Emily Levine January 30, 2010

Period 8 Ms. Comblo

Chapter 17 Review – Industrialization
Identify

Bessemer Process: the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-

production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its
inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855.
“Taylorism”: a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows,
with the objective of improving labor productivity.
Mass Production: the production of large amounts of standardized products,
including and especially on assembly lines.
Assembly Line: a manufacturing process in which parts (usually interchangeable
parts) are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned
logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type
methods.
Corporation: an institution that is granted a charter recognizing it as a separate legal
entity having its own rights, privileges, and liabilities distinct from those of its
members.
Andrew Carnegie: a Scottish industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a
major philanthropist. He is one of the most famous captains of industry of the late
19th and early 20th centuries.
John D. Rockefeller: an American industrialist. Rockefeller revolutionized
the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In
1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he
officially retired in 1897.
Horizontal Integration: a type of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by
a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in
numerous markets. Horizontal integration in marketing is much more common
than vertical integration is in production. Horizontal integration occurs when a
firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm, which is in the same
industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm.
Vertical Integration:  a style of management control. Vertically integrated
companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each
member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific)
service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need.
Unions: an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve
common goals in key areas, such as working conditions.
Knights of Labor: one of the most important American labor organizations of the
19th century. Founded by nine Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah
Smith Stephens[1], its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an
end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax,
and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories.
In Re Debs: a United States Supreme Court decision handed down
concerning Eugene V. Debs and labor unions. Debs, president of the American
Railway Union, had been involved in the Pullman Strike earlier in 1894 and
challenged the federal injunction ordering the strikers back to work where they
would face being fired.
Lochner vs. NY: a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held a
"liberty of contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. The case involved a New York law that limited the number of hours
that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the number of hours that a
baker could work each week to 60. By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court rejected the
argument that the law was necessary to protect the health of bakers, deciding it
was a labor law attempting to regulate the terms of employment, and calling it an
"unreasonable, unnecessary and arbitrary interference with the right and liberty
of the individual to contract." Justice Rufus Peckham wrote for the majority,
while Justices John Marshall Harlan and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. filed
dissents.
Muller v. Oregon: a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history,
as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time
period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women
as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health.
Standard Oil: a predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting,
refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 as an Ohio corporation, it
was the largest oil refiner in the world[3] and operated as a major company trust
and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it
was broken up by the United States Supreme Court in 1911.
Social Darwinism: various ideologies based on a concept of competition among
all individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drive social evolution in human societies
Gospel of Wealth: an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described
the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The
central thesis of Carnegie's essay was the peril of allowing large sums of money to
be passed into the hands of persons or organizations ill equipped mentally or
emotionally to cope with them. As a result, the wealthy entrepreneur must
assume the responsibility of distributing his fortune in a way that it will be put to
good use, and not wasted on frivolous expenditure.
Horatio Alger: a prolific 19th-century American author whose principal output
was formulaic juvenile novels that followed the adventures of
bootblacks, newsboys, peddlers, buskers, and other impoverished children in
their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security
and comfort.
Louisa May Alcott: an American novelist. She is best known for the novel Little
Women, set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House in Concord,
Massachusetts, and published in 1868. This novel is loosely based on her
childhood experiences with her three sisters.
Edward Bellamy: an American author and socialist, most famous for
his utopian novel, Looking Backward, set in the year 2000.
Henry George: an American writer, politician and political economist, who was
the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "Single
Tax" on land.
Monopoly:  exists when a specific individual or an enterprise has sufficient
control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms
on which other individuals shall have access to it.
Lester Frank Ward: an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He
served as the first president of the American Sociological Association.
Molly Maguires: members of a secret Irish organization. Many historians believe
the "Mollies" were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in
the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a
series of sensational arrests and trials in the years 1876−1878.
American Federation of Labor: one of the first federations of labor unions in the
United States. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio in 1886 by Samuel Gompers as
a reorganization of its predecessor, the Federation of Organized Trades and
Labor Unions.
J.P. Morgan: an American financier, banker and art collector who
dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In
1892 Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-
Houston Electric Company to form General Electric. After financing the creation
of the Federal Steel Company he merged the Carnegie Steel Company and several
other steel and iron businesses to form the United States Steel Corporation in
1901.
Samuel Gompers:  an American labor union leader and a key figure in American
labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and
served as the AFL's president from 1886-1894 and from 1895 until his death in
1924. He promoted harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the
AFL, trying to minimize jurisdictional battles.
Henry Frick:  a Whig member of the U.S. House of
Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Eugene Debs: an American union leader, one of the founding members of the
International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as
well as candidate for President of the United States as a member of the Social
Democratic Party in 1900, and later as a member of the Socialist Party of
America in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.
Pullman Strike: a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that
occurred in the United States in 1894. The conflict began in the town of Pullman,
Illinois on May 11 when approximately 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace
Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages,
bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt
Laissez-faire: allowing industry to be free of government restriction, especially
restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. 

Questions
1. The railroad played a very large role in the economic developments
between 1869 and 1900. The railroads provided a way to transport goods
across the nation. They aided in the imports and exports of all kinds of
goods, keeping the economy stable.
2. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company, which he
ran until 1897, when he retired. Standard Oil started in Ohio with a
 partnership between John Rockefeller and his brother William Rockefeller
and other business partners. As the need for kerosene and gasoline grew,
so did the Rockefeller’s wealth. Standard Oil gained control of the United
States economy through horizontal integration. By lowering the cost of
kerosene and gasoline, Standard Oil became very popular. Rockefeller
sold his oil and kerosene in a number of different markets to gain ultimate
potential.
3. Robber barons
4. Many things caused worker discontent in the 1870s and 1880s. Working
conditions in the factories were terrible and hazardous for the workers.
The workers also had no control over the conditions of their work. They
had no say in anything, and were treated very poorly. Along with these
conditions, the wages the workers were paid were horrendous and hardly
reached minimum wage. There were also no child labor laws, so children
at a very young age were working the dangerous jobs in the factories for
very little money, risking their lives. All of these aspects of
industrialization added to the increasing dissatisfaction of the workers.
5.