror: China After Tiananmen (Essex, Eng.
, 1990).
9.Kristof, Nicholas D.¡A "China Update: How the Hardliners Won," The New York
Times Magazine, Nov, 12¡A 1989, 39-41, 66-71.
10.,"Escape from Tiananmen Square: A Chinese Odyssey," The New York Times Ma
gazine, May 5, 1991, 28-31, 49-51.
11.Lin, Nan, The Struggle for Tiananmen: Anatomy of the 1989 Mass Movement (
Westport, Conn., 1992).
12.Liu, Binyan, with Ruan Ming and Xu Gang, Tell the World: What Happened in
China and Why (New York, 1989),Tr. by Henry L Epstein.
13.Lukln, Alexander, "The Initial Soviet Reaction to the Events in China in
1989 and the Prospects for Sino-Soviet Relations,"The China Quarterly, March 199
1, 119-36,
14.Mann, Jim, "China's Lost Generation: After Tian An Men, the Best and Brig
htest Say They Can't Go Home Again," Los Angeles Times Magazine, March 25, 1990,
J0-19, 38-39.
15.Oksenberg, Michel, Lawrence R. Sullivan, and Marc Lambert (eds.)¡A Beijing
Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict, the Basic Documents (Armonk¡AN.Y., 1990)
.
16.Rosen, Stanley, "The Effect of Post-4 June Re-education Campaigns on Chin
ese Students,"The China Quarterly, June 1993, 310-34.
17.Saich, Tony, "The Rise and Fall of the Beijing Peopled Movement,"The Aust
ralian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 24 (July 1990): 181-208.
18.Salisbury, Harrison E" "China's Peasants Get the Bad News," The New York
Times, June 1989, A15.
19.Simmie, Scott, arid Bob Nixon, Tiananmen Square (Seattle, 1989).
20.Tsao, Hsingyuan, "The Birth of the Goddess of Democracy," California Mont
hly, Sept. 1989¡A 16-17.
21.Walder, Andrew G., "The Political Sociology of the Beijing Upheaval of 19
89," Problems of Communism, 38:5 (Sept.-Oct. 1989):30-40.
22.--,"Workers, Managers, and the State: The Reform Era and the Political Cr
isis of 1989," The China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, 467-92.
23.Whyte, Martin King, "The Social Sources of the Student Demonstrations," T
he Chinese Intellectual, 23 (Spring 1991):16-22. Chinese translation by Lo Wen-
fu.
24.Williams, Daniel, "China's Underground Presses Seized as Crackdown on Med
ia Continues," Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1989, Fart I, 10.
25.Yang, Winston L. Y., and Marsha L. Wagner (eds.)¡A Tiananmen: China's Strug
gle for Democracy. Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studi
es, No. 2-1990 (97). School of Law, University of Maryland.
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 Zbigniew Brzezinski¡AThe Grand Failure¡GThe Birth and Death of Communism in the we
ntieth Century(New York¡A1989)¡O
2 ³o¤TÓ¤H¬O°¨¦C¥D¸q²z½×®aÄ¬²Ð´¼¡B¼@§@®a§d‾ª¥ú©M¬Fªv¾Ç®aÄY®a¨ä¡C
3 ¤¤¥¡¬FªvÅé¨î§ï²¬ã¨s«Ç¡F¤¤°ê¸gÀÙÅé¨î§ï²¬ã¨s©Ò¡F°ê°È°|¹A§øµo®i¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡F¤¤°ê«H¦«°ê»ÚÃöÃ´¬
4 ³o¨Ç¬O«e¤¤°ê¸gÀÙÅé¨î§ï²¬ã¨s©Ò©Òªø³‾¤@¿Ô©M«e°¨§J«ä¦C¹ç¥D¸q¬ã¨s©Ò¥D¥ôÄ¬²Ð´¼ªºÆ[ÂI¡A»O¥_¡m¤
5 §õ?»Ê¡C
6 ³°¤‾©M®}±©¸Û¡C
7 ¤¤¥¡¬FªvÅé¨î§ï²¬ã¨s«Ç¥D¥ôÀjËx©M¹A§ø¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¥D¥ô§ù¼í¥Í¡C
8 ÄY®a¨ä¡A¬Fªv¾Ç®a¡A¤¤°êªÀ|¬ì¾Ç°|¬Fªv¾Ç©Ò«e©Òªø¡F¥]¿í«H¡Aõ¾Ç®a¡A¾ú¥v¬ã¨s©Ò°Æ¬ã¨sû¡C
9 ¥_¨Ê¥«ªø³‾§Æ¦P¦b1989¦~6¤ë30¤é²Ä¤C©¡¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|²Ä¤K¦¸|Ä³¤WªºÁ¿¸Ü¡AÃD¥Ø¬O"Ãö©ó¨î¤î°Ê¶
10 ³o¤KÓ¤H¬O¾H¤p¥¡B«e°ê®a¥D®u§õ¥ý©À¡B°ê®a¥D®u¨©|©ø¡B°ê®a°Æ¥D®u¤ý¾_¡B¸gÀÙ±M®a³‾¶³¡B«e¥þ°ê
11 °ê®a¥D®u¨©|©ø¦b1989¦~5¤ë24¤éx©eºò«æÂX¤j|Ä³¤WªºÁ¿¸Ü¡C
12 Âà¤Þ¦ÛFox Butterfield¡A"Deng Is Said to Link Fear to Safety of Party," The New York Time
ne 17¡A1989¡Ap¡OA4¡O
13 ¤Q¤Gx¡B¤G¤Qx¡B¤G¤Q¥|x¡B¤G¤Q¤Cx¡B¤G¤Q¤Kx¡B¤T¤Q¤Kx¡B¤¤Q¥|x¡B¤»¤Q¤Tx¡B¤»¤Q¥|x©M¤»
14 °Ñ¨£¨â¥÷Âõ©ó1989¦~6¤ë3-4¤é¤Ñ¦wªù¼s³õ©Òµo¥Í¨Æ±¡ªºP¤Hªº¥ØÀ»°O¸ü¡G¤@¥÷¬O¥X¦Û¤@¦ì20³ªº²MµØ
15 The New York Times¡AJune 12¡A13¡A21¡Ap¡OA6¡FThe Chronicle of Higher Education¡AJune 14¡A
16 Beijing Review¡AJune 12-25¡A1989¡A9¡AJuly 3-9¡A1989¡A15-16¡O
17 The New York Times¡AJune 17¡A1989¡Ap¡OA4¡Gsee also Harrison E¡Osalisbury, "China's Peasa
ts Get the Bad News, "The New York Times¡AJune 19¡A1989¡Ap¡OA 15¡O
18 "¬ü°ê¤§µ"‾S§O³Q»z½°¬°µê°²³ø¹D¤¤°êªº§½¶Õ¡A¦V¤¤°ê¤½²³´£¨Ñ©Òµo¥Í¨Æ±¡ªº°²¸ê°T¡C¥¦ªº¨âÓ¾n¥_
19 »‾µµ¶§©M¥Lªº¶}©úÅU°Ý¡C
20 The Christian Science Monitor, June 14¡A1989¡FLos Angeles Times¡AJune 14¡A1989¡O
21 ¤Þ¦Û¾|¨³¡mµØ»\¶°Äò½g¡EµLªáªºÁ¥Á¨¤§¤G¡n¡C
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
241
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¥|¤Q¤@³¹
¤¤°êªºµo®i¼Ò¦¡¡G
¿Wµô¬Fªv¤UªºÇ¸ê¥»¥D¸q
1989¦~6¤ë¤Ñ¦wªùÂíÀ£¤§«á¶È¶È¤»Ó¤ë¡A¥Á²³§ÜÄ³¦@²£²Îªvªº®ö¼é®u¨÷ªF¼Ú¡A¥X¥GN®Æ¦a³y¦¨¦@²£¬F
1.¾H¤p¥ªºµ¦²¤
¤Ñ¦wªùÂíÀ£¤£¶È¥O¤¤°ê³Æ¨ü¥þ¥@¬ÉªºÄþ³d¡B¦b¸gÀÙ©Mx¨Æ¤W¾D¨ìÄY¼Fªº°ê»Ú¨îµô¡A¦Ó¥B¦b¥~¥æ¤W¤]¨
»P¤Ñ¦wªùÂíÀ£®t¤£¦h¦P¤@®É¶¡¡AÃ¹°¨¥§¨Èªº»ô¶ø¶ë´µ®wÁ`²Î¤Ò°ü¦b°Ê¶Ã¤¤¼É¦º¡C¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H©]¤£¦w¹
ªF¼Ú©MÄ¬Ápªºµ²§½|¦b¤¤°ê«ºt¶Ü¡H¥»¨Ó¡A¥_¨Ê¹ï¤¤°êªº¿W‾S©Ê¬Ûí¦Û«H¡A°í«H¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¤H¹ï°¨§
¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H§@¥X¤@¨Ç°í±jªº¨M©w¡C²Ä¤@¡A¥Ã»¤£¥D°Ê©ñ±ó¹ïÅv¤OªºÃbÂ_¡AŃ¹³Ä¬Áp»â¾É¤HMÄø¦a¤z¤
2.©M¥ºtÅÜ
¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H±µ¨ü¥¿²Îªº°¨§J«ä¥D¸qÆ[ÂI¡G¸ê¥»¥D¸q»PªÀ|¥D¸qªº½Ä¬ð¬O¤£¥iÁ×§Kªº¡A¦è¤è¤Ï¹ïªÀ|¥
±q¤¤¦@¤è±¬Ý¡AÄ¬Áp¦@²£ÄÒ«±»O«á¡A¤¤°ê°ß¤@ªº¿ï¾Ü¬O°í¦u"ªÀ|¥D¸q¿ûÅKªø«°"¡A©è§Ü¦è¤è"©M¥ºt
«O¦uªº¤¤°ê»â¾É¤H¹ï¦¹¨Ã¤£Ãö¤ß¡A¨Ã¥B³³¾K©ó"©µ¦w¤ßºA"¤¤¡A°í«ù»{©w"°ê¥~¼Ä¹ï¶Õ¤O¤`§Ú¤§¤ß¤£¦º
Ä¬Ápªº¸ÑÅé¹ï¾H¤p¥¦Ó¨¥¹³¬OªA¤U¤@©«²M²D¾‾¡C§@¬°¤@¦W¹ê¥Î¥D¸qªÌ¦Ó«DªÅQ®a¡A¥LnÉ§U¸ê¥»¥D¸
3.¾H¤p¥«n¨µ
1992¦~1¤ë¡A¾H¤p¥¦b¸U²³ª`¥Ø¤§¤U¡A¨ì¹L¥h¤Q¦~¸gÀÙÀò±o³Ì¤j¼Wªøªº«n¤èµø¹î¡C¼sªF¦b1991¦~¹ê²{
¾HªºÁ¿¸Ü©¹©¹§t²V¤£²M¡A¦ý«o¬O¹ê¸Ü¦Ó¥B¤£µL¿Ø¨ë¡A¦³®É»Ýn¤k¨à¾Hº_ªºÂ½Ä¶¡C¦ý¨äN«ä¥i¥HÂk‾Ç¬
1¡Oµo®i¸gÀÙ¬O¬F©²ªº¤¤¤ß¥ô°È¡A§ï²©M¶}©ñ¬Oµo®i¸gÀÙªº¨âÓ°ò¥»ÂI¡C
2¡OÃ©w¬O¸gÀÙµo®iªº®Ú¥»¡C
3¡OªÀ|¥D¸qªºÀu¶V©Ê¥i¥H¥Ñ°ê®a¸gÀÙªº§ïµ½Åé²{¥X¨Ó¡C
4¡O¹ªÀyªÑ¥«§ë¸ê¡FÅwªï¤Þ¤J§ó¦hªº°ê¥~¸ê¥»¡B¥ý¶i§Þ³N©MºÞ²z¸gÅç¡FÅwªï§ó¦h¦X¸ê¥ø~¡C7
5¡O1997¦~95´ä¦^Âk«á¥i«O«ù¸ê¥»¥D¸q¨î«×¤@¦Ê¦~¤£ÅÜ¡C
6¡O¼sªF¬ÙÀ³¤Oª§¦b¤G¤Q¦~¤º¦¨¬°"¨È¬w²Ä¤¤pÀs"--Ä~95´ä¡B
s¥[©Y¡B»OÆW©MÁú°ê¤§«á--¦Ó¤¤°ê¡A«hÀ³¦¨¬°¶W‾Å¥¨Às¡C8
¾H¤p¥¹ï¤@³õ§ï²¶}©ñsÅD¶iªº¹ª°Ê¡A§â¥L±À¨ì»P¨ä³Ì«nªº¹ï¤â³‾¶³ª½±µ½Ä¬ðªº¦a¦ì¡O¨Cí¾H¤p¥
¦ý³o¨Ã¤£ªí©ú¥LÀò±o¤F§¹¥þªº³Ó§Q¡C¾H¤p¥»{¬°¡A§åµû¥Lªº¬O¤@¨Ç¬Ýªk‾U¹i°¾¿E¡B¹ï¥@¨Æ¤@ª¾¥b¸Ñª
¦³¨ÇÄÒû¸£³U¸Ì¤@¹Î¼ß½k¡A«o»{¬°¦Û¤v¬O°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¤j®v¡C¥LÌ¹ï©P³òªº¤@¤Á§åµû¡B«ü³d¡B³]¸m»ÙÃ
¸gÀÙ¦¨ªø²Îp¼Æ¦r¤ä«ù¤F¾H¤p¥¡C¦b¤K¤Q¦~¥Nªº¤Q¦~¤¤¡A°ê¥Á¥Í²£Á`Èªº¦~§¡¼Wªø²v¹F8.9%¡A¬O¥@¬
°ê»Ú¤W¡A¨È¤Ó¦a°Ï¥¿¥H¸gÀÙ¬°«´¾÷¦Ó±U°_¡C¦b¤U¤@Ó¤Q¦~©Î¤G¤Q¦~¸Ì¡A³oÓ¦a°Ï¬Ý¨Ó¤w§@¦n§¹¦¨¤@¦
4.²Ä¤Q¥|¦¸ÄÒ¥Nªí¤j|
1992¦~10¤ë12¤é¥H«áªº¤@©P¸Ì¡AÄÒªº¤Q¥|¦¸¥Nªí¤j|¦b¥_¨ÊÁ|¦æ¡C°Ñ¥[|Ä³ªº¥Nªí¦³1,991¦W¡C¤j|
Á`®Ñ°O¦¿¿A¥Á§@¤F¬Fªv³ø§i¡A¸¹¥l¥[§Ö§ï²¶}©ñªº¨B¥ï¡A«Ø¥ß"ªÀ|¥D¸qªº¥«³õ¸gÀÙ"¡C¥L»¡¡G"§ï²
¬Fªv³ø§i¤]¦A¦¸ªÖ©wÄÒ»â¾É¤@¤Á¡A«¥Ó°¨¦C¥D¸q¤ò¿AªF«äQªºNÃÑ§ÎºA¡A¥H¤ÎÂíÀ£¬Fªv°Ê¶Ãªº¥²n¡
¦b¿Wµô¬FªvÅé¨î¤¤«Ø¥ß¥«³õ¸gÀÙ¡AºÉºÞÅ¥°_¨Ó«Ü¥Ù¬Þ¡A¦ý¾H¤p¥»{¬°¦bÅv«Â¥D¸q¬Fªv‾´§Ç¤U±À¦æÇ¸
Ä¬Áp¸ÑÅé«á¡A¾H¤p¥ÅÜ±o¤ñ¥H©¹¥ô¦ó®ÉÔ³£§ó¬°¿w«H¬FªvÃ©w¬O¸gÀÙµo®iªº°òÂ¦¡C¦b¿Wµô¬FªvÅé¨î¤
4.1¤H¨Æ¦w±Æ ¾H¤p¥µÛ¤â°ö´Ós¤@¥Nªº»â¾É¤H¡A³e¹ý¸gÀÙ§ï²©M¿Wµô¬Fªvªº°t®M¤è®×¡Csªº¤¤¥¡
»ø¤Æ±jµw«O¦u¬£¦b¿ïÁ|¤¤³B¹Ò²Y²D¡A¤T¦W¤j±N(°ª²ý¡B¤ý§Ô¤§¡B¶Pq¤§)¥á¤F¤¤¥¡©eû®u¦ì¡A±q¶ÇĆ¡
¦³¤G¤Q¦W¦¨ûªº¬Fªv§½¡A¤]¥X²{¤j³W¼Òªº«²Õ¡C¨â¦ìs§ï²¬£¥[¤J--°ÆÁ`²z¹Q®aµØ©M¥~ªø¿ú¨äµ`¡F¥
‾u¥¿¦³Åvªº¦ì¸m¬O¬Fªv§½±`©e¡A¨ä¤¤¦³¥|¦ì³s¥ô¡A¤T¦ìsí¿ï¡C«eªÌ¥]¬A66³ªºÁ`®Ñ°O¦¿¿A¥Á¡B63
©úÅã¥¢¶Õªº¬O"¨¤ó¥S§Ì"¡A´¿´X¦ó®É¡A¹ï¾H¤p¥¦Ó¨¥¡A¥LÌ¬O¹L©óª¥¤â¥i¼ö¤F¡C85³ªº°ê®a¥D®u¨©
±q¾ãÅé¤W¬Ý¡A§ï²¬£¦b³o¦¸Åv¤O¤À°t¤¤¨ú±o¤F¤@©wµ{«×ªºÀu¶Õ¡A¦ý¦¿--§õ»â¾ÉÅé¨î¨ÌÂÂ¡Aªí©ú«ÜÃø¦
±q¾ú¥vªº¨¤«×¬Ý¡A¾Hªº¾Ô²¤¤]³\‾àÁ×§K¦@²£¥D¸q¦b¤¤°ê‾}²£©ó¤@®É¡A¦ý¦@²£¥D¸q¸gÀÙ²z½×ªº³\¦h°ò¥
5.¤¤°ê¦@²£¥D¸q¥|¤Q¤©P¦~:¿Wµô¬Fªv¤UªºÇ¸ê¥»¥D¸q
¦b³Ìªñ¤Q¦~¶¡¡A¤¤°êªºªÀ|©M¸gÀÙµo¥Í¤F¦p¦¹²`¨èªº©M¼vÅT²`»ªºÅÜ¤Æ¡A¦pªG¤ò¥D®u¦^¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý¡AÇ
5.1NÃÑ§ÎºA½Ä¬ð ¹ï¤Þ¶i¥«³õ¸gÀÙ¡A¾H¨Ã«D°ªªEµL¼~¡C¦]¬°¥«³õ¸gÀÙ±q¨Ó¤£¬O¸g¨å°¨§J«ä¥D¸q¸g
5.2ÄÒªºs¨Ï©R¡G¿ú»PÅv Ä¬Áp¦@²£¥D¸q«±»O©M¤¤°êªº¸gÀÙÁcºaÅý³\¦h¤¤°ê¤H¬Û«H¡A¾a²©R°_®aªº
»P¦¹¦P®É¡AÄÒ¥»¨¥¿ÀR®¨®¨¦a¹ê²{µÛL§®ªºÂàÅÜ¡A±q¤@Ó²M¤ß¹è±ýªº²©R²ÕÂ´Âà¬°ºë^¬Fªv¤u¨ã--¤
¤¤¡B¤U¼hÄÒû¤]¾ÇµÛ¼Ë¨à¤@ÀYÆp¶i¥ø~¸g°ÓÁÈ¿ú¡CºòÀH¥LÌ¤§«á¡A¤¤°êªÀ|¤W¨CÓ¤H³£¸òµÛ°Ê¤F°_¨
5.3¥ø~¨p¦³¤Æ ¥Ñ©ó¤T¤À¤§¤@ªº°ê¦³¥ø~³B©óÁ«lª¬ºA¡A¬F©²«æ©óÂ\²æ³o¤@Ï«¥]µö¡A¬°¦¹´£¥X
5.4¦í©Ð©Ò¦³Åv ¤¤Q¦~¥Nªì¶}©l¡A¤¤°ê¤Hªº¦í©Ð¤@ª½¥Ñ¥»¤H©Ò¦b¤u§@³æ¦ì¤À°t¡A¦Ó¤u§@³æ¦ì¥þ³£
³o¶µ±¹¬I³Ìªì¬Ý°_¨Ó¤£«Ü§l¤Þ¤H¡A¦]¬°¤j¦h¼Æ¤¤°ê¤H«Ü¸`»ü¡A¥LÌ¹ï¸g¹L¤j¤jªº¸É¶K¤§«á¨C¤ë¨â¬ü¤
»OÆW©M95´äªº¸êª÷ÂI¿U¤F«n¤è©Mªu®ü¦a°Ïªº©Ð¦a²£¼ö¡Cs³W©wÀH§Y±À¥X¡A¤¹³\¥~°ê¤H©M¨p¤H§ë¸êªÌ‾
5.5ªÑ²¼¥«³õ ºÉºÞªÑ²¼¥«³õ¦b¤j¦h¼Æ¦@²£°ê®a³Q¶S¬°»G¦´ªº¦è¤è¸ê¥»¥D¸qªº¹³©º¡A¦Ó¤µ¦b¤¤°ê¡A
¤j¦h¼Æ¤¤°ê¤H¤Ñ‾u¦a¬Û«HªÑ¥«°¦¤É¤£°¡A¦]¬°¬F©²»Ýn³o¶µ¸ÕÅçÀò±o¦¨¥\¡C¦b¥§¡Àx»W²v38%ªº±¡ªp
¨ì1993¦~5¤ë¡A¤¤°ê¤w¸g¦³¤F¤G¦Ê¸UªÑ¥Á¡A³o¤@¶¤¥îÁÙ¥H¨C©P¤¸U¤Hªº³t«×¦b¼W¥[¡C¤W®ü¥«³õ¦b1992
ªÑ¥«¶R½æ¹ïÂàÅÜ¤¤ªº¤¤°ê¨ã¦³«nN¸q¡A½T¥ß¤F¾ãÓ¸gÀÙ¦VÇ¸ê¥»¥D¸qªº¾aÃl¡A¢¨Ï°ê¦³¥ø~Äµ¿ô°
5.6¥ø~®aªº¼Ö¶é ´¿¦³¤H»¡¹L¡A¦@²£¥D¸q¦bÄ¬Áp¤C¤Q¤¦~¡AªýÃª¤F¥ø~®aºë‾«ªº¦¨ªø¡F¦Ó¦@²£¥D
¤µ¤Ñªº¤¤°ê¦¨¤FÀH¤ß©Ò±ýªº¥ø~®aªº¤Ñ°ó¡C¤@Ó´¶³qªº¤pÂí¦¨¤F¥þ¥@¬Éªº¶s¦©¤§³£¡A¶È1992¦~¤@¦~´
¦¨¥\ªº¨Æ¨Ò¤£³ÓªTÁ|¡C¤@¹ï¤G¤Q¨Ó³ªº¥S§Ì¦¨¥ß¤F¤ÑÀs¸¾÷‾²¸î¤½¥q¡A¦b1992¦~²b±Ã200¸U¬ü¤¸¡C¤@
¥t¤@Ó§ó¤jªº³Ð~¦¨¥\¬G¨Æªº¥D¨¤¬O52³ªº¦È¨ä¤¤¡C1979¦~¡A¥LÉ¤F55¬ü¤¸¡A¦¨¥ß¤F«n¼w¸gÀÙ¶°¹Î¡
5.7¥~°ê§ë¸ê ¸gÀÙÁcºa¨Ï¤¤°ê°ø¨×®ø¶Oªº¤H¼Æ¼W¥[¨ì6,000¸U¦Ü3»õ¡C27¬°§ì¦í³o"‾«¸Ü"‾ëªº¤¤°ê
5.8¶mÂí¥ø~ ¦Û±q¤K¤Q¦~¥N¦´Á¹A§ø¹ê¦æ"©Ó¥]³d¥ô¨î"¡A¹A~²£¶q¨³³tÃk¤É¡C®a®x¡B¹A§ø©M¶mÂí
µM¦Ó¡A¶mÂí¥ø~ªº½´«kµo®i¤]±a¨Ó¤F¤@Ã´¦Cªº°ÝÃD¡A³Ì«nªº¬O¹ïÀô¹Òªº‾}Ãa¡C³o¨Ç¥ø~³B¦b«°¥«º
5.9³B©ó¬y°Êª¬ºAªº¹A§ø³Ñ¾l³Ò°Ê¤O ¸gÀÙªºµo®i¤Þµo¤F¹A§ø³Ò°Ê¤O¾ú¥v©Ê¦a´é¦V«°¥«¡C¾Ú¡m¤¤°ê
³oºØ¤j³W¼Òªº¤H¤f¬y°Ê¦P®ÉN¨ýµÛÄÒ¹ï¤H¤fªº±±¨î©M¤áÄy¬Fµ¦ªº‾}²£¡C¦¦b¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê«Ø¥ßªì´Á¡A¬
5.10¤j¤¤µØ¸gÀÙ°Ï ªñ¦~¨Ó¡A«æ³tµo®iªº¶T©ö¡B§ë¸ê©M®È¹C~±N¤¤°êªu®ü¡B95´ä©M»OÆW³vº¥³s¦b¤
»OÆW»P¤j³°³q¹L95´äªº¶¡±µ¶T©ö(³æ¦ì¡G¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸)
¦~«×
»OÆW¦V¤j³°¥X¤f
¤j³°¦V»OÆW¥X¤f
»OÆWªº¶¶®t
1987
1,226.53
288.94
937.59
1988
2,242.22
478.69
1,763.53
1989
2,896.49
586.90
2,309.59
1990
3,278.25
765.36
2,512.89
1991
4,667.15
1,125.85
3,541.30
1992
6,287.93
1,118.97
5,168.96
¨Ó½¡G95´ä¬F©²²Îp³B¡C
¤¤°ê¦a°ì¿ñÁï¡A¦³Â×Íªº¸ê½¡B¥R¨¬ªº³Ò°Ê¤O©M¤j¶qªº¥Í²£³]¬I¡F»OÆW«h¸êª÷¥R¨¬¡B§Þ³N¤uÃÀ¥ý¶i¡
µM¦Ó¡A¨Ã¤£¬O©Ò¦³¤H³£Åwªï¤j¤¤µØ¸gÀÙ°Ïªº¥X²{¡C¤é¥»¥Ñ©ó¾á¤ßÄvª§¥[¼@¡A©Î³\¨SÃh¤°»ò¦nN¡A¨Ã¤
¤W¤@Ó¤Q¦~¥X²{ªºªÀ|©M¸gÀÙÅÜ²¦p¦¹¤§¤j¡A¥HP¤@¨Ç¤H»{¬°³o¥iºÙ±o¤W¬O¤@¦¸"¥Õ¦â²©R"¡A36°ûÂ
6.¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¡G³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J
¤¤°ê¹ï§N¾Ô«áªº¥@¬Éªº»{ÃÑ¬O²`¨è¦Ó²{¹êªº¡AŃºâ¬üÄ¬¶W‾Å¤j°ê¶¡ªº¼Ä¹ï¥i‾à¤w¸gµ²§ô¡A°ê®a¤§¶¡¨
¨âªÑ±j¤jªº¤O¶q¦b§N¾Ô¤§«áªº®É¥N¥X²{¡A³oŃ¬O¤w¸g§Î¦¨¨Ã¤é‾q±j¤Æªº¸gÀÙÄvª§©Msªº¬Fªv§¡¿Å--¥
¥t¤@¤è±¡A¤¤°ê¬O¤@Ó¥¿¦b±U°_ªºµo®i¤¤°ê®a¡A¸gÀÙ©Mx¨Æ¹ê¤O¤£Â_¼W±j¡C¥¦¦b°ê»Ú¨Æ°È¤¤©¹©¹ªö¨
6.1¥¬¤°¦b¤¤°ê©M³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J°ÝÃD¤Wªº¥ß³õ ¤¤°ê§Æ±æ¬ü°ê¹ï¨ä¸gÀÙ¤Wªº§ï²¶}©ñ¤ÎºÉ§Ö¿Ä¤J¥þ²y
¤¤°ê¦b¤@©wµ{«×¤W»{¦P¥¬¤°ªº¤è¦¡¡A¦]¬°¤¤°ê«æ©óµ²§ô¤Ñ¦wªùÂíÀ£¨Æ¥ó«á°ê»ÚªÀ|¹ï¦Û¤vªº©t¥ß¡C¾
¹ê»Ú¤W³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J¨Ã¤£¬O¤°»ò‾S®íªºÀu´f¡C¦b¬ü°ê¬ù160Ó¶T©ö¥ë¦ñ¤¤¡A¥]¬A§Q¤ñ¨È¡B±Ô§Q¨Èª½¨ì³Ì
¤¤°ê¹ï¬ü¶T©ö¨Ã¤£¬O¤@ª½¨É¨ü¶¶®t¡C±q1972¦~¦Ü1982¦~¡A¨C¦~ªº¹ï¬ü¶T©ö´X¥G³£¬O°f®t¡AÁ`p¥[°_¨
¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¶T©ö°f®t (³æ¦ì¡G¬ü¤¸)
1983¦~
7,100¸U
1989¦~
62.35»õ
1984¦~
6,100¸U
1990¦~
104.31»õ
1985¦~
600¸U
1991¦~
126.91»õ
1986¦~
16.65»õ
1992¦~
183.09»õ
1987¦~
27.96»õ
1993¦~
227.7»õ
1988¦~
34.90»õ
³o¤@¨³³t¼W¤jªº¶T©ö¨ª¦rÅý³\¦h¤HÄµÄ±°_¨Ó¡A¤×¨ä¬O¨º¨Ç°ê|Ä³û¡C¤@¨Ç¤H´£¥X¨ú®ø¤¤°êªº³Ì´f°ê«
¥[¦{¤kÄ³û¨ØÅÚ¦è(Nancy Pelosi)¬O³Ì¿n¥¥D±i¥Î¶T©ö¤â¬q¢¨Ï¤¤°êÅý¨Bªº¤H¡C¦o±o¨ì¤F°ÑÄ³°|¦h¼
1992¦~2¤ë¡A°ÑÄ³°|¥H59²¼¤ñ39²¼³q¹L¤F¦³±ø¥ó¦a©µªø¤¤°ê³Ì´f°ê¦a¦ìªºªk®×¡A¦ý¤£¨¬¥H±ÀÂ½Á`²Î§Y
6.2¤¤°êªº§ÜÅG ¬°Àò±oµL±ø¥ó©µªø¨ä³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J¡A¤¤°ê±q¤W¨ì¤U¿n¥¬¡°Ê¡C±q¥_¨Êªº°ª¼h¨ì¾nµØ
¤¤°ê¹ï"ì²£¦a°ê®a"²Îpªkªº§ÜÅG¤Á¤¤n®`¡C¦]¬°¦Û1987¦~¥H¨Ó¡A³\¦h95´ä©M»OÆWªº¨î³y°Ó±N¥Í²£¼
(³æ¦ì¡G»õ¬ü¤¸)
¤¤°ê
95´ä
»OÆW
¤j¤¤µØ°Ï(©Ò¦³¤T¦a)
1987
-27
-65
-190
-282
1988
-34
-51
-141
-226
1989
-62
-34
-130
-226
1990
-104
-28
-112
-244
1991
-127
-11
-98
-226
1992
-183
-7
-94
-284
¬°¨ú±o©M¸Ñ¡A¥_¨Êªí¥ÜÄ@N»P¥~°êªº¥Nªí°Q½×¤HÅv°ÝÃD¡Ct³d¤HÅv¨Æ°Èªº§U²z°ê°ÈëÁÂ¤Ò‾S(Richar
1991¦~11¤ë¡A°ê°Èë¨©§J(James A¡OBaker III)¨ì¥_¨Ê¡A¦A¦¸´£¥X¤F¦P¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡C§@¬°ÅTÀ³¡A¤¤°ê¦
Ãö©óx¤õ¶T©ö©M¨¾¤î®ÖÂX´²°ÝÃD¡A¥_¨Ê¨S¦³§@¥X©ú½T©Ó¿Õ¡A°¦¬O«OÃÒ"¿í±q"1987¦~ªº"¾É¼u§Þ³NºÞ¨î
¤¤°ê¦b¬üªº‾d¾Ç¥Í¡B¾ÇªÌ©M²§¨£¤H¤h¡A¹ï©ó¨Ï¥Î¸gÀÙÀ£¤O«P¨Ï¥_¨Ê§ïµ½¤HÅvªº°µªk¤@‾ë«ùÃÙ¦¨ºA«×¡
6.3§JªL¹yªº¨M©w ´¿©ó1975-1976¦~¥ô¬ü°ê¾n¥_¨ÊÁpµ¸³B¥D¥ô(¤j¨Ï‾Å)ªº¥¬¤°Á`²Î¡A¦Û»{¬O¤¤°ê°
¤¤°ê¥~¥æ³¡ªº¤@¥÷«O±K¤å¥óÄµ§i»¡¡A¶T©ö¤Wªº¥ô¦óË°h¹ï¤¤°êªº¶Ë®`n¤j©ó¹ï¬ü°êªº¶Ë®`¡C«n¤è©Mª
¹ï¦¹¡A¾H¤£¶ÈÃÙ¦P¡A¨ÃŃ¸gÀÙ¦Ò¼{²Ä¤@¡B¨ä¥¦³£nÅý¸ôªº¹ê¥Î¥D¸q¤è°wÁ¿¤F¸Ü¡A¦]¬°¬F©²ªº¤¤¤ß¤u§
¦p¦¹¬Ý¨Ó¡AÄÀ©ñ¬Fªv¥Ç¨Ã¤£¬O¹ï°ê»Ú¤HÅv¼ÐÇªº±µ¨ü¡A¦Ó¬Oºë¥´²Óºâªº¬Fªv½ä³Õ¡A¦Ü¦h¥i¥H¬Ý¦¨¬O¤
¬°ªí¹FÁY¤p¶T©ö¤£¥¿Å®t¶Zªº‾u¸ÛÄ@±æ¡A¤¤°ê¦V¬ü°ê¬£¥X¤FªöÁÊ¹Î¶i¦æ¤j³W¼ÒªöÁÊ¡C1993¦~¤W¥b¦~¡
§JªL¹yí¿ï¬°Á`²Î«á¡A¹ï¤¤°êªººA«×ÅÜ±oÅ©M°_¨Ó¡C¥L»{¦P¥¬¤°¦b´î¤Ö¤¤°ê¹H¤Ï¤HÅv©M¶T©ö³W«h¤è
¨Ó¦Û°ê¥~ªº½Ð¨D¤]ÃÒ©ú¤F¤Wz¥ß³õ¡C95´äÁ`þ´^©w±d(Christopher Patten)ÁöµM¬°95´ä¥¼¨Óªº¥Á¥D¨
§JªL¹yºÜ¤On§ä¥X¤@Ó¤@Åó¤lªº¤è®×¸Ñ¨M¡A¥]¬A¶T©ö°f®t¡Ax¤õ¥æ©ö¡B¤HÅv¡BªA¦D³Ò¤u©MÂÃ¤H¨ü¢®
1¡OÄÀ©ñ¬Fªv¥Ç©Î»¡©ú¬Fªv¥Çªº±¡ªp¡C
2¡O«OÃÒ©Ò¦³¥Ç¤H¨ü¨ì¤H¹Dªº¹ï«Ý¡A¨Ã¤¹³\°ê»Ú¤HÅv²ÕÂ´¦p¬õ¤Q¦r|µø¹îºÊº»¡C
3¡O«OÅ@¦èÂÃ¿W‾Sªº©v±Ð©M¤å¤Æ¶Ç²Î¡C
4¡O¤¹³\°ê»Ú¼s¼½©M¹qµø¸`¥Ø¶i¤J¤¤°ê¡C
5¡O¸T¤îªA¦D³Ò¤u²£«~¥X¤f¬ü°ê¡C
6¡O°±¤î¹ï¬ü°ê¥ø~ªºª[µø¡C
7¡O¿í¦u°ê»Ú¤W¦³Ãö¨î¾É¼u§Þ³N©M®Ö§÷®ÆÂà²¾ªº±ø¬ù¡C52
¤¤°ê«ü³d¬ü°ê±N¶T©ö°ÝÃD¬Fªv¤Æ¡A¨Ã»¡³o¹H¤Ï¤F¤¤¬ü«Ø¥æªº°ò¥»ì«h¡C¥_¨Ê°í«ù¤HÅv¬O¤º¬F°ÝÃD¡A¤
§JªL¹y¬F©²¤º¡A¹ï¦p¦ó§ó¦n¦a«P¶i¬ü°ê¦bµØ§Q‾qª[Ä³‾É§e¡C°]¬F³¡©M°Ó~³¡¾D¨ì¬ü°ê¤½¥qªº½ÐÄ@¬¶Å
¬Û¤Ï¡A¦pªGªö¥Î§ó¥[Å©M¤ÎL§®ªº¤è¦¡--³q¹L¶T©ö©M§ë¸êªº¤£Â_±µÄ²--«o¥i¥H¨Ï¤¤°ê³vº¥ºtÅÜ¡G¶}©
¹ï©ó³oµfÄ³½×¤¤ªºÅÞ¿è¡A§JªL¹y¨Ã«D¤£ª¾¹D¡A°¦¬O¥L¨ü¨î©ó¦Û¤v¤U¹FªºÄY®æ¦æ¬F©R¥O¡C¬°¤F«sÀò±
§J¸Ì´µ¦«¦ò´¿¸g¤½¶}¹ï¤¤°ê«I¥Ç¤HÅv´£¥X§åµû¡A³o¦¸±aµÛ´°«P¤¤°ê§ïµ½¤HÅv°O¿ý¡A¥H«K§JªL¹y¦³²z¥
¦b¥¿¦¡|½Í¤¤¡AÁ`²z§õÄP©ú¥Õ§i¶D§J¸Ì´µ¦«¦ò¡A¤¤°ê¥Ã»¤£|©}ªA©ó¬ü°êªºÀ£¤O¡A¤]¥Ã»¤£|±µ¨ü¬
¬ü°êªº¥ø~¬É‾¸¦b¤¤°ê¬F©²¤@Ãä¡C¦b¥_¨Êªº¤G¦Ê¦W¬ü°ê¥ø~¬É»â³S¡A³d©Ç§J¸Ì´µ¦«¦ò¦³Ãö¶T©ö»P¤HÅ
6.4¤¤°êªºµ¦²¤ ¤¤°êªº¼Ä¹ïºA«×¥O¬ü°ê¤H°g´b¤£¸Ñ¡A¦ý±q¤¤°ê¦Û¤vªº¬Fªv¬Ý«o¬O¶¶²z¦¨³¹¡C¦b¤@
¥ô¦ó¹ï¤¤°ê¤HÅv¥ß³õªº¤ÀªR¡A³£¥ýn¹ï¦@²£¥D¸qÅé¨îªº¥»½è¦³©Ò¤F¸Ñ¡C¦C¹ç¥D¸qªº¿Wµô«Ø¥ß¦b‾µ±KÄ
¦b¤¤°êí§½¬Ý¨Ó¡A¨F¶ð§J¶]¥h¨£ÃQ¨Ê¥Í¡AµLºÃ¬O»P¸o¥Ç¦ê³q¡A¬Oµ¹¤Ï¬F©²¹B°Ê¥´®ð¡A´£°ª¤FÃQ¨Ê¥Íª
¥t¤@¼Ë¥O¬F©²¹ì¹Ãø¦w¤£´±µy¦³¾Ó«åªº¡A¬O¤@®ö°ª©ó¤@®öªºªÀ|©M¸gÀÙºò±i¡A³o¤è±¥]¬A¦³¤H¼Æ¹F¤
¦b³oºØ¾á¤ß©M‾Ê¥F¦w¥þPªºI´º¤U¡A¬ü°ê¹ï¤¤°ê¤HÅv°ÝÃDªº¤z‾A«K³Q¬Ý¦¨¬O¨î³y²V¶Ã¡A¬O¤@¶µ§ó¤jª
¨ä¦¸¡A¥Ñ©ó¼Æ¦Ê®a¬ü°ê¥ø~Äv¬ÛÀò¨ú¦b¤¤°ê§ë¸êªº¾÷|¡A²´ú¨n¦í°ª¹F5,750»õ¬ü¤¸ªº°òÂ¦³]¬I¶µ¥Ø
²Ä¤T¡A¥_¨Êª¾¹DÁp¦X°ê»Ýn¤¤°êªº¦X§@¡A¥H«K¹ï¥_´ÂÂA¶i¦æ¨îµô¡A¦]¬°¥_´ÂÂA¤£¤¹³\Áp¦X°ê¹ï¨ä®Ö³
³Ì«á¡A§JªL¹y³´¤J¤F¨âÃø¤§¹Ò¡A§Y¦b¤HÅv°ÝÃD¤W»P¤¤°ê¥æ¾Wªº¦P®É¡A§Æ±æ»P¤¤°ê§ïµ½¸gÀÙ©Mx¨ÆÃöÃ
6.5¬ü°ê¬Fµ¦ªº°fÂà §JªL¹yÁ`²Î¦b1993¦~5¤ëÃ±¸p¦æ¬F©R¥O®É¡A´¿¨ü¨ì´¶¹MºÙÃÙ¡A»¡³o¤@¥X¦âÁ|°
©_©Çªº¬O¡A¦b§JªL¹y¬F©²¤¤¨S¦³¤@Ó¤H‾uªºQn¨ú®ø¤¤°êªº³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹J¡A°ê|¤¤Q³o¼Ë°µªº¤H¤]¨S¦
¦b¤¤°êªº¤HÅvª¬ªp°¦¨ú±o¦³¶i¨Bªº±¡ªp¤U¡A§JªL¹y¥»¨Ó¥i¥H©Î¥þ³¡¡B©Î³¡¤À¡B©Î¦³¿ï¾Ü¦a¨ú®ø¤¤°
5¤ë24¤é§J¸Ì´µ¦«¦ò¦VÁ`²Î³ø§i»¡¡A¤¤°ê¤w¸gº¡¨¬¤F¨â¶µ¥²¶ªºn¨D¡G°±¤î¤FªA¦D³Ò¤u²£«~ªº¥X¤f¡A
¦b¨M©w¬O§_µ¹¤©¤¤°ê³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹Jªº°ÝÃD¤W¡A§JªL¹y¹¡¨ü§é¿i¡C5¤ë26¤é¡A¥L¥H¤@ºØÅG¸Ñ¦¡ªº¡B´X¥G¬O
³oºØ¥O¤H¾_Ååªº¬Fµ¦ÂàÅÜµ¥©óÀq»{¤F§JªL¹yµo¥¬¤F¿ù»~ªº¦æ¬F©R¥O¡A¦Ó"¥¬¤°¬O¹ïªº"¡C§ó¦³¬ÆªÌ¡A¥
«P¨Ï§JªL¹y³o¼Ë°µªºI«áì¦]¡A¬O¥L¹ï¬ü¤¤¾ãÅéÃöÃ´¡B¬ü°ê¥ø~¦bµØ§Q‾q©M¬ü¤¤¶T©ö±a¨ÓªºŃ~¾÷
±q§ó¤jªºµø¨¤¨Ó¬Ý¡AÁ`²Îªº¦æ°Ê¤Ï¬M¤Fs®É¥Nªººë‾«¡A¦b³oÓ®É¥N¤¤¸gÀÙ§Q‾q¤ä°tµÛ¥~¥æ¬Fµ¦ªº¨M©
¤¤°ê¦ÛµM¹ï§JªL¹yªº¨M©w«ùÅwªïºA«×¡A¨Ã¥B¹w´ú»P¬ü°êªºÃöÃ´±N|§ïµ½¡C¤j¦h¼Æ¨È¬w©M¼Ú¬w°ê®a³£ª
7.¾H¤p¥¦b¾ú¥v¤Wªº¦a¦ì
¾H¤p¥¬O1979¦~¥H«á¤¤°êªº³Ì°ª»â¾É¤H¡A1997¦~2¤ë20¤é¥h¥@¡A¨É¦~92³¡C¾H¤p¥1904¦~8¤ë22¤é¥X¥
¾H¤p¥‾à°÷¦b¾ú¥v¤W¥e¤@®u¦ì¡A³Ì«nªº¤@ÂIŃ¬O1979¦~«i´±¹ý©³¦a§ïÅÜ¤F¤ò¿AªFªº¸ô½u¡C¥L«Å§i¤
¾H¤p¥°¦¬OÉ¥Î¦è¤èªº¬ì¾Ç¡B§Þ³N©MºÞ²z¸gÅç¡A¥[±j¦@²£ÄÒªº²Îªv¡A¦Ó±q¨S¦³Q¹LÅý¤¤°ê¨«¦è¤èÄ³
¾H¤p¥»{¬°¦b¸gÀÙ¶i¨B©M¬Fªv«O¦u¤§¶¡¨S¦³¤°»ò¥Ù¬Þ¡C¦ý³o¨âªÌ¥»½è¤W¬O¤£¨ó½Õªº¡A°¦¦³¤@®É¥¿Å¡
¾H¤p¥´§¤§¤£¥hªº¿ò¾Ñ¡A¬O¥L¦b1989¦~¤Ñ¦wªù¾Ç¥Í¹B°Ê¤¤§@¥X¤U¥OÂíÀ£¾Ç¥ÍªºµhW¨M©w¡C¤Ï¹ï¨Ï¥Îª
µLºÃ¡A¦b¾ú¥v±Æ§Ç¤W¡A¾Hªº¤À¶qn§C©ó¤ò¡A¦ý¥Lªº¸gÀÙ²©R¹ï¤¤°ê©M¾ãÓ¥@¬Éªº¼vÅTn¤j©ó¤òªº¬Fª
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
1.Baker, James A.¡AIll, "America in Asia: Emerging Architecture for a Pacific
Community" Foreign Affairs, Winter 199J-92, 1-18.
2.Barme, Geremie¡A"Traveling Heavy: The Intellectural Baggage of the Chinese
Diaspora¡F"The Chinese Intellectual, No, 26 (Winter 1992): 3-20.
3.Borthwick, Mark, "A Hard Line from China on Trade," The New York Times, M
ay 13,1991.
4.Brugger¡ABill and David Kelly, Chinese Marxism in the Post-Mao Era (Stanfor
d, 1990).
5.Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21
st Century (New York, 1993).
6.Catton, Chris, "Great Leap Backward¡A" New Statesman & Society, England, Ja
n. 8¡A1993, 28-30,
7.Chai, Joseph C. H., "Consumption and Living Standards in China," The Chin
a Quarterly, Sept. 1992, 721-49.
8.©ÓÀÙ¡A¡mí«e¤¤°ê¤j³°ªº¬y¥Á°ÝÃD¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n,1993¦~1¤ë¡A²Ä40-44¶¡C
9.Ch'i, Hsi-sheng¡APolitics of Disillusionment: The Chinese Communist Party u
nder Deng Xiaoping (Armonk, N.Y., 1991).
10.Chien, Frederick F,¡A"A View from Taipei¼s Foreign Affairs¡BWinter 1991-92, 92
- 103.
11.China: Between Plan and Market (Washington, D.C, 1990). The World Bank.
12."China in Transformation," Daedalus, Spring 1993.
13.China's Economic Dilemmas in the 1990s: The Problems of Reforms, Moderni
zation, and Interdependence (Washington, D.C., 1991), 2 vols. Study Papers submi
tted to the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States.
14.¤d®a¾s¡A¡m©M¥ºtÅÜ»P¤Ï©M¥ºtÅÜªº°ÝÃD¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~4¤ë,²Ä11-16 ¶¡C
15.Chinese Communist Central Committee, A Critique of the Soviet Central Co
mmittee Second Plenary Session. Confidential. Complete text reprinted in China S
pring, May 1990, 64-65.
16.--¡ADocument 2¡AFeb, 28¡A1992¡C¥þ¤å«¥Z©ó¡mª§»ï¡n¡A95´ä¡A1992¦~4¤ë¡A²Ä23-27¶
17.Cohen, Roger, "An Empty Feeling Is Affecting Eastern Europe," The New Yo
rk Times, March 21¡A1993¡AE3.
18.Copper, John, F., and Ta-ling Lee, Tiananmen Aftermath: Human Rights in
the People's Republic of China, 1990. Occasional Papers/ Reprint Series, in Cont
emporary Asian Studies, No. 4-1992. School of Law, University of Maryland.
19.¹F¹ç¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤j³°¶mÂí¥ø~¹A~©M¹A~Àô¹Ò°ÝÃD¡n¡C²{¥N¤¤°ê¤¤¤ß½×¤å¡A1992 ¦~2¤ë¡A²Ä16´Á¡
20."Deng Xiaoping: An Assessment," The China Quarterly, Sept. 1993, 409-572
.
21.Galvin, Gen. John, "America's Asian Challenge " US, News World Report, O
ct 19, 1992.
22.Garver, John W.¡A "China's Push Through the South China Sea: The Interacti
on of Bureaucratic and National Interests," The China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, 999-
1028.
23.--¡A"The Chinese Communist Party and the Collapse of Soviet Communism,"
24.The China Quarterly, March 1993, 1-26.
25.Greenhouse, Steven, "New Tally of World's Economies Catapults China Into
Third Place," The New York Times, May 20, 1993.
26.Harding, Harry, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China Sinc
e 1972 (Washington, D.C., 1992).
27.¦ós,¡m¤¤¦@¹ï¤HÅv°ÝÃD|§@¥XÅTÀ³¶Ü¡H¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1993¦~2¤ë¡A²Ä16-18 ¶¡C
28.Hoi ley, David, "Beijing Wants Open Market but Closed Society," Los Ange
les Times, May 9, 1992,
29.--,"The New Religion Is Money," Los Angeles Times, Jan. 15, 1993.
30.Holme, Richard, "China: Tiger's Gilded Cage," New Statesman & Society, E
ngland, Jan. 22, 1993, 19-20.
31.Hsu, John, C.¡AChina's Foreign Trade Reforms: Impact on Growth and Stabili
ty (Cambridge, England, 1989).
32.Kallgren, Joyce K., Building a National-state: China After Forty Years (
Berkeley, 1990).
33.Kristof, Nicholas D.¡A"China Sees Singapore as a Model of Progress," The N
ew York Times, Aug. 9¡A1992.
34.--,"Looking Beyond Deng, Leaders Find Chinese Looking Beyond Them¡A"The Ne
w York Times, Oct. 11¡A1992.
35.--,"A New Class of Chinese Is Emerging: Home Owners," The New York Times
, Nov. 22¡A1992.
36.--¡A"Entrepreneurial Energy Sets Off a Chinese Boom," The New York Times,F
eb. 14,1993.
37.--¡A"Don't Joke About This Stock Market¡F"The New York Times, May 9¡A1993.
38.--,"Chinese Communism's Secret Aim: Capitalism" The New York Times,Oct.
19, 1992.
39.--¡A"Poor Chinese Town Bets Its Shirt on Making Buttons and, Bingo," The N
ew York Times, Jan.1 8, 1993 "
40.--,Backed by China, Go-Getters Get Rich," The New York Times, Jan. 27,19
93.
41.--,"A Tycoon Named Mu: Product of Old China Leading the New," The New Yo
rk Times, August 30, 1992.
42.--,"As China Looks at World Order, It Detects New Struggles Emerging,"Th
e New York Times, April 21, 1992.
43.--,"China Is Making Asia's Goods, and the U.S. Is Buying " The New York
Times, March 12, 1993.
44.--¡A"China: The Conglomerate, a New Unifying Principle," The New York Time
s, Feb. 1993.
45.Kueh, Y. Y.,"Foreign Investment and Economic Change in China" The China
Quarterly, Sept, 1992, 637-90.
46.¦Ñ¨©¡A¡m±qÅÜ²ªº¨¤«×¬Ý¤¤°ê¤j³°ªº¥¼¨Ó¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1993¦~1¤ë¡A²Ä76-77¶.
47.Lardy, Nicholas R., Foreign Trade and Economic Reforms in China, J978-19
90 (Cambridge, England, 1992).
48.--¡A"Chinese Foreign Trade¡F"The China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, 671-720.
49.§N¾î¬Ü¡A¡m¤Q¥|¤j¬°¤j³°®I¤U¤F°Ê¶Ãªºº×®Ú¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~12¤ë¡A²Ä35-39 ¶¡C
50.Li, Cheng, and Lynn White, "Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Ma
inland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy,"The China
Quarterly, March 1990, 1-35.
51.§õ¤p©ú¡A¡m¤¤°ê«n¤èªº¸ê¥»¥D¸q¼ö¡n¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤§¬K¡n¡A1992¦~10¤ë¡A²Ä¶¡C
52.§õ‾÷²»¡A¡m¦@³Ð¤j¤¤µØ¸gÀÙ¦@¦P°é¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~3¤ë,²Ä35-38¶.
53.Li, Xianlu, and Lu Mai, "Renew China's Trade Status," The New York Times
, July 23, 1991.
54.¼B¾Ç¥Á¡A¡m©M¥ºtÅÜ±Ï¤¤°ê¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1991¦~6¤ë,²Ä35-38¶¡C
55.Liu, Yia-ling, "Reform from Below¡G The Private Economy and Local Politics
in the Rural Industrialization of Wenzhou," The China Quarterly, June 1992,293-
316.
56.Lord, Winston, "China and America: Beyond the Big ChiH " Foreign Affairs
, Fall 1989¡A 1-26.
57.³°¥ÁÁn¡A¡m¹ï¬ü¸gÀÙ°Ç‾Á¡G¤¤¦@¨É¤j³°¬Fªv²§¤v¤H¤hí¦×²¼¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1993 ¦~2¤ë¡A²Ä77-
58.McCord, William, The Dawn of the Pacific Century: Implications for Three
Worlds of Development (New Brunswick, 1991).
59.Meisner, Maurice, "What Beijing Leaders Know That Critics Won't See: Rep
ression Can Be Profitable," Los Angeles Time, Oct. 25, 1992, M2.
60.Nathan, Andrew, China's Crisis: Dilemmas of Reform and Prospects for Dem
ocracy (New York, 1990).
61.Rocca, Jean-Louis, "Corruption and Its Shadow: An Anthropological View o
f Corruption in China" The China Quarterly, June 1992,402-16. Tr. From French.
62.Safire, William, "Vision in Collision," The New York Times, Dec. 23, 199
2, A25.
63.Saich, Tony, "The Fourteenth Party Congress: A Programme for Authoritari
an Rule¡F"The China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, 1136-1160.
64.Salisbury, Harrison E., The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and De
ng (Boston, 1992).
65.Shen, Tong, "The Next Generation," The New York Times, Sept. 2, 1992.
66.So linger, Dorothy J., China's Transition from Socialism Statist Legacie
s and Market Reforms, J 980-J990 (New York, 1992).
67.Tsai, Wen-hui, "New Authoritarianism, Neo-Conservatism, and Anti-Peacefu
l Evolution: Mainland China's Resistance to Political Modernization," Issues & S
tudies, Taipei, Vol. 28¡ANo. 2, 1992¡A1-22.
68."The People's Republic After 40 Years¡A" The China Quarterly, No. 119, Sep
t. 1989, pp. 420-630.
69.Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf, "China and America, 1941 -1991 ,"Foreign Affairs
, Winter 1991-92, 75-92.
70.Vogel, Ezra, One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong Under Reform (Cambridge,
Mass., 1989).
71.--pour Dragons, The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia (Cambridge,
Mass.,1991).
72.¤ýºûs¡A¡m¾H¤p¥¸ô½uªºÆ[¹î¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~5¤ë¡A²Ä40-42¶.
73.Weidenbaum, Murrey, "Rising Chinese Economy Creates Prime Opportunity fo
r US. Investors," Los Angeles Times¡AJune 6¡A1993,
74.WuDunn, Sheryl, "Economy Is a Pawn in China's Power Game" The New York T
imes, July 5, 1992.
75.--,"Booming China Is Dream Market for West," The New York Times, Feb.15¡A1
993.
76.--¡A"Chinese Suffer from Rising Pollution As Byproduct of the Industrial B
oom¡A"The New York Times¡A Feb. 28¡A1993.
77.--,"As China Leaps Ahead, The Poor Slip Behind," The New York Times, May
23,1993,
78.¨º©§J¡A¡m¤j³°²{¥N¤ÆÄÌ°Ê¡n¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~11¤ë¡A²Ä43-45¶¡C
79.¨º©§J¡B¡m"¦³©Ð¶¥‾Å"±U°_¤j³°¡n¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤§¬K¡n¡A1993¦~3¤ë¡A²Ä47-48¶¡C
80.Zweig, David, "Internationalizing China's Countryside: The Political Eco
nomy of Exports from Rural Industry," The China Quarterly, Dec. 1991, 716-41.
¡iª`ÄÀ¡G¡j
1 ¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤å¥ó¡G¹ïÄ¬¦@¤G¤¤¥þ|ªº§å§P¡Cì¥ó(¾÷±K)¡C«¥Z©ó¡m¤¤°ê¤§¬K¡n1990¦~5¤ë¡A²Ä64-65¶¡C
2 ¼B¾Ç¥Á¡A<©M¥ºtÅÜ±Ï¤¤°ê>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1991¦~6¤ë¡A²Ä35-36¶¡C
3 ¼BÁé²»¡A<©]¦æ¤Hªº¤fï¡G©M¥ºtÅÜ±Ï¤¤°ê>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1991¦~11¤ë¡A²Ä54¶¡F¤d®a¾s¡A<©M¥ºtÅÜ»P
4 James A¡OBaker, III¡A"America in Asia¡GEmerging Architecture for a Pacific Community
, "Foreign Affairs¡AWinter 1991¡þ92¡A15-16¡O
5 ¤Þ¦Û¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~4¤ë¡A²Ä19¶¡C
6 Richard Holme¡A"China¡GTiger's Gilded Cage," New Statesman & Society, England¡AJan¡O22¡A
1993¡A19¡O
7 ì¥»¬O¤T¸ê¥ø~¡A¥Nªí¤TÃþ¥~°ê§ë¸ê¡G(1)¥~°ê¿W¸ê¡F(2)¤¤¥~¦X¸ê¡F(3)¤¤¥~¦X§@¸gÀç¡C
8 ¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡¤G¸¹¤å¥ó¡A¤¤µo(¤@¤E¤E¤G)¤G¸¹¡A1992¦~2¤ë28¤é¡C¥þ¤å«¥Z©ó95´ä
¡mª§»ï¡nÂø§Ó¡A1992¦~4¤ë¡A²Ä23-27¶¡C
9 ¤ýºûs¡A<¾H¤p¥¸ô½uªºÆ[¹î>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A‾Ã¬ù¡A1992¦~5¤ë¡A²Ä41¶¡C
10 ¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä41-42¶¡C
11 Maurice Meisner, "What Beijing Leaders Know That Critics Won't See¡GRepression
Can Be Profitable," Los Angeles Times¡AOct¡O25¡A1992¡AM2¡O
12 Nicholas D¡OKristof, "China Sees Singapore as a Model of Progress," The New Yor
k Times¡AAug¡O9¡A1992¡Fsee also Richard Holme¡A19-20¡O
13 William Satire¡A"Vision in Collision," The New York Times¡ADec¡O23¡A1992¡AA25¡O
14 Roger Cohen¡A"An Empty Feeling Is Affecting Eastern Europe," The New York Times¡A
March 21¡A1993¡AE3¡O
15 °ª²ý¡A¡m¤H¥Á¤é³ø¡nÁ`½s¿è¡F¤ý§Ô¤§¡A¤¤¦@¤¤¥¡«Å¶Ç³¡³¡ªø¡F¶Pq¤§¡A¤å¤Æ³¡¥N³¡ªø¡C
16¦¿¿A¥Á¡A¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¥D®u¡F§õÄP¡AÁ`²z¡F¦¶éF°ò¡A²Ä¤@°ÆÁ`²z¡F³ì¥Û¡A¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|©eûªø¡
17 §N¾î¬Ü¡A<¤Q¥|¤j¬°¤j³°®I¤U¤F°Ê¶Ãªºº×®Ú>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~]2¤ë¡A²Ä35-36¶¡C
18 ¦Ñ¨©¡A<±qÅÜ²ªº¨¤«×¬Ý¤¤°ê¤j³°ªº¥¼¨Ó>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1993¦~1¤ë¡A²Ä76-77¶¡C
19 §õ¤p©ú¡A<¤¤°ê«n¤èªº¸ê¥»¥D¸q¼ö>¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤§¬K¡n¡A1992¦~10¤ë¡A²Ä6-10¶¡C
20 Nicholas D¡OKristof, "A New Class of Chinese Is Emerging¡GHome Owners," The New Y
ork Times¡ANov¡O22¡A1992¡FHolme¡A19¡F¨º©§J¡A("¦³©Ð¶¥‾Å"±U°_¤j³°)¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤§¬K¡n¡A1993¦~3¤ë¡
The New York Times¡AMay 8¡A1993¡O
21 Nicholas D¡OKristof, "Don't Joke About This Stock Market." The New York Times,
May 9¡A1993¡O
22 Nicholas D¡OKristof, "Entrepreneurial Energy Sets Off a Chinese Boom," The New
York Times¡AFeb¡O14¡A1993¡O
23 ¦P¤Wª`¡C
24 Nicholas D¡OKristof, "Poor Chinese Town Bets Its Shirt on Making Buttons and¡ABin
go!" The New York Times¡AJan¡O18¡A1993¡O
25 Nicholas D¡OKristof, "Backed by China¡AGo-Getters Get Rich," The New York Times¡AJa
n¡O27¡A1993¡O
26 Nicholas D¡OKristof, "A¡OTycoon Named Mu¡GProduct of Old China Leading the New," Th
e New York Times¡AAugust 30¡A1992¡O(Ä¶ªÌª`¡G¦È¨ä¤¤1999¦~¦]«H¥ÎÃÒ¶BÄF¡A§P³BµL´Á®{¦D)¡C
27 ®Ú¾Ú«e«¢¦òªk¾Ç°|§U²z°|ªø¤Î²{¥ô¬ü°ê°Ó¬É¦b¤¤°êªº§Q‾qªº¥NªíJerome A¡OCohen¡C
28 The New York Times¡AJune 15¡A1992¡FFeb¡O24¡A1993¡CµM¦Ó¡AÂÂª÷¤sµÛ¦WªA¸Ë¨î³y°ÓLevi Strauss
29 Sheryl WuDunn¡A"Booming China Is Dream Market for West," The New York Times¡AFeb¡O1
5¡A1993¡FLos Angeles Times¡AOctober 18¡A1993¡O
30 ¹F¹ç¡A<¤¤°ê¤j³°¶mÂí¥ø~¹A~©M¹A~Àô¹Ò°ÝÃD>¡C²{¥N¤¤°ê¤¤¤ß½×¤å¡A1992¦~2¤ë¡A²Ä16´Á¡A²Ä2-7¶
es¡AFeb¡O28¡A1993¡OSee also David Zweig¡A"Internationalizing China's Countryside¡GThe Polit
cal Economy of Exports from Rural Industry," The China Quarterly¡ADec¡O1991¡A717-18¡O
31 ©ÓÀÙ¡A<í«e¤¤°ê¤j³°ªº¬y¥Á°ÝÃD>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1993¦~1¤ë¡A²Ä40-41¶¡C
32 ®Ú¾Ú¹ï¤¦Ê¦W¾E¤J¥_¨Êªº¹A¥Áªº½Õ¬d¡C¦P¤Wª`¡A²Ä42-43¶¡C
33 James A¡OBaker, III¡A16¡GAllen Pun¡A"Galbraith Supports China Sphere Idea," The Free
China Journal¡ATaipei¡ANov¡O17¡A1992¡O
34 Murrey Weidenbaum¡A"Rising Chinese Economy Creates Prime Opportunity for U¡OS¡OInve
stors," Los Angeles Times¡AJune 6¡A1993¡FThe Free China Journal, Oct¡O15¡A1993¡O(Ä¶ªÌª`¡G¤j
35 §õ‾÷²»¡A<¦@³Ð¤j¤¤µØ¸gÀÙ¦@¦P°é>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~3¤ë¡A²Ä35-38¶¡C
36 §õ¤p©ú¡A²Ä6-10¶¡C
37 ¤ý¶§±Ó¡A<±q"«Ø³]©Ê"¥æ¾W»P"¥Ð§ÒÁÉ°¨"¬Ý¤¤¬üÃöÃ´ªºs¨«¦V>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1992¦~9¤ë¡A²Ä74-77¶¡F
ril 21¡A1992¡FGen¡OJohn Galvin¡A"America's Asian Challenge," U¡OS¡ONews & World Report¡AOct
992¡O
38 James A¡OBaker,III¡A15-16¡O
39 ¬ü°ê°Ó°È³¡¼Æ¦r¡A°ê»Ú¶T©öºÞ²z¡A¶T©ö¤Î¸gÀÙ¤ÀªR¡A1989¤Î1993¦~6¤ë¡F¥H¤Î
Los Angeles Times¡AMay 4¡A1991¡C
40 The New York Times¡AMay 13¡A1991¡O
41 Keith Bradsher, "A Hard Line From China on Trade," The New York Times¡AMay 13¡A19
91¡O
42 ¥Û¬h¤l¡A<³Ì´f°ê«Ý¹Jªº¨¤¤O>¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤§¬K¡n¡A1991¦~6¤ë¡A²Ä45¶¡C
43 ¬ü°ê°Ó°È³¡¼Æ¦r¡A¤Þ¦ÛNicholas D¡OKristof, "China Is Making Asia's Goods¡Aand the U¡OS¡OIs
12¡A1993¡O
44 ²§¨£¤H¤h¥]¬A°OªÌÀ¹´¸¡B«J¾å¤Ñ¡B¤ý¦³Å×¤ÎÁúªF¤è¡C
45 LI Xianlu and Lu Mai¡A"Renew China's Trade Status," The New York Times, July 23¡A
1991¡O
46 The New York Times¡ANov¡O20¡A1992¡O
47 ¦ós¡A<¤¤¦@¹ï¤HÅv°ÝÃD|§@¥XÅTÀ³¶Ü>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1993¦~2¤ë¡A²Ä16-18¶¡C
48 ³oÓµü»y¥O¤HÁpQ¨ìOliver North¤W®Õ¦b¥ì®Ôªù¨Æ¥ó¤¤©Ò¥Î"x¤õ¥æ©ö"ªº¤½¦¡¡C
49 ³°¥ÁÁn¡A<¹ï¬ü¸gÀÙ°Ç‾Á¡G¤¤¦@¨É¤j³°ªº¬Fªv²§¨£¤H¤hí¦×²¼>¡A¡m±´‾Á¡n¡A1993¦~12¤ë¡A²Ä77-80¶¡
50 Calvin Sims¡A"China Steps Up Spending to Keep U¡OS¡OTrade Status," The New York Tim
es¡AMay 7¡A1993¡O
51 The New York Times¡AMay¡A7¡A13¡A14¡A1993¡O
52 1993¦~8¤ë25¤é¡A¬ü°ê¹ï©ó¤¤°ê°â½æ24ªTM-11¦a¹ï¦a¸¼uµ¹¤Ú°ò´µ©Z¡A¹ê¬I¦³«×¨îµô¡CµØ²±¹y¤è±¸
53 The New York Times¡AMarch 20¡A1994¡O
54 Thomas L¡OFriedman¡A"New Tack on China," The New York Times¡AJan¡O23¡A1994¡F Stephen Rob
rt¡A"In China¡ALet Free Markets Aid Liberty," The New York Times¡AApril 24¡A1994¡FBill Bra
dley, "Trade¡Athe Real Engine of Democracy," The New York Times¡AMay 25¡A1994¡O
55 Nikita Khrushchev¡AKhruschev Remembers¡GThe Last Testament (Boston¡A1974)¡A253¡ATr¡O and
ed¡Oby Strobe Talbott¡O
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
250
***********
ÁpÃ´QQ¡G33486416(ÅçÃÒ«H®§¡G®}¤¤¬ù)
**********
²Ä¥|¤Q¤G³¹
¤¤°êªº±U°_
¶i¤J¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬ö¡A¤¤°êªº°ê»Ú¦a¦ì³Q»{¬°¤w¹F¨ì¤Q¤E¥@¬öªì¥H¨Ó¤§Åq®p¡Cªø®É¶¡ªº¤º¼~¥~±wÅý¦ì©óª
í«eªº¥@¬É®æ§½¦³§Q©ó¤¤°êªº±U°_¡CÄ¬Áp¸ÑÅé©MÀH¤§¦Ó¨Óªº«XÃ¹´µªº²V¶Ã¡B¼Ú¬w¦U°êªº¬Û¹ï°I¸¨¡A¥
¤¤°ê¨ú±o³o¤@sªº¦a¦ì¡A¦³¤T¥ó¨Æ±¡µo´§¤F«n§@¥Î¡G^°êÂkÁÙ95´ä¡B¤¤¬ü«ì´_¥¿±`ÃöÃ´¡A¥H¤Î©M¥
1.95´ä¦^Âk
«öÓ1984¦~12¤ë19¤éÃ±©wªº¡m¤¤^Áp¦XÁn©ú¡n¡A^°ê¦PN©ó1997¦~6¤ë30¤é¤È©]±N95´ä¡B¤EÀs©Ms¬É
¤C¤Q¦~¥N¡AÂ÷s¬É‾²¥Î´Áº¡(1997¦~6¤ë30¤é)¤éÁÍÁ{ªñ¡A^°ê¤HÅÜ±o¤£¦w°_¨Ó¡C1979¦~3¤ë29¤é¡A95´
1¡O95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¬O¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¤£¥i¤ÀÂ÷ªº³¡¤À¡C¥þ°ê¤H¥Á¥Nªí¤j|±ÂÅv95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¨ÌÓ°ò¥»
2¡O95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¤£¹ê¦æªÀ|¥D¸q¨î«×©M¬Fµ¦¡A«O«ùì¦³ªº¸ê¥»¥D¸q¨î«×©M¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡¡A¤¤Q¦~¤£ÅÜ¡C
3¡O95´ä©~¥Á¨É¦³¨¥½×¡Bs»D¡B¥Xª©ªº¦Û¥Ñ¡Aµ²ªÀ¡B¶°|¡B¹C¦æ¡B¥Ü«Âªº¦Û¥Ñ¡A²ÕÂ´©M°Ñ¥[¤u|¡B½}¤uªº
4¡O°£°ê¨¾©M¥~¥æ¨Æ°È¥~¡A95´ä¥Ñ95´ä¤Hªv²z¡C
5¡O95´äì¦³ªk«ß¡A§Y´¶³qªk¡B¿Å¥ªk¡B±ø¨Ò¡BªþÄÝ¥ßªk©M²ßºDªk¡A°£¦P°ò¥»ªk¬Û©èÄ²©Î¸g95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F
6¡O²×¼fªk°|¬°95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ïªº³Ì°ªªk°|¡C
7¡O95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¥ßªk|Ä³û¨C©¡60¤H¡A¥Ñ¿ïÁ|²£¥Í¡A¨ì2007¦~¶¡±µ¿ïÁ|±N³v¨BÅÜ¬°´¶¿ï¡C
8¡O95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ïªº¦æ¬F¾÷Ãö¡B¥ßªk¾÷Ãö©M¥qªk¾÷Ãö¡A°£¨Ï¥Î¤¤¤å¥~¡AÁÙ¥i¨Ï¥Î^¤å¡A^¤å¤]¬O¥¿¦¡»y
9¡O¤¤¥¡¤H¥Á¬F©²¬£¾n95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ït³d¨¾°Èªºx¶¤¤£¤z¹w95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ïªº¦a¤è¨Æ°È¡C
10¡O95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï«O«ù°]¬F¿W¥ß¡C¤¤¥¡¤H¥Á¬F©²¤£¦b95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï©ºµ|¡C2
¹ê»Ú¤W¡A"ÅÜ"¬O95´äªº¥»½è¡A¦o¨C¤@¤Ñ³£¦bÅÜ¡C©Ò¿×"¤¤Q¦~¤£ÅÜ"ªº‾u¥¿§t¸q¡A¬O«ü¤¤Q¦~¶¡¡A95´
1.1^°êªº´Þ¥Á²Îªv ¦b1842-1997¦~ªº¤@¦Ê¤¤Q¤»¦~¶¡¡A95´ä¤@ª½§@¬°^°ê´Þ¥Á¦a¡A¥Ñ¾Ö¦³µ´¹ïÅ
¦b¬Fªv¤W¡A^°ê±q¨Ó¨S¦³±N¥Á¥D¨î«×½á¤©95´ä¡Aª½¨ì´Þ¥Á²Îªvªº³Ì«á´X¦~¡AÅ×¶}©l§ïÅÜ³oºØ±¡ªp¡C±
95´äªº¤H§¡°ê¤º¥Í²£Á`È(GDP)±q1966¦~ªº686¬ü¤¸öt¤É¨ì1997¦~ªº27,500¬ü¤¸¡A¶W¹L¤F^°ê¡B¥[®³¤
1989¦~^°ê©M¤¤°ê¨óÄ³¦b1997¦~7¤ë1¤é¬FÅv²¾¥æªº¨º¤@¦~¤§¤º¡A95´ä¥i¥HÁ|¦æº¦¸¥ßªk|¿ïÁ|¡C719
1992¦~¡A«e^°ê«O¦uÄÒ¥D®u´^©w±d³Q¥ô©R¬°95´ä²Ä¤G¤Q¤K©¡¡B¤]§Y³Ì«á¤@©¡Á`þ¡C´^©w±d¤W¥ô«á¡A¬
¬FÅv¥æ±µ»ö¦¡ 95´ä¦b1842¦~³ÎÅýµ¹^°ê®É¡A°¦¬O¤@Ó¤pº®§ø¡C¨ì1997¦~¦^Âk®É¡A¦o¤w¸gÅÜ¦¨¤@
§Ú«Ü°ª¿³¦V95´ä¥«¥Á¬°¥LÌ¦b¹L¥hªº¤@Ó¥b¥@¬ö¸Ì©Ò¨ú±oªº©Ò¦³¦¨Ńªí¹F§ÚªºqN¡C95´äªº½÷×¦¨´
¤¤°ê°ê®a¥D®u¦¿¿A¥Á¹ï630¸U¦PM¦^¨ì"‾ª°êªºÃh©ê"ªí¥ÜÅwªï¡A¨Ã¥B«OÃÒ¡G
95´ä¦^Âk«á¡A¤¤°ê¬F©²±N°í©w¤£²¾¦a³e¹ý"¤@°ê¨â¨î"¡B"´ä¤Hªv´ä"©M"°ª«×¦Ûªv"ªº°ò¥»¤è°w¡A«O«ù9
95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï±N³v¨B±À¦æ²Å¦X95´ä¹ê»Úªº¥Á¥D¨î«×......95´ä±NÄ~Äò«O«ù¨ä¦Û¥Ñ´äªº¦a¦ì¡AÄ~Äòµ
¨Ó¦Û¥þ²y¦U¦aªº¤K¤d¦W°OªÌ©M¶ÇĆ¤u§@ªÌ«e©¹³ø¹D¡CÀHµÛ»ö¦¡ªº¶i¦æ¡A^°ê¥úºa¦aµ²§ô¤F¦b95´ä¤@¦
¥æ±µ»ö¦¡«á¡Así¿ïªº95´ä‾S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¦æ¬Fªø©x¸³«ØµØ«Å»}ŃÂ¾¡C±µµÛ¡A¥L¥D«ù¤F¥Ñ¬F°È¥qªø³‾¤è¦
¸³«ØµØ¬O¤@¦ì‾è¹B~¥¨¸ëªº«á¸Ç¡AÁöµM´¿¦b^°êŃÅª¤»¦~¡B¦b¬ü°ê¥Í¬¡¤Q¦~¡A¦ý¨ÌÂÂ¨ã¦³¿@«pªº¤¤°
¨CÓªÀ|¥²¶¦³¦Û¤vªº»ùÈ¡A¥H²£¥Í¨ä¦@¦Pªº¥Ø¼Ð©M¤@PªºÆ[©À¡C§ÚÌ±NÄ~Äò¹ªÀy§ÚÌªÀ|ªº¦h¼Ë©
¬FÅv²¾¥æ«e¡A¦è¤èªºĆÅé¡B¬Fªv¤Hª«©M¤HÅv¬¡°Ê®a³£¾á¤ß¡A¤¤°ê‾à§_‾u¥¿¹ê½î¥¦¹ï95´äªº«OÃÒ¡G«O»
¹ï©ó95´äªº¥Ã¹L´ç¡A¤¤°ê¦³¦Û¤vªºQªk¡C³Ì°ò¥»ªº¤@ÂI¬O¡A¤¤°êQ¦V¥þ¥@¬ÉÃÒ©ú¡A¹ï95´äªºªv²z¡
1.3¦^Âk«áªº95´ä ºÉºÞ¦³³\¦h¥i©Èªº¹w¨¥¡A¦ý¦b¦^Âk«áªº¤é¤l¸Ì¡A95´ä¨Ã¨S¦³¥X²{¤HÅ×¤j¶q¥~¬y
¦ý¦b¥©Mªí±¤§¤U¡A¤HÌªº¤º¤ß²`³BÁ`¦³¤@ºØ¤£¦wªºPÄ±¡C¦b¤@¨Ç¦a¤è¡A¥Í¬¡º¥º¥ÅÜ±o¤£¨º»ò°ê»Ú¤
¥ßªk|ªºs¿ïÁ|ªk¬Ûí´_Âø¡C60ÓÄ³®u¤¤¡A20Ó¥Ñ¥Á¿ï²£¥Í¡A¨ä¾l40¦W¤¤¦³10¦W¥Ñ¿ïÁ|©eû|¿ï¥X¡
¦^Âk«á¡A95´ä¾D¨ü¤F¨â¦¸»P¦^Âk¨S¦³ª½±µÃöÁpªºÄY«¦M¾÷ªº¥´À»¡C²Ä¤@¦¸¬O1997¦~7¤ë°_©l©ó®õ°ê¡A
²Ä¤GÓ¦M¾÷¬O1997¦~¬î¤ÑÃzµo¥ÑH5N1‾f¬r¤Þ°_ªº"¸V¬yP"¡C¾ÉP130¸U°¦¦UÃþ®a¸V³Q®_±þ¡CÁöµM³o¦¸
¦b³o¤@¸gÀÙäÃøªºI´º¤U¡A´Á«Ý¤w¤[ªº¥ßªk|¿ïÁ|²×©ó¦b1998¦~5¤ë24¤éÁ|¦æ¡C§ë²¼ªÌ¤H¼Æ¹F³Ð¬ö¿ý
¦b¥þ³¡¦X¸ê®æªº¿ï¥Á¤¤¡A°Ñ¥[§ë²¼ªº¿ï¥Á¥e53.3%¡A¤j¤j¶W¹L¤F^°ê²Îªv®É´Á1991¦~ªº39%©M1995¦~ª
¦^Âk¤@¦~«á¡A95´ä¬F©²ºÜºÉ¥þ¤O¥Hºû«ù¦íìª¬¡A¦Ó¤¤°ê¬F©²¤]¤@ª½«H¦u¤£¤z¹w95´ä¨Æ°Èªº©Ó¿Õ¡C95´
2.¤¤¬üÃöÃ´
¦b°ê»ÚÃöÃ´¥v¤¤¡A¤@Ósªº«n°ê®a±U°_¡AÁ`|¥´¶Ã°ê®a¶¡¤w¦³ªº¥¿Å¤Î‾}Ãa¬J©wªº°ê»Ú¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡¡
¹ï¦è¤è¦Ó¨¥¡A³oºØ§½±ªº¥X²{§¹¥þ¥X¥G¹w®Æ¡A»Ýn¥H¤@ºØ¥þsªº«äºû¨Ó±¹ï¡C¤¤°ê¤Ó¤j¡AµLªk¹ï¥¦¹
¹ï¤¤°ê¨Ó»¡¡A¥Ø«e¥¿³B¦b¾ú¥v¤Wªº¦³§Q®É´Á¡C¤¤°ê¸g¹L¤F¤@Ó¥b¥@¬öªº¤º¼~¥~±w¡AÍ¸Î¡B±j¤j©MÀò¨
ÅãµM¡A¤¤°ê¦bµo®i¸gÀÙ©M¹ê²{²{¥N¤Æªº®ÉÔ¡A¬O»Ýn¤@Ó«ùÄò©M¥ªºÀô¹Ò»P¤j¶qªº¥~°ê¸êª÷©M²{¥N§
°ò©ó³o¼Ëªº¦@ÃÑ¡A¤@ºØ©M¥ªº¥ë¦ñ¦¡ªº¤¤¬üÃöÃ´‾B¥X¤ô±¡AºÉºÞÂù¤è¦bNÃÑ§ÎºA¡B¤å¤Æ¡B¬Fªv¨î«×¡
2.1"¤¤°ê«Â‾Ù"½× ¦b1990-1995¦~¶¡¡A¤¤°êªº¸gÀÙ©Mx¨Æ¤O¶q¨³³t§§¤j¡C1992¦~°ê¤º¥Í²£Á`È¼Wª
±q1988¨ì1993¦~ªº½ã±¤W¬Ý¡A¤¤°êªºx¶OÂ½¤F¤@µf¡A¹ê»Ú¼W¥[¬°50%¡C1993¦~ªºx¨Æ¹wºâ«ö©x¤èJ»
¤¤°ê¸gÀÙ©Mx¨Æ¹ê¤Oªº¨³³t¼Wªø»P¹ï¬ü¶T©ö¶¶®t°ª³t¼Wªø¬O¦P¨Bªº¡C1994¦~¬°295»õ¬ü¤¸¡B1995¦~¬
¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W¡A¤¤°ê¨ì©³¦³¦h»ò±j¤j¿Å¶q¤@Ó°ê®aªº¹ê¤O¦³¤K±ø©Î¤E±ø¼ÐÇ¡G(1)¤H¤f©M»â¤g¡F(2)¦ÛµM
¤¤°ê¤H¹ï¦Û¤v°ê®a¹ê¤Oªºµû¦ôn¤ñ¦è¤è°¾ÄY¡B°¾ºò©M§ó¥[V¨è¡C¤¤°ê¦è³¡©M¦è¥_¦a°Ï¦³¤T»õ©~¥Áªø
°ò©ó³o¨Ç¦]‾À¡A¦è¤è¤H»{¬°¤¤°ê¬O¨È¤Ó¦a°Ïªº°Ï°ì©Ê±j°ê¡A¨ì2020¦~¡A|¦¨¬°¥@¬É‾Åªº¶W‾Å¤j°ê¡C
2.2¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦ªººtÅÜ ±q¶Ç²Î¤W¬Ý¡A¬ü°ê¤£‾à®e§Ô¥ô¦ó¤@Ó°ê®a¥D®_¼Ú¬w©Î¨È¬w¡C¬ü°ê´¿¨â¦¸
«öÓ¬ü°êªº¤ÀªR¥Dn¤j°êªº¹ê¤O¹ï¤ñ(1900¦~)
µw¹ê¤O
³n¹ê¤O
°ò¥»¸ê½
x¨Æ
¸gÀÙ
¬ì§Þ
°ê®a¾®»E¤O
¾ãÅé¤å¤Æ
°ê»Ú¾÷ºc
¬ü°ê
±j
±j
±j
±j
±j
±j
±j
Ä¬Áp
±j
±j
¤¤
¤¤
®z
¤¤
¤¤
¼Ú¬w
±j
¤¤
±j
±j
®z
±j
±j
¤é¥»
¤¤
®z
±j
±j
±j
¤¤
¤¤
¤¤°ê
±j
¤¤
¤¤
®z
±j
¤¤
¤¤
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡GJoseph S¡ONye Jr¡O¡A"Still in the Game," Worid Monitor(The Christian Science Moni
arch 1990¡A47¡O
¤¤°ê¹ï¥Dn¤j°ê¹ê¤O¹ï¤ñªº¤ÀªR(1989-2000¦~)
°ê®a
1989¦~ºî¦X°ê¤O
¦~§¡¼Wªø(%)
2000¦~ºî¦X°ê¤O
1
¬ü°ê
593.33
2.7
816.85
2
Ä¬Áp*
386.72
4.4
648.34
3
¼w°ê**
378.10
3.3
558.23
4
¤é¥»
368.04
3.2
537.39
5
¤¤°ê
222.33
5.8
437.35
6
ªk°ê
276.35
2.8
384.93
7
^°ê
214.08
2.3
281.24
*°ò©ó¸ÑÅé«eªºÄ¬Áp¼Æ¦ì²Îp¡C
**¥]¬AªF¡B¦è¼w¨â¤è¡C
¸ê®Æ¨Ó½¡G¶ÀºÓ¡A¡mºî¦X°ê¤O½×¡n(¥_¨Ê¡A1992)¡A²Ä220-221¶¡C
¾ú¥v¤W¡A¤¤°ê´¿»P³\¦h¾F°ê¶i¦æ¹L¾Ôª§¡A¦ý±q¥¼ªø´Á¥e»â¡B©Î±N¥LÌ¸m©ó´Þ¥Á¦a¦a¦ì¡C»P¦¹°µªk¬Û¤
ºÉºÞ¤¤°êx¶¤±N¬ü°êí¦¨°²Q¼Ä¡A¦ý¥¦¹ï¬ü°êªºx¨Æ¤O¶q«o±q¨Ó¤£´±±¼¥H»´¤ß¡A¨ÃºÉ¥i‾àÁ×§K»P¬ü°
±j¤jªº¤¤°ê¦ü¥G¨Ã¤£|¨B¼w°ê©M¤é¥»ªº«á¹Ð¡A¦ý¥¦n¨D¾F°ê‾à°÷ªö"´L«"¡B"¤Í¦n"»P"¦X§@"¡A¨Ã©^¦
1995¦~¤¤°êªºx¨Æ«äQµo¥Í¤F«¤jÂàÅÜ¡C¦b1995¦~11¤ë16¤éµoªíªº¤@¸U¤¤d¦rªºx¨Æ¡m¥Õ¥Ö®Ñ¡n¤¤¡
µM¦Ó¡A¤¤°ê½T¹ê¦³³Ì²×¨ú¥N¬ü°ê¦Ó¦¨¬°¨È¤Ó¦a°Ïù¥Dªº³¥¤ß¡C¦b1997¦~8¤ëªºªFù¤åµÜ|Ä³¤W¡A¤¤°ê
2.3¹K¨î½×»P½R°Ó½× ¬ü°êQnÀÀq¤@Ó²{¹êªº¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¬O«Ü§xÃøªº¡A³¡¤Àì¦]¬O³o¤@¬D¾Ô¥»¨¨S
¥t¤@¤è±¡AÃÙ¦¨"½R°Ó"ªº¤H«h»{¬°¡A"¹K¨î"°¦|º´°Ê¤¤°êªº¥Á±Ú±¡ºü¡A¤Þµo¥ºÝ¥D¸q¡A¥[¼@ºò±i©M¼
¿n¥¤ä«ù"½R°Ó"¬£ªº¤H¸ÌÃä¡A¦³«e°ê¨¾³¡°Æ³¡ªø¡B²{¥ô«¢¦òªÖ¥§}¬F©²¾Ç°|°|ªø¤p¥§C(Joseph S¡O
1996¦~¬K»O®ü¦M¾÷µo¥Í«á¡A²Ä¤T¬£§O¡A©Ò¿×"³n¹K¨î"¬£¶}©l©ïÀY¡C¤¤°êªº¾É¼u¸ÕÅç¡AÁö»¡¬Oºë±K¦Ó
¦b¥þ²y¤O¶q¹ï¤ñ¤¤¡A¬ü°ê¬O¿W¤@µL¤Gªº¶W‾Å¤j°ê¡A¾Ö¦³²Ä¤@¬y°V½m¦³‾À¡B¸Ë³Æºë¨}ªºx¶¤¡A¦Ó¥B¨ã¦
¬ü°êªº¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¥i¥HÁ`µ²¬°¡G¦bx¨Æ©M§Þ³Nµ´¹ïÀu¶Õªº°òÂ¦¤W¶i¦æ¿Ë¤Á¤Í¦nªº½R°Ó--³oŃ¥s°µ"³n¹K
2.4¡m¬ü¤é¦w¥þ±ø¬ù¡n ¬ü°ê¦b¨È¤Ó¦a°Ï¾Ô²¤§Q‾qªº«O»Ù¬O¾a¡m¬ü¤é¦w¥þ±ø¬ù¡n¡Aì¥»¦b1978¦~ªº
°ê°Èë¶øº¸¥¬¿à‾S(Madeleine Albright)«ÅºÙ¡Asªº«ü¾É¤è°w¨Ã¤£¬O°w¹ïþÓ"¨ãÅé°ê®a"ªº¡A¨ä¥¦¬
«öÄY®æªº»¡ªk¡A«ü¾É¤è°w‾A¤Îªº°¦¬O¬ü°ê©M¤é¥»¨â®a¡A¨Ã¤£¥]¬A»OÆW¡A¦]¬°¥¦¤£¬O±ø¬ùÃ±¸p°ê¡A¤£À
2.5¨Ø¸Ìªº§@¥Î ¦b¬ü°ê§ïÅÜ¹ïµØ¬Fµ¦¤¤µo´§¤F«n§@¥Îªº¡A¬O§JªL¹y¬F©²ªº°ê¨¾³¡ªø(1994¦~2¤ë
¦b¨Ø¸Ìªº¥þ²y¾Ô²¤ºcQ¤¤¡A¬ü°êÀ³©l²×«O«ù³Ì°ª«×ªºx¨Æ§Ù³Æ©M³Ì¤jªº§Þ³NÀu¶Õ¡An°µ¦n¦P®É¶i¦æ¨
¦pªG³ÂÐ¤£‾à¥ý¦æ¤Æ¸Ñ¡A¬ü°ê±µ¤U¨Ón¨Ï¥Îªº¬Fµ¦¡AŃ¬O»¡ªA¡BÄUªý¡A¬Æ©Î¤£±¤¥Hx¨Æ«Â‾Ùªº¿ìªk¨
¤¤°ê°ê¨¾³¡ªø¿ð‾E¥Ð±Nx©ó1996¦~«2¤ë5¤é¦Ü18¤éÀ³ÁÜ³X¬ü¡AŃ¬O¨Ø¸Ìªº"x¨Æ³z©ú"©M"¶}©ñ©Ê"¬Fµ
¬ü°ê°ê¨¾¾÷ºcªºµ²½×¬O¡A«öÓ¬ü°ê¤E¤Q¦~¥Nªº¼ÐÇ¡A¤¤°ê©|¤£¨ã³Æ±j¤jªº§ðÀ»‾à¤O¡A¦b¤µ«áªº¤G¤Q¦
1996¦~¤¤´Á¡AÀHµÛ³òÂ¶¤¤°ê°ÝÃD©Ò¤Þ°_ªºª§½×µ²§ô¡A§JªL¹y¬F©²²×©ó±N"¹ï§Ü"ÂàÅÜ¬°"«Ø³]©Ê½R°Ó"¡
2.6¤¤¬üÃöÃ´¤¤ªº´Æ¤â°ÝÃD ±qµØ©²ªº¨¤«×¬Ý¡A¤T¤j°ÝÃDÄY«¨î¬ù¤F¬ü¤¤ÃöÃ´ªºµo®i¡A¤À§O¬O¤HÅv
ÁöµM¦è¤è»ùÈªº±À¦æ¦bì«h¤W±o¨ì¤F³\¦h¨È¬wª¾ÃÑ¤À¤l©M¬Fªv¤Hª«ªº»{¥i¡A¦ý¦b¹ê½î¤¤ÁÙ¬O¹J¨ì¤F¬
¥_¨Ê´¿¸g¤@«×¤£©Ó»{¤¤°ê¦s¦bµÛ¤HÅv°ÝÃD¡A¦ý³Ìªñ´X¦~¥¦ªºµ¦²¤«o¦³©Ò§ïÅÜ¡A¤Ï¦Ó±j½Õ¥Í¦sÅv©Mµo®
1997¦~10¤ë¡AÁp¦X°ê¤HÅv°ª‾Å©eû|s¥ô¥D®u¡BRº¸Äõ«eÁ`²ÎÃ¹»«»¹¤Ò¤H(Mary Robinson)«ÅºÙ¡A»P
ÄY®æ¦a»¡¡A"¨È¬w»ùÈ"¬O¤@Ó‾«¸Ü¡C¨È¬w¥]¬A¤T¤Q¦hÓ°ê®a¡A¤å¤ÆºØÃþÁc¦h¡C³o¨Ç¤å¤Æ¤£¶È«Ø¥ß¦b¾
¤¤°ê¹ï¬ü°êªº¶T©ö¶¶®t¶°¤¤¥X²{¦b¤E¤Q¦~¥N¡C1994¦~¬°295»õ¬ü¤¸¡B1995¦~¬°337.9»õ¬ü¤¸¡B1996¦~¬
¶¶®t°ª³t¼Wªøªº³¡¤Àì¦]¡A¬O¤¤°ê¦b1994¦~±N¤H¥Á¹ô¶SÈ¡A±q5.8¤¸¤H¥Á¹ô§I´«1¬ü¤¸ÅÜ¬°8.7¤¸¤H¥Á
¤HÅv©M¶T©ö°f®t¤£°¦¬O³y¦¨¬ü¤¤ÃöÃ´ºò±iªº¤GÓ°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¥¦°ÝÃDÁÙ¦³¡G¤¤°ê¦V¤Ú°ò´µ©Z©M¥ì®Ô¥X°â®
2.7§JªL¹yªº¤Í¦n¥ÜN 1997¦~10¤ë24¤é¡A§JªL¹yÁ`²Î³z¹L"¬ü°ê¤§µ"µoªí¤F»P¤¤°ê©M¸Ñªº«nºt
¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¶T©ö°f®t (³æ¦ì¡G»õ¬ü¤¸)
¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¥X¤f
¬ü°ê¹ïµØ¶i¤f
¥¿Å
1994
92.82
387.87
-295.05
1995
117.54
455.43
-337.90
1996
119.93
515.13
-395.20
1997
128.05
625.52
-497.47
1998
142.58
711.56
-568.98
¨Ó½¡GUS Foreign Trade Highlights¡ADepartment of Commerce¡AInternational Trade Administrati
ashington¡AD¡OC¡O¡A1994¡A1995¡A1996¡A1997¡A1998¡OAlso¡GU¡OS¡OAggregate Foreign Trade Data 1
s 6¡A7¡Aand 8[on line]¡O
¨£www.fedstats.gov¡þindex20.html[15 April 99]¡O
§JªL¹y«ü¥X¶Ë®`¬ü¤¤ÃöÃ´ªº¥|¤j°ÝÃD¡A§Y¡G¤HÅv¡B¶T©ö°f®t¡BªZ¾¹ÂX´²©M»OÆW°ÝÃD«á¡AÀH§Y«Å¥¬¡G
¬ü°ê¤H³£¾Ö¦³³o¼Ëªº°ò¥»«H©À¡G¥ô¦ó¦a¤èªº¤H¥Á³£¦³Åv¨ü¨ì´L«¡A¦³Åvµoªí¥LÌªº¨£¸Ñ¡B¿ï¾Ü¥LÌª
§Úª¾¹D¦³¤H¨Ã¤£¦PN³o¼Ë°µ¡A¥LÌ°í«ù¤¤¬ü§Q‾q¬O¤£¥i½Õ©Mªº......¦]¦¹¥LÌ»{¬°¡A¦b¤¤°êÅÜ±o§ó±
§Ú»{¬°³oºØ¬Ýªk¬O¿ù»~ªº¡A©t¥ß¤¤°ê¤£¥i¦æ¡A°¦|°_¨ì¤Ï§@¥Î¡A¨Ã¥BÄ²[µÛ¦MÀI¡C³o¼Ë°µ¦bx¨Æ¡B¬
³o½gÁ¿¸Üªº¤º®e«Ø¥ß¤F»P¤¤°ê§ïµ½ÃöÃ´ªº°òÂ¦¡A¨Ã«P¦¨¤F1997¦~¦Ü1998¦~¦¿¿A¥Á¥D®u»P§JªL¹yÁ`²Îª
3.»OÆW»P¤¤°ê¡G²Î¤@ªº«e´º
¦bµØ²±¹y¡B¥_¨Ê©M»O¥_ªº¤T¨¤ÃöÃ´¤¤¡A³Ì¥O¬ü°êÀY‾kªºŃ¬O¦p¦ó¦b§ïµ½»P¤¤°êªºÃöÃ´ªº¦P®É¤S¤£¶Ë®
3.1»OÆWªº²{ª¬ »OÆW¬O¤@ÓÍ±fªº®qÀ¬¡A¾Ö¦³2,150¸U¤H¤f¡A¤H§¡¦~°ê¤º¥Í²£Á`È¹F13,663¬ü¤¸¡
¤¤°ê¾ú¨Ó¤£©Ó»{»OÆW¦s¦bµÛ¤@Ó¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¡A°í«ù»{¬°»OÆW°¦¬O¤@Ó«qÅÜªº¬Ù¥÷¡A©Ò¥HÀ³¸Ó¹³95´ä¨º¼
»OÆWª½ºI¤Fí¦a©Úµ´¤F¤Wz»¡ªk¡A¦]¬°¥¦¤£¬O95´ä¡C^°ê¤£Q¬°95´ä¦Ó¾Ô¡A¦Ó¥B¨S¦³¤jx¦b¨º¸Ì¾n¦
»OÆW°í«ù»{¬°¡A¦Û1949¦~¥H¨Ó¤¤°ê¤w¤Àµõ¦¨¬°¨âÓ¬Û¤¬¿W¥ßªº¬Fªv¹êÅé¡G»OÆWªº¤¤µØ¥Á°ê©M¤j³°ªº¤
¥_¨Ê©Úµ´³o¼Ëªº½×½Õ¡A°í«ù»{¬°¥@¬É¤W°¦¦³¤@Ó¤¤°ê¡A§Y¤j³°ªº¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¡C»OÆW¬O¤¤°êªº¤@³
±qì«h¤WÁ¿¡A»OÆW¤]©Ó»{"¤@Ó¤¤°ê"¡A¦ý³o«üªº¬O»OÆWªº¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤j³°ªº¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê¡
»OÆWªº³Ì¤jÀu¶Õ¬O¥¦ªº¥Á¥DÅé¨î©Mµo¹Fªº¸gÀÙ¡A¦Ó³Ì¤j®zÂI«K¬O¥~¥æ¤Wªº©t¥ß¡C»OÆW¦Û1971¦~°h¥XÁ
3.2"¦¿¤KÂI"¹ï"§õ¤»±ø" ¥Ñ©óÂù¤è³£¤£ªÖ§´¨ó¡A¶d®¶¨j»â¾Éªº»OÆW®ü°ò|©M¨L¹D²[»â¾Éªº¥_¨Ê®ü
1¡O°í«ù¤@Ó¤¤°êì«h¡A¬O¹ê²{©M¥²Î¤@ªº°òÂ¦»P«e´£¡C¤¤°êªº¥DÅv©M»â¤g¨M¤£®e³\¤À³Î¡C¥ô¦ó¨î³y"»OÆ
2¡O¹ï©ó»OÆW¦P¥~°êµo®i¥Á¶¡©Ê¸gÀÙ¤å¤ÆÃöÃ´¡A¤£«ù²§Ä³¡C¦ý¤Ï¹ï»OÆW¥Hd"¨âÓ¤¤°ê"¡B"¤@¤¤¤@»O"¬°¥Ø
3¡O¶i¦æ®ü®l¨â©¤©M¥²Î¤@½Í§P¡A¬O¤¤¦@¤@³e¥D±i¡C¦b©M¥²Î¤@½Í§Pªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥i¥H§l¤Þ¨â©¤¦UÄÒ¬£¡B¹Î
4¡O¤¤°ê¤H¤£¥´¤¤°ê¤H¡F¤£©Ó¿Õ©ñ±ó¨Ï¥ÎªZ¤O¡Aµ´¤£¬O°w¹ï»OÆW¦PM¡A¦Ó¬O°w¹ï¥~°ê¶Õ¤O¤z‾A¤¤°ê²Î¤@©M
5¡O¤j¤Oµo®i¨â©¤¸gÀÙ¤å¤Æ¥æ¬y»P¦X§@¡A¥D±i¤£¥H¬Fªv¤Àª[¥h¼vÅT¡B¤zÂZ¨â©¤¸gÀÙ¦X§@¡CÀ³ªö¨ú¹ê»Ú¨BÆJ
6¡O¤¤d¦~¤å¤Æ¬OºûÃ´¥þÅé¤¤°ê¤Hªººë‾«‾Ã±a¡A¤]¬O¹ê²{©M¥²Î¤@ªº¤@Ó«n°òÂ¦¡C
7¡O¥R¤À´L«»OÆW¦PMªº¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡©Mí®a°µ¥DªºÄ@±æ¡A«OÅ@»OÆW¦PM¤@¤Á¥¿íÅv‾q¡C
8¡OÅwªï»OÆWí§½ªº»â¾É¤H¥H¾Aí¨¤À«e©¹³X°Ý¡F§ÚÌ¤]Ä@N±µ¨ü»OÆW¤è±ªºÁÜ½Ð¡A«e©¹»OÆW¡C53
³o¤KÂI¥D±i¥Nªí¤F¤¤¦@²Ä¤T¥N»â¾É¤H¸ûÅ©MªºÆ[ÂI¡C¦¿¿A¥Á²Ä¤@¦¸´£¥X¥H¤¤µØ¥Á±Ú¤å©ú§@¬°©M¥²Î¤
¸g¹L¤TÓ¤ëªº¬ã¨s¡A1995¦~4¤ë8¤é¡A»OÆWÁ`²Î§õµn½÷´£¥X¤F¦Û¤vªº¤»ÂI¥D±i¡C©I¦SÂù¤è¦b¥µ¥©M¬Û¤
1¡O¦b¨â©¤¤Àªvªº²{¹ê¤W°l¨D¤¤°ê²Î¤@¡C
2¡O¥H¤¤µØ¤å¤Æ¬°°òÂ¦¡A¥[±j¨â©¤¥æ¬y¡C
3¡O¼W¶i¨â©¤¸g¶T©¹¨Ó¡Aµo®i¤¬§Q¤¬¸ÉÃöÃ´¡C
4¡O¨â©¤¥µ¥°Ñ»P°ê»Ú²ÕÂ´¡AÂù¤è»â¾É¤HÂÇ¦¹¦ÛµM¨£±¡C
5¡O¨â©¤§¡À³°í«ù¥H©M¥¤è¦¡¸Ñ¨M¤@¤Áª§ºÝ¡C
6¡O¨â©¤¦@¦PºûÅ@´ä¿DÁcºa¡A«P¶i´ä¿D¥Á¥D¡C56
Âù¤èªº¥D±i±a¦³®Ú¥»©Êªº¤Àª[¡A¬Ý°_¨ÓµLªk¨ó½Õ¡G(1)¥_¨Ê°í«ù"¤¤¥¡»P¦a¤è"©Î"¤÷»P¤l"ªºÃöÃ´¡A¦Ó
3.3§õµn½÷¥X³X±d©`º¸¤j¾Ç¡A1995¦~6¤ë ¦³¨â¥ó¨Æ±¡¨Ï~¤wºò±iªº¤¤°ê»P»OÆWªºÃöÃ´³¤W¥[Á÷¡C1
¦Û1979¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¬ü°ê¤@ª½«H¦u"¤@Ó¤¤°ê"ªº¬Fµ¦¡A¤w¦³¤Q¤¦~¨S¦³µ¹°ê¥ÁÄÒ»â¾É¤Hµo¹L¤J¹ÒÃ±ÃÒ¡C§
²@µLºÃ°Ý¡G¦pªG¬ü°ê¬F©²©}±q©ó¬Y¨Ç¿Ë»OÆW¶Õ¤OªºÀ£¤O¡A¥þµM¤£ÅU¤Q¤G»õ¤¤°ê¤H¥ÁªºP±¡¡A«I®`¤¤°
»OÆW§Æ±æ¥|¤Ñªº³X°Ý‾àµ¹¤©ºÉ¥i‾à°ª½Õªº¦w±Æ¡A§JªL¹y¬F©²«oºÉ¶q¤ÏµÛ°µ¡C§õªº¸¾÷¥¼‾à¦w±Æ¦b‾Ã¬
¤¤°ê¹ï¬ü°êµ¹¤©Ã±ÃÒ¤@¨Æµo¥X¤F¼««ãªºÄþ³d¡C¤¤°ê¾n¬ü¤j¨Ï§õ¹D¿Ý§i¶D§JªL¹yÁ`²Î¡A³o¦¸³X°Ý"ÄY«
»OÆW°ÝÃDŃ¹³¤@Ó|Ãz¬µªº¤õÃÄ±í¡Cµ¹¥¦¥[¼ö¬O¤Q¤À¦MÀIªº¡A¤£ºÞ¥[¼öªº¬O¬ü°êÁÙ¬O§õµn½÷¡C³oºØ¤
¥_¨Ê«ü³d¬ü°ê‾µ±Kµ¦¹º¨î³y"¨âÓ¤¤°ê"¡A³q¹L¤ä«ù»O¿W©M»OÆW«ªðÁp¦X°ê¦Ó"¤Àµõ¤¤°ê"¡C
¹ï©ó§õµn½÷©M»OÆW¨Ó»¡¡A³o¦¸³X°Ý¬O¤@¦¸½÷×ªº³Ó§Q¡C¥LªºÁ¿¸Ü³QCBS©MCNNÂà¼½¡A¡m®É¥N¡nÂø§Ó199
¥_¨Ê«ü³d§õµn½÷°½°½I±ó¤F"¤@Ó¤¤°ê"ªºì«h¡AQ¨Ï¥@¬É©Ó»{»OÆW¬O¤@Ó¿W¥ßªº°ê®a¡C¬°¤F¹ï¥L¶i¦
3.4 1996¦~»OÆWÁ`²Î¤j¿ï ²Ä¤G¥ó±ÓPªº¨Æ±¡¡A¬O1996¦~3¤ëªº»OÆWº¦¸Á`²Î¤j¿ï¡C§õµn½÷¬O°ê¥Á
§õµn½÷ªºÄvª§¹ï¤â¨Ó¦Û¥t¥~¨âÓ¬FÄÒ¡AÁÙ¦³¤@¨Ç¿W¥ßÔ¿ï¤H¤h¡C´^©ú±Ó¬O¥Ñ»OÆW²Ä¤G¤j¬FÄÒ¥Á¶iÄÒ´
¬°¤F‾}Ãa§õµn½÷¡B¥´À»¥L®¨®¨±N»OÆW±À¦V¿W¥ß©M¦b¬ü°ê¹õ«á¤ä«ù¤U¤½¶}±À¦æ"¨âÓ¤¤°ê/¤@¤¤¤@»O"ªº
¤¤°ê¨M©wµ¹§õµn½÷¤@Ó±Ð°V¡CŃ¦b¿ïÁ|¶i¤J°ª¼é®É¡A¤¤°ê¦b»OÆW®ü®l¶i¦æ¤F¤@¦¸¤j³W¼Òªº®üxºt²ß¡
ÀHµÛºò±i§½¶Õªº¥[¼@¡A1996¦~3¤ë8¤é¡A¤¤°ê°ê°È°|¥~¨Æ¿ì¥D¥ô¼BµØ¬î§@¬°‾µ±K¨ÏªÌ¡A³Q¬£¨ìºû¬Ã¥§¨
¤¤°êx¨Æºt²ßªº¥Øªº¬OQ«ðÀ~¿ï¥Á¤£n¥h§ë§õµn½÷ªº²¼¡A¦ý¨Æ»PÄ@¹H¡A³o¼Ë°µªºµ²ªG¤Ï¦Ó±N¿ï¥ÁÌ»
¤¤°ê|µo°Ê¶i§ð¶Ü ¦pªG»OÆW¨«¦V¿W¥ß¡A¤¤°ê|µo°Ê¶i§ð¶Ü¬ü°ê©M»OÆWªºx¨Æ±M®a´¶¹M»{¬°¤¤°ê©
º¥ý¡A¾Ôª§¤£¤@©w|¨³³t¨ú³Ó¡F©ìªº®É¶¡¶Vªø¡A°ê¥~´¡¤âªº¥i‾àŃ¶V¤j¡C¨ä¦¸¡A»P»OÆW¶i¦æ¤j³W¼Ò¾
x¨Æ¶i§ð»OÆW±N¬O¤¤°ê³Ì«áªº©M³ÌÃaªº¿ï¾Ü¡C¬°¤°»ò¥¦n«_¾D¨ì¥¢±Ñ¡B«_¥´¤@³õµLµ²ªG¤§¾Ô¡B«_¤º³
«öÓ®]¤l©M§J³Ò¶ëºû‾ý(Carl von ClauscwitZ)ªº²z½×¡A³Ì°ª§Î¦¡ªº³Ó§QŃ¬O"¤£¾Ô¦Ó©}¤H¤§§L"¡C®ü
«öÓ»OÆW±¡³ø©M¦w¥þt³d¤H®ï©v¤åªº»¡ªk¡A¤¤°ê¦b¤¦~¤º§ð¥´»OÆWªº¥i‾à©Ê¬O"¤£¦s¦bªº¡A©ÎªÌ«D±`
¬ü°ê¤ä«ù"¤@Ó¤¤°ê"ªºì«h¡A¤Ï¹ï»OÆW¿W¥ß¡A¤]¤Ï¹ï¤¤°ê§ð¥´»OÆW¡C¥¦´°«P¨â©¤³q¹L½Í§P¹ê²{©M¥²
4.¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öªìªº¤¤°ê
«e¥@¬É»È¦æº®u¸gÀÙ±M®a¡B§JªL¹y¬F©²°]¬F³¡ªøÂÄ²ö´µ(*2001¦~°_¡A¥ô«¢¦ò¤j¾Ç®Õªø¡C)(Lawrence
«Ü¥i‾à¦b¤@¦Ê¦~¥H«á¡Aí¤HÌ®Ñ¼g¤G¤Q¥@¬ö«á´Á³o¬q¾ú¥v®É¡A³Ì¦³N¸qªº¨Æ¥óŃ¬O¤¤°ê©Òµo¥Íªº²©
®Ú¾ÚÁÊ¶R¤Oµ¥Èpºâªk¡A1996¦~¬ü°ê¤¤¥¡±¡³ø§½±N¤¤°êªº¸gÀÙ¹ê¤O±Æ¦C¦b¥@¬É²Ä¤Gªº¦ì¸m¤W(¨£¤Uªí
1996¦~¥Dn°ê®a°ê¤º¥Í²£Á`È©M¤H§¡°ê¤º¥Í²£Á`È±¡ªp
1996¦~(¤Q»õ¬ü¤¸)
¤H§¡(¬ü¤¸)
1¡O¬ü°ê
7,576
28,500
2¡O¤¤°ê
3,878
3,200
3¡O¤é¥»
2,991
23,800
4¡O¼w°ê
1,670
20,000
5¡O¦L«×
1,432
1,500
6¡Oªk°ê
1,267
21,700
7¡ON¤j§Q
1,195
20,800
8¡O^°ê
1,174
20,100
¨Ó½¡GCIA¡AHandbook of International Economic Statistics¡A1997¡Aupdated Jan¡O12¡A1998¡OTabl
OECD Countries¡Aand Table 3¡ABig Emerging Markets¡C°ê¤º¥Í²£Á`È¬O¥HÁÊ¶R¤Oµ¥»ùpºâªk¿Å¶q¡C³
¦pªG¤¤°ê¸gÀÙ«ö¦~¼Wªø²v8%ªº³t«×«ùÄò¤U¥h¡A¨ì2020¦~¥¦ªº¸gÀÙ¤O¶q¥i‾àÅÜ¦¨¥@¬É²Ä¤@¡C¦b¬Fªv¤W¡
¤¤°ê¦@²£ÄÒ¤w¸g±q¤@Ó²©R²ÕÂ´ÅÜ¦¨¤F°õ¬Fªº¬FÄÒ¡C¥¦ªº¥Dn¥ô°È¬Oµo®i¸gÀÙ¡A´£°ª¥Á²³¥Í¬¡¤ô¥¡
¸g¥Ñ¤Q¤©¡ÄÒ¥N|(1997¦~9¤ë)©M¥þ°ê¤H¤j(1998¦~3¤ë)©Ò¿ï©wªºÄÒ©M¬F©²»â¾É¤H¡A¤j³¡¤À³£¬O¦~¬ö§
ÄÒ¹ï¤HÌ¥Í¬¡ªº±±¨î¤w¤j¤j©ñªQ¡A¦ý¨ÌÂÂ§Ù¤ß¤Q¨¬¦a«O«ùµÛ¥¦¹ï¬FªvÅv¤OªºÃbÂ_¡C¥ô¦ó²§Ä³³£¬O¤£¤
¥Á²³¹ï¦¹¦³¦ó¬Ýªk¥LÌ¹ï‾Ê¥F¬Fªv¦Û¥ÑP¨ì¿ò¾Ñ¡A¦ýÁÙ¬O±µ¨ü¤F³o¬O¬°´«¨úªÀ|Ã©w©M¸gÀÙÁcºaªº¥
¤HÌ¼¨ć¥ô¦óªÀ|¤j°Ê¶Ã¡A¨Ò¦p¤å¤Æ²©R¡A©Î¾ÉPªÀ|©M¸gÀÙªº¤j²V¶Ãªº‾´§Ç‾}Ãa¡AŃ¹³¦@²£ÄÒ«±»
¥LÌ¹ï95´ä¦^Âk¡B¤¤°ê¦¨¬°°Ï°ì±j°ê¡A¥H¤Î¨ì2020¦~±N¦¨¬°¥O¤H¨í¥Ø¬Û¬Ýªº¥@¬É±j°ê¦ÓP¨ìÅº¶Æ¡C¥
¤¤°êªÀ|¤wÅÜ±o¶V¨Ó¶VÍ¸Î¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦b¤j«°¥«¡Bªu®ü¦a°Ï©M«n¤è¡C»â¾É¼h±N|¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¦aP¨ü¨ì¨Ó¦
<PIXTEL_MMI_EBOOK_2005>37
</PIXTEL_MMI_EBOOK_2005>

中國近代史

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

中國近代史

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

§@ªÌÂ²¤¶

45.Vogel, Ezra F.¡AThe Four Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East A

You might also like