APUSH Exam Review
Exploration and Colonization, 1492 – 1763
Key Terms and Concepts
• Mesoamerica
-Mexican highlands, a
civilization with
impressive small cities
-Corn was domesticated
in Mesoamerica by
planting seeds of the
largest and hardiest plants
• Great Biological
Exchange
-Many crops and food
plants (maize, beans,
potatoes, peanuts,
pumpkins, and avocados)
were first introduced to
Europe from the Western
Hemisphere
• Line of Demarcation
-North/South line of
longitude through the
Atlantic Ocean dividing
lands in the Americas
claimed by Spain and
Portugal
• Treaty of Tordesillas
-Divided S. America in
half
-Gave half to Spain and
the other half to Portugal
-Pope Alexander VI
demarcated the line that
divides Latin America
• Lost colony of Roanoke
-England’s first attempt to
settle N. America with Sir
Walter Raleigh
-Sponsored a settlement
on Roanoke Island (part
of N. Carolina)
-By 1590 the colony had
disappeared which is why
it became known as the
Lost Colony
• Virginia Company
-Jamestown was funded
by a joint-stock company
( a goup of investors who
bought the right to est.
New World plantations
from the king
-The company became
known as the VA
company after the virgin
Queen Elizabeth
• Virginia House of
Burgesses
• Salem witch trials
-The Salem witch trials were a series of
hearings before county court trials to
prosecute people accused
of witchcraft in the counties
of Essex, Suffolk,
and Middlesex in colonial
Massachusetts, between February 1692
and May 1693.
-Despite being generally known as
the Salem witch trials, the preliminary
hearings in 1692 were conducted in a
variety of towns across the
province: Salem
Village (now Danvers), Ipswich, Ando
ver and Salem Town.
• Roger Williams
-An English Protestant theologian who
was an early proponent of religious
freedom and the separation of church
and state.
- In 1636, he began the colony
of Providence Plantation, which
provided a refuge for religious
minorities.
-Williams started the first Baptist
church in America, the First Baptist
Church of Providence, before leaving
to become a Seeker.
-He was a student of Native American
languages and an advocate for fair
dealings with Native Americans.
• Thomas Hooker
-A prominent Puritan religious and
colonial leader
-Founded the Colony of Connecticut
after dissenting with Puritan leaders in
Massachusetts.
- He was known as an outstanding
speaker and a leader of universal
Christian suffrage.
• Pequot War
An armed conflict in 1634-1638
between the Pequot tribe against an
alliance of the Massachusetts Bay and
Plymouth colonies with American
Indian allies
(the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes).
Hundreds were killed; hundreds more
were captured and sold into slavery to
the West Indies.
• King Philip’s War
-Sometimes called Metacom's War
-Was an armed conflict between Native
American inhabitants of present-day
southern New England and English
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
(1639)
-Reverend Thomas Hooker was
influential in the drafting
-A sort of constitution creating a
government for the valley towns, in
1639
-Resembled the Massachusetts
system, except that they did not limit
voting to church members
• Dominion of New England
-The Dominion of New England in
America (1686–89) was an
administrative union
of English colonies in the New
England region of North America.
-The dominion was ultimately a
failure because the area it
encompassed was too large for a
single governor to manage
• John Peter Zenger
-Victory for freedom of the press
-“Truth is not libel”
• Jonathan Edwards
-The revival began with Jonathan
Edwards, the leading American
theologian of the colonial era and a
Congregationalist minister in
Massachusetts.
-Edwards came
from Puritan, Calvinist roots, but
emphasized the importance and
power of immediate, personal
religious experience.
-Edwards was said to be 'solemn,
with a distinct and careful
enunciation, and a slow cadence.
- Nevertheless, his sermons were
powerful and attracted a large
following.
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry
God," is his most famous sermon.
• George Whitefield
-The arrival of the young Anglican
preacher George Whitefield probably
sparked the religious conflagration. –
-Whitefield, whose reputation as a
great pulpit and open-air orator had
preceded his visit, traveled through
the colonies in 1739 and 1740.
- Everywhere he attracted large and
emotional crowds, eliciting countless
conversions as well as considerable
controversy. –
-The English minister George
Whitefield who declared the whole
 -In 1619, a rudimentary
form of self gov’t was
instituted
-Consisted of delegates
chosen in each district,
met at Jamestown to
advise the governor on
local problems
• William Bradford
-Leader of the Pilgrims
(first governor)
-The story of the first 30
years of the Pilgrims’
colony has been preserved
in Of Plymouth
Plantation, written by
Bradford
• Mayflower Compact
-Important because it
created the legal authority
and assembly
-Also asserted that the
government’s power
derives from the governed
and not from God
• John Winthrop
-Led the “Great Puritan
Migration” 1629-1642
-Governor of the Massachusetts
Bay Colony which was est. by
Congregationalists (Puritans who
wanted to reform the Anglican
church from within)
• “City on a Hill”
-Winthrop, while aboard
the Arabella, delivered
sermon urging the
colonists to be a “city
upon a hill” or a model
for others to look up to
• Maryland Toleration Act (1649)
• Restoration Colonies
colonists and their Native American
allies in 1675–1676.
-The war is named after the main leader
of the Native American
side, Metacomet, known to the English
as "King Philip".
• Bacon’s Rebellion
-Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in
1676 in the Virginia Colony in North
America, led by a 29-year-
old planter Nathaniel Bacon.
-About a thousand Virginians rose
because they resented Virginia
Governor William Berkeley's friendly
policies towards the Native Americans.
-When Berkeley refused to retaliate for
a series of Indian attacks on frontier
settlements, others took matters into
their own hands, attacking Indians,
chasing Berkeley from Jamestown,
Virginia, and torching the capitol.
• New Amsterdam
-A 17th-century Dutch
colonial settlement that served as the
capital of New Netherland. It later
became New York City
•
“Peaceable Kingdom”
-William Penn established
Pennsylvania in 1682 as a "holy
experiment" in which Europeans and
Indians could live together in harmony.
• Society of Friends
-The Religious Society of
Friends comprises a range of religious
organizations which trace their origins
to a Christian movement in mid-17th
century England and Wales with a
central focus on ordinary individuals'
direct experience of the eternal Christ.
-The names Quaker or Friends
Church are used by some of these
organizations.
-There is no single Religious Society of
Friends with universal juridical
authority as each national or regional
organization
-The Maryland Toleration Act, also
known as the Act Concerning Religion,
was a law mandating religious
tolerance for Trinitarian Christians.
-Passed on April 21, 1649 by the
assembly of the Maryland colony, it
was the second law requiring religious
tolerance in the British North American
colonies and created the first legal
limitations on hate speech in the world.
-The Restoration of the monarchy
world his "parish" sparked the Great
Awakening.
• Leisler’s Rebellion
-An uprising in late 17th
century colonial New York, in
which German American merchant
and militia captain Jacob
Leisler seized control of lower New
York, and ruled it from 1689 to 1691.
-The uprising took place in the
aftermath of Britain's Glorious
Revolution and a revolt in
the Dominion of New England, and
reflected colonial resentment against
the policies of the deposed
King James II.
• Albany Plan of Union
-Was proposed by Benjamin
Franklin at the Albany Congress in
1754 in Albany, New York.
-It was an early attempt at forming a
union of the colonies "under one
government as far as might be
necessary for defense and other
general important purposes" during
the French and Indian War.
-Franklin's plan of union was one of
several put forth by various delegates
of the Albany Congress.
• Benjamin Franklin
-By the time Franklin arrived in
Philadelphia on May 5, 1775,
the American Revolution had begun
with fighting at Lexington and
Concord. The New
England militia had trapped the main
British army in Boston.
• Treaty of Paris (1763)
-The Treaty of Paris, often called
the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of
1763, was signed on 10 February
1763, by the kingdoms of Great
Britain, France and Spain,
with Portugal in agreement.
-It ended the French and Indian
War/Seven Years' War.
-The treaty marked the beginning of
an extensive period of British
dominance outside Europe

Key Terms and Concepts
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
-Tribes organize against
British movement
• Proclamation Line of 1763
-Restricts settlement west
of the Appalachians
• Paxton Boys
-Dissatisfied about frontier
protection in Pennsylvania
• North and South Carolina
Regulators
-Designation for two
groups, one in South
Carolina, the other in North
Carolina, that tried to effect
governmental changes in
the 1760s.
-In South Carolina, the
Regulator movement was
an organized effort by
backcountry settlers to
restore law and order and
establish institutions of
local government.
• Letters of a Farmer in PA
-In a series of fourteen
letters widely published in
late 1767 and early 1768,
John Dickinson counsels
leaders on both sides of the
Atlantic Ocean on the
economic folly and
unconstitutionality of new
British revenue laws that
ignore the rights of
Englishmen living in the
American Colonies.
• Samuel Adams
-Samuel Adams was
an American statesman,
political philosopher, and
one of the Founding
Fathers of the United
States.
began in 1660 when
the English, Scottish and Irish
monarchies were all restored
under Charles II after the republic that
followed the Wars of the Three
Kingdoms.
-The term Restoration may apply both
to the actual event by which the
monarchy was restored, and to the
period immediately following the
event.
The American Revolution, 1763 - 1787
• Committees of Correspondence • Benedict Arnold
-The Committees of -Was a general during
Correspondence were shadow the American
governments organized by the Revolutionary War.
Patriot leaders of the Thirteen -He began the war in
Colonies on the eve of American the Continental
Revolution. Army but
-They coordinated responses to later defected to
Britain and shared their plans; by the British Army.
1773 they had emerged as shadow -While a general on the
governments, superseding the American side he
colonial legislature and royal obtained command of
officials. – the fort at West
-The Maryland Committee of Point, New York, and
Correspondence was instrumental plotted to surrender it to
in setting up the First Continental the British forces. -After
Congress, which met in the plot was exposed in
Philadelphia. September 1780, he was
-These served an important role in commissioned into the
the Revolution, by disseminating British Army as a
the colonial interpretation of British brigadier general.
actions between the colonies and to • Saratoga
foreign governments. The Battles of
• Thomas Jefferson Saratoga, sometimes
-Was the third President of the referred to as
United States (1801–1809) and the the Battle of
principal author of the Declaration Saratoga (September
of Independence. 19 and October 7,
-An influential Founding Father, 1777) conclusively
Jefferson envisioned America as a decided the fate
great "Empire of Liberty" that of British General Joh
would promote republicanism n Burgoyne's army in
• Patrick Henry the American
–Was an orator and politician who Revolutionary
led the movement for independence War (known outside
in Virginia in the 1770s. the US as the
-A Founding Father, he served as American War of
the first and sixth post- Independence) and
are generally regarded
colonial Governor of Virginia from
as a turning point in
1776 to 1779 and subsequently,
the war.
from 1784 to 1786.
-The battles were
-Henry led the opposition to the
fought eighteen days
Stamp Act of 1765 and is well
remembered for his "Give me apart on the same
 -As a politician
in colonial
Massachusetts, Adams
was a leader of the
movement that became
the American
Revolution, and was one
of the architects of the
principles of American
republicanism that
shaped the political
culture of the United
States.
-He was a second
cousin to President John
Adams.
• Sons of Liberty
-The Sons of Liberty was a
political group made up
of American patriots that
originated in the pre-
independence North
American British colonies.
-The group was formed to
protect the rights of the
colonists from the
usurpations by the British
government after 1766.
-They are best known for
undertaking the Boston Tea
Party in 1773, which led to
the Intolerable Acts and a
counter-mobilization by the
Patriots that led directly to
the American Revolution in
1775.
• Gaspee incident
-The Gaspée Affair was a
significant event in the
lead-up to the American
Revolution. -
-In a notorious act of
defiance, a group of men
led by Abraham
Whipple and John
Brown attacked,
boarded, looted, and
torched the ship
• Boston Massacre
-The Boston Massacre, also
known as the Boston riot
was an incident on March
5, 1770, in which British
redcoats killed five civilian
men.
-It helped spark the
rebellion in some of
the British American
colonies, which culminated
in the American
Revolutionary War.
Liberty, or give me Death!" speech.
-Along with Samuel
Adams and Thomas Paine, he is
remembered as one of the most
influential exponents
of Republicanism, promoters of the
American Revolution and
Independence, especially in his
denunciations of corruption in
government officials and his
defense of historic rights.
• Continental Association
-The Continental Association, often
known simply as the "Association",
was a system created by the First
Continental Congress in 1774 for
implementing a
trade boycott with Great Britain.
-Congress hoped that by
imposing economic sanctions, Great
Britain would be pressured to
redress the grievances of the
colonies, and in particular repeal
the Intolerable Acts passed by
the British Parliament.
-The Association aimed to alter
Britain's policies towards the
colonies without
severing allegiance.
• Lexington and Concord
-The Battles of Lexington and
Concord were the first military
engagements of the American
Revolutionary War.
-They were fought on April 19,
1775, in Middlesex
County, Province of Massachusetts
Bay, within the towns
of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln,
and Cambridge, near Boston.
-The battles marked the outbreak of
open armed conflict between
the Kingdom of Great Britain and
its thirteen colonies in the mainland
of British North America.
• Ticonderoga
-The Battle of Carillon, also known
as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga,
was fought on July 8, 1758, during
the French and Indian War (which
was part of the global Seven Years
War).
-It was fought near Fort Carillon
(now known as Fort Ticonderoga)
on the shore of Lake Champlain in
the frontier area between the British
colony of New York and the French
colony of Canada.
• Olive Branch Petition
-The Olive Branch Petition was
adopted by the Continental
ground, 9 miles
(14 km) south
of Saratoga, New
York.
• Treaty of Alliance
(1778)
-The Treaty of Alliance,
also called The Treaty of
Alliance with France,
was a defensive alliance
between France and the
United States of
America, formed in the
midst of the American
Revolutionary War,
which promised military
support in case of attack
by British forces
indefinitely into the
future
• Savannah
-Savannah fell to them
late in 1778, and most of
the settled parts of GA
were overrun during
1779
• Yorktown
-The Siege of
Yorktown, Battle of
Yorktown, or Surrender
of Yorktown in 1781 was
a decisive victory by a
combined assault of
American forces led by
General George
Washington and French
forces led by the Comte
de Rochambeau over a
British
Army commanded by
Lieutenant General Lord
Cornwallis.
-The culmination of
the Yorktown campaign,
it proved to be the last
major land battle of
the American
Revolutionary War in
North America, as the
surrender of Cornwallis'
army prompted the
British government
eventually to negotiate an
end to the conflict.
• General Cornwallis
-Charles Cornwallis, 1st
Marquess
Cornwallis KG,
styled Viscount
Brome between 1753
and 1762 and known
 -The British increase in
troops in Boston led to a
tense situation that erupted
into brawls between
soldiers and civilians. –
-The troops fired after
being threatened by a mob.
-Three civilians were killed
at the scene of the
shooting, eleven were
injured, and two died after
the incident.
• Circular letter
-The Massachusetts
Circular Letter had been
framed in moderate
language and clearly
reflected the convictions of
most of the people in the
Bay Colony
• Land Ordinance of 1785
-The Land Ordinance of
1785 was adopted by
the United States
Congress on May 20, 1785.
- Under the Articles of
Confederation, Congress
did not have the power to
raise revenue by direct
taxation of the inhabitants
of the United States.
-Therefore, the immediate
goal of the ordinance was
to raise money through the
sale of land in the largely
unmapped territory west of
the original states acquired
at the 1783 (Treaty of
Paris) after the end of the
Revolutionary War.
• Northwest Ordinance
-The Northwest
Ordinance (formally An
Ordinance for the
Government of the
Territory of the United
States, North-West of the
River Ohio, and also
known as the Freedom
Ordinance or "The
Ordinance of 1787") was
an act of the Congress of
the Confederation of
the United States.
-The primary effect of the
ordinance was the creation
of the Northwest
Territory as the
first organized territory of
the United States out of the
region south of the Great
Congress in July 1775 in an attempt
to avoid a full-blown war
with Great Britain.
-The petition affirmed American
loyalty to Great Britain and
entreated the king to prevent further
conflict.
-The petition was rejected, and in
August 1775 the colonies were
formally declared in rebellion by
the Proclamation of Rebellion.
• Bunker Hill
-The Battle of Bunker Hill took
place on June 17, 1775, mostly
on and around Breed's Hill,
during the Siege of Boston early
in the American Revolutionary
War.
• Trenton and Princeton
-The Battle of Trenton took place
on December 26, 1776, during
the American Revolutionary
War, after General George
Washington's crossing of the
Delaware River north of Trenton,
New Jersey.
-The Battle of
Princeton (January 3, 1777) was
a battle in which General
George Washington's
revolutionary forces defeated
British forces
near Princeton, New Jersey.
• Oriskany
-The Battle of Oriskany, fought
on August 6, 1777, was one of
the bloodiest battles in the North
American theater of the
American Revolutionary
War and a significant
engagement of the Saratoga
campaign.
• Shays’ Rebellion
Shays' Rebellion was an armed
uprising in central and western
Massachusetts (mainly Springfield)
from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion is
named after Daniel Shays, a veteran
of the American Revolutionary war.
as The Earl
Cornwallis between
1762 and 1792, was
a British Army officer
and colonial
administrator.
-In the United States and
the United Kingdom he
is best remembered as
one of the leading British
generals in the American
War of Independence.
-His surrender in 1781 to
a combined American
and French force at
the Siege of
Yorktown ended
significant hostilities in
North America.
• Treaty of Paris (1783)
-The Treaty of Paris,
signed on September 3,
1783, ratified by
the Congress of the
Confederation on
January 14, 1784, and by
the King of Great Britain
on April 9, 1784,
formally ended
the American
Revolutionary
War between
the Kingdom of Great
Britain and the United
States of America, which
had rebelled against
British rule.
• Western land claims
The state cessions are
those areas of the United
States that the separate
states ceded to
the federal
government in the late
18th and early 19th
century. The cession of
these lands, which for
the most part lay
between the Appalachian
Mountains and
the Mississippi River,
was key to establishing a
harmonious union
among the former British
colonies.
 Lakes, north and west of
the Ohio River, and east of
the Mississippi River.
The Constitution and the Federalists, 1787 – 1800
Key Terms and Concepts
• Virginia Plan
-The Virginia Plan (also
known as the Randolph Plan,
after its sponsor, or the Large-
State Plan) was a proposal
by Virginia delegates, drafted
by James Madison while he
waited for a quorum to
assemble at the Constitutional
Convention of 1787.
• New Jersey Plan
The New Jersey Plan (also
known as the Small
State or Paterson Plan) was a
proposal for the structure of
the United States
Government proposed
by William Paterson at
theConstitutional
Convention on June 15, 1787.
• Connecticut Compromise
-The Connecticut
Compromise (also known as
the Great Compromise of
1787 or Sherman's
Compromise) was an
agreement between large and
small states reached during the
Constitutional
Convention of 1787 that in
part defined the legislative
structure and representation
that each state would have
under the United States
Constitution.
-It proposed a bicameral
legislature, resulting in the
current United States
Senate and House of
Representatives.
• 3/5 Compromise
-The Three-Fifths
compromise was a
compromise
between Southern and Norther
n states reached during
the Philadelphia Convention of
1787 in which three-fifths of
the population of slaves would
be counted
for enumeration purposes
regarding both the distribution
• James Madison
-An
American politician and political
philosopher who served as
the fourth President of the
United States (1809–1817) and
is considered one of
the Founding Fathers of the
United States.
• Bill of Rights
-A list of the most
important rights of the citizens
of a country.
-The purpose of these bills is
to protect those rights against
infringement by the
government.
• Judiciary Act of 1789
-A landmark statute adopted
on September 24, 1789 in the
first session of the First United
States Congress establishing
the U.S. federal judiciary.
• Executive departments – State,
Treasury, War, Attorney
General
-Are among the oldest primary
units of the executive
branch of the federal
government of the United
States—the Departments of
State, War, and
the Treasury all being
established within a few
weeks of each other in 1789.
• Bank of the United States
-The First Bank was
a bank chartered by the United
States Congress on February
25, 1791.
-The charter was for 20 years.
The Bank was created to
handle the financial needs and
requirements of the central
government of the newly
formed United States, which
had previously been thirteen
individual states with their
own banks, currencies,
financial institutions, and
policies.
• Strict/loose construction
• Citizen Genet
-Began in 1793 when he was dispatched
to the United States to promote
American support for France's wars
with Spain and Britain.
• Jay’s Treaty
-Was a treaty between the United
States and Great Britain that is credited
with averting war, resolving some issues
remaining since the Treaty of Paris of
1783, which ended the American
Revolution, and allowing ten or more
years of mostly peaceful trade between
the United States and Britain in the
midst of the French Revolutionary
Wars that had begun in 1793.
• Pinckney’s Treaty
-Also known as the Treaty of San
Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was
signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on
October 27, 1795 and established
intentions of friendship between
the United States and Spain.
-It also defined the boundaries of the
United States with the Spanish
colonies and guaranteed the United
States navigation rights on the
Mississippi River.
• XYZ Affair
-Was a diplomatic event that strained
relations between France and the United
States, and led to an undeclared naval
war called the Quasi-War. It took place
from March of 1798 to 1800.
• John Adams
-Was an American statesman, diplomat
and political theorist.
-A leading champion of independence in
1776, he was the second President of the
United States (1797–1801).
• Democratic-Republicans
-Was an American political
party founded in the early 1790s
by Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison. Political scientists use the
former name, while historians prefer the
latter one; contemporaries generally
called the party the "Republicans", along
with many other names.
• Alien and Sedition Acts
-Were four bills passed in 1798 by
 of taxes and
the apportionment of the
members of the United States
House of Representatives.
- It was proposed by
delegates James
Wilson and Roger Sherman.
• Federalists
-The Federalists controlled the
federal government until 1801.
The party was formed
by Alexander Hamilton, who,
during George Washington's
first term, built a network of
supporters, largely urban
bankers and businessmen, to
support his fiscal policies.
• Anti-federalists
– Opposed to a strong central
government; saw
undemocratic tendencies in the
Constitution and insisted on
the inclusion of the Bill of
Rights. Included Thomas
Jefferson, James Monroe, and
Patrick Henry
• Federalist Papers
-A series of 85 articles or
essays advocating
the ratification of the United
States Constitution.
-Seventy-seven of the
essays were published
serially in The Independent
Journal and The New York
Packet between October
1787 and August 1788
• Alexander Hamilton
-Was the first United States
Secretary of the Treasury,
a Founding
Father, economist,
and political philosopher.
• John Jay
-Was an american politician,
statesman, and also a founding
father
Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy, 1800 – 1840
Key Terms and Concepts
• Judiciary Act of 1801
- Represented an effort to solve an
issue in the U.S. Supreme
Court during the early 19th
century.
-There was concern, beginning in
1789, about the system that
-Constitution is narrowly
interpreted to give the federal
government only those powers
specifically delegated to it.
• Protective tariff
-Is intended to artificially
inflate prices of imports and
protect domestic industries
from foreign competition
especially from competitors
whose host nations allow them
to operate under conditions
that are illegal in the protected
nation, or who subsidize their
exports.
• Whiskey Rebellion
-Was a resistance movement
in what was the western part
of the United States in the
1790s, during the presidency
of George Washington.
• Impressment
-Was the act of compelling
men into a navy by force and
without notice.
- It was used by the Royal
Navy, beginning in 1664 and
during the 18th and early 19th
centuries, in wartime, as a
means of crewing warships,
although legal sanction for the
practice goes back to the time
of Edward I of England.
• Election of 1800
-Vice President Thomas
Jefferson defeated incumbent
president John Adams.
-The election was a realigning
election that ushered in a
generation of Democratic-
Republican Party rule and the
eventual demise of
the Federalist Party in the First
Party System.
• Battle of New Orleans
Took place on January
8, 1815 and was the final
major battle of the War
of 1812.
-
American forces,
commanded by Major
the Federalists in the 5th United States
Congress during an undeclared naval
war with France, later known as
the Quasi-War.
-They were signed into law by
President John Adams.
• Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
-Were political statements drafted in
1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky
and Virginia legislatures resolved not to
abide by Alien and Sedition Acts.
-They argued that the Acts were
unconstitutional and therefore void
• Aaron Burr
-After serving as a Continental
Army officer in the Revolutionary War,
Burr became a successful lawyer and
politician.
-He was elected twice to the New York
State Assembly, was appointed New
York State Attorney General, won
election again as a United States Senator
from New York, and reached the high
point of his career as the third Vice
President of the United States,
under President Thomas Jefferson.
• Washington Irving
-Was an American
author, essayist, biographer an
d historian of the early 19th
century.
-He was best known for
his short stories "The Legend
 required the justices of the
Supreme Court to “ride circuit”
and reiterate decisions made in the
appellate level courts.
-The Supreme Court justices had
often voiced concern and
suggested that the judges of the
Supreme and circuit courts be
divided.
• Midnight judges
-The new judges were known as
the Midnight Judges because
Adams was said to be signing their
appointments at midnight prior to
President Thomas Jefferson's
inauguration
• Judicial review
-Is the doctrine under which
legislative and executive actions
are subject to review, and possible
invalidation, by the judiciary.
• Lewis and Clark expedition
-Was the first United
States expedition to the Pacific
Coast. Commissioned by President
Thomas Jefferson and led
by Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark,
• Embargo Act of 1807
-The Embargo Act of 1807 and the
subsequent Non intercourse
Acts were American laws
restricting American ships from
engaging in foreign trade between
the years of 1807 and 1812. -They
led to the War of 1812 between the
U.S. and Britain.
• Non-intercourse Act
-Is the collective name given to six
statutes passed by the United
States Congress in 1790, 1793,
1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834.
-The Act regulates commerce
between Native Americans and
non-Indians
• Henry Clay
-Was a 19th-
century American planter,
statesman and orator who
represented Kentucky in both
the Senate and the House of
Representatives, where he served
as Speaker. He also served
as Secretary of State from 1825 to
1829.
• John C. Calhoun
-Was a leading politician and
political theorist from South
Carolina during the first half of the
19th century.
-A powerful intellect, Calhoun
General Andrew
Jackson, defeated an
invading British
Army intent on
seizing New Orleans and
the vast territory the
United States had
acquired with
the Louisiana Purchase.
• Treaty of Ghent
-Signed on 24 December
1814, in Ghent (modern
day Belgium, then in
limbo between the First
French
Empire and United
Kingdom of the
Netherlands), was
the peace treaty that
ended the War of
1812 between the United
States of America and
the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland.
• Hartford Convention
-Was an event spanning
from December 15,
1814–January 4, 1815 in
the United States during
the War of 1812 in which
New England's
opposition to the war
reached the point
where secession from
the United States was
discussed.
• Rush-Bagot Agreement
-Was a treaty between
the United
States and Britain ratifie
d by the United States
Senate on April 16,
1818.
-The treaty provided for
a large demilitarization of
the Great
Lakes and Lake
Champlain, where many
British naval
arrangements and forts
still remained.
• Factory system
-Was a method
of manufacturing first
adopted in England at
the beginning of
the Industrial
Revolution in the 1750s
and later spread abroad.
• National Road
-Also known as
of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip
Van Winkle", both of which
appear in his bookThe Sketch
Book of Geoffrey Crayon,
Gent.
• James Fennimore Cooper
-Was a prolific and
popular American writer of the
early 19th century.
-He is best remembered as
a novelist who wrote
numerous sea-stories and
the historical novels known as
the Leatherstocking Tales,
featuring frontiersman Natty
Bumppo.
• National-Republicans
-Was a political party in the
United States. During the
administration of John Quincy
Adams (1825-1829), the
president's supporters were
referred to as Adams
Men or Anti-Jackson.
-When Jackson became
president in 1828, this group
went into opposition. The use
of the term "National
Republican" dates from 1830.
• Trail of Tears
-Was the relocation and
movement of Native
American nations from
southeastern parts of the
present-day United States. It
has been described as an act
of genocide.
• Spoils system
-Is a practice where a
political party, after winning
an election, gives government
jobs to its voters as a reward
for working toward victory,
and as an incentive to keep
working for the party—as
opposed to a system of
awarding offices on the basis
of some measure of
merit independent of political
activity.
• Maysville Road veto
-Occurred on May 27, 1830
when President Andrew
Jackson vetoed a bill which
would allow the Federal
government to purchase
stock in the Maysville,
Washington, Paris, and
Lexington Turnpike Road
Company, which had been
organized to construct a road
 eloquently spoke out on every Cumberland Road was linking Lexington and the
issue of his day, but often changed one of the first major Ohio River, the entirety of
positions. improved highways in which would be in the state of
• Daniel Webster the United States to be Kentucky.
-Was a leading built by the federal • Tariff of Abominations
American statesman and senator d government. – -Was a
uring the nation's Antebellum -Construction began in protective tariff passed by
Period. 1811 at Cumberland, the Congress of the United
-He first rose to regional Maryland, on States on May 19, 1828,
prominence through his defense the Potomac River. designed to protect industry in
of New England shipping interests. • Erie Canal the northern United States. It
• Francis Scott Key -Is a waterway in New was labeled the Tariff of
-Was an American lawyer, author, York that runs about Abominations by its southern
and amateur poet, 363 miles (584 km) detractors because of the
from Georgetown, who wrote the from Albany, New York, effects it had on
lyrics to the United States' national on the Hudson River to the antebellum Southern
anthem, "The Star-Spangled Buffalo, New York, economy
Banner". at Lake Erie, completing • Webster-Hayne Debate
• Monroe Doctrine a navigable water route -Was a famous debate in
The Monroe Doctrine asserted from the Atlantic Ocean the U.S. between
that the Western to the Great Lakes. Senator Daniel
Hemisphere was not to be -First proposed in 1807, Webster of Massachusetts an
further colonized by European it was under construction d Senator Robert Y.
countries but that the United from 1817 to 1825 and Hayne of South Carolina that
States would neither interfere officially opened on took place on January 19-27,
with existing European colonies October 26, 1825. 1830
nor meddle in the internal • Adams-Onis Treaty regarding protectionist tariffs.
concerns of European -Also known as • Independent Treasury Act
countries. the Transcontinental -Was a system for the
• Noah Webster Treaty or the Purchase retaining of government funds
-Was an of Florida was a treaty in the United States
American lexicographer, between the United Treasury and its
textbook pioneer, English States and Spain in subtreasuries, independently
spelling reformer, political 1819 that gave Florida to of the national banking and
writer, editor, and prolific the U.S. and set out a financial systems. In one form
author. He has been called the boundary between the or another, it existed from
"Father of American U.S. and New 1846 to 1921
Scholarship and Education." Spain (now Mexico).

Sectionalism and Expansion, 1840 – 1860

Key Terms and Concepts

• Cotton gin • Webster-Ashburton Treaty • Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Mormons • Walt Whitman
• American Colonization Society • Joseph Smith • Dorothea Dix
• Elias Howe • Brigham Young • William Lloyd Garrison
• Irish potato famine • Treaty of 1846 • Frederick Douglass
• Know-Nothing party • Texas independence • Sarah Grimke
• Wilmot Proviso • Mexican cession • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Popular sovereignty • Gadsden Purchase • Lucretia Mott
• Free Soil party • Edgar Allan Poe • Seneca Falls Declaration of
• Stephen Douglas • Nathaniel Hawthorne Sentiments
• Compromise of 1850 • Herman Melville • Horace Mann
• Fugitive Slave Law • Henry David Thoreau • Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Dred Scott decision

Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860 – 1877

Key Terms and Concepts
• Fort Sumter • Merrimac • 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
• Jefferson Davis • Sherman’s march to the sea • Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Anaconda Plan • Gettysburg • Andrew Johnson
• First Battle of Bull Run • Chancellorsville • Radical Republicans
• Antietam • Appomattox • Freedmen’s Bureau
• Ulysses S. Grant • Mathew Brady • Reconstruction Acts (1867)
• Robert E. Lee • Morrill Land Grant Act • Tenant farms
• George McClellan • Pacific Railroad Act • Contract labor system
• Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson • National Bank Act • Ku Klux Klan
• Shiloh • Wade-Davis Bill • Force Acts
• Vicksburg • John Wilkes Booth • Election of 1876
• Monitor

The Gilded Age, 1877 – 1900

Key Terms and Concepts

• Comstock Lode • John D. Rockefeller • Munn v. Illinois
• Central Pacific Railroad • Standard Oil • Interstate Commerce Commission
• Union Pacific Railroad • Andrew Carnegie • Subtreasury plan
• Promontory Point • J. Pierpont Morgan • William Jennings Bryan
• Long drive • Horatio Alger • Spoils system/merit system
• Joseph Glidden • Horizontal/vertical combinations • Greenback party
• Great American Desert • Social Darwinism • Pendleton Civil Service Act
• Sand Creek massacre • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Grand Army of the Republic
• Battle of Little Big Horn • National Labor Union • Sherman Silver Purchase Act
• Nez Perce • Knights of Labor • McKinley Tariff
• Chief Joseph • Terence Powderly • William Marcy Tweed
• Helen Hunt Jackson • American Federation of Labor • Social Gospel
• Wounded Knee • Samuel Gompers • Salvation Army
• Jim Crow Laws • Company town • YMCA
• 1883 Civil Rights Cases • Closed shop • New Immigration
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • The Grange • Chinese Exclusion Act
• Thomas Edison • Long v. short haul

The United States at Home and Abroad, 1896 – 1920

Key Terms and Concepts

• Robert M. La Follette • Underwood Tariff • Pancho Villa
• Ida Tarbell • Clayton Antitrust Act • General John J. Pershing
• Lincoln Steffens • Federal Reserve Act • Lusitania
• Upton Sinclair • Federal Trade Commission • Sussex pledge
• Frank Norris • Josiah Strong • Zimmermann telegram
• Progressive constitutional • Alfred Thayer Mahan • Unrestricted submarine warfare
amendments: 16th – 19th • De Lome Letter • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Amendments • Teller Resolution • Selective Service Act
• Gifford Pinchot • Emilio Aguinaldo • War Industries Board
• Northern Securities case • Open Door Policy • Creel Committee
• Hepburn Act • Boxer Rebellion • Fourteen Points
• Meat Inspection Act • Treaty of Portsmouth • Paris Peace Conference
• Pure Food and Drug Act • Gentlemen’s Agreement • Treaty of Versailles
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Platt Amendment • Henry Cabot Lodge
• Eugene Debs • Roosevelt Corollary
• Bull Moose party
 Prosperity and Depression, 1920 – 1940
Key Terms and Concepts
• Ohio Gang
• Teapot Dome Scandal
• Secretary of the Treasury Andrew
Mellon
• Budget and Accounting Act
• Bureau of the Budget
• Dawes Plan
• Veterans Bureau
• Bonus bill
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff
• A. Mitchell Palmer
• National Origins Act of 1924
• Sacco and Vanzetti
Key Terms and Concepts
• Washington Disarmament
Conference
• London Naval Conference
• Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Dawes and Young Plans
• Clark Memorandum
• Stimson Doctrine
• Good Neighbor Policy
• Nye Committee
• Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937
• Panay incident
• “Quarantine the Aggressor”
The United States as a Superpower, 1945 – Present
Key Terms and Concepts
• San Francisco Conference
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Airlift
• Warsaw Pact
• Korean War
• Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles
• SEATO
• CENTO
• ANZUS
• Suez Crisis
• U-2 incident
• Bay of Pigs invasion
• Cuban missile crisis
• Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
• Charles Lindbergh • Bank holidays
• T.S. Eliot • Harry Hopkins
• F. Scott Fitzgerald • Huey Long
• Theodore Dreiser • Father Coughlin
• Sinclair Lewis • Francis Townsend
• Ernest Hemingway • John Steinbeck
• Gertrude Stein • Indian Reorganization Act
• Harlem Renaissance – Langston • Social Security Act
Hughes • Secretary of Labor Frances
• Marcus Garvey Perkins
• McNary-Haugen Bill • Congress of Industrial
• Reconstruction Finance Organizations (CIO)
Corporation • Alf Landon
America at War, 1941 – 1945
• Neutrality Act of 1939 • Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Lend-Lease Act • Executive Order 9066
• Atlantic Charter • Manzanar
• America First Committee • A. Philip Randolph
• Casablanca Conference • War Production Board
• Operation Overlord • Office of Price Administration
• Teheran Conference • Office of War Information
• Yalta Conference • War Labor Board
• Potsdam Conference • Wendell Willkie
• Manhattan Project • Thomas Dewey
• J. Robert Oppenheimer
• Berlin Wall • Salvador Allende
• Peace Corps • SALT
• Six-Day War • ABM Treaty
• Yom Kippur War • OPEC
• Dien Bien Phu • Arab oil embargo
• Vietminh • Solidarity
• Vietcong • Camp David Accords
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Iranian hostage crisis
• Ho Chi Minh Trail • Panama Canal Treaty
• Tet offensive • Grenada invasion
• My Lai massacre • Sandinistas/Contras
• Khmer Rouge • Iran/Contra
• Paris Peace Accords • Glasnost
• Henry Kissinger • Perestroika
 Contemporary America, 1945 – Present

Key Terms and Concepts

• GI Bill of Rights • Medicare • Rosa Parks
• Taft-Hartley Act • Immigration Act of 1965 • Martin Luther King Jr.
• McCarran Act • Jack Kerouac • Civil Rights Act of 1964
• HUAC • Students for a Democratic • Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Alger Hiss case Society (SDS) • Black power
• Rosenbergs • Woodstock • Black Muslims – Malcolm X
• Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. • Environmental Protection Agency • Board of Regents v. Bakke
Sawyer • Revenue sharing • National Organization for
• Adlai Stevenson • Energy crisis Women
• Senator Joseph McCarthy • WIN • Betty Freidan
• Brown v. Board of Education • Kent State • ERA
• AFL-CIO • Hippies • Roe v. Wade
• Gideon v. Wainwright • Chicago Democratic Convention • Cesar Chavez – UFW
• Office of Economic Opportunity • CREEP • American Indian movement
• War on Poverty • Reaganomics