FCET

SURVEY DESIGN & STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS

CE00515-7

SEMESTER 2

Date:

Time:

Time Allowed: 2 hours

Student 10 .

1
1. The items listed below were used on a pilot questionnaire to measure people's attitudes towards
immigration. In each case the respondent was asked to state whether they agreed or disagreed with the
item,
Item 1- It would be fine with me if new immigrants moved onto my street.
Item 2 -I believe that this country should reduce the number of immigrants coming in.
Item 3 -It would be fine with me if my child dated a new immigrant.
Item 4 -I would be unhappy with new immigrants moving into my community.
Item 5 -I would not permit a child of mine to marry an immigrant.
Item 6 -It would be fine with me if a new immigrant moved next door to me. @:~:;.
~:~
~~;~:";.--

i) Classify each item as 'favourable' (F) or 'unfavourable' (U) towards smo~i.ng.~tv(~e y:~;f;:.~;s?wers
'!;';>~§'.. ..,..,~
.." ,.:;-'.v;,
in the table below. s:C''~::h. ";:~~;" ,,::,.'
"R .'~~:~~~ ....:~=;;:~::
Item Number 1 2 3 6
Favourable(F)/Unfavourable(U)

",
::-~~
[6 marks]

:':;:':';', ~~!.,*?
ii) Explain how you would use the Guttman scaling meth~'lr't~:;:;core<:favourable and unfavourable
'H'V,,,,- v,'.
items and how you would use these scores to ciil~~lat~;..t~~~: overall attitude score for each
.:~:;!~:»..,&~:;~~.. "':~i:~
respondent. ..~i:;::' i~~ .:~;:~'~~:;.

w w.w...w w.w··~~~:~~~1f:::'::.:::::::;:::::::::u::.:.::::u::
'.:.t.:~;;•••••••.••••••.•.•.••..•.••.••••••••.•....••..•.....................................
~~~,

•• .... ~.... ~ • .o"oOoOoO""""""."".'''''''''oO''''.oO''''''''''''''''''.''''''''·''''·''oO''''oO''''''''''''''''''''.'''' •••••••••••••••

. [5 marks]
~~~
'\t\;-

. - :;!~

The table ~~.!S~J~ows

v:.
~"j~ ... ~;:;;;:\; ....~
th:~it~'*·
scores obtained from 10 respondents. The respondents/items have
been orde;t:,edfrom:;tf.te:s..,!;';.Xv'ith
the highest score to those with the lowest score.
-,.
...
-..;.~.:.~...
'~~~!:". ~-.{~~~,
-".~
;~;;::.,
.. "Res'p:Ondent~:: ' . . . . .
item 1 item 4 item 2 Total

!~;~.::~~\~~~:~'~
~~
~~~~~~~j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
;:::. N···:'},. b":'>"'''o'';::;:: Item 5 : Item 3 : Item 6

.~~!~;;~<:~~~;:
~~~.:, -.;::. ';::;. ".:.:.:,;.C2 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 0 : 1 : 0
5
5
-':>0;0, ....::.... '.~._." '!.._. L.. ' , __ • L .. L .. l. - - - -- - - - - .. - - - --

"::::::~"<;::':':":~:" ~:!::. 3 : 1 : 1 ; 1 : 1 : 0 : 0 5
"'z~~~,
....!:~:~~~!. .._.. ; ;__.. ; .. ; ~_.._..--._ ..-.~- - - ..- --- - - ....- --
'<::0::...' 4 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 0 .: 0 4
~~;!' ..- -- - - _..- - - - - - - -;- - - - -- -- ---;- - - - - - - _..--;- -. - - - -- ---:--- --- -.- --;-- --.- --- --:- --- --- - - -- - -- - - - --

t
5 : 1 ,
: 1
,
: 1 : 0 : 0: t
0 4
________________,- - ..-.- -- - -- - -- - -,- - ..- ... -- - - -r, _. -- - - -- ..-r-
,
- - - -- - -- -,....- ---- ---- - - - -- - - ..

________________ . 6: 1: , 1: .... . 0: .. 1:
~----------,----------r---------- 0: 0 -------- 3
7: 1: -1--- - - - - - - -
1: 0: 0: 0: 0 3
1: 0: 0: 0: 1
_______ .. --t-- - - - - - - __ -t- - - - - _. - - - __ .. - -- - - - -->- - - - - - - -- - _J- - .... -- - .... - - _ .. _ .... - --

_ ...
8: • __ .. _ .t- __ .. __ ..
1: 1 I'!" ... L. L _ ....
0 - .. _ L .. -- - - - --

_______ 9:
• L 1: ~ 0: L 0: ~ __ .. 1: L 0: L 0: L 0 _

10 I 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 i 0
Item Total 9 8 5 5 2 o
Errors
2
iii) Complete the scalogram by marking (on the table) where the boundary between O's and l's
would be if perfect scaling were achieved.
[4 marks]

iv) Calculate the number of Guttman errors present in the scalogram and use this to calculate the
coefficient of reproducibility. Is the coefficient of reproducibility acceptable? Give a reason for
your answer.
'~:
Total Number of errors = .
Coefficient of Reproducibility = ' ' ,.., ..

Is the coefficient of reproducibility acceptable? ..

Reason , :~,': ..
"..'
::~
~:;,~ [7 marks]
.v
'-~~
',,\ "

v) Use the scalogram to decide which items (if any) need tO~B'~"review~1f%~;~d
..,.:.,. "., . why. '

................ ,
..... "
':::~~' :~:;;~;
''<.:>)-, ~
.
.......................................................................................... " .. :"~~::' .
'" t: ">;
.... . , ..
• • • . . • • • . . . . . . . . • . • • • • . • • • • . . . . • • . . . . • . . , • •• • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • .......•• ; : • ;<••..• ',:~: .••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••..•.•.•••.••••••••..••••...••..

/.:' [4 marks]

••~ <;;'>, .
vi) Describe how the Lickert scaling":me'thod, differs from the Guttman method and explain how
'<~.';~;~:"':'~ '6;; ',,¥,:;.

favourable and unfavourable'ite'ms »,ould be scored using the Lickert method.

: .'~":: .••• >.~'-:"~•.••••• '.'~'~','•••••••••••••••..•...••••...••••.••••••••.••••••••.••••••••.••.••••••.••••••.•••••••••••••.•

. ... . .'~':."
.,.~~r;'~·
-........................................................••............. , .

..~,;\ """""""""""""'"

"
'<., •••••• :,~;""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ••••••••••••••

..................................................................................................................................................

[4 marks]
Total [30 marks]

3
2. A survey was carried out to investigate bullying in the workplace.

Data was collected on the following information:

• The gender of the individual

• The gender of the bully
• The age of the individual at the time of being bullied
• The age of the bully

A. ~~~::~:~.
i} Below are two histograms obtained for the variables 'age of the bully' and::~ag;;att;be
.~.,.?~-.. ~:~..:.. time of
being bullied'. Comment on the shape, location and spread of both ~.~.~>!ogn~.~. <';:::::;i:;i:'
S~~:·:>:::;'\\::.··~\~s~::
.;::;~.,

1SO.

i)' 80.
e ~
c
<II
::l
C' '"
::l
~
u.. 60.
C'
~ 100.

40.
.-..,'
so .

~~,:.::.: ;":::: _ :~S:\

.0 1~ 20 30 40 so
AGE OF THE BULLY
60 70~:;;". ~;:!~~
...

:.~.':~::~~.
10 so
AGE AT TIME OF BEING BULLIED
60

.....~~:--

[6 marks]

4
ii) The table below shows the mean age together with a 95% confidence interval for the age of
the bully and the age at the time of being bullied.

Mean 95% Confidence Interval

Age of the bully 39.72 (38.91,40.52)

Age at the time of being bullied 24.24 (23.65, 24.84)

5
B. A scatter plot of 'age at the time of being bullied' versus 'age of the bully' is shown below along
with a table of correlations.

o
o

",.

30 50 60 70

AGE OF THE BULLY

Correlations
~~i~!~:~~-
'AGEOFTHE
BULLY

'1
H

AGE AT TIME OF BEING Pearson correl~.9a:.. >~" '';::", ,214

BULLIED .:~ "';. ~::.~ ".
,,";::""'..
Sig. (2;;!/ltl-ed) ':~, ~;f' ':Y.;•. .000
N ~~..<::~;
'7~~~~<,,;:..~}~.~~:"~1~;; '-~ 565 546
AGE OF THE BULLY .214H
,000
546 566
•• , cQrrelatiQrr:~;sj.9nifi'iiii~~~)1~!i;),O.j·1e\e1
(2-tailed).

i)
6#~~l'~~""
Comment-:;~inthf;.sdti~'P:pI6~ and describe the relationship between the two variables.

[3 marks]

6
ii) Explain why the correlation coefficient for any variable with itself has a value of 1.

[3 marks)

iii) State the correlation coefficient between the two variables in the correlation table (age of
the bully and age at the time of being bullied) and comment on the directior ~.)
and strength
of the correlation. .

Correlation = ..

Comment on direction , , ,.., ::..,.;::: \~;: ..:~:'., .

. \:.
Comment on strength ~; : ' ·[~·~~rkS)

iv) Is the correlation significant? Clearly state the hypotheses used"and explain your answer.

Houuwuuww.u .. uu .4't·'\H"~'u .u.w....u.... u.uw .... u w ••

......................................................... :,~ ....

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ><,~~~,:::::::::::::::~L::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ., •• ,; .. :: •••• 0 •••• ~.;: •• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , •••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••• 0

[6 marks]

v) State,a measur~' of co'rrelation that would be appropriate for variables at the ordinal level
~~:. '''\>
of m~itsuremenf~i:·

................... ;, .
[2 marks]
Total [19 marks]

7
 C. The histograms below are used to compare the house prices in two locations North and South.

ti' 60.
c:
4>
'"g- 40.
tt
20,

(Q
(I)

'"
Q.
co
.,
80,

'TI
m
1!:
'/?-
m

20,

10 20 30 40 50 60

AGE AT TIME OF BEING BULLIED

;~~~: ·~"'!.~x"
i) Comment on the shape, location and spread af;~h'~"ist~~rams - do you see any difference
.,7?~~;"'" -'.-,::;.~ ~'"
between the Male and Female dat~?;;~. ~;... $~"~o;.::~: '.'

~P;:~~j~~!~2~~:·:··:···:·:::::::::·::::···:····:··:::·:::.:
..::.::...:::.:.:::::::::.::
~;:' "~;':"";~:::!':S' [4 marks]
;~~~;<;~::I;~~:1e~IOWi~);G.~~~ut
gives the results of a two independent samples t-test.
:~~ '-~~;~~"~!;~~~:::$~;;~
,~:;... ''i;;.. -;::;-, , Group Statistics

,~'l'\>~,,,*.
:,.~
).:;;;
gender Std. Error
f;} N Mean SId, Deviation Mean

':~~~~::::~~:;::.:'
~~ ~v'" .~~ .,,~~\. AGE AT TIME OF BEING
BULLIED
MALE
FEMALE
289
268
22,69
25.63
5,916
7.744
,348
.473

Independent Samples Test

Lel.ene's Test for Equalilyof

Variances t·test for EquafilyofMeans

95% Confidence Interval of Ihe

Difference

Mean Std, ElTUr

F Sig. t df Sig, (2·tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper

AGE AT nM:OF BEING Equal variances 20.724 .000 -5,053 555 .000 ·2,938 .581 -4,080 ·1,796
BULLIED assumed

Equal variances not ·5,003 498,766 .000 -2,938 ,587 -4,092 ·1.784
assumed

8
 ii) State the hypotheses used in conducting the independent samples t-test.

Ho: .

HA: , ..

[4 marks]

iii) What are the assumptions needed for this test and are you concerned that they are being
violated? Explain your answers by referring to the output (histograms and t~:!;!,les).
"
,.;

:::::::~t<:.::
.~~~;::~'\-~,.

:;.,
.
.,
~.'

~:,
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~:::::~S:::::::::::~~~~~:~::::::::::::::::::::::
..................
::.::...:....::.:u~~::::·f;,·i~~~::~"
:~~

•...•••.:.·:::·
:;::]i.t.::
•..[~ marks]

iv) Ignoring any problems of violating *~~umpfi~.r';{ ~~'~twould you conclude from the results
-~<",..~...<',,,,,"':.... r~·~~.«., _ ...'>";
of the t-test·;·, ...,.~:~, ..,,:;;;'.;:~:;:,:.'

;:::u:;u:UU;{~";;i~;~~;!i~~~~,~::;~~{;·::u·;;;:·:::::·::m
..:;.:::·;;uUu:.Uu.
,.~.~:~~fl:<)~;~~~:::.:.::.::::.::::::::::::
••::::·::::::::::::::::::
•.::::::::::::::::::[~ marks]

;~;~. '?;:;>~:~~';"'" Total [22 marks]

/';::::::-~~
/' W Jt.U;'1--- ~ I
~- .. --~-~ .

9
The following output was produced to see if any relationship exists between the gender of the
individual and the gender of the bully.

GENDER
OF1HE
BUllY
I!! MALE
6JFtMI\LE

c
;:J
a
U

MALE FEM'lLE

Gender of the individual being bullied

Total
gender MlILE Count •. ·;;266.~fl
""~::~I~:':';;i;: 36
;;~:;~:, ..~;. 302

ExP~~~1Count
FEMlIL5;; ... Courii~:; >;;::'"
·;';~')'Xpe.ct~~:c~1'nt
I ";';'/ I
J,?02,4
118
99,6
153
302,0

271

... ..~~
'. ..~. .-" ..- ~:"'
181.6 89.4 271,0

Total 573

573.0

Chi-Square Tests

As~p.Sig. Exact Si9. (2· Exact Si9, (1·

Value df (2-sided) sided) sided)
128,168' G~~p)
126,161 .000
134.824 .000
.000 ,000
127.945 .000

573

a, 0 cells (.0%) hallE! expected countless than 5, The minimum expected count is 89.39.
b. Computed only for a 2Jt2lable

Comm~nt on the clustered bar chart and state your initial conclusions.

" ~ , .
.......................................................................................................................................

[4 marks]

10
ii) Explain what is meant by the 'expected count' in the cross tabulation and describe how it is
used.

........................................................................................................................ . .

[5 marks]
:<.'

iii) State the hypotheses used for the C.bJ:Square Test.

Ho: , , , .

HA: , \ ..

., [4 marks]

iv) What would you conclude from the results oft~~t;:hclearly state which statistics you
have used in making your decision. ';.

................................................. '~:'.~~,.> .

. ........ , '.:' '", .

'.~ <~ ••• !.•~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

..................................
,~ - ...
. . . . . • . • . . . • . . . . ':".o~.••.•..••.•••.• :'?~: ;;~.:.:.:~~.~
:\ , ..........................•...........................................•.......
[5 marks]

Total [18 marks]

11