Sans 1431

Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF)
1. Copyright
This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the
complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright
agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRANET
SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT
be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so
would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules.
2. Indemnity
The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any damage whatsoever
than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein,
irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof.
I agree with the above

This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.
ISBN 978-0-626-19850-3
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Weldable structural steels
Published by Standards South Africa

1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001
tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12
www.stansa.co.za
© Standards South Africa
SANS 1431:2005
Edition 1.8
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 1990 Amended to convert it from a standard specification to a
specification, to add three grades of steel to tables 1 and 4, to
change the requirements for certain grades of steel, to change
appendix B and to add a new appendix.
Amdt 2 1994 Amended in respect of the minimum thickness specified for plate in
table 5.
Amdt 3 1995 Amended to change the requirements for the chemical composition
of grades 300WA and 300WC steels and to replace an existing
SABS standard with its SABS ISO equivalent.
Amdt 4 1997 Amended to change a description of a form of steel.
Amdt 5 2003 Amended to modify the chemical composition of grade 300 WA
steel and 300 WC steel to table 1, to update normative references
and to delete appendix F.
Amdt 6 2003 Amended to modify 3.2.1(b), to correct a grade designation in
table 1, to modify the requirements for Nb and V for grade 300 WA
and grade 300 WC steel in table 2.
Amdt 7 2005 Amended to delete reference to SANS 10057 and to change the
heading in 6.5.4, to replace values for the chemical compositions
Cu, Ni, Cr and Mo in tables 1 and 2 with a note, to allow the
electronic transfer of test certificates and to update referenced
standards.
Amdt 8 2007 Amended to update a referenced standard and to correct values in
the chemical composition of plates.
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA SC 5120.20E, Engineering
materials – Ferrous metals, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance
with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was published in July 2007. This document supersedes SANS 1431:2005 (edition 1.7).
A vertical line in the margin indicates where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No. 8.
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Contents
Page
Foreword
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 3
3 Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 4
4 Marking ............................................................................................................................... 13
5 Test certificates ................................................................................................................... 13
6 Inspection and methods of test ............................................................................................ 13
6.1 Inspection ................................................................................................................... 13

6.2 Test for chemical composition .................................................................................... 14
6.3 Tests for tensile properties .......................................................................................... 14
6.4 Tests for impact resistance ......................................................................................... 15
6.5 Bend test .................................................................................................................... 16
6.6 Retests ....................................................................................................................... 17
Appendix A Applicable standards ........................................................................................ 19
Appendix B Notes to purchasers .......................................................................................... 20
Appendix C Positions of test samples for tensile and bend tests ......................................... 23
Appendix D Positions of test samples for impact tests ......................................................... 25
Appendix E Quality evaluation of weldable structural steels produced to the

requirements laid down in the specification ...................................................... 27
1
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
This page is intentionally left blank
2
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Weldable structural steels
1 Scope
1.1 This specification covers requirements for 12 grades of structural steel available in the form of
plates, sections and bars, and suitable for bolted, riveted or welded structures.
NOTE
a) The standards referred to in this specification are listed in appendix A.
b) Requirements that must be specified by the purchaser and those that must or may be agreed upon between the
manufacturer and the purchaser are listed in appendix B.
c) The positions for taking test samples for tensile and bend tests are given in appendix C.
d) The positions for taking test samples for impact resistance tests are given in appendix D.
e) Guidance on the verification of the quality of weldable structural steels produced to this specification is given in
appendix E.
2 Definitions
2.1 For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply:
acceptable
acceptable to the authorities administering this standard, or to the parties concluding the purchase
contract, as relevant Amdt 1; amdt 5
bars
rounds, squares or flats produced in closed passes or by successive face and edging passes
cast
the product of a single furnace charge
plate
a flat rolled product, from a single ingot, semi-finished product or slab, the edges of which are allowed
to deform freely during rolling. Plates are supplied in flat form, generally square or rectangular. Plates
may also be supplied in coil form. A plate may be cut from the parent rolled product obtained by rolling
of the ingot, or semi-finished product, or slab. Edges along the sides parallel to rolling may be rolled,
sheared, or machine flame cut
sections
rolled flanged sections and angles
3
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
test piece
that portion of the test sample on which a test is to be carried out
test sample
that portion of the material submitted as representative of the material to be tested, and from which the
test pieces are to be cut
3 Requirements
3.1 General
3.1.1 Process
The steel shall be made by either of the following processes:
a) electric arc furnace, or
b) basic oxygen furnace with or without combination blowing.
3.1.2 Copper additions
Only when so required (see appendix B), shall copper additions be made to the melt during manu-
facture.
3.2 Grade
NOTE All steels that comply with the requirements of this specification are of weldable quality.
3.2.1 Grade
The steel shall be of one of 12 grade designations. The grade designation is given by combining the
yield stress designation and the impact resistance designation.
a) The yield stress designation can be determined from the following table:
1 2
Minimum yield
Designation
MPa*
240 240-220
300 300-270
350 350-325
450 450-380
* Depending on the product and
the section thickness
4
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
b) The impact resistance designation can be determined from the following table:
1 2
Minimum Charpy V-
Designation
notch impact resistance
WA Not specified
WC At 0 °C : 27 J
WDD At −30 °C : 27 J
Amdt 6
A steel designated as 350 WC will therefore have a minimum yield strength in the range 350-
325 MPa (depending on the product and the section thickness) and a minimum Charpy V-notch
impact resistance of 27 J at 0 °C.
3.3 Form and dimensions
3.3.1 Form
The steel shall be in the form of plates, sections or bars.
3.3.2 Dimensions
The nominal dimensions of plates, sections or bars shall be as required (see appendix B). The actual
measurements of plates, sections or bars shall, subject to the appropriate tolerances given in the
relevant following specifications, conform to the nominal values required:
1 2
Form of steel Specification
Taper flange I-sections BS 4:1932
I- and H-sections and
channels (imperial units) } BS 4-1
Plates, bars EN 10029

IPE sections DIN 1025-5
Taper flange channels and parallel DIN 1026-1, EN 10279
flange channels (metric units)
Angles ISO 657-1
Amdt 4; amdt 5
3.4 Supply condition and freedom from defects
3.4.1 The standard supply condition of the material shall be as-rolled. Additional treatment such as
normalizing, controlled rolling or accelerated cooling may be applied, at the manufacturer's option, to
meet required mechanical properties.
NOTE Details of any such additional treatment should be stated on the manufacturer's certificate.
3.4.2 Subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, material shall be supplied in
the normalized condition, when this is required by the purchaser.
NOTE The properties given in tables 4, 5 and 6 refer to material in the standard supply condition. Purchasers who
intend to reheat any such material are advised to discuss the application and proposed reheat treatment of the
steel with the manufacturer, prior to placing the order.
5
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
3.4.3 Freedom from defects
The material shall be sound and free from such segregation, cracks, laminations or surface flaws that
might preclude its use for the purpose for which it is intended.
3.4.4 Correction of minor surface defects
The manufacturer may remove minor surface defects by grinding, provided that the thickness of the
steel is not reduced locally by more than 4 % below the minimum thickness required in the relevant
specification given in 3.3.2.
3.4.5 Additional procedure for correction of minor surface defects
When so required and so agreed upon, the following additional procedure shall apply:
a) When grinding would reduce the thickness locally by more than 4 % or 3 mm, surface defects may
still be removed by grinding, provided that the thickness is not reduced locally by more than 7 %
below the minimum thickness required in the relevant specification given in 3.3.2.
b) Except in the case of round and square bars, surface defects which cannot be corrected as stated
in (a) above may be removed by grinding or chipping followed by welding, subject to the following
conditions:
1) after complete removal of the defect and before welding, the thickness shall not have been
reduced to less than 80 % of its nominal dimension;
2) the welding shall be carried out in accordance with an approved welding procedure, and the weld
shall be ground smooth and flush with the adjacent surface of the product.
3.5 Chemical composition
3.5.1 Ladle analysis
The chemical composition of the steel shall be determined by ladle analysis in accordance with 6.2.
This chemical composition shall comply with the requirements of table 1 or table 2, as appropriate.
3.5.2 Product analysis
When so required by the purchaser and agreed to by the manufacturer, a product analysis shall be
carried out in accordance with 6.2. The analysis shall be done on the test sample used for verification of
the mechanical properties, or, at the option of the manufacturer, from material at positions as shown in
appendix C.
3.5.3 Purchaser's product analysis
A product (check) analysis may be carried out by the purchaser.
3.5.4 Acceptable product analysis
The composition of the steel shall be acceptable if the results of the product analysis carried out by
either the manufacturer or the purchaser conform to the relevant values given in table 1 or table 2,
subject to the appropriate permitted deviations given in table 3.
6
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
3.5.5 Unacceptable product analysis
If, in a product analysis, the deviation(s) exceed the relevant value(s) given in table 3, the manufacturer
shall be given the opportunity of confirming the purchaser's results. In the event of dispute, compliance
with the standard shall be decided on the basis of an independent analysis, using the methods given
in 6.2.
3.5.6 Maximum carbon equivalent value for weldability
If agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the grades listed in table 1 and table 2
shall be supplied with a carbon equivalent value (calculated on ladle analysis) not exceeding the
maximum values given in column 11 of tables 1 and 2. Amdt 7
The carbon equivalent value shall be calculated using the formula
Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu
C+ + +
6 5 15
Table 1 — Chemical composition (ladle analysis) for sections and bars
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+
Nb + Maximum
C Mn Si P S Nb V Al
V* carbon
Grade #
equivalent
Maximum content
%(m/m) %
240WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,050 0,01 0,03 0,04 0,10
240WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,050 0,01 0,03 0,04 0,10 0,38
240WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
300WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,050 0,050 0,03 0,10 0,05 0,10
300WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,050 0,050 0,03 0,10 0,05 0,10 0,43
300WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,050 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
350WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,050 0,050 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
350WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,050 0,050 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,45
350WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
450WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,20 0,15 0,10
450WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,51
450WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,20 0,15 0,10
NOTE The total combination of Cu, Ni, Cr and Mo should not exceed 0,5 % max.
* It is permissible that the steels be supplied with no niobium or vanadium. If grain refining elements are
used, their presence shall be reported by the manufacturer on test certificates. If Nb or V is used
singly, the maximum percentages of either shall conform to the limits given in columns 7 and 8. If they
are used in combination, the maximum percentage shall conform to the limits given in column 9.
+
Addition of these elements is optional, and their presence may be reported by agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser (see appendix B.2.5).
#
The maximum carbon equivalent, as specified in column 11, may be specified by agreement between
the manufacturer and the purchaser (see appendix B.2.4), and if the purchaser requires the addition of
copper, the relevant maximum carbon equivalent given in column 11 shall be increased by 0,02 %.
Amdt 1; amdt 3; amdt 5; amdt 6; amdt 7
7
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Table 2 — Chemical composition (ladle analysis) for plates
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+
Nb + Maximum
C Mn Si P S Nb V Al
V* carbon
Grade #
equivalent
Maximum content
%(m/m) %
240WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,050 0,01 0,03 0,04 0,10
240WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,050 0,01 0,03 0,04 0,10 0,38
240WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
300WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,050 0,03 0,10 0,05 0,10
300WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,050 0,03 0,10 0,05 0,10 0,43
300WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
350WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
350WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,45
350WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
450WA 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,20 0,15 0,10
450WC 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,51
450WDD 0,22 1,60 0,50 0,040 0,040 0,10 0,20 0,15 0,10
NOTE The total combination of Cu, Ni, Cr and Mo should not exceed 0,5 % max.
* It is permissible that the steels be supplied with no niobium or vanadium. If grain refining elements are
used, their presence shall be reported by the manufacturer on test certificates. If Nb or V is used
singly, the maximum percentages of either shall conform to the limits given in columns 7 and 8. If they
are used in combination, the maximum percentage shall conform to the limits given in column 9.
+
Addition of these elements is optional, and their presence may be reported by agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser (see appendix B.2.5).
#
The maximum carbon equivalent, as specified in column 11, may be specified by agreement between
the manufacturer and the purchaser (see appendix B.2.4), and if the purchaser requires the addition of
copper, the relevant maximum carbon equivalent given in column 11 shall be increased by 0,02 %.
Amdt 1; amdt 3; amdt 6; amdt 7; amdt 8
Table 3 — Permitted deviations in product analysis

above the maximum specified in tables 1 and 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Deviations above maximum
specified ladle analysis
Grade
% (m/m)
C Si Mn P S
240WA 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
240WC 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
240WDD 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
300WA 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
300WC 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
300WDD 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
350WA 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
350WC 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
350WDD 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
450WA 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
450WC 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
450WDD 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,010 0,010
8
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
3.6 Mechanical properties
3.6.1 Tensile properties
The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of a steel shall be determined in accordance with 6.3
and the actual values for these properties shall comply with the appropriate requirements given in
tables 4, 5 and 6.
3.6.2 Impact resistance tests
The impact resistance of a steel, determined using the Charpy V-notch impact test in accordance with
6.4, shall comply with the appropriate requirements given in
a) tables 4, 5 and 6 when standard test pieces are used, and
b) table 7 when subsidiary test pieces are used.
3.6.3 Bending properties
When the determination of a bend test has been agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer,
the bend test shall be carried out in accordance with 6.5 and the sample shall be deemed to comply
with the requirement for bending if the test piece shows no sign of fracture during the bending process.
9
10
Edition 1.8
SANS 1431:2007
Table 4 — Mechanical properties for flat bars and sections
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Minimum elongation A, Charpy V-notch impact test
Minimum yield stress Re, MPa, for thickness t, mm
%, on gauge length of (10 mm × 10 mm test piece)
Tensile
Minimum
Grade strength Rm average Test Maximum
t < 16 16 < t < 25 25 < t < 40 40 < t < 63 63 < t < 100 200 mm 5,65 *
So impact temperature thickness
resistance
MPa J °C mm
240WA 380/510 240 240 230 220 210 20 22 – – –
240WC 380/510 240 240 230 220 210 20 22 27 0 100
240WDD 380/510 240 240 230 220 210 20 22 27 −30 100
300WA 450/620 300 300 300 290 280 20 22 – – –
300WC 450/620 300 300 300 290 280 20 22 27 0 50
300WDD 450/620 300 300 300 290 280 20 22 27 −30 50
350WA 480/650 350 345 345 340 325 18 20 – – –
350WC 480/650 350 345 345 340 325 18 20 27 0 40
350WDD 480/650 350 345 345 340 325 18 20 27 −30 40
450WA 550/700 450 430 415 – – 17 19 – – –
450WC 550/700 450 430 415 400 – 17 19 27 0 19
450WDD 550/700 450 430 415 400 – 17 19 27 −30 19
* So = original cross-sectional area.
Amdt 1
Table 5 — Mechanical properties for plates
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Minimum elongation A, %, Charpy V-notch impact test
Minimum yield stress Re, MPa, for thickness t, mm
on gauge length of (10 mm × 10 mm test piece)
Tensile
Minimum
1,5 < t < 16 16 < t < 40 40 < t < 63 63 < t < 100 100 < t < 150 50 mm 200 mm 5,65 *
So impact temperature thickness
resistance
MPa J °C mm
240WA 380/510 240 240 230 220 210 28 20 22 – – –
240WC 380/510 240 240 230 220 210 28 20 22 27 0 100
240WDD 380/510 240 240 230 220 210 28 20 22 27 –30 100
300WA 450/620 300 300 290 280 270 24 20 22 – – –
300WC 450/620 300 300 290 280 270 24 20 22 27 0 63
300WDD 450/620 300 300 290 280 270 24 20 22 27 –30 63
350WA 480/650 350 350 340 325 305 22 18 20 – – –
350WC 480/650 350 350 340 325 305 22 18 20 27 0 100
350WDD 480/650 350 350 340 325 305 22 18 20 27 –30 100
450WA 550/700 450 430 415 380 – 20 17 19 – – –
450WC 550/700 450 430 415 380 – 20 17 19 27 0 100
450WDD 550/700 450 430 415 380 – 20 17 19 27 –30 40
Amdt 1; amdt 2
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
11
12
Edition 1.8
SANS 1431:2007
Table 6 — Mechanical properties for round and square bars
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Charpy V-notch impact test
Minimum yield stress Re, MPa, for diameter d or width w, mm
(10 mm × 10 mm test piece)
Tensile Minimum
elongation A, Minimum
d < 25 25 < d < 50 50 < d < 63 63 < d < 100 100 < d < 160 %, 5,65 So
* impact temperature thickness
w < 25 25 < w < 50 50 < w < 63 63 < w < 100 100 < w < 160
resistance
MPa J °C mm
300WA 450/620 300 300 290 280 270 22 – – –
300WC 450/620 300 300 290 280 270 22 27 0 83
300WDD 450/620 300 300 290 280 270 22 27 –30 83
350WA 480/650 350 350 345 330 325 20 – – –
350WC 480/650 350 350 345 330 325 20 27 0 83
350WDD 480/650 350 350 345 330 325 20 27 –30 83
450WA 550/700 450 430 415 – – 19 – – –
450WC 550/700 450 430 415 400 – 19 27 0 32
450WDD 550/700 450 430 415 400 – 19 27 –30 32
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Table 7 — Charpy V-notch impact test on subsidiary test pieces
1 2
Size of subsidiary Average minimum
test piece impact resistance
mm J
10 × 7,5 22
10 × 5 19
4 Marking
4.1 Identification of cast
The manufacturer shall identify the ingots, billets, slabs, plates, bundles of sections and bars, etc., in
such a way as to enable the finished steel to be traced to the cast from which it was made.
4.2 Each piece or parcel of steel shall be legibly marked with the manufacturer's name or trade mark,
and with the cast number or identification marks by which the steel can be traced to the cast from which
it was made.
4.3 The material shall be legibly marked with additional marking, if so required by the purchaser.
4.4 When parcels of material of the same steel are securely bundled, an acceptable label or tab shall
be attached to each bundle and marked as in 4.1 and 4.2.
5 Test certificates
5.1 Manufacturer's supply
a) Each consignment of steel shall be accompanied by a certificate from the supplier. The certificate
shall include identification of the steel and the results of all the relevant tests that have been carried
out on the steel.
NOTE Electronic transfer of a certificate is acceptable. Amdt 7
b) No steel shall be dispatched from the manufacturer's works until all the tests have been carried out
and the material has been found to comply with the requirements of this specification.
5.2 Merchant supply

If any steel is supplied from a merchant's stock, the merchant shall satisfy the purchaser by means of
numbers or identification marks combined with a manufacturer's certificate, that such steel has been
tested and complies with all the relevant requirements of this specification. Amdt 1
6 Inspection and methods of test

6.1 Inspection
Visually examine each piece or parcel or bundle of steel for compliance with the requirements of
section 4.
13
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
6.2 Test for chemical composition

Use any reliable method of chemical analysis (including spectrographic methods) to determine the
content of each constituent of each sample and check for compliance with the requirements of 3.5.1,
3.5.2 or 3.5.3, as relevant.
NOTE The relevant methods given in ASTM E350, ASTM E322, ASTM E353, ASTM E354 and ASTM E415a
have been found to be suitable, and should be used in all cases of dispute. Amdt 5; amdt 7
6.3 Tests for tensile properties
6.3.1 Number of tensile tests
One tensile test shall be carried out per 40 tonnes or part thereof, of the same product form (e.g. plates,
types of sections, etc.), of the same range of thickness or diameter, from the same cast, and showing a
thickness or diameter variation of not more than 5 mm above or below the thickness or diameter of the
product sampled, or not more than 25 mm in the case of plates of thickness exceeding 75 mm.
6.3.2 Position of test samples
6.3.2.1 Direction of samples
Cut tensile test samples in the transverse direction from plates and longitudinally from sections and
bars.
6.3.2.2 Position for sections and bars
Take samples from the relevant positions shown in appendix C.1. Take the test samples from the web
or flange, at the manufacturer's option.
6.3.2.3 Position for plates
Take samples from one end of the plate midway between the centre and one edge (see appendix C.1).
6.3.2.4 Alternative position
When two rolled surfaces cannot be retained, round or rectangular test pieces having a thickness or
diameter of at least 12,5 mm shall be taken from the relevant positions indicated in appendix C.2.
6.3.3 Test pieces
Appropriate tensile test pieces shall be so prepared (in accordance with the requirements of
SANS 6892 from the test samples obtained in accordance with 6.3.2) that, wherever practicable, the
rolled surface of the steel is retained on two opposite sides of the test piece. Amdt 3
6.3.4 Tests
6.3.4.1 Procedure
Determine, in accordance with SANS 6892, the tensile strength Rm, the yield stress Re, and the
elongation A. Check for compliance with the relevant requirements for tensile properties given in 3.6.1.
Amdt 3
NOTE For the yield strength, either the upper yield stress ReH, or the 0,5 % proof stress (total elongation) Rt 0,5,
may be determined. Amdt 1
14
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
6.3.4.2 Dispute
If the result is in dispute, the yield stress shall be deemed not to have been reached until the total
extension under load, as determined by the extensometer or dividers, is observed to be 0,5 % of the
gauge length.
6.4 Tests for impact resistance

6.4.1 Number of tests
Carry out impact tests on three adjacent test pieces per thickness per lot of 40 tonnes or part thereof,
from the same cast.
6.4.2 Position of test samples

Take samples from the relevant positions given in appendix D. The impact test samples shall be taken
from within 25 mm of the centres of the positions shown in appendix D.
6.4.3 Standard test pieces

Cut the test pieces parallel to the principal direction of rolling, with the axis of the notch perpendicular to
the rolled surface of the product (see figure 1(a)). Transverse test pieces (see figure 1(b)) may be cut
from plate either at the option of or by agreement with the supplier. (This shall be indicated on the test
certificates.) Prepare the test pieces in accordance with SANS 148-1 and the following requirements.
Amdt 5; amdt 8
a) Thick material. For thicknesses of 20 mm and over, so machine standard test pieces of size
10 mm × 10 mm that they do not include material nearer to the surface than 3 mm.
b) Thin material. For material of thickness less than 20 mm but exceeding 12 mm, so machine
standard test pieces of size 10 mm × 10 mm that they do not include material nearer to the surface
than 1 mm.
(a) (b)
Figure 1 — Orientation of test pieces
6.4.4 Subsidiary test pieces

If the material is too thin to permit the preparation of test pieces of size 10 mm × 10 mm, carry out the
tests using the next largest subsidiary test piece given in SANS 148-1. In this case, reduce the
minimum specified impact value in accordance with table 7 (of this specification). Amdt 5; amdt 8
NOTE Impact tests are not required for material of thickness less than 5 mm unless agreed upon between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
15
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8

NOTE The specified impact properties are for quality control purposes during the manufacture of the steel, and
the fact that low temperatures are used for these tests does not necessarily imply that the steels described are
completely satisfactory for use at these temperatures.
Both welding and forming (bending, punching, etc.) are known to affect the toughness of the as-
delivered steel.
6.4.5.1 Method of testing
Use the Charpy V-notch test in accordance with SANS 148-1 and at the appropriate temperature, for
the grade given in table 4, 5 or 6, as relevant. Amdt 5; amdt 8
6.4.5.2 Standard test pieces
Check whether the average impact value obtained from the three standard test pieces of size
10 mm × 10 mm complies with the requirement for impact resistance given in 3.6.2(a).
6.4.5.3 Subsidiary test pieces
Check whether the average impact value obtained from three subsidiary test pieces is at least equal to
the appropriate value given in 3.6.2(b).
6.4.5.4 Individual values
For standard test pieces and for subsidiary test pieces, one individual value may be below the average
required value provided that it is at least equal to 70 % of the required value.
6.5 Bend test

6.5.1 Number of tests
When it has been agreed that a bend test is required, one bend test shall be carried out per lot of
40 tonnes or part thereof, from the same cast.
6.5.2 Test samples
Samples for the preparation of the bend test pieces shall be taken from positions similar to those for
tensile tests, as shown in appendix C (see also 6.3.2).
6.5.3 Test pieces
a) Obtain bend test pieces prepared from the samples above (see 6.5.2). Cut the test pieces
transversely for plates, and lengthwise for sections and bars.
b) Use a rectangular test piece at least 40 mm wide wherever possible; otherwise, use a test piece of
the maximum width attainable.
c) For material of thickness exceeding 25 mm, a bend test piece of width 40 mm and thickness 25 mm
may be used, provided that the surface to be put in tension is one of the original surfaces of the
material.
d) At the manufacturer's option, round, square and flat bars may be bent in full section as rolled.
e) In all bend tests, the rough edge or arris caused by cutting may be removed and the edges slightly
radiused by filing, grinding or machining, but the test piece shall receive no other preparation.
16
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
6.5.4 Bending requirement Amdt 7
Maintain the test piece at room temperature and bend it through 180°, to the appropriate internal
diameter given in table 8 for the relevant grade. Amdt 7
6.5.5 Evaluation
Deem the steel to have passed the bend test if the test piece shows no sign of fracture during the bend
test.
Table 8 — Bend test requirements
1 2
Bend diameter*
Grade for thickness
T
240WA 3T
240WC 3T
240WDD 3T
300WA 3T
300WC 3T
300WDD 3T
350WA 3T
350WC 3T
350WDD 3T
450WA 3,5T
450WC 3,5T
450WDD 3,5T
* The bend diameters given in
this table are for specially
prepared test pieces (see 6.5.3)
and should not be used as a
guide for actual bending during
manufacture, where conditions
are normally more severe.
6.6 Retests
6.6.1 Tensile and bend tests
Should a test piece not comply with the tensile or bend test requirements, two further tests for the
specific property shall be carried out on samples taken from the plate, flat bar, wide flat, universal wide
flat, section or bar from which the original test piece was prepared.
In the case of universal beams, columns and bearing piles and joists with 5° taper flanges, the retests
may, at the manufacturer's option, be made on test pieces taken from the flange.
Provided the results of both these further tests comply with the test requirements for the specific
property, deem all the material represented to comply with the requirements for this property.
If the results of either of these additional tests do not comply with the test requirements, the material
from which the test pieces were cut fails to comply with the requirements for this property. The
remaining material may still comply with the requirements for this property, provided that two samples
of the remaining material are tested in accordance with the test and found to comply with the
requirements for this property.
17
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
6.6.2.1 General
If the average value of the three impact resistance tests is less than the required minimum average or if
one individual value is less than 70 % of the required minimum, test three additional test pieces from
the same sample, add the results to those previously obtained and calculate a new average. If the new
average value is less than the required minimum average, the sample fails to comply with the impact
resistance requirement. Not more than two of the individual values shall be less than the required
impact resistance value and not more than one individual value shall be less than 70 % of the required
value.
6.6.2.2 Material tested on a batch basis
a) General. When material is tested on a batch basis, and the average impact resistance test value
from the thickest material for a batch or cast fails to comply with the relevant requirement, this shall
not prejudice the acceptance of material of lesser thickness from the same batch or cast, provided
the thickest remaining material is tested for impact resistance and complies with the requirements for
this property.
b) Plates. If impact test pieces taken from the thickest plate of a batch or cast fail to comply with the
relevant requirements for the grade of steel, this shall not prejudice the acceptance of other plates of
the same thickness in the batch or cast, provided that impact test pieces in accordance with 6.4 are
taken from each of these plates and give results that comply with the relative impact resistance
requirements.
c) Section or bars. If impact test pieces taken from the thickest section or bar of a batch or cast fail to
comply with the relevant requirements for the grade of steel, this shall not prejudice the acceptance
of other material of the same thickness in the batch or cast, provided that impact tests are made on
test pieces taken from one section or bar from each 5 tonnes as rolled, or from each section or bar if
it is in excess of 5 tonnes each, and the results comply with the relevant impact resistance
requirements.
6.6.3 Heat treatment
Notwithstanding the requirements of 6.6.1 and 6.6.2, the manufacturer shall have the right to heat treat
or reheat treat any material found not to comply with the test requirements, and re-submit it for testing.
The total number of heat treatment cycles permitted of any material shall be limited to two.
All reasonable precautions shall be taken to avoid undue decarburization of any material by heat
treatment.
6.6.4 Defects revealed after delivery
In the event of any material proving defective during subsequent fabrication, such material shall be
deemed not to comply with the requirements of this specification. The manufacturer shall not be
responsible for any failure to comply with the requirements that is caused by improper treatment after
delivery.
18
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Appendix A
Applicable standards
(This appendix does not form part of the requirements of the specification)
Reference is made to the latest issues of the following standards:
ASTM E 322, X-ray emission spectrometric analysis of low-alloy steels and cast irons. Amdt 5
ASTM E 350, Chemical analysis of carbon steel, low-alloy steel, silicon electrical steel, ingot iron and
wrought iron. Amdt 5
ASTM E 353, Chemical analysis of stainless, heat-resisting, maraging, and other similar chromium-
nickel-iron alloys.
ASTM E 354, Chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic and other similar iron, nickel
and cobalt alloys.
ASTM E 415a, Optical emission vacuum spectrometric analysis of carbon and low-alloy steel.
Amdt 5; amdt 7
BS 4-1, Structural steel sections – Part 1: Specification for hot-rolled sections.
DIN 1025-5, Hot-rolled I-beams – Medium flange I-beams, IPE-series – Part 5: Dimensions, masses
and sectional properties. Amdt 1; amdt 5
DIN 1026-1, Hot-rolled steel channels – Part 1: Taper flange steel channels, dimensions, masses and
sectional properties. Amdt 5
EN 10029, Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above – Tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass.
Amdt 1; amdt 5
EN 10160, Ultrasonic testing of steel flat product of thickness equal or greater than 6 mm (reflection
method). Amdt 5
EN 10164, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the
product – Technical delivery conditions. Amdt 5
EN 10279, Hot-rolled steel channels – Tolerances on shape, dimensions and mass. Amdt 5
ISO 657-1, Hot-rolled steel sections – Part 1: Equal-leg angles, dimensions. Amdt 5
SANS 148/ISO 148 (SABS ISO 148), Steel – Charpy impact test (V-notch). Amdt 3; amdt 5; amdt 8
SANS 148-1/ISO 148-1, Metallic materials – Charpy pendulum impact test – Part 1: Test method.
Amdt 8
SANS 6892/ISO 6892, Metallic materials – Tensile testing at ambient temperature. Amdt 3; amdt 5
SANS 9001/ISO 9001, Quality management systems – Requirements. Amdt 5
19
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Appendix B
Notes to purchasers
(This appendix, with the exception of section B.2, forms part of the requirements of the specification)
Amdt 1
B.1 Information to be supplied by the purchaser

B.1.1 General
The following information shall be supplied by the purchaser in tender invitations and in each order or
contract:
a) the grade of steel (see 3.2 and tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6), and
b) details of the form, dimensions and quantity of the product (see 3.3). Amdt 1
B.2 Options
The optional requirements given in B.2.1 to B.2.16 (inclusive) may be specified by the purchaser and
are subject to confirmation by the manufacturer.
B.2.1 Steelmaking process

The steelmaking process shall include vacuum degassing (see 3.1.1).
B.2.2 Sulphur content

The sulphur shall be limited to a maximum content (ladle analysis) (see tables 1 and 2) of either
a) 0,025 %, or
b) 0,012 %, or
c) 0,005 %.
B.2.3 Copper additions

The grades 240WA, 240WC, 240WDD, 300WA, 300WC, 300WDD, 350WA, 350WC and 350WDD
shall be supplied with a copper content (ladle analysis) in the range 0,20-0,35 % (see 3.1.2 and tables 1
and 2).
B.2.4 Maximum carbon equivalent value

The manufacturer shall supply material to a maximum carbon equivalent value (see 3.5.6).
B.2.5 Ladle analysis: additional elements

The manufacturer shall report the content of elements other than those specified in tables 1 and 2, i.e.
aluminium, copper, nickel, chromium and molybdenum (see 3.5.1).
B.2.6 Product analysis

If so required and so agreed upon, the manufacturer shall supply a product analysis (see 3.5.2).
20
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
B.2.7 Correction of surface defects

The manufacturer shall only correct surface defects to the 7 % limit after consultation with the purchaser
(see 3.4.5(a)).
B.2.8 Repair by welding

The manufacturer shall only repair defects by welding after consultation with the purchaser
(see 3.4.5(b)).
B.2.9 Additional marking

When so required, the manufacturer shall provide additional marking (see 4.3).
B.2.10 Purchaser's visual inspection

The purchaser or his representative shall visually inspect the material (items produced to the order)
(see B.3.5).
B.2.11 Purchaser's witnessing of tests

The purchaser or his representative shall witness the tests (see B.3.5).
B.2.12 Purchaser's selection and identification of test samples

The purchaser or his representative shall select and identify the test samples (see B.3.2).
B.2.13 Ultrasonic testing

Plates shall be subjected to ultrasonic testing in accordance with EN 10160. Amdt 5
At the time of enquiry and order, the purchaser shall specify
a) which quality grade(s) of EN 10160 shall apply to his order, and Amdt 5
b) whether he intends to witness the ultrasonic testing and, if so, the frequency of witnessing.
B.2.14 Through-thickness testing

Plates shall be through-thickness tested in accordance with EN 10164 to the quality level from
EN 10164 specified by the purchaser. Amdt 5
B.2.15 Bend tests

When so agreed upon, bend tests shall be performed (see 3.6.3).
B.2.16 Impact tests

When so agreed upon, impact resistance tests shall be made on samples taken in the transverse
direction (see 6.4.3). Amdt 1
21
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
B.3 The following arrangements must be agreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer:
B.3.1 Testing facilities

The manufacturer shall supply the test samples and shall prepare the necessary test pieces. He shall
also supply labour and facilities for such testing as may be carried out on his premises in accordance
with this specification.
NOTE The mass of sections should be calculated on the basis that these steels have a mass of 7 850 kg/m3.
B.3.2 Selection and identification of test samples
B.3.2.1 Selection of samples by the purchaser
If so stated on the enquiry and order, the purchaser or his representative shall select and identify the
test samples according to the following conditions:
B.3.2.2 The manufacturer shall make available to the purchaser or his representative complete lists of
all material relating to his order from each cast involved, with sizes and numbers or marks by which
each piece can be identified in accordance with 4.1.
B.3.2.3 The manufacturer shall submit sufficient material to allow the purchaser or his representative
to select and identify the number of samples required for tests (see 6.3.1, 6.4.1 and 6.5.1).
B.3.2.4 Alternatively, if the purchaser so desires, he or his representative may select samples (as
given in 6.3.1, 6.4.1 and 6.5.1) from any of the pieces after they have been cut to the ordered size. In
this case, the purchaser shall accept the material from which the test samples have been cut, provided
always that the test results are satisfactory.
B.3.3 Selection of samples by the manufacturer

If the purchaser does not state on the enquiry and order that he or his representative shall select the
samples, the manufacturer shall randomly select and identify test samples as given in 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5.
B.3.4 Condition of samples

The test samples shall be in the same condition as the supplied material (see 3.4) unless otherwise
agreed upon at the time of order or enquiry.
B.3.5 Inspection
The purchaser or his representative shall by agreement have access at all reasonable times to those
parts of the works engaged on an order, and shall be at liberty to inspect the manufacturing process at
any stage.
If stated on the enquiry and order (appendix B.2.10), the purchaser shall be allowed to visually inspect
the items produced for his order, to select the test samples (see appendix B.3.3) and to witness the
tests. Amdt 1
22
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Appendix C
Positions of test samples for tensile and bend tests

(This appendix forms part of the requirements of the specification) Amdt 1
C.1 Positions of test samples for tensile and bend tests

Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3 Figure 4
Key to figures:
Section reference
Figure Product form Bend test Notes
Tensile test
(where applicable)
1 I-sections 6.3 6.5 The test sample may be taken from
H-sections the web or the flange, at the
2 Channels 6.3 6.5 manufacturer's option
3 Equal and unequal angles 6.3 6.5 The test sample may be taken from
either leg of an unequal angle
4 Plates 6.3 6.5
Flats
23
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
C.2 Positions of test piece to be taken from tensile test samples when
two rolled surfaces cannot be retained
24
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Appendix D
Positions of test samples for impact tests

(This appendix forms part of the requirements of the specification) Amdt 1
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
Key to figures:
Figure Product form

1 I-sections
H-sections
2 Channels
3 Equal and unequal angles
25
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Figure 4
Figure 5 Figure 6
Figure 7
Key to figures:
Figure Product form

4 Round bars
5, 6 and 7 Plates
Universal wide flats
Flat bars
Wide flats
26
SANS 1431:2007
Edition 1.8
Appendix E
Quality evaluation of weldable structural steels produced

to the requirements laid down in the specification
(This appendix does not form part of the requirements of the specification)
E.1 Quality verification

E.1.1 When a purchaser requires quality verification on an ongoing basis of weldable structural steels
produced to this specification, it is suggested that, rather than to evaluation of the final product only, he
also direct his attention to the quality management system applied by the manufacturer. In this
connection it should be noted that SANS 9001 covers the provision of an integrated quality
management system. Amdt 5
© Standards South Africa
27

Sans 1431

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sans 1431

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF)

I agree with the above

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Weldable structural steels

Published by Standards South Africa

5 Test certificates ................................................................................................................... 13

6 Inspection and methods of test ............................................................................................ 13

6.1 Inspection ................................................................................................................... 13

Appendix A Applicable standards ........................................................................................ 19

Appendix B Notes to purchasers .......................................................................................... 20

Appendix D Positions of test samples for impact tests ......................................................... 25

Appendix E Quality evaluation of weldable structural steels produced to the

This page is intentionally left blank

Weldable structural steels

a) The standards referred to in this specification are listed in appendix A.

The steel shall be made by either of the following processes:

a) electric arc furnace, or

b) basic oxygen furnace with or without combination blowing.

3.1.2 Copper additions

3.3 Form and dimensions

The steel shall be in the form of plates, sections or bars.

Plates, bars EN 10029

3.4 Supply condition and freedom from defects

3.4.3 Freedom from defects

3.4.4 Correction of minor surface defects

3.4.5 Additional procedure for correction of minor surface defects

3.5 Chemical composition

3.5.1 Ladle analysis

3.5.2 Product analysis

3.5.3 Purchaser's product analysis

A product (check) analysis may be carried out by the purchaser.

3.5.4 Acceptable product analysis

3.5.5 Unacceptable product analysis

3.5.6 Maximum carbon equivalent value for weldability

The carbon equivalent value shall be calculated using the formula

Table 1 — Chemical composition (ladle analysis) for sections and bars

Table 2 — Chemical composition (ladle analysis) for plates

Table 3 — Permitted deviations in product analysis

3.6 Mechanical properties

3.6.1 Tensile properties

3.6.2 Impact resistance tests

a) tables 4, 5 and 6 when standard test pieces are used, and

b) table 7 when subsidiary test pieces are used.

3.6.3 Bending properties

Table 5 — Mechanical properties for plates

Table 7 — Charpy V-notch impact test on subsidiary test pieces

NOTE Electronic transfer of a certificate is acceptable. Amdt 7

5.2 Merchant supply

6 Inspection and methods of test

6.2 Test for chemical composition

6.3 Tests for tensile properties

6.3.1 Number of tensile tests

6.3.2 Position of test samples

6.3.2.1 Direction of samples

6.3.2.2 Position for sections and bars

6.3.2.3 Position for plates

6.3.2.4 Alternative position

6.3.3 Test pieces

6.4 Tests for impact resistance

6.4.2 Position of test samples

6.4.3 Standard test pieces

Figure 1 — Orientation of test pieces

6.4.4 Subsidiary test pieces