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APUSH After School Review: U.S.

Foreign Policy, An Overview

Quick Breakdown
1. The Doctrine of Two Hemispheres (Degler 15)
a. Isolationism (1776-1880s)
2. The “New Manifest Destiny” 1880s-1914
3. WWI 1914-1919
4. The “New Isolationism” 1920s-1930s
5. WWII 1941-1945
6. The Cold War Era 1945-1990
7. Post Cold War Era 1990 to current

North America and Pre French and Indian War (Map) v. Post French and Indian War (Map)

I. The Doctrine of Two Hemispheres


a. 3 periods
i. Revolutionary Period (1776-1783)
ii. Confederation Period (1777-1788)
1. Overlap w/ Revolutionary
iii. The New Ship of State Period (1788-1880)
II. Revolutionary Period
a. The Continental Congress is governing body
i. 1776 the Declaration of Independence
ii. The French Connection = secretly aids the “cause”
iii. 1778- The Franco-American Alliance= 1st entangling military alliance
iv. 1783- Treaty of Paris
b. N. American after the Revolutionary War
i. Nachez territory
ii. When we got the land and how we got it
III. The Confederation Period
a. Advice: go back and review “mercantilism”, the Navigation Acts and the new government under
the Articles of Confederations
b. Great Britain
i. Refused to make any commercial treaties of repeal Navigation laws
1. Because they can do it
2. U.S. can’t fight back
ii. Shut off West Indies trade from U.S.
iii. Kept trading posts open on Northern border
1. Keep soldiers
2. Treaty of Paris said they should evacuate that land
a. Reasons:
i. We haven’t given the loyalists back their property
ii. We haven’t paid the British back
3. Hurts our economy and trade
iv. Conspire with Indians in the North West
1. Arming the Indians with weapons to attack people trying to settle west
c. Spain
i. Controlled mouth of Mississippi and in 1784 closed to American use
1. Don’t have soldiers, weak Confederation government
a. Confederation government gets money from the states
ii. Controlled large area above the Guilde of Mexico claimed by the U.S. (now portions of
present day Louisiana, Alabama)—known as “disputed territory” or Nachez territory
d. PINKNEY’S TREATY result of JAY’S TREATY result of TREATY OF PARIS
e. France
i. Demanded repayment of war loans
ii. Restricted trade in West Indies
f. Barbary Pirates:
i. Ravaging US Mediterranean commerce
ii. Enslaving U.S Merchant sailors
IV. The New Ship of State Period 1788 and On
a. Advice: go back and review the new powers of the national government under the Constitution,
the formation of the president’s cabinet, the role of the President and the Secretary of State in
conduction foreign relations
b. 100 years of President—George Washington through Grover Cleveland #1
c. Remember:
i. Jeffersonian = pro France; they become Dem Reps
ii. Hamiltonians = pro GB; the Federalists
V. George Washington (1789-1796)
a. Tended to be a Federalist (NOT POLITICALLY CORRECT—DENOUNCED PARTIES)
b. French
i. GB and France at war = U.S. obligated under Franco- American Alliance
1. 1793 Neutrality Proclamation = 1st formal declaration of distance from Old
World
a. Generally accepted overall
b. Isolationism!!!
c. Sets precedent as First President
ii. French Revolution = caused turmoil between Feds and Dem Reps
1. Citizen Genet
c. GB
i. 1794- Jays Treaty to address
1. Northern outposts, impressments, ships seizures, and ignoring our “neutral
rights”, arming Indians
a. Cleans things up from Treaty of Paris
b. Most pressing issue: impressment, but doesn’t deal with it in JT
c. Ticks of Jeffersonians off
d. Federalists own ships, GB says they’ll pay for ships
e. South owes Pre-War debt
i. Tobacco land, only sold tobacco to the British (mercantilism)
f. GB doesn’t address arming Indians, continues impressment
i. Results in War of 1812
d. Spain
i. 1795- Pinckney’s Treaty
1. Out of fear of Anglo-Am. Aliiance gives US access to Mississippi and the Natchez
territory
a. Allows us to enter the territory and they won’t shoot us
b. Right of Deposit: allows us to store our goods
ii. 1796- Washington’s Farewell Address
1. Warned against permanent alliances
2. Only out of necessity
3. Don’t get mixed up with Neutrality Proclamation
4. Temporarily alliances and in our best interests
VI. John Adams- Federalists (1797-1800)
a. France
i. Angry with Jay’s Treaty
ii. Seizure of US merchant vessels
iii. Refusal to receive new US Envoy to France
iv. XYZ Affair :
1. Results in war hysteria in US
2. Builds up Navy; creates the U.S. Marine Corps
3. 2.5 years of undeclared hostilities mainly at sea and in the West Indies
v. High federalists- agitated for war
1. Sacrifices war for country
vi. Convention of 1800:
1. Done w/ Franco-Am Alliance (IMPORTANT)
VII. Thomas Jefferson- DR (1801-1808)
a. Cuts back on army/navy built up by Adams
i. Cuts back spending
b. 1801-1805= War with Tripoli over pirating:
i. 1805- Tripoli Treaty = $60k for captured Americans (pirates still exist today)
c. 1803- Louisiana Purchase:
i. $15 million
1. Relieved French presence to the west and fear of need to ally with GB
2. French and Spanish make a deal secretly and French get LP
ii. French sold because they were in debt
d. 1803-1815= Napoleonic Wars between GB and France
i. US declares neutrality but still caught in middle
e. GB
i. Orders in Council: All vessels must stop in British ports first before any others
ii. Impressment of US sailors
iii. 1807- Chesapeake Affair
1. Stop our ship and steal our sailors in US waters
a. War hysteria in US (Feds didn’t want War due to economic positives)
f. France
i. Orders seizure of all merchant ships that enter British ports
g. US response:
i. 1807 embargo Act: Forbade exports of all goods from US anywhere
ii. 1809:
iii. Repeal of the Embargo Act
iv. Congress will create the Non-Intercourse Act replaces
1. Opens trade anywhere but w/ GB and France
v. Inept movements on Jefferson’s part
vi. Positive: increases manufacturing industry
h. James Madison- DR (1809-1816)
i. 1801- Macon’s Bill #2
1. Allows trade anywhere with anyone
2. Whoever (GB/France) pulls off their “rotten rules” against us first, we will stop
trade with the other
3. GB and French are at war
a. STUPID STUPID STUPID
4. France bites first
5. Bad policy:
a. Sets political favor of one over other
b. Ultimately helps to drift us towards war with GB
6. Part of the reason to go to war with GB
ii. War of 1812
1. For “our honor” and OH YEAH, Canada and Florida too!!!
a. War hawks: South and West!
b. Go back and review “war hawks” v. feds (the sectional dissension that
existed)
2. 1814- Treaty of Ghent
a. Essentially a tie between GB and US
b. Results of war are good for diplomacy
i. Victory for us
ii. US showed it could/would resist with the sword
iii. Gained a new respect in the world
iv. Diplomats abroad were accepted more readily
3. FROM HERE US TURNS TO THE TASK OF BUILDING A “DEMOCRACY”
VIII. James Monroe- DR (1817-1824
a. The Era of Good Feelings issues included: the tariff, the bank and the panic of 1819, internal
improvements, sale of public lands, crystallizing of sectionalism, and the rise of slavery as an
issue
b. Secretary of State = John Quincy Adams
c. 1817- Rush-Bagot Agreement (GB/US):
i. Limit naval armaments on the Great Lakes
1. T of G didn’t establish boundary lines
2. Naval ships on the Great Lakes, GB and US shoot at each other, this settles that
d. Treaty of 1818
i. Mop up of War of 1812
ii. Share New Foundland fisheries
iii. Fixed the northern border between US/British Canada
iv. 10 year joint use of Oregon County
v. 1819- Adams-Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase Treaty or Transcontinental Treaty
(Spain/US):
1. Spain agrees to cede Florida to US after Andrew Jackson beats up Spanish &
Indians attacking Georgia
a. Georgia = buffer state
2. Spain gives up claims to Oregon Territory- US gives up claims to Texas
vi. 1823- Monroe Doctrine:
1. Keeps everyone out of the western Europe
2. “stern” warning to Europe (Russia)
3. No colonization and no intervention in Western Hemisphere
4. Hiding behind the skirts of GB navy
a. Spain is weak and losing control, Mexico is revolting and becomes
MEXICO.
vii. 1824- Russo-American Treaty:
1. Fixed Russia’s southern border at 54/40 present tip of Alaska’s panhandle
IX. John Quincy Adams- NR (1825-1828)/ Andre Jackson-D (1829-1836)
a. 1836- Texas Independence from Mexico
i. Texas lead by private American citizens declares independence from Mexico
1. Mexico complains to US that it failed to enforce neutrality
b. 1837- Texas’ appeal to be annexed: SLAVERY ISSUE
i. Rejected due to slavery issue fears
ii. Texas sends feelers out to GB and France
1. Standing on own
a. U.S. doesn’t like it
iii. Missouri Compromise
iv. Caroline Incident
1. U.S. private citizens aiding Canadian rebels v. Brits
2. Brit Navy captures and burns the Caroline on the Niagara River
a. B Navy enters our soil! Almost leads to war
X. Martin Van Buren- D (1837-1840)
a. Inherits all the problems of the Jacksonian Era
i. Rising of Jacksonian Democracy
XI. William Henry Harrison- W (1841-1841)
a. Kicked the bucket just circa 30 days in offices
XII. John Tyler-W (1841-1844)
a. A democratic in Whigs Clothing
b. 1842- Webster Ashburton Treaty:
i. Aroostook River Valley War between Maine and the Canadian lumberjacks
ii. Settled the Maine boundary line
iii. Also settled the Caroline Incident
iv. Tyler’s cabinet resigned due to dem in Whig’s clothing
c. 1845- Annexation of Texas:
i. Fear of European schemers
ii. Done by joint resolution of Congress
1. House and Senate jointly vote and takes 51%
iii. Tyler annexed before Polk’s
1. Tyler gets credit
XIII. James K. Polk- D (1845-1848)
a. 1846- Oregon territory Compromise (GB):
i. Set boundary at it’s current place- 19th parallel
1. Remember the “54/40 or fight” shouts
b. 1846-’48- War with Mexico = Manifest Destiny
i. Note that diplomacy sought first- to buy California + east
ii. Then war starts over southern boundary of Texas
c. 1848- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:
i. $15 million for all the land; Now “Sea to Shining Sea”
ii. To pay our own citizens $ damages owed by Mexico
iii. Confirmed Texas was ours
XIV. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850- died in office)
XV. Millard Fillmore (1850-1852)
a. 1850- Clayton- Bulwer Treaty (GB/US)
i. GB showed strong interest in and moved to gain a foothold in Nicaragua (for canal
interest)
ii. Yankees see as a challenge to Monroe Doctrine
iii. Treaty provided that neither country could secure exclusive control over any future
isthmian waterway in Latin American (canals)*
1. Connect to Hay-Ponceforth in regards to panama canal
XVI. Franklin Pierce- D (1853-1856)
a. Sympathetic to Slave holders
b. 1853- Gadsden Purchase from Mexico
i. From $10 million for a southern railroad
c. 1854:
i. 1854 Commodore Perry opens trade door with Japan
ii. Ostend Manifesto:
1. Underhanded\ deal to “wrest control” Cuba from Spain (slaveocrats mouths
were watering)
2. An embarrassment to Pierce when it leaked out
3. Eventually dropped
XVII. James Buchanan- D (1857-1860)
XVIII. Abraham Lincoln- R (1861-1865)
a. Trent Affair- We don’t want the confederates dealing with Britain
b. Assassinated in Offices following Civil War
XIX. Andrew Johnson- D (1865-1868)
a. US calls on Napolean III to get Maximillian (Austria prince) and the French influence OUT of
Mexico
b. 1867- Purchase of Alaska for Russia:
i. $7.2 million
ii. “Seward’s folly” and “Seward’s icebox”
iii. Later proves to be a windfall to US due to gold and mineral reserves discovered
XX. The Forgettable Presidents
a. Ulysses S. Grant- R (1869-1876)
b. Rutherford B. Hayes- R (1877-1880)
c. James Garfield- R (1881-1881)
i. Assassinated in office
d. Chester Arthur- D (1881-1184)
i. Credit him for beginning to build up a modern navy
e. Grover Cleveland- D (1885-1888)
i. Will resurrect in 1892
XXI. The New Manifest Destiny 1880s-1914
a. Benjamin Harrison- R (1889-1892)
i. Three G’s
ii. 1889- Pan American Conference
1. Lead by US to establish economic cooperation with Latin American countries
iii. 1889-1893-Series of mini-crises
1. Demonstrated our new “aggressive” national mood
a. Germany and Samoan Islands
b. Near war with Italy over lynching o 11 Italians
c. Near war with Chile over death of 2 US sailors Valparaiso
d. US/Canada seal hunting argument
XXII. Grover Cleveland- D (1893-1896)
a. 1893- Cleveland rejects annexation of Hawaii
i. Bimetallism
ii. McKinley Tariff
iii. Sugar planters didn’t want to pay high tariffs
b. 1895-1896- Venezuela Boundary Dispute (GB):
i. Connect of Panicd of 1893!!!
ii. Britain and Venezuela squabble over boundary line of British Guiana
iii. US uses Monroe Doctrine to challenge British authority in her attempts to extend into
Venezuela territory
iv. We demand mediation, B says thanks but no thanks
v. Cleveland admin uses this as a diversion against the panic
1. Petting the eagle’s head
XXIII. The Great Reproachment 1896 and on…
a. This time era ends the “patting the Eagle’s head” by the British and the “twisting of the Lion’s
tail” by the U.S.
b. It inaugurated the time of the GREAT RECONCILIATION- the new Anglo American cordiality which
will be the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy in the 20 th century
XXIV. William McKinley- R (1897-1901)
a. 1898- Spanish American War:
i. Cubans revolting against the Spanish
ii. US seeks to mediate to protect US interests
iii. USS Maine in Havana Harbor
iv. Pretense to declaring war on Spain
v. McKinley goaded into war by public pressure
vi. Teller Amendment added War Declaration
1. Promise Cuban independence
b. 1901: Platt Amendment
i. Contingent to independence- Cubans HAD to add to constituation
c. Results of Spanish American War:
i. US is a World Poer with an “empire”
1. Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines ($20 million)
ii. Cuba independent but w/ strings attached!
iii. European rivals envious- esp. Germany
iv. Latin American countries suspicious of US
v. 1898- Hawaii annexed as an “afterthought
d. 1899-1901- Philippine Insurrections
i. US tutors in democracy
e. 1899- First Open Door Note in China
i. Designed to “counter” spheres of influence
ii. Sought to influence European imperial powers to allow open trade for all in Chine
iii. Sought to increase Chinese territorial rights
f. 1900: Boxer Rebellion in China:
i. US sends troops in a multi-national mission
g. 1901: Second Open-Door Note issued:
i. US to be the “over-seer” of the open door in China
ii. Sought to uphold Chinese territorial rights
XXV. Theodore Roosevelt- R (1901-1908)
a. Known for the “Big Stick Diplomacy” of the New Diplomacy
i. Beginning of the “bad neighbor” policy in Latin America
b. 1901:
i. McKinley assassinated- TR takes over
ii. Hay Pauncefote Treaty (GB/US)
1. Nullifies old Clayton Bulwer Treaty
2. Clear way for building of Panama Canal
3. 1902-’04- the Colombia/Panama Canal event:
a. Good example of Big Stick Diplomacy (go back and review)
b. US backs a revolution in Europe
c. 1904- Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
i. Policy of preventative intervention- go back and review
1. Doesn’t want anyone else sniffing around for money
ii. 1905 application of policy in the Dominican Republic
1. Takeover of customs houses to manage tariff collection to pay off their
European debts
d. 1905-’06- TR wins Nobel Peace Prize
i. Mediates a peace between Japanese and Russians and between N. African countries
e. 1906-’07- The Gentlemen’s Agreements (Japan/US)- go back and review
i. Japanese aren’t happy about agreement
f. 1906-’09- US Marines in Cuba:
i. Restore order in uprising
ii. Under Platt Amendment and at request of Cuban gov’t
g. 1907- The Great White Fleet:
i. Diplomatic frolic around the world
ii. Paid off big time in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, Japan (connect to
next)
h. 1908- Root Takahira Agreement (Japan/US)
i. Each pledges respect to other’s Pacific territory
ii. Each pledges to upload Open Door Policy
1. RTA to GWF to GA
XXVI. William H. Taft-R (190-1912)
a. Known for “Dollar Diplomacy”
i. State Dept. encouraged US bankers to invest $ into foreign area of strategic concern
ii. Especially in LATIN AMERICA and in the Far East (areas critical to the security of the
Panama Canal)
b. 1901- Manchuria Rail Proposal
i. US proposes to buy these railroad lines from Japan and Russia-intension to sell back to
China
c. The Revolution Riddle Caribbean and Latin America
i. Throughout first .25 century US troops sent in and out (stops with “good neighbor”
policy Hoover-FDR 1930s)
ii. All under Monroe Doctrine
XXVII. Woodrow Wilson- D (1912-1920)
a. Known for Moral or Missionary Diplomacy
i. Hated aspects of Big Stick and $ Diplomacy
b. Felt US had a moral obligation to promote Democracy in its foreign policy
c. Ironically will resort to aspects of Big Stick and $ diplomacy
d. 1913- Exit $ Diplomacy- Wilson no longer allows special gov’t support of investors in Latin
America and China
e. Tension with Japan over CA law that banned Japanese from land ownership
i. Japan views as a violation of Gentlemen’s Agreement
ii. Diffused through diplomacy
XXVIII. Woodrow Wilson- D (1912-1920)
a. 1913-’17- Mexican Revolt/Civil War
i. Butcher Huerta v. Carranza
ii. US intervenes to help collapse of Huerta Gov’t
1. With arms/munitions to back Carranza
2. Siezure of Vera Cruz after death of 2 US sailors in Tampico
3. Almost war but for the mediation of the ABCs
a. Argentina, Brazil, Chile
4. Huerta’s gov’t topples from within- Carranza takes power
iii. Pancho Viilla’s rampage and US military invasion of Mexico to chase him down
b. 1914- Jones Act:
i. Granted “territorial status” to Philippines
ii. Promised their independence as soon as “stable” gov’t could be established
c. 1914-’15- Haiti
i. US marines sent to squash riots
ii. Treaty concluded that placed US in charge of supervision of finances and police
d. 1915- Dominican Republic:
i. US Marines sent to squash riots and intervenes in debt payment
ii. Remained 8 years
iii. 1917- Virgin Islands purchased from Denmark
XXIX. Conclusion by 1914
a. The US had emerged on the world scene as a world power politically, economically, and militarily
b. It had expanded to access to world Markets
c. It had built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad
d. It had carved out a sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere
e. Imperialism had drawn the US deeper into world affairs... and ultimately involvement in WWI

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