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UNIT-4
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
INTRODUCTION:
♠ The magnet attracts iron pieces which in turn, behave like magnets as long as they are
in contact with the magnet.
♠ Magnetic materials can be magnetized by the application of external magnetic fields.
♠ Magnetism arises from the magnetic moment (or) magnetic dipole of the magnetic
materials.
♠ When the electron revolves around the positive nucleus, orbital magnetic moment
arises. Similarly when the electron spins, magnetic moment arises.
♠ Magnetic dipole is a system consisting of 2 equal and opposite poles separated by a
small distance.
♠ Magnetic moment is defined as the product of its pole strength and magnetic length.
i.e. M=m*2l=2lm units: A-m2
where m is pole strength and
2l is distance between 2 poles.
♠ When current ‘i’ flows round a circular wire of one turn and area ‘a’, it is said to have a
magnetic dipole moment ‘M’= ia
♠ Under magnetic field of induction B, the force acting on a moving charge q is given by
F=q (v*B)
♠ If the charge moves under both E and B then F=q (E+v*B)
B
♠ In a medium this relation can be written as B = H =
H
Def: It is also defined as the ratio of magnetic induction in the sample to the applied field
intensity.
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY: It is defined as the ratio of permeability of a medium to the
Permeability of free space. It is given by r
o
MAGNETIZATION:
It is the process of converting a non-magnetic material in to a magnetic sample.
♠ The iron rod will be magnetized when it is subjected to a magnetic field H.
♠ It is due to the polarization of magnetic dipoles within the body.
♠ The intensity of magnetization(I) is directly proportional to the applied field intensity(H).
i.e., I H I = B H where’ B ’ is magnetic susceptibility.
I
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ( B ): we know that B = .
H
Def: It is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetization to the applied field.
RELATION BETWEEN B, H and I :
♠ If an specomen is placed in an external magnetic field of magnetic flux density B0, the
net magnetic flux density B is given by
B= B0+Bm
Where B0 = o H, lines of force crossing unit area due to external field
B= o H + o I = o (I+H)
B = r o H ( since r )
o
B = r o H + o H - o H
B = o H + o H ( r -1) ------(1)
And also B = o (I+H) because the magnetic induction at any point is due to H and I.
B o H + o I ---------(2)
I
Comparing equ—(1) and equ---(2), we get I = H( r -1) r -1
H
I
r = 1+
H
r = 1+ B
eh
Here is known as Bohr magneton.
4m
l B l
eh
Its value is given by B = 9.27X10-24 A-m2
4m
Bohr magneton: The magnetic moment contributed by a single electron is known as
eh
Bohr Magneton. It is represented by B
4m
Note: Bohr magneton is the fundamental unit for magnetic moment.
2) MAGNETIC MOMENT DUE TO SPIN MOTION:
♠ An electron spins around itself which produces spin magnetic moment. According to
h h
quantum theory, the spin angular momentum is + or - .
4 4
♠ The relation between spin angular momentum’ S’ and spin magnetic moment s is given
e eh
by s =
m,
S= 4m = B s B
♠ Consider a magnetic dipole which is oriented with an angle Ɵ with the field direction.
♠ The work done in rotating the dipole through an angle Ɵ will be W= - Bcos ------ (1)
♠ According to statistical mechanics, the no.of molecules whose axes makes with the
W
field direction is proportional to e KT
♠ The no of atoms with in the solid angle 2 sin d per unit volume is given by
W
dn = c e KT
2 sin d
B cos
n=c e
0
KT
2 sin d
B cos
n = 2 c e KT
sin d
0
totalmagne ticmoment
♠ The average magnetic moment is given by
noofdipole s
Bcos
c cos e KT
2 sin d
= 0
B cos
c e KT
2 sin d
0
B
Put a = and cos = x -sin d =dx and limits are changed from 1 to -1.
KT
1
Now the above integration becomes = coth a = L(a) ---- (2)
a
e e a
a
Where L(a) is Langevins function. Its value is a
e e a
CASE (1)
For larger values of a i.e. for high field strength
the function approaches to saturation value unity
Thus a >>1, L(a)1
CASE (2)
a
if a<<1 L(a)=
3
a 2B
so that from eq (2), = = ----- (3)
3 3KT
T
♠ Susceptibility B depends on temperature in the following manner
T Tc
♠ When heated these materials turn into paramagnetic materials above a temperature
known as CURIE TEMPERATURE.
♠ The stronger effect of ferromagnetism is explained on the basis of magnetic dipole
domains.
DOMAIN THEORY OF FERROMAGNETISM:
♠ Weiss proposed the concept of domains in 1907 to explain the hysterisis effect of
ferromagnetic.
♠ A region of ferromagnetic material where all the magnetic moments are aligned in the
same direction is called domain.
♠ These domains are oriented randomly so that
the net magnetic moment is always zero.
♠ Each domain posses dipoles aligned in the
same direction. Fig
♠ When magnetic field is applied the domains may
tend to rotate in the direction of B
1.The figure shows nature of hysteresis 1.The figure shows nature of hysteresis
loop of soft materials. Loop of hard materials.
2. 2. These materials can be easily 2. 2.These materials can not be easily
magnetized and demagnetized. magnetized and demagnetized.
3.They have small hysteresis loss due 3.They have large hysteresis loss due
to small area of loop. to large area of loop.
4.In these materials the domain wall 4.In these materials the domain wall
movement is easier. Even for a small movement is difficult because of
change in applied field there is a presence of impurity and defects.
large change in the magnetization. 5.The coercivity and retentivity are
5.The coercivity and retentivity are large.
small. 6.They have small value of
6.They have high value of susceptibility and permeability.
susceptibility and permeability. 7. Because of presence of impurities
7. The magnetostatic energy is very and defects the mechanical strain is
small since these are free from more. The magneto static energy is
irregularities. more.