NAME: MUHAMAD HUMAIDI BIN AHMAD

FORM: 5 SAINS 2

SCHOOL: SMK SUNGAI KOB

I/C NUMBER: 940910-02-6083

INSTRUCTOR : MR.ARIFIN BIN OMAR KHAN

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CONTENT:

1.0 INTRODUCTION.....3

2.0 MOBILE COMPUTING.....4-7

2.1 DEFINITION
2.2 SPECIFICATION
2.3 SERVICES
2.4 FREQUENCIES OF MOBILE COMPUTING

3.0 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES.....7-9

3.1 VoIP
3.2 BLOG

4.0 TYPES OF NETWORK.....9-10

4.1 PAN
4.2 VPN
4.3 WLAN
4.4 WiMAX

5.0 CONCLUSION.....10

REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

Networks and communications play important roles in our daily life.

Networks and communications technology is fast changing the way people view society and how
we plan our daily social activities.
Through networks technology alone, many today are finding friends online, visiting a library in
another country. Some people are able to go to the banks after they are closed, as well as getting
the latest development in news from within and outside the country.
The Internet has helped science and medical research progress further as doctors and researches
from anywhere in the world can contribute and cooperate in any problem brought to their
attention.
Technological solutions can be discovered quickly as individuals come forward to offer their
help through the Internet.
Homemakers, students, teachers, business people, and almost anyone with accesss to a
networked computer go online and continue their path or lifelong education anywhere, anytime.
Organisations and individuals can make connections and establish communications within
seconds with people nearby or overseas.
Onlines communities can be formed and important issues and opinions to difficult problems can
be discussed witout a threating environment.
All this are possible because of networks and communications technology.

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2.0 MOBILE COMPUTING

2.1 Definition :
A technology that allows transmission of data, via a computer,
without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.
Mobile voice communication is widely established throughout the world and has had a very
rapid increase in the number of subscribers to the various cellular networks over the last few
years.
Mobile data communication has become a very important and rapidly evolving technology as it
allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations.
In this article we give an overview of existing cellular networks and describe in detail the CDPD
technology which allows data communications across these networks.

2.2.1 Specification Of Mobile Computing

Mobile Computing is a generic term describing your ability to use technology 'untethered', that is
not physically connected, or in remote or mobile (non static) environments. The term is evolved
in modern usage such that it requires that the mobile computing activity be connected wirelessly
to and through the internet or to and through a private network. This connection ties the mobile
device to centrally located information and/or application software through the use of battery
powered, portable, and wireless computing and communication devices. This includes devices
like laptops with wireless LAN or wireless WAN technology, smart mobile phones, wearable
computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) with Bluetooth or IRDA interfaces.

2.2.2 Service of Mobile Computing

Many commercial field forces deploy a buggerized portable computer such as the Panasonic
Toughbook with their fleet of vehicles.

The rugged laptops are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-
road driving, and harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as in Misfire
and public safety.

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Other elements that enables the unit to function in vehicle:
• Operating Temperature
• Vibration
• Daylight or sunlight readability
• High-Temperature Battery Settings
• External wireless Connections

Several specialized manufacturers such as Gamber Johnson and LedCo build mounts for vehicle
mounting of computer equipment for specific vehicles.

Specialized installation companies such as Touch Star Pacific specialize in architecting the
mount design, assembling the proper parts, and installing them in a safe and consistent manner
away from airbags, vehicle HVAC controls, and driver controls.

Frequently installations will include a WAN modem, power conditioning equipment, and a
WAN, WLAN, and GPS antenna mounted external to the vehicle.

2.2.3 Frequencies Of Mobile Computing

The radio transmission starts at a Very Low Frequency (VLF) range. These are very long waves.
Waves in the Low Frequency (LF) range are used by submarines because they can penetrate
water and can follow the earth's surface. The Medium Frequency (MF) and High Frequency (HF)
ranges are typical of transmission of hundreds of radio stations either as amplitude modulation
(AM). The frequencies limiting these ranges are typically fixed by national regulation and, thus,
vary from country to country. Short Waves (SF) are typically used for (amateur) radio
transmission around the world, enabled by reflection at the ionosphere. Transmit power is up to
500 kW, which is quite high compared to 1 W of a mobile phone.
Conventional analogue TV is transmitted in ranges of 174-230 MHz and 470-790 MHz using
the Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands. In this range, digital
audio broadcasting (DAB) takes place as well (223-230 MHz and 1452-1472 MHz) and digital
TV is planned (470-862 MHz), reusing some of the old frequencies for analog TV. UHF is also

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used for mobile phones with analog technology (450-465 MHz), the digital GSM (890-960 MHz,
1710-1880 MHz), digital cordless telephones following the DECT standard (1880-1900 MHz)
and many more. VHF and especially UHF allow for small antennas and relatively reliable
connections for mobile telephony.
Super High Frequencies (SHF) are typically used for directed microwave links (approx. 2-40
GHz) and fixed satellite services in the C-band (4 to 6 GHz), ku-band (11 and 14 GHz), or ka-
band (19 and 29 GHz). Some systems are planned in the Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
range, which comes close to infrared.
The next step into higher frequencies involves optical transmission, which is not only used
for fiber optical links but also for wireless communications. Infrared (IR) transmission is used
for direct links, e.g., to connect different buildings via laser links. The most widespread IR
technology, infrared data association (IrDA), uses wavelengths of approximately 850-900 nm to
connect laptops, PDAs, etc. Finally, visible light is not very reliable due to interference, it is
nevertheless useful due to built-in human receivers.
Table 1 gives some examples for frequencies used for (analog and digital) mobile phones,
cordless telephones, and wireless LANs for countries in the three regions. Older systems like
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) are not available all over Europe, and sometimes they have
been standardized with different national frequencies. The newer systems (digital) are
compatible throughout Europe (standardized by ETSI).
Similar to mobile phone standards, many different cordless telephone standards exist around the
world. Some older analog systems such as Cordless Telephone (CT1+) are still in use, but
frequently digital technology has been introduced for cordless telephones as well. Examples
include CT2 as the first digital cordless telephone introduced in the UK, Digital Enhanced
Communication Telecommunications (DECT) as a European standard, Personal Access
Communications System (PACS) and PACS-Unlicensed Band (PACS-UB) in the US, as well as
Personal Handyphone System (PHS) as replacement for the analog Japanese Cordless Telephone
(JCT) in Japan.

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 Europe US Japan
Mobile Phones NMT AMPS, TDMA, PDC
453-457 MHz, CDMA 810-826 MHz,
463-467 MHz; 824-849 MHz, 940-956 MHz,
GSM 869-894 MHz; 1429-1465 MHz,
890-915 MHz, GSM, TDMA, 1477-1513 MHz.
935-960 MHz, CDMA
1710-1785 MHz, 1850-1910 MHz,
1805-1880 MHz. 1930-1990 MHz;
Cordless phones CT1+ PACS PHS
885-887 MHz, 1850-1910 MHz, 1895-1918 MHz;
930-932 MHz; 1930-1990 MHz; JCT
CT2 PACS-UB 254-380 MHz;
864-868 MHz; 1910-1930 MHz;
DECT
1880-1900 MHz;
Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11
2400-2483 MHz; 2400-2483 MHz. 2471-2497
HIPERLAN 1
5176-5270 MHz.

Table 1. Examples of frequency allocations

3.0. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES

3.1. VOICE OVER IP (VOIP)
VoIP is a method for taking analog audio signals and turning them into digital data that can be
transmitted over the internet.

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 PICTURE 1 PICTURE 2 PICTURE 3

P1: An overview of how VoIP works

P2: A typical analog telephone adapter for connecting an ordinary phone to a
VoIP network
P3: Cisco's implementation of VoIP - IP Phone

There are two types of PSTN to VoIP services:

1. DID (Direct Inward Dialing)
∼ Connect the caller directly to the VoIP user while access numbers
require the caller to input the extension number of the VoIP user.
2. Access numbers
∼ Usually charged as a local call to the caller and free to the VoIP user
While DID usually has a monthly fee.
3.2. BLOG
A blog (short for web log) is a user-generated website where entries are made in journal style
and displayed in a reverse chronological order.
Blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject, such as food, politics, or local news;
some function as more personal online diaries.
The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of most
early blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual although some focus on photographs (photoblog),
sketchblog, videos (vlog), or audio (pod casting), and are part of a wider network of social
media.

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 JOI ITO’S MOBLOG PICTURE
There are various types of blogs, and each differs in the way content is delivered or written

4.0. TYPES OF NETWORK

4.1) PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)

A computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones
and personal digital assistants) close to one person.
The devices may or may not belong to the person in question.
The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters.
PANs can be used for communication among the person devices themselves, or for connecting to
a higher level network and the Internet.
Personal area network may be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire.
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with network technologies
such as IrDA, Bluetooth, ZigBee and UWB.

4.2) VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)

A Virtual Private Network is private communication network often used by companies
organizations to communicate confidentially over a public network.
VPN traffic can be carried over a public networking infrastructure (e.g. the Internet) on top of
standard protocols, or over a service provider's private network with a defined Service Level
Agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider.

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A VPN can send data (e.g., voice, data or video, or a combination of these media) across secured
and encrypted private channels between two points.
Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point. The distinguishing
characteristic of VPNs are not security or performance, but that they overlay other network(s) to
provide a certain functionality that is meaningful to a user community.

4.3) WIRELESS LAN (WLAN)

A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network, which is the linking of two or more
computers without using wires.
WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum or OFDM (802.11a) modulation technology based on radio
waves to enable communication between devices in a limited area, also known as the basic
service set.
This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected
to the network.
For the home user, wireless has become popular due to ease of installation, and location freedom
with the gaining popularity of laptops.
Public businesses such as coffee shops or malls have begun to offer wireless access to their
customers; some are even provided as a free service.
Large wireless network projects are being put up in many major cities. Google is even providing
a free service to Mountain View, California and has entered a bid to do the same for San
Francisco. New York City has also begun a pilot program to cover all five boroughs of the city
with wireless Internet access.

4.4) Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

WiMAX aims to provide wireless data over long distances, in a variety of different ways, from
point to point links to full mobile cellular type access.
It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which also called WirelessMan.
The Forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last
mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL."

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Uses
The bandwidth and reach of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet.
Providing wireless alternative to cable and DSC or last mile broadband access.
Providing a high-speed data and telecommunications services.
Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Providing nomadic connectivity.

5.0 CONCLUSION
There are a lot of advantages in networks and communications. With the latest development in
networks and communications, our life and our business become easier.
The modern rapid advancement in network, communication, and mobility increased the need of
reliable ways to verify the identity any person.
REFERENCES
Module ICT Form 4 – Computer Network And Communication (Mobile Computing)
www.voip.com.my
www.mobilecomputing.com
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/mobile_computing

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