You are on page 1of 4

c 


c

  



 
 

c

c  



     




Hussain, Mahmood (2008) c  
c

  



 
 

c

c 



     




 PhD thesis, University of Karachi, Karachi.



Karachi is most industrialized and urbanized city of Pakistan. More than 350
million gallons of wastewater is generated per day by different types of industrial
processes and human operations. There are only three wastewater treatment plants
in Karachi city working at Haroonabad (TPl), Mahmoodabad (TP2) and Mauripur
(TP3), which can treat less than 30% of the total wastewater generated. Sindh
Industrial Estate (SITE), Korangi Industrial Area (KIA) and Landhi Industrial Area
(LIA) are important industrial sites of Karachi influxing their wastewater indirectly
into the Arabian Sea without any treatment. In addition untreated industrial
effluents and domestic wastewater from other resources is also being discharged
into the Arabian Sea. Therefore, more than 70% of the wastewater goes into the
Arabian Sea without any treatment. Major rivers of Punjab discharge their
wastewater load into the River Indus, which ultimately discharges its pollution load
into the Arabian Sea at Ke Tee Bunder endangering aquatic life and fish. Besides
containing other toxicants, this wastewater contains large quantities of heavy/trace
metals/metalloids, cyanides, phenols, oils and greases and suspended solids
resulting in high values of biological and chemical oxygen demand and low
dissolved oxygen threatening aquatic life and as well as fish. It is also suspected
that, influx of this untreated wastewater is also making the water quality of the
Arabian Sea unfit for recreation purposes at different sea spots like Paradise Point,
Hawks Bay, Sand Spit, Keamari, Manora, Clifton and Sea View. Therefore a study
was conducted to determine the performance of wastewater treatment plants (TPI,
TP2, TP3), quality of effluents from industrial sites (SIE, LIA and KIA) on the
unchecked discharge of wastewater into the Arabian Sea generated in Karachi city
and at point of confluence of Arabian Sea with River Indus. Water quality of
different sea spots/coastal areas was also monitored to determine their impact on
some commercially important edible fish species of River Indus and Arabian Sea.
It included analysis of water for physical characteristics (temperature, pH, total
dissolved salts, and total suspended solids), nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, and
phosphate), non-metals (cyanide, chloride, and sulfate), organic constituents
(BOD5, COD, phenols, oil and grease), inorganic constituents (dissolved oxygen,
total alkalinity and total hardness), and heavy/trace metals/metalloids (zinc,
cadmium, copper, arsenic, iron, nickel, lead, chromium) in water. Water samples
were collected and analyzed before (influent) and after treatment (effluent) from
wastewater treatment plants (TPl, TP2, TP3), three important industrial sites of
Karachi (SITE, KIA and LIA), at point of mixing of River Indus with Arabian Sea
(Ke Tee Bunder) and different sea spots/coastal areas in Karachi (Paradise Point,
Hawks Bay, Sand Spit, Keamari, Manora, Clifton and Sea View). Analysis of
heavy/trace metals/metalloids (As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe and Zn) was also
conducted in water. Different species of fish/prawn i. e, Labeo rohita (Rohu), Hilsa
ilisha (palla), Pampus aegenteus (Silver pamfret), Sardinelta sindensis (Padam),
Kowala Coral (Mitto), Mugil speigleri (Boi), Platycephalus indicus (Kuker),
Peneaus lndicus (Prawn Black), Peneaus lndicus Pencillaulus (prawn Red) were
collected from point of confluence of River Indus and Arabian Sea at different sea
points/coastal areas of Karachi City. Fish and prawn were also analyzed for these
metals to determine their level of accumulation. Statistical analysis was conducted
using statistical package "SPSS". Different 25 parameters determined for
wastewater treatment plants, industrial sites, sea points/coastal areas were analyzed
by Analysis of Variance (ANOV A) to determine their significance level.
Multivariate Analysis was conducted to determine Least Significant Difference
(LSD) performing Post Hoc Test. Relationship between different
parameters/variables was calculated to determine the effects of these water quality
parameters of three wastewater treatment plants and industrial effluents on these
water quality parameters of Arabian Sea. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
was also applied on experimental results. Multivariate Analysis revealed
significant effect of temperature, BOD, COD, cyanide, zinc, cadmium, iron and
chromium due to effluents of treatment plants and temperature, TSS, COD, phenol,
cyanide, phosphate and copper due to effluents from different industrial areas on
these parameters of sea points/coastal areas. It has resulted in deterioration of water
quality at different sea points/coastal areas of Karachi. Analysis of different
trace/heavy metals in different fish and prawn species revealed significantly high
values of copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc and chromium (at P
??
??? 
?  ?  ? ? ????
?? ? ? 
?????  ? ??
 ?
?
? 
?? ???? ?  ??
? ? ? ? ? ?
?? ????? ?? ? ?

?? !!"? ??   
??# ?$%???
? ? 
? ??# ?&??
'  ? ? 
?(  ?) 
?*' ()+?#??
,   ??,  

?- 
?
? ? ? ??

 ? ?
? 
?? ? ?? ?
?? 
? 
? ??.  ? ?? ? ? ?
?
/? 
?? ??


? ? ??? 
??
 
?
? ? ??
?  ? ? ?0 ?
 ??'  ?? ? ?
 
? ???
 
? ?%%??  ? ??
 ? 
?
 ?  ? 
??  ??? ? ?
?  ??%%?? ?- 
? 
?
?' ()? ? 
? ???  ?  ? ?
 ? ?  ??? ? ?? ??
 1 ? 
? ?    ??  ? ? ?

??? ? ? ??? ??

?"2!?? ??
? 
??  0?
?
?  ?  ??32!??  ??
?
- 
? 
??32!??  ?? 
?  ? ?


???  ? 
??  ?  ? ? ?

???  ?
 ?  ? 
??? ?


??
  ?
 ?
  ? ? 
?? ?

???  ?
 
? 
?
?
?  ? ?  ? ? 
??, ?
(  ? 
?,

?
?   ? ? ??, ? ? ?  ??
  ?&"??  ??  ???? 
?? ??
  ?
?? ? ?? 1 ??  ? ?
??  ? 
?3!?? ??  ?
 ??(  ? ? ? ?  ??  ?23?
?  ??  ???  ?  ? ?? ?
 ??,

? ? ? ?  ??  ?
 ?3!? 
?32??  ??  ????
 ???,

?  ? ? ? 
?
 ?  ?
 ?? ? 
?. ?
 ? ??? 
? ?  
??( ?-  ???
? ??? ?? 
?   ??? ? ? ?
 ? ?
??   
?/??  
 ?

?'  ?? ???  ?  ? ? ?
 ?? ? 
?? 
??  ? 
? !!??
 ??
 ?  ??
  ? ? 
? ?
 
?
 ?? ? ??4 ? 
?   ?
  ?
1? ? 
???'  5 
?  ?
,??
 ?

?? ?  ??5 
)?
6  ?7?? 
?  ?  ?? ??7? 
?
 ??? 
??? ?
?

You might also like