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USER’S MANUAL
Carrier Corporation
Chapter 7 REPORTS
7.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1 OVERVIEW OF INPUT REPORTS .............................................................................................. 7-1
7.2 OVERVIEW OF OUTPUT REPORTS .......................................................................................... 7-1
7.3 SELECTING AN HVAC SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 7-2
7.4 CHOOSING THE CALCULATION TIMES .................................................................................. 7-2
7.5 SELECTING REPORTS ................................................................................................................ 7-3
7.6 THE BLOCK LOAD REPORT FORM .......................................................................................... 7-4
7.6.1 Printing A Report ................................................................................................................................ 7-4
7.6.2 Paging Through A Report.................................................................................................................... 7-4
7.6.3 Selecting Other Reports....................................................................................................................... 7-4
7.6.4 Exiting The Report Form..................................................................................................................... 7-4
Step 2: Enter Zone Data. You must enter data for each of the zones in your building. A "zone"
is a region of a building served by one thermostatic control. It is often convenient to think of a
zone as a room of your building, though a zone can be a group of several zones (or even the entire
building) or it can be only a portion of a room.
A zone is defined by its characteristics such as wall areas and properties, roof area and properties
and the zone’s internal load characteristics. Refer to Chapter 5 for more detailed information on
entering zone data.
Step 3: Enter HVAC System Data. The "HVAC System" is the equipment and controls used to
provide cooling and heating to your building. It includes such things as the supply fan, cooling and
heating coils, thermostats, ventilation and exhaust dampers, and the controls that tie them together.
Chapter 6 provides further information on HVAC System input.
For network installations, the “___” in CFGXX___.MDB is replaced by a three letters identifying the
network user.
• only those projects for which Block Load data exists (from the current version of Block
Load).
• projects created by any other Carrier E20-II or Electronic Catalog program (Rooftop
Selection Program, for example).
• all projects created by all Carrier E20-II and Electronic Catalog programs.
• only those projects for which Block Load data exists (from the current version of Block
Load).
• projects created by any other Carrier E20-II or Electronic Catalog program (Rooftop
Selection Program, for example).
• all projects created by all Carrier E20-II and Electronic Catalog programs.
If you choose to delete the currently-loaded project, Block Load will automatically create a new, default
project for you.
2.3.5 Making Project Notes
The Project Properties option allows you to save notes about the project that may not directly affect your
Block Load data (see the example in Figure 2.4). The Project Properties form contains a Project
Description input box where your notes will be entered. This information is not used within the program,
so its purpose is solely to record project-related information. It is not necessary to enter anything into the
Project Description box.
fit in its rectangular box, vertical scroll bars will appear at the right side of the box to allow you to view
the remaining zones.
1. You may select the zone (by clicking on its icon), then use the Delete option on the Zone Menu.
Note that the zone will not be deleted from your project. If the zone is not attached to any other
system, then it will be automatically moved to the Unattached Zones area.
2. You can left drag the zone icon from your system and drop it in the Unattached Zones area.
3. You can select the zone (by clicking on its icon), then right click on it. A pop-up menu will ap pear
with an option to delete the zone (Delete). If you choose this option, the zone will be removed from
that system. Note that the zone will not be deleted from your project. If the zone is not attached to
any other system, then it will be automatically moved to the Unattached Zones area.
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes how weather data can be manipulated for use in Block Load’s calculations. In this
step the user specifies the design weather conditions for the building site. Separate sections in this
chapter provide an overview of Editing City data and describe the use of various options on the Edit City
screen.
The following sections describe each of the input fields on the Edit City form. After you have entered the
correct data on the Edit City form, click the OK button to exit the form.
5.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with Block Load zones. It describes what zones are, what they are used for, and how
to enter zone information into Block Load. Section 5.1 provides an overview of zones. The remaining
sections in the chapter describe the various zone features available in Block Load.
• Chapter 3 described how to create new zones, modify existing zones, and attach/detach
zones using the zone icons on the Main window.
• The Zone Menu has options for creating new zones, modifying existing zones, deleting
zones, copying and moving zones, and making global changes to all zones. These options
will be described fully later in this chapter.
• The toolbar has a New Zone button for creating new zones. Operation of the New Zone
button will be described fully later in this chapter.
respond Yes, the zone is deleted from the project. If you say No, then the zone is left in the Unattached
Zones area.
• You can change only the data which matches a value that you specify. To do this, first
make sure the Change All Values box is unchecked. In the Change To input box, enter
the value that you want the data changed to. In the remaining input box, enter the value
of the data item that you want replaced.
Make Changes To Zones. Located on the right-hand side of the form, this area is used to select the
zones to which you want the global changes to apply. The global changes will apply only to those zones
which are highlighted in this area.
When you return from the Zone Information form, a new zone icon is added to the Main window with
the name you’ve assigned on the Zone Information form. The zone will be attached to the currently
selected HVAC system automatically; if there was no currently selected HVAC system when the New
Zone option was chosen, then the zone will be assigned to the “Unattached Zones”.
When you are finished entering zone data, click the OK button to save the data and return to the Main
window. You should review the zone data on each of the Zone Information form tabs before clicking the
OK button.
If you wish to cancel any changes made to your zone data, click the Cancel button. Note that changes
cannot be canceled once you click OK.
The remainder of this section describes the zone data inputs on each of the Zone Information form tabs.
Miscellaneous Sensible & Latent Loads . Sensible and latent heat gains from other non-electric
internal sources can be considered using these inputs. Positive inputs indicate a heat gain; negative
inputs indicate a heat loss. Readers should note that miscellaneous internal loads are only considered
during design cooling calculations. These inputs are useful for analyzing such things as the presence of
refrigeration cases in supermarkets or the use of gas-fired kitchen equipment in restaurants.
Miscellaneous Load Unoccupied Diversity Factor . This factor defines the fraction of the specified
miscellaneous loads present during the unoccupied equipment operating period. A diversity factor of
25%, for example, means that 25% of the heat gain is present during the unoccupied period.
While miscellaneous heat gains are assumed to become cooling loads instantly, the accumulation of
heat during a nighttime shutdown period can have a significant effect on pull down loads during the
daytime operating period. Hence, it is important to specify a realistic diversity factor in order to obtain
reliable cooling load results.
Cooling & Heating Infiltration . Infiltration airflow may be specified as either an airflow per unit
floor area (CFM/sqft or L/s/sqm) or as a total airflow rate (CFM or L/s). To switch from one type of
5-8 Block Load
Zones Chapter 5
units to the other, use the drop down list. The cooling infiltration value is used for design cooling load
calculations. The heating value is used for design heating load calculations.
Slab. Inputs are used to account for heat transmission losses through floors on grade, or through
floors and walls below grade. These heat losses are only considered for design heating load
calculations. The slab inputs have slightly different meanings for on-grade and below-grade cases.
For slabs on-grade:
• Slab Area is the area of the on-grade slab floor.
• Slab Perimeter is length of the perimeter of the on-grade slab floor.
• Slab Depth should be specified as zero for an on-grade slab.
For below-grade floors:
• Slab Area is the area of the below-grade basement floor.
• Slab Perimeter is the length of the perimeter of the below-grade basement floor.
• Slab Depth refers to the distance between the grade level and the top of the basement
floor surface. This input is used in conjunction with the slab perimeter to determine
the area of below-grade walls. The slab depth also influences rates of heat loss
through the basement walls.
specifications should only be used when the designer is confident a roof will permanently remain light
or medium colored.
Glass U-Value. The glass U-value defines the insulating value of the window assembly. This U-value
is used in glass transmission load calculations.
Glass Factor. Defines how solar energy is transmitted through windows. In the ASHRAE Handbook
this factor is referred to as a "shading coefficient". The ASHRAE procedure for computing solar gains
evaluates solar energy transmission through a single pane of ordinary glass. The glass factor is used to
correct solar gains for other types of glass such as double pane windows or reflective glass, or for the
use of internal shading devices. Chapter 27 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (1989)
contains several tables of glass factors (shading coefficients) for various window designs.
Internal Shading. Plays a role in determining how soon a solar gain becomes a load. If internal
shading devices such as curtains are used, a portion of the solar gain will be absorbed by the curtain
and quickly convected to room air. If no shades are used, more of the solar energy will be absorbed by
interior floors and walls and will be convected to the air at a slower rate.
Readers should note that the "Internal Shading", "Glass Factor" and "Glass U-Value" inputs are
related. If internal shades are specified, glass factors and U- values which are appropriate for the
internal shades should also be entered.
External Shading. Seven parameters are used to describe external shading features for windows in the
zone. Five of these inputs deal with dimensions of overhangs, fins and reveals. External shading
inputs are discussed in the paragraphs below.
Window Height and Width. Used to describe the dimensions of one window aperture. For example,
200 sqft of glass may be specified for the zone, but may consist of five windows, each 10 ft by 4 ft. To
perform external shading calculations, the dimensions of a single window aperture must be known. It
is assumed all windows associated with the external shading data have these dimensions. If this is not
the case, multiple glass types should be used, and separate shading types should be defined.
Reveal Depth. Defines the distance the glass pane is set into the wall of the building. Depth is
measured from the wall surface to the outer surface of the glass.
Overhang Height. Defines the vertical distance between the top of the window aperture and the
bottom of the overhang.
Overhang Extension. Defines the horizontal distance from the wall to the outer edge of the overhang.
Fin Separation. Defines the distance between the window aperture and the fin. It is assumed that fins
are located on both sides of the window.
Fin Extension. Defines the distance from the wall to the outer edge of the fin.
Glass Area. The total glass surface area for each exposure must be defined. All glass areas for wall
exposures are assumed to be vertical windows. The glass area input on the "Roof" line is used to
define horizontal skylight areas.
Shade Type. If the glass area listed above has any external shading, then enter the appropriate shade
type (1, 2 or 3) corresponding to the external shading data defined on the Bldg. Matl. tab. If no
external shading is used, simply specify the shade type as zero. When the cursor is on the Shade Type
input box, the three external shade types are displayed at the bottom of the Exposure tab.
Note that external shading is not considered for horizontal skylights, so only shade type values of zero
are permitted in this case.
6.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with HVAC systems. It describes what systems are, what they are used for, and how
to enter system information into Block Load. Section 6.1 provides an overview of systems. The
remaining sections in the chapter describe the various system features in Block Load.
To print the System Input report, press the Print button in the upper left-hand corner of the report screen,
or choose the File:Print command. Refer to Chapter 7 for more details on the operation of the report
screen.
System Start Time & Duration . These two inputs define the "occupied" equipment operating period.
During this period the equipment provides both ventilation and conditioning. This is referred to as the
"occupied" period because it typically coincides with the times people are present in the building. For
the remaining hours of the day, it is assumed the equipment operates in a set-up/set-back mode.
Because fewer people or no people at all are present during set-up/set-back operation it is often
referred to as the "unoccupied period".
To define the occupied operating period, specify the hour the period begins, and the number of hours it
lasts. A 24-hour clock format is used when defining start times. Hour 0000 corresponds to midnight,
for example, 0100 corresponds to 1am, 0200 corresponds to 2am, etc ...
Sizing Specification: Supply . Supply air sizing calculations are based on this input. Sizing can be
based on:
• An airflow rate per unit floor area (CFM/sqft or L/s/sqm),
• A specified supply airflow rate (CFM or L/s), or
• A supply temperature.
If an airflow rate is defined, the program will calculate the required supply temperature. Likewise, if a
supply temperature is entered, the program will determine the required airflow rate.
To change the type of units for the supply specification, select from the drop down list.
Whenever the current HVAC system provides cooling, this input pertains to the sizing of cooling
supply air. If the system type is "Warm Air Heating Only", this input defines the heating airflow sizing
criteria. Finally, if the system type is either " hydronic" or "electric" baseboard heating only, this
supply input is not used in sizing calculations.
It is also worth noting that when a cooling supply temperature is specified, it must be less than the
occupied cooling thermostat set-point. The parameter limits will change according to the thermostat
setpoint. The Max limit will be 5° F less then the setpoint. When a heating supply temperature is
entered, it must be greater than the heating thermostat setpoint. The cooling setpoint must always be
higher than the heating setpoint, even if you have specified a heating-only system.
Ventilation Air Sizing Specification. Ventilation air sizing calculations are based on this input.
Sizing can be based on:
• An airflow per unit floor area (CFM/sqft or L/s/sqm),
• A specified ventilation airflow rate (CFM or L/s),
• A fixed percentage of the supply airflow rate, or
• An airflow per person value (CFM/person or L/s/person).
To change the type of units for the ventilation specification, select from the drop down list.
Whenever the current HVAC system provides cooling, this input defines how ventilation air for cooling
will be sized. If the system provides both cooling and heating, the ventilation airflow rate calculated
for cooling will also be used for design heating calculations. Finally, for heating-only systems the
ventilation inputs are used specifically for heating sizing calculations.
Direct Exhaust Air Sizing Specification. "Direct exhaust" refers to air which is exhausted from a
zone rather than return to the central air handler through a return duct or plenum. Whether air is
exhausted before or after the return plenum can have an important effect on the temperature rise in a
plenum and the resulting cooling coil loads. Direct exhaust air sizing calculations can either be based
on:
Cooling Thermostat Setpoint (Unoccupied Period). This is the thermostat setpoint used for the
"unoccupied" equipment operation period. Users may either enter the unoccupied setpoint temperature
or enter an [N] to specify that cooling is never provided during the unoccupied period. When a setpoint
temperature is specified, it must be greater than or equal to the occupied cooling setpoint. The
program will not accept values less than the occupied setpoint.
While design cooling loads will never occur during the "unoccupied" period, cooling loads for all 24-
hours in the day must be calculated in order to properly evaluate morning pulldown loads. For
example, smaller pulldown loads would typically result when occupied and unoccupied setpoints of
75/78 F are used compared to setpoints of 75/95 F.
Heating Thermostat Setpoint. For heating load calculations, the heating thermostat setpoint must be
defined. The heating setpoint must be less than or equal to the occupied cooling setpoint.
Cooling Coil Bypass Factor is used to evaluate dehumidification occurring at the cooling coil. In
general, the bypass factor is a measure of the approach to the apparatus dewpoint (ADP) for air
flowing through the coil.
Values of coil bypass factors are typically published in product literature. Note that some
manufacturers publish a "contact factor" rather than a bypass factor. The bypass factor is simply ( 1 -
contact factor).
Cooling Safety Factors (Sensible & Latent). The next two inputs are cooling safety factors. In
design calculations, a factor is often introduced to provide a margin of safety. Separate safety factors
may be specified for sensible and latent loads.
During calculations, zone cooling loads are increased by this safety amount before supply airflow and
cooling coil computations are performed.
Heating Safety Factor. In design heating calculations, a factor is also often introduced to provide a
margin of safety. During heating load calculations the zone heating loads are increased by this factor
before airflow or baseboard sizing calculations are performed.
Is a Return Plenum Used? If a return plenum is used, a portion of the roof, lighting and wall loads
may be removed by air flowing through the plenum. This reduces the room component of the load and
can have a significant effect on terminal sizing and system operation. When a plenum is specified,
additional questions for roof, lighting and wall plenum loads will be displayed.
% of Roof Load to Plenum. When a plenum is used, a portion of the roof transmission load will be
carried away by air flowing through the plenum. Therefore, only a portion of the total roof load will
reach the zone. The portion of the roof load removed by plenum air is defined as a percentage of the
total roof load.
% of Lighting Load to Plenum. A portion of the lighting load will also be removed by air flowing
through the plenum. This typically happens when the lighting fixtures are recessed into the ceiling so
that plenum air flows directly over or through the fixture. Plenum heat gain from lights is estimated as
a percentage of the total lighting heat gain.
% of Wall Load to Plenum. A portion of wall transmission loads may be removed by plenum air.
The fraction of the wall load reaching the plenum can usually be estimated as the ratio of wall area
adjacent to the plenum divided by the total wall area.
7.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the contents and operation of the Reports Menu. The Reports Menu allows you
access to all of the input and output reports generated by Block Load. Reports contain the data inputs
and results of the design cooling and heating load calculations performed by the program, including all of
the information needed to properly select cooling and heating coils, fans and terminals.
There are two types of reports offered in Block Load: input reports and output reports. Input reports
contain only the project data that you have entered into the program. Output reports contain the results
of cooling and heating load calculations which Block Load has performed on your project data.
This chapter will describe the various input and output reports available in Block Load, and how you
access them.
First Month and Last Month. These inputs are used to specify the months for which the design
cooling calculations will be performed. Months are chosen to ensure that times of year when maximum
cooling loads occur are included in the calculations. To be absolutely sure maximum loads are
identified, all months should be selected ( eg., select January as the First Month, and December as the
Last Month). However, based on prior experience, you may be able to select a smaller range of
months and still be sure that peak loads have been identified. At a minimum. it is best to include a
range of months encompassing the times when maximum solar gains on the different building
exposures occur, and the times when maximum outdoor temperatures occur.
Month selections are made by touching the First Month or Last Month drop down boxes, then selecting
the month you desire.
First Hour and Last Hour. Cooling load calculations can also be performed for any group of
consecutive hours during the day. This group is defined by specifying the first and last hours in the
group. Hours are specified using a 24-hour clock convention. Hour 0000 corresponds to midnight,
0100 corresponds to 1am, 0200 corresponds to 2am, etc ...
Hour selections are made by selecting the appropriate times from the First Hour and Last Hour drop
down lists.
8.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes design load calculations and equipment sizing procedures for cooling systems.
Maximum cooling loads are determined using an hour-by-hour calculation approach. Loads for a number
of hours specified are examined. Maximum cooling loads are identified from among this group of hours
and are then used to size the cooling system.
Cooling analyses for single-zone and multiple-zone systems differ slightly. For single-zone HVAC
systems, the analysis involves two stages:
1. Zone Load Calculations. First, zone sensible loads are computed for the months and hours
specified by the user. A "zone load" is the amount of heat which must be removed in order to
maintain zone air at the cooling setpoint temperature.
2. Cooling Coil Load Calculations. Next, system operation is analyzed in order to determine the
system airflow rate and the sensible and latent cooling coil loads. Airflows and coil loads are
determined for all the months and hours specified.
The sensible and latent coil loads can then be combined to determine the total cooling coil load. The
maximum coil load is identified from among all the months and hours considered. Sections 8.1 and 8.2
describe these calculations for single-zone systems in more detail.
Calculations for multiple-zone systems are discussed in section 8.3.
A. SENSIBLE ANALYSIS
1. Calculate Supply Air Characteristics. First, the zone sensible load is used to determine either the
supply airflow rate or the supply temperature. Different calculations are required depending on
which supply characteristic the user defined during HVAC system inputs.
a. Supply Airflow Rate Defined as CFM (L/s) or CFM/ sqft (L/s/sqm). In this case the
specified airflow rate will be used for all hourly cooling coil load calculations. For each hour,
a required supply air temperature is computed by solving equation 8-2 for Ts.
Qs = pa Vs Cpa Fu (Tc - Ts) .... (Eqn 8-2)
where:
Qs = Zone sensible load (BTU/hr or W).
pa = Density of air. Value is adjusted for site elevation.
= psl Pba / Psl
Vs = System supply airflow rate (CFM or L/s). For the case in which supply air is
specified as CFM/sqft (L/s/sqm) this value is multiplied by the total floor area
served by the HVAC system to obtain the system CFM.
Cpa = Specific heat for air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or 1004.832 J/(kg-K)).
a. Draw-Thru Fans. The coil inlet temperature is equal to the mixed air temperature in this case,
so no calculation is necessary.
b. Blow-Thru Fans. In this case, fan heat gain must be considered so the inlet temperature is
computed as:
Tci = Tmix + Qf / (pa Cpa Vs Fu) .... (Eqn 8-14).
where:
Tci = Cooling coil inlet temperature (F or C).
Tmix = Mixed air temperature (F or C).
Qf = Fan heat gain (BTU/hr or W).
pa = Air density (lb/ft3 or kg/m3). Values are adjusted for altitude.
Cpa = Heat capacity of air (0.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or 1004.832 J/(kg-K)).
Vs = System supply airflow rate (CFM or L/s).
Fu = Unit conversion factor.
= 60 min/hr for English units.
= m3/(1000 L) for Metric units.
10. Calculate Sensible Cooling Coil Load. Finally, we're ready to compute the sensible cooling coil
load:
Qcs = pa Cpa Vs Fu (Tci - Tco) .... (Eqn 8-15).
where:
Qcs = Sensible cooling coil load (BTU/hr or W).
pa = Air density (lb/ft3 or kg/m3). Values are adjusted for altitude.
Cpa = Heat capacity of air (0.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or 1004.832 J/(kg-K)).
Vs = System supply airflow rate (CFM or L/s).
Fu = Unit conversion factor.
= 60 min/hr for English units.
= m3/(1000 L) for Metric units.
Tci = Coil inlet temperature (F or C).
Tco = Coil outlet temperature (F or C).
11. Calculate Sensible Ventilation Load. Based on the previous calculations, the sensible ventilation
load can also be determined at this point. This calculation is performed differently for cases in
which direct exhaust air is used and is not used. For the case in which no direct exhaust air is
used:
Qvs = pa Cpa Vv Fu (Ta - Tr) .... (Eqn 8-16)
where:
Qvs = Sensible ventilation load.
pa = Air density (lb/ft3 or kg/m3). Values are adjusted for altitude.
Cpa = Heat capacity of air (0.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or 1004.832 J/(kg-K)).
Block Load 8-7
Chapter 8 COOLING DESIGN CALCULATIONS
B. LATENT ANALYSIS
The latent system analysis is somewhat more complicated than the sensible analysis. This is due to the
inter-dependence of humidities throughout the system. Background information and a description of the
general approach to the latent analysis are provided in the following paragraphs. Afterward, the step-by-
step calculation procedure is described.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Humidity calculations are frequently a source of confusion among designers. This confusion seems to
result from differences between the way humidity was analyzed in older hand-calculation approaches and
the way it is analyzed in computer programs. Typically in the older hand-methods a room relative
humidity was assumed (usually around 50%) and was then used as the starting point for calculations.
It is important to recognize, however, that this assumed room RH is an approximation. For many
applications the true room RH is within 5 to 10 percentage points of 50%, so only small to moderate
errors are introduced by the RH assumption. For other applications, the true room RH deviates farther
from 50% and therefore, the RH assumption introduces larger errors.
Rather than rely on an assumed room RH which leads to errors of varying magnitude, Carrier's load
estimating computer programs perform the rigorous calculations necessary to determine the true
humidities present in the system. This analysis procedure yields more accurate latent coil load results
than previous hand-calculation approximations.
GENERAL APPROACH
Before humidity calculations begin, a sensible load analysis for the air conditioning system must be
completed. This analysis defines the airflow rates and dry-bulb temperatures at all points in the system.
Next, the basic humidity equations for the system are formulated. There are five separate equations as
shown below. These define the latent ventilation load (Eqn 8-18), the latent coil load (Eqn 8-19), the
zone latent load (Eqns 8-20 and 8-21), and the relationship between the bypass factor and coil humidities
(Eqn 8-22).
Qvl = paVvhfgFu(wa-wz) ... (Eqn 8-18)
5. Calculate Latent Cooling Coil Load. Once the coil inlet and outlet humidities are known, the latent
cooling coil load can be determined using Equation 8-19.
6. Calculate Latent Ventilation Load. At this point, the latent component of the ventilation load can
also be computed using Equation 8-18.
7. Calculate Resulting Room Relative Humidity. Finally, the resulting relative humidity can also be
determined. The relative humidity is determined using standard psychrometric equations with the
known values of the zone cooling setpoint temperature, Tc, and the zone specific humidity, wz.
9.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes design load calculations and equipment sizing procedures for heating systems.
A "design-point" analysis technique is used to determine design heating loads. With this technique, loads
are analyzed assuming outdoor air is at the winter design temperature. The traditional heating design
procedure is to consider only transmission and infiltration components when computing the zone heating
load. Further, only zone and ventilation loads are considered when determining the total heating coil
load. Readers should note that the heating design condition is not associated with any particular month
or hour.
In this program, heating analyses involve two stages:
1. Zone Load Calculations. First, zone loads are computed. A "zone load" is the amount of heat
which must be added in order to maintain zone air at the heating thermostat setpoint.
2. Coil Load and Sizing Calculations. Next system sizing and heating coil load calculations are
performed. For a warm air system, the required supply airflow characteristics are determined
along with the resulting heating coil load. For hydronic baseboard systems, required hot water
flow rates are computed. For electric baseboard systems, required baseboard wattages are
calculated.
Zone load calculations are described in section 9.1 below. Sizing of warm air, hydronic baseboard and
electric baseboard systems are each dealt with in the remaining sections in the chapter. Readers should
note that in these discussions heating loads are presented as positive numbers in order to simplify the
discussions and avoid confusion.
supply airflow rate is determined by multiplying the CFM/ sqft (L/s/sqm) value by
the total floor area served by the heating system.
Ts = Heating supply air temperature (F or C).
Using this data, the sizing procedure is as follows:
1. Calculate Required Supply Airflow Rate or Temperature. If a supply airflow rate has been
specified by the user, equation 9-6 is solved to determine Ts. If a supply temperature has been
specified, equation 9-6 is solved to determine Vs.
Qs = paCpaVsFu(Ts - Th) ... (Eqn 9-6)
where:
Qs = Sum of zone heating loads for all zones served by the HVAC system (BTU/hr or
W).
pa = Air density (lb/ft3 or kg/m3). Values are adjusted for site elevation.
Cpa = Heat capacity of air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or 1004.832 J/(kg-K)).
Vs = Supply airflow rate (CFM or L/s).
Fu = Conversion factor to provide load in proper units.
= 60 min/hr for English units.
= m3/(1000 L) for Metric units.
Ts = Heating supply air temperature (F or C).
Th = Heating thermostat setpoint (F or C).
2. Calculate Ventilation Airflow Rate. The ventilation airflow rate is computed in one of four ways
depending on user specifications:
a. When the ventilation air per unit floor area (CFM/ sqft or L/s/sqm) has been specified, the
airflow rate is calculated as:
Vv = Vvf Atot .... (Eqn 9-7)
where:
Vv = Ventilation airflow rate (CFM or L/s).
Vvf = Ventilation airflow per unit floor area (CFM/ sqft or L/s/sqm).
Atot = Total floor area in zones served by system ( sqft or sqm).
b. When the ventilation airflow rate (CFM or L/s) is directly specified, no calculation is
necessary.
c. When ventilation is specified as a percentage of the supply airflow rate, airflow is calculated
as:
Vv = Vs Fv/100 .... (Eqn 9-8)
where:
Vv = Ventilation airflow rate (CFM or L/s).
Vs = Supply airflow rate (CFM or L/s)
Fv = Percentage value specified by user (%).
specifications. Refer to section 9.2 for details on this calculation. Readers should note that if
ventilation air is specified as a "% of supply air" for a heating-only system, a zero airflow will be
used for ventilation. This is because no supply airflow exists.
3. Calculate Ventilation Load. Next, the ventilation heating load is computed using Equation 9-4.
4. Calculate Hot Water Flow Rate for Ventilation Coil. The required water flow rate for a coil which
heats ventilation air from the outdoor temperature to the heating setpoint temperature is computed
as:
Vw = Qv / (pwCpwFwudeltaTw) ... (Eqn 9-11)
where:
Vw = Hot water flow rate for ventilation coil (gallons/minute or L/s).
Qv = Ventilation heating load (BTU/hr or W).
pw = Density of water (62.0 lbm/ft3 or 993.1 kg/m3). Conditions for water a t 100 F
(37.8 C) are used.
Cpw = Specific heat of water (1.0 BTU/(lbm-F) or 4186.8 J/(kg-K)).
Fwu = Units conversion factor.
= (60 min/hr)(.13668 ft3/gal) for English units.
= m3/(1000 L) for S.I. Metric units.
deltaTw = Temperature drop for water flowing through baseboard heating coil (F or K).
5. Compute Totals. Finally, the total heating load is computed using the zone heating loads and the
ventilation heating load. The required total hot water flow rate is determined using the zone flow
rates and the flow rate for the ventilation coil.
2. Determine Ventilation Airflow Rate. If the HVAC system provides both cooling and heating, then
the ventilation airflow rate defined during cooling sizing calculations will be used for heating. For
a heating-only system, ventilation air is computed in one of four ways, depending on user-
specifications. Refer to section 9.2 for details on this calculation. Readers should note that if
ventilation air is specified as a "% of supply air" for a heating-only system, a zero airflow will be
used for ventilation. This is because no supply airflow exists.
3. Calculate Ventilation Load. Next, the ventilation heating load is computed using Equation 9-4.
4. Calculate Wattage for Ventilation Coil. The required wattage for a coil which heats ventilation air
from the outdoor temperature to the heating setpoint is computed as:
Pva = Qv Feu ... (Eqn 9-12)
where:
Pva = Required wattage for ventilation coil (Watts).
Qv = Ventilation heating load for zone (BTU/hr or W).
Feu = Units conversion factor:
= 0.2930711 (W)/(BTU/hr) for English units.
= 1.0 for Metric units.
5. Compute Totals. Finally, the total heating load is computed using the zone heating loads and the
ventilation heating load.
Daily Range.....................................4-3
Data Source.....................................4-4
Elevation ......................................... 4-3
Equipment
cooling ...................................... 1-1
heating ...................................... 1-1
sizing ........................................ 1-1, 2-1, 8-1, 9-1
Glass
area........................................... 5-9, 5-12
external shade type .................... 5-10, 5-12
factor ........................................ 5-10
internal shading ......................... 5-10
type........................................... 5-10, 5-12
U-value .....................................5-10
HELP
button........................................ see Button, Help
on-line....................................... 1-4
attaching zones .......................... 3-1, 3-3 thru 3-5, 5-1 thru 5-4, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-8
cooling coil bypass factor .......... 6-7
cooling safety factor .................. 6-7
cooling thermostat setpoint ........ 6-7
copying .....................................3-2, 3-3, 6-1, 6-2
creating .....................................3-3, 6-1 thru 6-3
definition ...................................6-1
deleting .....................................6-1, 6-2
design........................................ 1-3
direct exhaust sizing spec........... 6-5
duration.....................................6-4, 6-5
entering system data .................. 1-4, 6-3
fan brakehorsepower.................. 6-6
fan configuration ....................... 6-6
fan kW ...................................... 6-6
fan static pressure...................... 6-6
heating safety factor .................. 6-8
heating thermostat setpoint......... 6-7
hot water delta-T ....................... 6-5
icon........................................... 3-1 thru 3-4, 6-2, 6-3, 7-1
modifying ..................................6-1 thru 6-3
name ......................................... 6-3
overview....................................6-1, 6-2
printing .....................................7-1
return plenum ............................ 6-8
selecting ....................................3-2, 3-3, 6-2, 7-1
start time ...................................6-4, 6-5
supply air sizing specification ....6-5
type........................................... 6-1, 6-3, 6-4
vent air sizing specification ........ 6-5
Load
calculations ............................... 8-1, 8-2, 9-1, 9-2
coil............................................ 1-1, 8-1, 8-2, 8-11 thru 8-13, 9-1, 9-3, 9-5
design cooling............................ 1-1, 2-1, 4-1
design heating............................ 1-1, 2-1, 4-1, 9-1, 9-5
diversified zone.......................... 1-1
estimating..................................1-1, 1-3
glass transmission...................... 8-1, 9-1
infiltration .................................8-2, 9-1, 9-2
latent......................................... 8-1, 8-2, 8-9 thru 8-11, 8-13
lighting...................................... 8-1
maximum cooling ...................... 8-1
miscellaneous ............................ 8-2
other electric.............................. 8-2
partition transmission ................ 8-1, 9-1
people ....................................... 8-2
roof transmission ....................... 8-1, 9-1
sensible .....................................8-1, 8-2, 8-7 thru 8-9, 8-11, 8-12, 9-3
solar.......................................... 8-1
wall transmission....................... 8-1, 9-1
ventilation .................................8-8, 8-9, 8-11, 8-13, 9-3, 9-5 thru 9-7
zone .......................................... 8-1, 8-2, 8-9 thru 8-12, 9-1 thru 9-6
People
activity level .............................. 5-7
latent heat gain .......................... 5-7
occupancy .................................5-7
sensible heat gain....................... 5-7
unoccupied diversity factor ........ 5-7
Project
data files ...................................2-1, 2-2
data storage drive ...................... 1-3
definition ...................................2-1
editing project data .................... 3-1
managing...................................1-5,2-1 thru 2-8
Roof
area........................................... 5-12
color.......................................... 5-10
type........................................... 5-11
U-value .....................................5-10
weight ....................................... 5-10
Skylight........................................... 5-12
Slab................................................. 5-8, 5-9
Splash Screen ..................................1-2
Summer Dry Bulb............................ 4-3
Summer Wet Bulb ........................... 4-3
System ............................................ see HVAC System
Copy System option................... 3-3, 6-2
Delete System option ................. 6-2
Edit System option .................... 6-2
New System option.................... 6-2, 6-3
System Menu ............................ 6-2, 6-3
Wall
area........................................... 5-12
color.......................................... 5-10
type........................................... 5-11
U-value .....................................5-10
weight ....................................... 5-10
Weather
definition ...................................4-1
design weather parameters ......... 4-1, 4-3
cooling design day ..................... 4-1, 4-3
Block Load A-5
Index Appendix A